Constructed Worlds Wiki - User contributions [en]

User:Deleted user

2026-06-25T00:37:04Z

Deleted user: Created page with "Special account for merging "deleted" user into"

Special account for merging "deleted" user into

Structure of the South African Army

2026-02-06T22:48:19Z

Deleted user:

[[File:SADF-Airborn-001.jpg|thumb|600px|Airborne troops during a training exercise at {{w|AFB Waterkloof}} in 2011]]

This page details the overall structure of the [[South African Army]].

The Army is headed by the [[Chief of Army General Staff]], who is subordinate to the [[Commandant-General SAGM]]. The Army headquarters is located in {{w|Pretoria}}. As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 31 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 8 {{w|corps}}. The Army also maintains 2 {{w|Field Army|field armies}} deployed on foreign soil. Due to British influence and traditions, the South African Army has been organised along the regimental system.
==Naming Conventions==
The South African Army uses the following convention when naming its military units.
* A commando unit outside of the {{w|South African Special Forces|special forces}} such as {{w|Kimberly Commando}} denotes militia units in the {{w|Commando System}}. These units ranged from company to battalion size.
* A unit whose name starts with "Regiment" (such as {{w|Regiment Hillcrest}}) denotes commando units converted to {{w|Citizen Force (South Africa)|Citizen Force}} regiments.
* Numbered units are conventional units. Some may be tied to a specific geographic region, such as the [[1st Cape Division]] or the [[Orange Cavalry Division]].
* The South African Army also maintains "ethnic units" such as the {{w|Irish commandos|Irish Brigade}}, {{w|Cape Corps}}, [[Hispanophone Corps]]. Oftentimes these units are far below the size their name would suggest.
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
'''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''', [[South African Forces Ethiopia]]

'''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''', [[South Africa Forces New Guinea]]

'''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''', [[Central African Army Group]]
===Corps===
*I Corps
*III Airborne Corps
*IV Corps
*V Armoured Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XVI Corps
*XX Corps
===Divisions and Brigades===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Armoured Division (South Africa)|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Armoured Division (South Africa)|3nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[4th Armoured Division (South Africa)|4th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[5th Armoured Division (South Africa)|5th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Armoured Division (South Africa)|7th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Armoured Division (South Africa)|10th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[Orange Cavalry Division]]'''
|'''[[Bechuanaland Cavalry Division]]
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[7th Infantry Division (South Africa)|7th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division (South Africa)|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[9th Infantry Division (South Africa)|9th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division (South Africa)|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th Infantry Division (South Africa)|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th Infantry Division (South Africa)|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th Infantry Division (South Africa)|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division (South Africa)|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st Infantry Division (South Africa)|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[1st Cape Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Cape Division]]'''
|'''[[1st Mashona Volunteer Division]]'''
}}

==Administrative structure==
===Traditional regiments===
{|
|- valign=top
|'''Infantry'''
*{{W|Buffalo Volunteer Rifles}}
*{{W|Cape Town Highlanders}}
*{{W|Cape Town Volunteer Rifles}}
*[[Chief Gaborone's Volunteers|Chief Gaborone's Volunteers]]
*{{W|Durban Light Infantry}}
*{{W|Kimberley Regiment}}
*The {{W|Natal Carbineers}}
*{{W|Prince Alfred's Guard}}
*[[South West African German Volunteers]]
*{{W|Witwatersrand Rifles}}
|'''Armoured'''
*Natal Mounted Rifles
*Umvoti Mounted Rifles
*{{w|Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment|Transvaal Horse Regiment}}
*Cape Mounted Yeomanry
|'''Artillery'''
*Cape Field Artillery
*Natal Field Artillery
*Transvaal State Artillery
|}
===Ethnic Units===
{|
|- valign=top
*[[Zulu Ibutho]]
*The [[Matabele Rifles]]
*[[Swati Royal Guard]]
*[[Tamboekieland Volunteers]]
*[[King Lerotholi's Sotho Rifles]]
*Hollander Corps (''Hollander-korps'')
*Skandinavian Battalion (''Skandinavisk Bataljon'')
*German Volunteer Corps (''Deutsches Freiwilligenkorps'')
*Hellenic Legion (Ελληνική Λεγεώνα, ''Ellinikí Legeóna'')
*Legion of France (''Légion Française'')
*{{w|Irish Commandos|Irish Brigade}} (''Briogáid Éireannach'')
*[[Hispanophone Corps]] (''Cuerpo de ejército de Hispanohablante'')
*American Scouts
*Italian Volunteer Legion (''Legione Volontaria Italiana'')
*Polish Commandos (''Polski Komandos'')
*Russian Corps (Русский корпус, ''Russkiy korpus'')
|}
===Corps===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[South African Armoured Corps]]
*[[South African Army Aviation Corps]]
*[[South African Artillery Corps]]
*[[South African Army Corps of Bands]]
*[[South African Army Chaplains' Department]]
*[[South African Educational Corps]]
*[[South African Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Infantry Corps]]
*[[South African Intelligence Corps]]
*[[South African Army Legal Corps]]
*[[South African Army Logistics Corps]]
*[[South African Military Police]]
*[[South African Army Ordnance Corps]]
*[[South African Army Pay Corps]]
*[[South African Army Physical Training Corps]]
*[[South African Signal Corps]]
{{div col end}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
[[Category:Structure of contemporary armies]]

Paramilitary forces of South Africa

2026-02-02T23:15:06Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
The '''{{W|paramilitary forces}} of South Africa''' are the internal security units and auxiliaries to the [[South African Armed Forces|South African military]]. South Africa has eight paramilitary forces.

