Constructed Worlds Wiki - User contributions [en]

India

2021-02-04T19:40:08Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2020
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Right
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

India

2021-02-04T19:39:36Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2020
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Left
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

India

2021-02-04T19:38:35Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Left
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

India

2021-02-04T19:37:08Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $26,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Left
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

India

2021-02-04T19:32:59Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $32,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Left
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

India

2021-02-04T19:29:32Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the Republic of India.''
:''This article is a part of [[Altverse II]].''
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of India 'भारत गणराज्य' ({{W|Hindustani language|hi}})
| native_name =
| common_name =
| image_flag = 1931 Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| national_motto = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} राष्ट्रवाद, समाजवाद, लोकतंत्र'' (Nationalism, Socialism, Democracy)
| national_anthem = ''{{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani:}} क़दम क़दम बढ़ाये जा'' (Keep stepping forward)
| image_map =
| alt_map =
| map_caption =
| image_map2 =
| alt_map2 =
| capital = New Delhi
| largest_city =
| official_languages = '''25 languages'''{{hlist
| {{W|Assamese language|Asamiya}}
| {{W|Bengali language|Bengali}}
| {{W|Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri}}
| {{W|Bodo language|Bodo}}
| {{W|Maldivian language|Divehi}}
| {{W|Dogri language|Dogri}}
| {{W|Gujarati language|Gujarati}}
| {{W|Hindustani language|Hindustani}}
| {{W|Kannada language|Kannada}}
| {{W|Kashmiri language|Kashmiri}}
| {{W|Konkani language|Konkani}}
| {{W|Magahi language|Magadhi}}
| {{W|Maithili language|Maithili}}
| {{W|Malayalam language|Malayali}}
| {{W|Manipuri language|Manipuri}}
| {{W|Marathi language|Marathi}}
| {{W|Nepali language|Nepali}}
| {{W|Odia language|Odia}}
| {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}
| {{W|Sanskrit language|Sanskrit}}
| {{W|Santali language|Santali}}
| {{W|Sindhi language|Sindhi}}
| {{W|Sinhala language|Sinhala}}
| {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}
| {{W|Telugu language|Telugu}}
}}
| membership =
| membership_type =
| religion =
| demonym = Indian
| regional_languages =
| ethnic_groups =
| ethnic_groups_year =
| government_type = Federal Parliamentary Democracy
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| legislature =
| sovereignty_type =
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = Chittagong Declaration
| established_date1 = 18 April 1930 ([[C.E.|Common Era]])
| established_event2 =
| established_date2 =
| established_event3 =
| established_date3 =
| established_event4 =
| established_date4 =
| established_event5 =
| established_date5 =
| established_event6 =
| established_date6 =
| area =
| area_km2 = 4,075,522
| area_sq_mi = 1,573,579
| area_footnote =
| population_estimate = 809,129,748
| population_estimate_rank = 2nd
| population_estimate_year =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $18.555 trillion
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $32,932
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $9.733 trillion
| GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,029
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 98.297
| Gini_ref =
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2020
| HDI = 0.821
| HDI_ref =
| HDI_rank =
| HDI_year = 2019
| currency = Indian Rupee (₹)
| currency_code = INR
| time_zone = [[Time in India|West{{\}}East]]
| utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
| time_zone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| DST_note =
| date_format = dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
| drives_on = Left
| cctld = .in
| iso3166code =
| official_website =
| footnote_h =
| footnotes =
}}
'''India''', officially the '''Democratic''' '''Republic of India''' (Hindustani: ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya''), is a country in {{W|Asia}} with a population of 809 million, being the world's second most populous country. It is the world's ___ largest country and is also the world's ___ largest economy by GDP (nominal) and ___ largest by GDP (PPP). India is a {{W|Federalism|federal}} {{W|Democracy|democracy}}, the second largest democracy in the World. It is bordered by [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] to the West, [[China]] and [[Bhutan]] to the North and [[Burma]] to the East. India shares a maritime border with [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is bound by the {{W|Arabian Sea}} to the West, the {{W|Bay of Bengal}} to the East and the {{W|Indian Ocean}} to the South. India is the major power in the {{W|Indian Ocean}} Region. India is composed of two time zones, UTC+5:00 (Western Indian Time) and UTC+6:00 (Eastern Indian Time).