As the {{w|Commando System}} is part of the [[South African Army]], they are not considered a paramilitary force.
==List of paramilitary forces==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center" |Paramilitary Forces
|-
!Name
!Strength
!Governing Body
! scope="col" width="80" |Headquarters
! scope="col" width="150" |Operational area
! scope="col" width="150" |Role
|-
|[[National Park Patrol Force]] ''Nasionale Park Patrolliemag''
|2,500
| rowspan="2" |[[Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment]]
|{{Wikipedia|Pretoria}}
| rowspan="2" |National parks of South Africa
|{{W|Civilian police}}
|-
|[[Wildlife Preservation Commando]] ''Wildbewaringskommando''
|1,600
|{{Wikipedia|Bloemfontein}}
|{{W|Anti-poaching}}
|-
|[[Postal Protection Police]] ''Posbeskermingspolisie''
|2,600
|{{W|South African Post Office}}
|{{W|Cape Town}}
|South Africa
|{{W|Civilian police}}
|-
|[[South African Police]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie''
|149,000
| rowspan="3" |[[Department of Police (South Africa)|Department of Police]]
| rowspan="2" |{{W|Pretoria}}
|South Africa
|{{W|Paramilitary police}}
|-
|[[South African Railways Police]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie''
|38,000
|South African railways and airports
|{{W|Railroad police}}
|-
|[[South African Coast Guard]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Kuswag''
|22,000
|{{W|Cape Town}}
|South African coastal waters and {{W|Exclusive economic zone|EEZ}}
|{{W|Coast guard}}
|-
|[[Energy Protection Force]] ''Energiebeskermingsmag''
|1,040
|[[Department of Nuclear Energy]]
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African nuclear plants and nuclear material
|{{w|Security police}}
|}
==History==
Upon the founding of the [[South African Republic]], the police was established as a paramilitary force. In a largely rural frontier nation, the SAR's police's primary function was to uphold the authority of the state rather than justice. The Boers being a minority greatly feared the black majority, emphasis was placed on creating a paramilitary force intended more to inspire fear than respect. This can be considered the origin of South African-style policing and its paramilitary nature.

In 1880, following the opening of the Maputo-Bloemfontein railroad, the South African Railways Police was founded as a separate agency.

In response to theft of mail by bandits, the South African Post Office established a paramilitary force responsible for transport of mail. This also included postal inspection duties.

The National Park Patrol Force was split from the South African Police in 1905, while the Wildlife Preservation Commando was formed in 1911.

In 1956, the Energy Protection Force was established concurrently with the Department of Nuclear Energy.

The South African Coast Guard, then part of the [[South African Naval Service]] (known as the Coastal Fleet), separated in 1990.
==Ranks==
===Officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]'''and '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-9 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-6 (Brigadier) 1961-1995.gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-5 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-2 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:South African Police OF-1b (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[General]] ''Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant general]] ''Luitenant-Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Major general]] ''Generaal-Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier]] ''Brigadier''
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]] ''Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]] ''Luitenant-Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-9_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-8_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-7_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-6_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-5_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-4_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-3_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-2_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1b_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1a_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[Admiral]] ''Admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Vice admiral]] ''Vise-admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Rear admiral]] ''Skoutadmiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] ''Kommodoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=2| [[Commander]] ''Kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant commander]] ''Luitenant-kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Sub-lieutenant]] ''Onderluitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] ''Vaandrig''
<noinclude>
|}

===Other ranks===
</noinclude>
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
</noinclude>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]''' '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=6| [[File:South African Police OR-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:South African Police OR-6 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=4| [[File:South African Police OR-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:South African Police OR-1 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6| [[Warrant Officer]] ''Adjudant-Offisier''
| colspan=2| [[Sergeant]] ''Sersant''
| colspan=12| [[Lance Sergeant]] ''Ondersersant''
| colspan=4| [[Corporal]] ''Korporaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lance Corporal]] ''Onderkorporaal''
| colspan=8| [[Constable]] ''Konstabel''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=3| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 1]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas I''
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 2]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas II''
| colspan=2| [[Chief petty officer]] ''Eerste bootsman''
| colspan=12| [[Petty officer]] ''Bootsman
| colspan=6| [[Leading seaman]] ''Baasseeman''
| colspan=8| [[Able seaman]] ''Bevare seeman''
<noinclude>
|}

[[Category:Military of South Africa]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organizations based in South Africa]]
[[Category:Government paramilitary forces]]
{{En-WP attribution notice|South African Republic Police}}

Template:Country data South Africa

2025-11-16T07:05:23Z

Deleted user:

{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}}
| alias = South Africa
| flag alias = Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg
| flag alias-otl = Flag of South Africa.svg
| flag alias-1795 = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg
| flag alias-1801 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag alias-1857 = Flag of Transvaal.svg
| flag alias-1875 = Flag of the Natal Colony (1875–1910).svg
| flag alias-1876 = Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg
| flag alias-1902 = Flag of Orange River Colony.svg
| flag alias-1910 = South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg
| flag alias-1912 = Red Ensign of South Africa (1912-1951).svg
| flag alias-1928 = Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg
| flag alias-1982 = Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg
| flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of South Africa (AV2).svg
| flag alias-naval-1922 = Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag alias-naval-1946 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1946-1951).svg
| flag alias-naval-1951 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1951-1952).svg
| flag alias-naval-1952 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1952-1981).svg
| flag alias-naval-1981 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1981-1994).svg
| flag alias-marines=Naval ensign of South Africa.svg
| link alias-marines=South African Maritime Reaction Squadron
| link alias-naval = South African Navy
| flag alias-air force = Ensign of the South African Air Force (AV2).svg
| flag alias-air force-1940 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1940-1951.svg
| flag alias-air force-1951 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1951-1958.svg
| flag alias-air force-1958 = Ensign of the South African Air Force (1958-1967, 1970-1981).svg
| flag alias-air force-1967 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1967-1970.svg
| flag alias-air force-1981 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1981-1982.svg
| flag alias-air force-1982 = Ensign of the South African Air Force (1982-1994).svg
| flag alias-air force-1994 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1994-2003.svg
| link alias-air force = South African Air Force
| flag alias-army = Flag of the South African Army (AV2).svg
| flag alias-army-1951 = Flag of the South African Army (1951–1966).png
| flag alias-army-1966 = Flag of the South African Army (1966–1973).png
| flag alias-army-1973 = Flag of the South African Army (1973–1994).svg
| flag alias-army-1981 = Ensign of the South African Defence Force (1981-1994).svg
| flag alias-army-1994 = Flag of the South African Army (1994–2002).svg
| flag alias-army-2002 = Flag of the South African Army (2002–2003).svg
| link alias-army = South African Army
| flag alias-mhs = Flag of the South African Military Health Service.svg
| link alias-mhs = South African National Defence Force
| flag alias-military = Flag of the South African National Defence Force.svg
| link alias-military = South African National Defence Force
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
<noinclude>
| var1= 1795
| var2= 1801
| var3= 1857
| var4= 1875
| var5= 1876
| var6 = 1902
| var7 = 1910
| var8 = 1912
| var9 = 1928
| var10 = 1982
| var11 = naval-1922
| var12 = naval-1946
| var13 = naval-1952
| var14 = naval-1981
| var15 = air force-1940
| var16 = air force-1951
| var17 = air force-1958
| var18 = air force-1967
| var19 = air force-1981
| var20 = air force-1982
| var21 = air force-1994
| var22 = army-1951
| var23 = army-1966
| var24 = army-1973
| var25 = army-1981
| var26 = army-1994
| var27 = army-2002
| var28 = mhs
| redir1 = ZAF
| redir2 = RSA
| related1 = South African Republic
| related2 = Union of South Africa
| related3 = Cape Colony
</noinclude>
}}

User:WorldMaker18/To-do list

2025-11-15T19:43:13Z

Deleted user:

The following is a to-do list on articles in need of updating/revamping in [[Altverse II]], both as a to-do list for me and for other people as well.
==Countries==
===Countries that need group involvement===

* {{Flag|Iran}} – Despite my contributions to ideas for Iran as a nation, and [[Central Economic Forum|CENTEF]] alongside it; I'm too busy to adequately begin a mass rework effort to fix the page's issues. Considering Iran's newfound importance as a middle-eastern bastion of democracy, Iran may turn to be a pivotal nation with a substantial modern history.

*{{Flag|China}} – As a major country with significant relevancy and importance in the modern day, China is both essential towards updating and also difficult given that its entire modern day history (history since 2000) has to be rewritten from the ground up and the collapse of the [[People's Republic of China]] also has to be written out in fold as well. Its borders also need to be determined and will require a group effort towards insight and contributions to ensure a fresh, revamped, and quality article on the Republic of China.
**{{Flag|People's Republic of China}} – As mentioned before it also needs to be updated with its history after Mao's death being the main focus along with the details on how Communist China ultimately fell and if it was partitioned afterwards (i.e. new countries merged after the fall of the PRC).
*{{Flag|Palestine}} – While it has a lot of detail, Palestine hasn't been updated in two years and much of its lore is in a dire need of updating. The main points of focus and contention (at least in my opinion) being how Palestine was formed and how an independent Palestinian state was able to emerge and not be overtaken by Zionism and replaced with Israel. This is especially the case since Zionism would likely still emerge and there'd be a large Jewish population in Palestine as a result, hence the need to explain how Palestinians avoided the Nakba and a sovereign Palestinian state survives in the present-day. I'd imagine OTL Lebanon would be a source of inspiration in regards for politics being oriented to ensure equal representation for the major religious groups, the latter of which would likely define modern Palestinian politics in AVII. Plus how did it eat Jordan as well.
**Zionism itself would need a new history given the fact that in AVII Israel never came to be, thus giving it a fundamentally different history than that from OTL from the Aliyahs as a whole to the Yishuv and the current status of the Jewish population in Palestine. The main focus should be on Zionism's history, how it failed to take over Palestine and establish a new state in the region, and its current history in the modern era, i.e. what is its role and influence in Palestinian politics.
===Countries that don't require a group effort===
*{{Flag|Korea}} – Korea hasn't been updated in two years and it shows with the article being woefully out of date. Fortunately it shouldn't require more than two people to edit, one to make the revamp and other to offer some insight (cultural, political, etc) to ensure accuracy and higher quality as well. Main issue would be its modern history, but the AVII timeline does explain how a united Korea came to be fortunately.
*{{Flag|North Vietnam}} and {{Flag|South Vietnam}} – Due to Vietnam being divided as an ATL version of modern Korea in OTL, the main focus would be revamping the [[Vietnam War]] to update it to current lore and also show how both Vietnams survive in the present-day. The post-war history of both North and South Vietnam also needs to explained as well. Just like Korea, shouldn't take more than one or two people to update the articles.
*{{Flag|Spain}} – Most of the details on Spain's article can be kept, however it needs to be updated to take into account the [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics]] and the impact that would have on Spanish history, requiring an update to include that and replace current outdated lore mentioning the Spanish People's Republic, one of the Iberian Union's predecessor states.
**{{Flag|Portugal}} – Portugal falls into this same category with a focus on the [[Free Portugal]] government-in-exile and its efforts to preserve their overseas colonial holdings after being exiled in 1930. [[Portuguese Colonial War]] needs to be updated because of this as well.
==Organizations==
===Intergovernmental bodies===
*{{Flag|European Community}} – Just like the [[Conference of American States]] that was just revamped (you're welcome lol), the European Community needs to be updated to expand the article and ensure a history and politics (among other details) that are accurate to the current lore and develop its political structure and institutions (ie how similar is it to the OTL {{W|European Union}}).
*{{Flag|League of Nations}} – As the ATL version of the {{W|United Nations}}, the League of Nations is an important organization and naturally requires a long-overdue revamp to include a history that is of high quality and accurate to the current lore along with fleshing out its politics, organization, and an accurate list of member states.
==Politics==
*[[LGBT rights by country]] - For the purpose of documenting each country's LGBT rights. This would require plenty of discussion as this topic has yet to be covered by most countries.
==Militaries==
*[[Continental Armed Forces]] and [[Contintental Revolutionary Guard]] - Could use a rewrite. The CRG's existence doesn't really make sense, as it implies the [[CPUC]] does not trust their own military, which has its roots in the [[Continental Revolutionary Army]], and thus creating a second one. Also it's been stated that the Party does not control the UCAF despite the presence of political commissars.
**Given the POD, the [[Continental Armed Forces]] and the [[Antillean Armed Forces]] probably shouldn't resemble the OTL US military too much. American military traditions from 1866-1920 might have to go or need to be changed. Anything after that might not be plausible.
===Political parties===
*[[Royalist Party of Sierra]] and [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra]] – Both of these are the oldest two of the major parties of the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] and as such are in need of major updates, specifically on their histories since that section on both articles are woefully outdated and the only notable updates are mainly minor and updating their logos.
==Suggestions==
This section is for any and all suggestions and proposals for anyone to offer on any article that needs updating/creating.