India was the cradle of one of the first human civilizations, the {{W|Indus Valley Civilisation}} of the 3rd millennium BCE. The Indo-European {{W|Sanskrit}} language diffused into India from the Northwest during the 2nd millennium BCE which led to the Mahajanapada period in Northern India which gave rise to the Mauryan Empire which was the first Empire to unify almost all of the Indian subcontinent into a single-political entity. {{W|Buddhism}} and {{W|Jainism}} arose in India during this period. The Gupta Empire was another important political entity which controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent during the 4th and 5th centuries CE. The Gupta period is also referred to as the Golden Period of Indian history. The Middle Kingdoms of South India spread Indian cultural influence into South-East Asia and the period also saw the spread and rise of Buddhism in East Asia. Buddhism in India declined during this period, becoming practically non-existent by the start of the 2nd Millennium CE.

Muslim armies from Central Asia intermittently ran over the North Indian plains during the 12th and 13th centuries which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, another state which was able to exert control over large parts of the Indian subcontinent over short periods of time. {{W|Babur}}, a descendant of {{W|Timur}}, established the {{W|Mughal Empire}} in India during the 16th century CE. The Mughal Empire also came to unify large parts of the Indian subcontinent under a single political entity during the 17th century CE. The Mughal Empire collapsed during the early 18th century AD and the Maratha Empire rose which was also able to exert control over a large part of the Indian subcontinent and came into conflict with the East India Company, fighting a series of wars and collapsing thereafter.

By the early 19th century, large parts of India came under the control of {{W|East India Company}}. The {{W|Indian Rebellion of 1857}} (known as the '''First War of Independence''' in India) was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful uprising against {{W|Company rule in India|the rule}} of the British East India Company. Following the Rebellion, the British government dissolved the East India Company and established direct rule over India in the new {{W|British Raj}}. [[Indian nationalism]] emerged during the last decades of the 19th century.

==Etymology==
The name "India" is derived from the {{W|Classical Latin}} India, a reference to the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. The name "India" is the most widely used name for the country in the Western World. The geographical region occupied by the country and its neighbors is also called the {{W|Indian Subcontinent}}. "印度" (Yindu) is the name used in the Chinese language and "インド" (Indo) is the name used in Japanese. The Latin term "India" is ultimately derived from its Sanskrit cognate, ''Sindhu'', which is the name of the {{W|Indus}} river and refers to its well settled southern basin. The {{W|ancient Greeks}} referred to the Indians as Indoi (Ἰνδοί) which translates as "the people of the Indus".

The terms ''Bharat'' and ''Hindustan'' are the official names of the country as mentioned in the Constitution. ''Bharat'' is a modern rendering of the historical term ''Bharatvarsha'' which was used to refer to the Indian subcontinent. The term ''Bharat'' as the name of the country gained popularity in the late 19th-century. ''Hindustan'' is a {{W|middle Persian}} name for the region, the name was introduced during the {{W|Mughal Empire}} and has been widely used since. ''Hindustan'' is used concurrently with ''Bharat'' as the name for the country in the various Indian languages.
==History==
===Ancient India===
===Medieval India===
===Early modern India===
===Modern India===

==== The Revolutionary Movement for Indian Independence ====
The Indian National Congress had emerged as a pan-Indian political organisation by the start of the 20th century. The growth of Indian Nationalism also precipitated the rise of what came to be known as the Revolutionary movement for Indian independence. The partition of Bengal in 1905 saw the emergence of the first mass non-violent movement against the partition and led to the reunification of Bengal in 1911. The movement against the partition of Bengal came to be known as the ''Swadeshi'' movement, advocating the boycott of British goods and promoting the use of domestically produced goods. The National Council of Education was formed to promote science and technology for a ''swadeshi'' industrialisation movement. The ''Swadeshi'' cause became an integral part of the Indian Independence movement.