* [[New Judea]]: Zionism and the Zionist movement surely exist in AV2, so instead of Palestine, I think it could establish itself in Africa, like initially envisioned by the ZWC,at a period earlier than OTL. My proposal is a Jewish colony turned country in West Africa, near a coast preferably. Because of a Landonist giga state emerging in the region, two scenarii are to be planned:
** A scenario where the Jewish state is dismantled into the new Landonist state and the Jewish people is relocated nationally or abroad
** A scenario where the Jewish state becomes a constituant federative state of said Landonist state (similar to OTL {{w|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}})
[[User:Yuutarou|Yuutarou]] ([[User talk:Yuutarou|talk]]) 19:15, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

* Many of the Television networks in the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] could use a revamp or revision.
** Much of the [[Sierran Broadcasting Company]] was copied from the wikipedia page for {{w|American Broadcasting Company}}. While much of the basic information can be kept, it'd be great if the wording changes.
** [[Tokki]] still needs it's history finished up.
** [[MCN]] suffers from both problems.
:[[User:Solaris2019|Solaris2019]] ([[User talk:Solaris2019|talk]]) 19:40, 14 November 2025 (UTC)

*The Continental Revolutionary Guard can be made an elite section of the UCAF, while the latter comes under the party control as the armed wing of the CPUC. (On a side note, yes, the Soviet Armed Forces were always under party control.)
:[[User:Squog|Squog]] ([[User talk:Squog|talk]]) 19:43, 15 November 2025 (UTC)

Kingdom of Sierra

2025-11-11T04:49:25Z

Deleted user: Don't think this section has been updated since 2014

{{Icons|A-class|Altverse II}}
:''This article is about the {{W|sovereign state}}. For the [[Countries of the Kingdom of Sierra|constituent country]] with the same name, see [[Sierra]].''
{{Infobox ccountry
|conventional_long_name =
|native_name = Kingdom of Sierra
{{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:85%;
|liststyle = text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|title = {{Resize|125%|9 other official names}}
|Reino de Sierra ({{W|Spanish language|ES}}) Royaume du Sierra ({{small|{{W|French language|FR}}}}) Kaharian ng Sierra ([[Tondolese language|TN]]) {{nobold|黄金王國}} ({{W|Chinese language|ZH}}) Vương Quốc Dãy Núi ({{W|Vietnamese language|VN}}) {{nobold|시에라왕국}}({{W|Korean language|KR}}) シエラ王国 ({{W|Japanese language|JA}}) Königreich Sierra ({{W|German language|DE}}) Aupuni Mōʻī o Kʻīera ({{W|Hawaiian language|HAW}})
}}
|image_flag = Flag of Sierra.svg
|flag_type = [[Flag of the Kingdom of Sierra|Flag]]
|alt_flag =
|image_flag2 =
|alt_flag2 =
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra.svg
|alt_coat =
|symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sierra|Coat of arms]]
|national_motto = [[Libertas sine sacrificio]] ({{W|Latin language|Latin}}) ''Liberty without sacrifice''
|national_anthem = ''[[Kingdom of Sierra#Anthems|For the Love of Our Union]]'' [[File:For the Love of Our Union.ogg]]
|royal_anthem = ''[[Kingdom of Sierra#Anthems|God, Country, and Crown]]'' [[File:God, Country, and Crown.ogg]]
|other_symbol_type =
|other_symbol =
|image_map = [[File:Kingdom of Sierra (orthographic projection).svg|250px]]
|alt_map =
|map_caption = Location of the Kingdom of Sierra
|image_map2 =
|alt_map2 =
|capital = [[File:Seal of Porciuncula.svg|25px]] [[Porciúncula]]
|largest_city = capital
|official_languages = {{W|English language|English}}, {{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}, {{W|French language|French}} [[Tondolese language|Tondolese]], {{W|Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin}}, {{W|Vietnamese language|Vietnamese}} {{W|Korean language|Korean}}, {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}, {{W|German language|German}}, {{W|Hawaiian language|Hawaiian}}
|membership = {{Bulleted list|
|{{flag|Bajaría}}
|{{flag|Deseret}}
|{{flag|Hawaii}}
|{{flag|Sierra|civil}}
}}
|membership_type = Constituent countries {{Small|(Non-sovereign parts)}}
|demonym = [[Sierrans|Sierran]]
|regional_languages = {{W|Arabic language|Arabic}}, {{W|Armenian language|Armenian}}, {{W|Gilbertese language|Gilbertese}}, {{W|Navajo language|Navajo}}, {{W|Rapa Nui language|Pascuan}}, {{W|Samoan language|Samoan}}
|ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list
|46% [[White Sierrans|White]]
|27% [[Asian Sierrans|Asian]]
|5% [[African Sierrans|Black]]
|1% [[Native Sierrans|Native SIerran]]
|1% {{W|Native Hawaiians|Native Hawaiian}}
|20% [[Multiracial Sierrans|Mixed]] and [[Demographics of the Kingdom of Sierra|other]]
}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2020
|government_type = {{W|Federalism|Federal}} {{W|Parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{W|Constitutional monarchy|constitutional}} {{W|monarchy}}
|leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of the Kingdom of Sierra|Queen]]
|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II]] ({{W|Independent|I}})
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sierra|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = {{Sierra PM}} {{Sierra PM/Party}}
|legislature = [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Sierra|Parliament]]
|upper_house = [[Senate of the Kingdom of Sierra|Senate]]
|lower_house = [[House of Commons of the Kingdom of Sierra|House of Commons]]
|sovereignty_type = Independence
|sovereignty_note = from {{W|Centralist Republic of Mexico|Mexico}}
|established_event1 = {{W|Declaration of independence|Declared}}
|established_date1 = June 14, 1846
|established_event2 = {{W|Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|Recognized}}
|established_date2 = February 2, 1848
|established_event3 = [[Constitution of the Kingdom of Sierra|Constitution]]
|established_date3 = November 27, 1858
|established_event4 = [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra|Charter]]
|established_date4 = June 23, 1950
|area =
|area_km2 = 1,473,799
|area_sq_mi = 569,037
|area_footnote =
|percent_water = 8.99
|area_label = Total
|area_label2 = 
|area_data2 = 
|population_estimate = 109,379,892
|population_estimate_rank =
|population_estimate_year = 2024
|population_census = 103,491,817
|population_census_year = 2020
|population_density_km2 = 53.08
|population_density_sq_mi = 137.49
|population_density_rank = 124th
|GDP_PPP = $5.153 trillion
|GDP_PPP_rank = 6th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $61,725
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 9th
|GDP_nominal = $6.789 trillion
|GDP_nominal_rank = 4th
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $81,322
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 2nd
|Gini = 0.491
|Gini_ref =
|Gini_rank =
|Gini_year = 2014
|HDI = 0.926
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_rank = 5th
|HDI_year = 2017
|currency = [[Sierran dollar]] ($)
|currency_code = KSD
|time_zone = HAST, PST, MT
|utc_offset = −10 to −5, +12 to +14
|time_zone_DST = MST
|utc_offset_DST = −10 to +15
|DST_note =
|date_format = dd-mm-yyyy
|drives_on = Right
|cctld = [[.ks]]
|iso3166code = KS
|official_website = www.sierra.gc.ks
|calling_code = +1
|vehicle_reg =
|aircraft_code =
|patron_saint =
|footnote_a =
|footnote_b =

|footnote_h = 
|footnotes = 
}}The '''Kingdom of Sierra''' ({{Audio-IPA|Kingdom of Sierra.ogg|Listen}}: {{IPA|/kɪŋdəm əv sɪˈɛərə/}}) ({{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''Reino de Sierra'', {{W|French language|French}}: ''Royaume du Sierra'', [[Tondolese language|Tondolese]]: ''Kaharian ng Sierra'', {{W|Chinese language|Chinese}}: 黄金王國, {{W|Vietnamese language|Vietnamese}}: ''Vương Quốc Dãy Núi'', {{W|Korean language|Korean}}: 시에라왕국, {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: シエラ王国, {{W|German language|German}}: ''Königreich Sierra'', and {{W|Hawaiian language|Hawaiian}}: ''Aupuni Mōʻī o Kʻīera'') is a {{W|sovereign state}} in the [[Conference of American States]] and {{W|constitutional monarchy}} with territory in the western region of {{W|North America}}, the {{W|Pacific Ocean|Pacific}}, and the {{W|Yucatán}}. It shares borders with [[Astoria]] and [[Superior]] to the north; [[Brazoria]] to the east; [[Mexico]] to the south; and the {{W|Pacific Ocean}} to the west.

The Kingdom is composed of four parts: the [[Bajaría]], [[Deseret]], [[Hawaii]], and [[Sierra]], all of which are [[Countries of the Kingdom of Sierra|constituent countries]] which share the same unified government and [[Monarchy of Sierra|monarchy]] as co-equal members. Most of the Kingdom's affairs however, occur within the country of Sierra, which comprises nearly three-fourths of the Kingdom's population and over one-third of the total area. Due to this, Bajaría, the Deseret, and Hawaii are heavily dependent on Sierra on matters and policy on foreign affairs and defense. Nonetheless, these three countries enjoy substantial {{W|autonomy}} with their own {{W|devolution|devolved}} legislatures, while Sierra has none. The Kingdom historically existed as Sierra alone, whereas the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría were administered as territories of Sierra, with Sierra as the successor state to the [[California Republic]] through the [[Constitution of Sierra|Constitution of 1850]]. The Kingdom in its current form was established by the [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra]] in 1950 when the [[Parliament of Sierra]] gave the Deseret and Hawaii a great extent of autonomy as countries while simultaneously reducing Sierra to equal status. The former territories of [[El Norte]] became confederated as [[Bajaría]] and became the fourth constituent country in 2021.

The nature of the Kingdom is unique, in that, although all four are subject to the same Crown, government, and charter as co-equals, the Kingdom itself is an {{W|asymmetrical federalism|asymmetrically federal}} state, wherein Sierra holds the most influence and powers by ''de facto''. Lacking its own devolved parliament but holding both the seat of government of the Kingdom in its territory and with the most representation (due to its population size), Sierra is fundamentally integral to Kingdom affairs and policy. Within Sierra, it features its own federal system, with 24 [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|provinces]] and 8 [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Territories|territories]] and its own [[Constitution of Sierra|constitution]]. Its head of government, the [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]], serves as the entire Kingdom's {{W|head of government}}, while the Monarch, serves as the {{W|head of state}} for both entities. In the Deseret, the country is a {{W|theodemocracy|theodemocratic}} {{W|unitary state}} that is nonetheless statistically divided into five regions. It has its own legislature, the {{W|unicameralism|unicameral}} [[Council of Fifty]], and is led by the executive [[Quorum of Twelve]]. In Hawaii and Bajaría, both feature federal systems similar to Sierra with five regular states and three reservation states in Hawaii, and five states in Bajaría respectively. Hawaii's legislature is the [[National Hawaiian Congress]] and the islands' executive is the [[Premier of Hawaii]]. Bajaría is governed by its own executive, the [[First Minister of Bajaría]], and its legislature, the [[Parliament of Bajaría]].

==History==
{{Main|History of the Kingdom of Sierra}}
The Kingdom of Sierra's originally formed through the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Sierra|Constitution of 1858]], a legal document that formally ended the [[California Republic]] and established the Kingdom. California gained its independence from the {{W|Centralist Republic of Mexico}} in 1848 with the signing of the {{W|Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo}}, a treaty that ended the nearly two-year long [[Mexican-American War]]. Ten years later, due to political instability and corruption, Californian leaders met together in a convention to form a new constitution that would strengthen the country. Two political camps arose: the Monarchists and the [[Republicanism in Sierra|Republicans]], the former desiring a monarchy while the latter a continuation of the American-styled republican model used at the time. Eventually, a compromise was struck, with California slated to become a limited monarchy with American federal republican elements infused into the constitution. The convention president, [[Charles I|Charles Miller]], would be crowned Sierra's first [[Monarchy of Sierra|king]] in 1858, thus forming the Kingdom.