The Revolutionary movement for Indian independence also emerged in Bengal in the early 20th century. It rose with the nationalist fervor of the ''Swadeshi'' movement. The movement was led by the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar. Bengal became a hotbed for Indian revolutionary activity. The Muzzafarpur conspiracy (an attempt to murder a British judge) in 1909 heralded the start of the revolutionary activity in India attempting to overthrow the colonial government. Several plans and conspiracies emerged and attempts were made through the 1910s. The revolutionary movement spread to Punjab with the emergence of the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Committee based in Paris with the help of the French government and the Indian revolutionary underground attempted to initiate a mutiny in the British Indian Army, this came to be known as the Ghadar conspiracy. The Ghadar conspiracy and other activities lead to a series of repressive British legislation starting with the Defence of India Act of 1915.

To protest the repressive British legislation, the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started the Indian Home Rule Movement, inspired by the Irish Home Rule Movement. The Indian Home Rule movement was largely an urban pan-Indian movement calling for Indian Home Rule, and made inroads into the rural areas mobilizing moderate support in the Indian hinterland. The movement further propelled resentment against the British in India. The movement also laid the groundwork for the latter non violent movements against British rule which found widespread support in the urban and rural areas. The Indian Home Rule flag was adopted by the moderate movement for Indian independence. The Indian Home Rule Movement ended in 1918. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the call for ''Swaraj'' (self rule or complete independence) in 1919 following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar. The idea of ''Swaraj'' was not adopted by the Indian National Congress at the time but was readily taken up by the revolutionary movements.

Following the Continentalist Revolution in 1917, Landonist ideas started to influence the Indian independence movement. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the massacre of unarmed Indian civilians, who had gathered to protest the implementation of the Rowlatt Act, by the troops of General Reginald Dyer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was one of the main reasons for the start of the Second Home Rule Movement which was led by Mahatma Gandhi, following the death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. The Second Home Rule Movement was a larger mass movement and mobilized support in the rural and urban areas. The movement was supported by the Indian National Congress. The movement was suspended by Mahatma Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident on 4 February 1922. The Chauri Chaura incident occurred when a group of policemen opened fire on a group of peaceful protesters in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. In retaliation the protesters mobbed a police station and set it on fire. This led to the deaths of 22 policemen and 3 civilians.

Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the revival of the Ghadar Party sponsored by the Landonists in the United Commonwealth, the revolutionary movement saw a revival with several of its members playing an active role in the Second Home Rule movement. The revolutionaries were disappointed when the movement was called off. Following the suspension of the Second Home Rule movement, the Indian revolutionary groups in Bengal joined to form the India Service Society (''Hindustan Seva Dal''). The HSS worked to bring together the various disparate groups which were spread throughout India. Most of these were based in Punjab, Bengal and Maharashtra. The HSS formed a pact with the Ghadar Party based in the United Commonwealth and the Indian Independence Society based in France. A plan was drawn by the Joint Revolutionary Committee to work towards a national revolution to overthrow the British Raj. Throughout the 1920s, the HSD and the Ghadar Party infiltrated units of the police, army, the INC and other political organisations. The revolutionaries smuggled weapons, setting up secret caches and printed and distributed revolutionary socialist and nationalist propaganda.

During the 1920s, following the Continentalist revolution in the United Commonwealth and aided by the revolutionary movement, socialist ideas spread in the Indian independence movement and worked to galvanize the agrarian Indian population which was exploited under the medieval feudal systems by the domestic Zamindars and the imperialist British alike.

==Geography==

== Demographics ==

=== Education ===
==== Language Education ====
==Government and politics==
===Politics===
India is the world's second most populous democracy.