The Kingdom faced early opposition and controversy during its inaugural years, particularly over the disputed legitimacy of the Monarchy. Many Republicans felt that the monarchy was unrepresentative of the people, and saw the brokered Constitution as merely a temporary agreement that would rescinded once the Sierran government abolished the monarchy. However, the royal institution had become firmly rooted into the system by the 1870s and was backed by a powerful coalition of businessmen, industrialists, conservative citizens, and merchants. Following the rise of [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] leadership, the monarchy faced the real threat of dissolution, especially under the helm of [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]] [[Ulysses Perry]], who strongly advocated for its abolition. Perry was [[Ulysses Perry#Assassination|assassinated]] before his goals were realized, and his death served as a catalyst for the [[Sierran Civil War]], which pitted Monarchists against Republicans over the state of the Kingdom.

The war ended in 1877 with the Republicans defeated, and the monarchy preserved. During the war, the Deseret region, which had attempted to gain statehood into the United States and California, declared its own independence, and fought against the Kingdom. The Deseret remained an unrecognized, self-governing republic until the [[Deseret War]] in the 1880s when the Kingdom seized back control. Following the war, the Deseret was first administered as a territory under direct control by Parliament before it was allowed legally sanctioned autonomy through the [[Organic Act of 1896]], although not to the extent it would enjoy in the post-Charter era. Hawaii, which was an independent {{W|Kingdom of Hawaii|kingdom}} at the time, became part of the Sierran sphere of influence as Sierran businessmen and missionaries began to settle in the islands. By 1864, following the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, the islands were forcefully annexed into Sierra and would not receive {{W|home rule}} until the [[Organic Act of 1896]]. Bajaría formerly encompassed four territories which were obtained from [[Mexico]] by conquest or {{W|unequal treaty|unequal treaties}}. The territories were collectively known as [[El Norte]] and they were, and continue to be [[El Norte dispute|disputed]] with Mexico. In 2021, Bajaría was created and became the fourth constituent country.

Other islands in the Pacific were acquired during the late 19th century under an imperialist-driven Sierra including the [[Rapa Nui]], the [[Sierran Samoa|Samoan Islands]], [[Bénieîle]], and the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]. Like Hawaii, these islands would not receive home rule until the Organic Act of 1896, but to this day, remain unincorporated territories of Sierra, rather than constituent countries of the Kingdom or independent states.

==Countries==
{{Main|Countries of the Kingdom of Sierra}}
===Overview===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan=2|Name
! colspan=2|Population (2020)
! colspan=2|Area
! rowspan=2|Pop. density (per sq mi; 2020)
!colspan=3|{{W|Gross value added}} (2020)
|-
! Numbers
! %
! sq mi
! %
![[Sierran dollar|$]]
!%
!$ per capita
|-
| align=center| [[Bajaría]]
| align=right| 12,080,340
| align=right| 14%
| align=right| 130,466
| align=right| 23%
| align=right| 92.59
| align=right| 755 billion
| align=right| 11%
| align=right| 62,492
|-
| align=center| [[Deseret]]
| align=right| 2,763,885
| align=right| 3%
| align=right| 84,899
| align=right| 15%
| align=right| 32.55
| align=right| 215 billion
| align=right| 4%
| align=right| 77,983
|-
| align=center| [[Hawaii]]
| align=right| 1,360,301
| align=right| 2%
| align=right| 10,931
| align=right| 2%
| align=right| 124.44
| align=right| 92 billion
| align=right| 2%
| align=right| 68,004
|-
| align=center| [[Sierra]]
| align=right| 59,603,611
| align=right| 71%
| align=right| 473,207
| align=right| 83%
| align=right| 125.96
| align=right| 5,085 billion
| align=right| 71%
| align=right| 85,320
|-
| align=center| Rest of the Kingdom{{efn|{{Small|Rest of the Kingdom, including Sierra's territories and crown dependencies}}}}
| align=right| 7,674,642
| align=right| 9%
| align=right| 2,423{{efn|{{Small|Does not include area for the [[Sierran Antarctic Territory]], [[West Colorado]], and [[West New Mexico]]}}}}
| align=right| –{{efn|{{Small|Officially not counted towards Kingdom's area statistics}}}}
| align=right| 3,167.41
| align=right| 1,082 billion
| align=right| 15%
| align=right| 87,825
|-
| align=center| '''[[Kingdom of Sierra]]'''
| align=right| '''83,482,779'''
| align=right| '''100%'''
| align=right| '''569,037'''
| align=right| '''100%'''
| align=right| '''146.70'''
| align=right| '''7,127 billion'''
| align=right| '''100%'''
| align=right| '''85,370'''
|}

===Sierra===
{{Main|Sierra}}
[[File:Map of Sierran provinces (colored).svg|thumb|250px|Map of the Sierran mainland with its [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|provinces]].]]

Sierra is a {{W|representative democracy|representative}} {{W|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential}} {{W|democracy}} organized as a {{W|federalism|federal}} state with 24 semi-{{W|republicanism|republican}} [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|provinces]]. In addition to its own national [[Constitution of Sierra|constitution]], all of the provinces have their own constitutions, governments, legislatures, and elected officials. Each province is further divided into [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Counties|counties]] or county-equivalents, which in turn, are divided into [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Municipalities|municipalities]] or [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Towns and townships|townships]]. Legislation concerning federal government in Sierra is determined by the Kingdom's [[Parliament of Sierra]] and the [[Government of Sierra]] as Sierra has no devolved legislature. Sierra's head of state, is the [[Monarchy of Sierra|Monarch]], whose primary residence lies in [[Porciúncula]]. The head of government of Sierra is the [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]], who is also the head of government of the Kingdom.

Like {{W|parliamentary system|parliamentary nations}}, the Prime Minister is both a member of the executive and legislative branch. However, unlike true parliamentary prime ministers, the Sierran prime minister is elected directly by the people to assume the office of the Prime Minister (similar to a {{W|presidential system|presidential republic}}) and a seat in Parliament simultaneously. Since the Prime Minister is directly elected by the general public, the Prime Minister serves on a fixed term of four years (which can be renewed indefinitely by winning more elections), as opposed to {{W|confidence and supply|commanding the confidence}} of the Parliament. Without a {{W|fusion of government}}, and instead, a near-complete {{W|separation of power}}, the Parliament is a co-equal institution with the executive government and the Supreme Court, and does not possess {{W|parliamentary sovereignty}} seen in other parliamentary systems. However, Sierra is not a full presidential system either, with the Prime Minister as the head of government while the Monarch as the head of state, making it a semi-presidential system.

The "federal government" expressed by the Constitution of Sierra is homonymous with the government at the Kingdom-level as prior to the 1950 Charter, the Sierran Constitution and its government was the highest-tier of government in all of the Kingdom. As a result, while Sierra's government is practically the Kingdom's, Sierra's constitution and federal system is confined to its own territory, and does not extend or apply to the Deseret and Hawaii which maintain their own governments and laws. Nonetheless, the Charter reaffirms the status of the Constitution as the source and regulator of the Kingdom's various institutions including the [[Parliament of Sierra|Parliament]] and the [[Supreme Court of Sierra|Supreme Court]]. Due to this, Sierra is the only one of the three countries that operates its affairs domestically and internationally as the Kingdom of Sierra.

====Bénieîle====
{{Main|Bénieîle}}
{{Multiple image
|align = left
|direction = horizontal
|boxwidth = 100
|image1 = Flag of Bénieîle.svg
|image2 = Port-Vila.jpg
|footer = Flag of Bénieîle, City of {{W|Port Vila|Port-Vila}}
}}
Bénieîle is an unincorporated, organized territory of Sierra consisting of 83 islands (65 of which are inhabited) which are administratively divided into five parishes: {{W|Sanma Province|Espiritu Santo}}, {{W|Malampa Province|Pénot}}, {{W|Penama Province|Pentecôte}}, {{W|Shefa Province|Vate}}, {{W|Torba|Torrès}}, and {{W|Tafea Province|Yasur}}. Located in the {{W|South Pacific Ocean}}, Bénieîle was originally known as Vanuatu and was colonized by Sierra in 1861 alongside the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]. Bénieîle was administered as a part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands until 1901 when the French-majority inhabitants and {{W|Ni-Vanuatu|indigenous natives}} sought their own autonomous government.

Its executive head is the Territorial Governor, overseen by the Kingdom's representative, the Lord Proprietor of Bénieîle, and its legislature is the bicameral Bénieîle Legislative Assembly. Heavily reliant on tourism and shipping, Bénieîle has been described as the "Kingdom's Tropical Jewel". Since the 2000s, political groups in Bénieîle have pushed to change the status of the islands, leaning towards either constituent country-status, or [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|provincehood]]. In 2003, 52% of Bénieîle's citizens voted to maintain the status quo of the territory's political status. However, voter turnout was lower than expected, and pressure advocacy groups called for another vote. Another referendum regarding the future of Bénieîle's status is scheduled to take place in October 2016.

====Crown Pacific Islands====
[[File:Clipperton Island.jpg|thumb|250px|The Crown Pacific Islands consists of small, uninhabited islands in the Pacific including {{W|Clipperton Island}}.]]
The Crown Pacific Islands are a collection of numerous small islands and islets distributed throughout the Pacific Ocean. The territory encompasses any islands Sierra controls that do not fall in the jurisdiction of any other territory. None of the islands are inhabited, although on some of the larger islands, non-permanent residents reside seasonally to conduct scientific research or military operations. Directly administered by the [[Parliament of Sierra|Parliament]], the Crown Pacific Islands are unorganized, unincorporated territory. The islands included in the Crown Pacific Islands are as follows:

*{{W|Baker Island}}
*{{W|Clipperton Island}}
*{{W|Guadalupe Island}}
*{{W|Howard Island}}
*{{W|Jarvis Island}}
*{{W|Johnston Atoll}}
*{{W|Kingman Reef}}
*{{W|Revillagigedo Islands}}
*{{W|Rocas Alijos}}
*{{W|Isla Santa Margarita|Santa Margarita}}
*{{W|Wake Island}}

Although in the past, there have been attempts to implant a sustainable, permanent population in some of the islands (such as the Revillagigedo Islands), there have been no current plans by the government to lease its lands to the public. Over 80% of the islands are directly owned by the Sierran federal government, with the remaining 20% privately owned by nature conservancy or scientific research organizations. Access to nearly all the islands are restricted to the public.

====Gilbert and Ellice Islands====
[[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|thumb|left|250px|Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
{{Main|Gilbert and Ellice Islands}}
The Gilbert and Ellice Islands (also known as ''Kiribati'' locally) are unincorporated, organized territory comprised of 34 atolls and reef islands across the {{W|Equator|equatorial}} line in the central Pacific Ocean. Its administration consists of the Territorial Governor and the Lord Proprietor, the latter who represents the Monarch, and the Executive Council. The people are represented in the unicameral House of Assembly. Administratively, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands are divided into six districts. Unlike the other territories of Sierra, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands uses the {{W|Australian dollar}}, as opposed to the [[Sierran dollar]]. The Australian currency has been in use since 2007 after it discontinued the circulation of the Gilbertese dollar, the territory's official currency.

====Sierran Samoa====
{{Main|Sierran Samoa}}

The Sierran Samoa is unincorporated, organized territory comprised of the five easternmost islands and two coral atolls of the {{W|Samoan Islands}} in the South Pacific Ocean. Over 90% of Sierran Samoan citizens are {{W|Samoans|ethnic Samoan}}, with Samoan and English the territory's official languages. Its seat of government is the capital, {{W|Fagatogo}}, where the Territorial Governor and Lord Proprietor resides, and where the Samoan bicameral legislature, the ''Fono'', convenes. Its political status is similar to that of the Los Pacíficos where the Sierran Constitution only applies partially. In Parliament, the Sierran Samoa is represented by a non-voting Resident Commissioner in the [[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]].