===Government===
===Administrative divisions===
==Foreign, economic, and strategic Relations==
==Economy==
===Industries===
== Infrastructure ==

==Culture==
===Art, architecture and literature===
===Performing arts and media===
===Society===
===Clothing===
===Cuisine===
===Sports and recreation===
{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:India]]

Norway (Makerverse)

2021-02-04T19:25:06Z

2603:7080:6701:E100:6911:46F3:CDC8:30EC:

{{Infobox ccountry
|conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Norway
|native_name = ''Kongeriket Norge'' {{small|({{W|Bokmål language|Bokmål}})}} ''Kongeriket Noreg'' {{small|({{W|Nynorsk language|Nynorsk}})}}
|image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg
|alt_flag =
|image_flag2 =
|alt_flag2 =
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Norway.svg
|alt_coat =
|symbol_type = Coat of Arms
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = ''Ja, vi elsker dette landet'' ("Yes, we love this country")
|royal_anthem = ''Kongesangen'' King's Song
|other_symbol_type =
|other_symbol =
|image_map =
|alt_map =
|map_caption =
|image_map2 =
|alt_map2 =
|capital = {{W|Oslo}}
|largest_city = capital
|official_languages = {{W|Norwegian language|Norwegian}} {{small|({{W|Bokmål language|Bokmål}}, {{W|Nynorsk language|Nynorsk}})}}
|membership =
|membership_type =
|demonym = Norwegian
|regional_languages = {{W|Sámi languages|Sámi}}
|ethnic_groups =
|ethnic_groups_year =
|government_type = {{W|Unitary state|Unitary}} {{W|parliament}}ary {{W|constitutional monarchy}}
|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Norway|King]]
|leader_name1 = [[Sigurd III of Norway|Sigurd III]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Norway|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = [[Bjørn Lie]]
|leader_title3 = [[Stortinget|President of the ''Storting'']]
|leader_name3 = [[Wilhelm Fredriksen]]
|legislature = ''[[Stortinget]]''
|upper_house =
|lower_house =
|sovereignty_type = Establishment
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event1 = {{W|Unification of Norway|State established prior unification}}
|established_date1 = 872
|established_event2 = {{W|Old Kingdom of Norway}}
|established_date2 = 1263
|established_event3 = {{W|Kalmar Union}}
|established_date3 = 1397
|established_event4 = {{W|Denmark–Norway}}
|established_date4 = 1524
|established_event5 = {{W|Sweden-Norway}}
|established_date5 = 4 November 1814
|established_event6 = {{W|Dissolution of Sweden-Norway}}
|established_date6 = 7 June 1905
|area =
|area_km2 =
|area_sq_mi =
|area_footnote =
|percent_water =
|area_label = Total
|population_estimate = 12,901,211
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year = 2020
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_rank =
|GDP_PPP =
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 2020
|GDP_PPP_per_capita =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year = 2020
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini = 00.0
|Gini_ref =
|Gini_rank = 1st
|Gini_year = 2020
|HDI = 0.999
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_rank = 1st
|HDI_year = 2020
|currency = Norwegian krone
|currency_code = NOK
|time_zone = {{W|Central European Time}}
|utc_offset = +1
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|DST_note =
|date_format = dd-mm-yyyy
|drives_on = Right
|cctld =
|iso3166code =
|calling_code = +47
}}
'''Norway''' (Bokmål: ''Norge''; Nynorsk: ''Noreg''; Northern Sami: ''Norga''; Lule Sami: ''Vuodna''; Southern Sami: ''Nöörje''), officially the '''Kingdom of Norway''', is a Nordic country in {{W|Northern Europe}} whose mainland territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the {{W|Scandinavian Peninsula}}; Mainland Norway consists of the northern Scandinavian coast and the island of {{W|Jan Mayen}}, its overseas autonomous territories include {{W|Iceland}}, {{W|Greenland}}, and the {{W|Faroe Islands}}, and its dependent overseas territories are {{W|Svalbard}} in the {{W|Arctic Ocean}}, the sub-Antarctic {{W|Bouvet Island}} and {{W|Peter I Island}}, and {{W|Queen Maud Land}} in Antarctica. Norway borders {{W|Sweden}} and the [[Union of Sovereign States]] to the east.

==Etymology==

==History==

==Geography==

==Politics==

==Economy==

==Culture==

==Demographics==

[[Category:Norway]]
[[Category:Countries]]