===Deseret===
{{Main|Deseret}}
[[File:Salt_Lake_Temple,_Utah_-_Sept_2004-2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The {{W|Salt Lake Temple}}, the largest of Mormon temples in the world, in Salt Lake City.]][[File:Map of the Deseret in the Kingdom of Sierra.svg|thumb|250px|A map of the Deseret, highlighted in relation to the Kingdom]]
The Deseret is a {{W|unitary state|unitary}} {{W|constitutional theocracy|constitutional}} {{W|sacerdotal state|sacerdotal}}-{{W|theodemocracy|theodemocratic}} state. Its administration (based in [[Salt Lake City]]) consists of the [[President of the Deseret|President]] who heads the Executive [[Quorum of Twelve]], a body that is simultaneously a component in the leadership of the separate {{W|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}, the Deseret's official {{W|state church}}. Its own devolved legislature, the unicameral [[Council of Fifty]], represents the people across the Deseret's fifty ''{{W|stake (Latter Day Saints)|stakes}}''. The political framework is defined within the [[Constitution of the Deseret]], although the Mormon "{{W|standard works}}" including the {{W|Bible}} and the {{W|Book of Mormon}} are also considered part of the Deseretan legal system to some extent.

Originally a territory of Sierra, the Deseret has been a Mormon stronghold with a [[Canaanism|Canaanite]] minority since the early 19th century. The Deseret originally sought statehood within the United States or Sierra's predecessor, the California Republic. After its statehood campaign failed and California reorganized as the Kingdom, the Deseret declared its own [[Republic of the Deseret|republic]], which remained unrecognized but ''de facto'' independent until the [[Deseret War]]. After the war, Parliament passed the [[Organic Act of 1896]] which allowed the Deseret to preserve its leadership with delineated autonomy. However, the Act mandated that the territorial government remain {{W|secularism|secular}} under the Constitution's {{W|separation of church and state}} principle. The Deseret received further autonomy when Parliament conferred additional rights to the Deseret and other territories through the [[Organic Act of 1896]], allowing the Deseret to create its own constitution and deviate from the political model established in the 1878 Organic Act.

The organization, government, and status of the Deseret remained unchanged up until 1950, following the conclusion of [[Great War I]] when the call for more autonomy was met with support from within, and in Porciúncula. Through the passage of the Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra, the constituent state of the Deseret was created, allowing it to maintain a high degree of independence and self-government, save for certain issues such as foreign policy and national defense. Under the new Charter, the Deseret reformed its government, approving the modern theodemocratic model on the day of the Charter's promulgation. The Deseret has maintained this model ever since.

===Hawaii===
{{Main|Hawaii}}

[[File:Map of Hawaii.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of the main islands of Hawaii]]
Hawaii is a representative semi-presidential democracy organized as a federal state with 8 states through its [[Constitution of Hawaii|Constitution]] (which is similar to Sierra's). Each of the states maintain their own governments, legislatures, constitutions, and laws. As a constituent state of the Kingdom, Hawaii's head of state is the Monarch, and the viceregal representative is the [[Monarchy of Hawaii|Prince]], the only subnational monarchy in the Kingdom. The head of government is the [[Premier of Hawaii|Premier]], who is elected on a four-year term. Unlike the Prime Minister of Sierra, the Premier has no official role in the legislature, the [[National Hawaiian Congress]], where the executive and legislative branches are completely separate. The Congress, a bicameral legislature with the Senate as the upper house and House of Representatives as the lower house, is responsible for legislation and fiscal appropriation. The [[Supreme Court of Hawaii]] is the highest court in the Hawaiian legal system and is composed of one chief justice and six associate justices.

Hawaii has been under the Sierran sphere of control since at least the early 1860s when Sierran businessmen, merchants, and missionaries first began settling and living on the islands alongside the natives, and other foreigners. As Sierran dominance and influence grew, Sierra was poised to have Hawaii become a strategic trading ally in the Pacific. However, the Sierrans who had transplanted in Hawaii and developed the islands' sugar plantation economy, desired to gain political power, who had been denied so by the native Hawaiian monarchy. In order to gain traction, the white Sierrans organized together to apply pressure on the Hawaiian government, to concede privileges and rights onto them. Although the Hawaiian government complied to the Sierrans' demands, these were deemed insufficient and in a rebellion in 1865, forced the Hawaiian monarchy to sign the Bayonet Constitution, a document that stripped the Hawaiian monarchy much of its powers.

When King Kamehameha V attempted to rewrite the constitution, the Sierran elites deemed this a threat and a conspiracy to overthrow the Hawaiian government completely was formed and executed in the 1869 [[Coup d'état of the Kingdom of Hawaii|coup d'état]]. Establishing the Provisional Government of Hawaii, the Sierrans stripped the natives of their rights and created a new legislature composed entirely of landowning white males to vote for annexation into Sierra. The Sierran government, which had supported imperialist projects in the past, faced international scrutiny when it negotiated the annexation with Hawaii. In 1870, despite international concern, Sierra declared its acquisition of Hawaii and created the Territory of Hawaii. The rights of the natives would be restored gradually over the years, and the government of Hawaii was formally organized through the [[Organic Act of 1880]]. Hawaii would remain a territory until the 1950 Charter when it and the Deseret were elevated to constituent countries of equal status with Sierra. Having had been the site of the Pearl Harbor bombing, Sierran politicians believed that the Hawaiians deserved their own autonomous nation, believing that the local populace understood the islands' needs more than those in Porciúncula. Through the legacy of Sierran governance, the new Hawaiian government adopted Sierra's federal system and organized itself in 8 individual states.

===Bajaría===
{{Main|Bajaría}}

==Government==
{{Main|Government of the Kingdom of Sierra}}
{{Sierra government}}

===Charter and constitutions===
[[File:Constitution of Sierra.jpg|thumb|250px|The Constitution of [[Sierra]], while describes the institutions of the Kingdom, is subordinate to the Charter.]]
The [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra]] is the supreme legal document governing the Kingdom. The constitutions of [[Constitution of Sierra|Sierra]], the [[Constitution of the Deseret|Deseret]], [[Constitution of Hawaii|Hawaii]], and [[Constitution of Bajaría|Bajaría]], govern and regulate the political and legal structures of each respective country, but the Sierran constitution establishes and regulates the institutions of the Kingdom confirmed through the Charter. Additional provisions for clarifications are added onto these constitutional institutions in the Charter and are only applicable when they affect Sierra, the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría. Any affairs that do not affect the Kingdom as a whole but only in Sierra are handled within the Sierran constitution, the most prominent being the Sierran federal system (although Hawaii and Bajaría have similar but separate systems). With regards to its own affairs, Sierra operates in both capacities as an independent state and as the Kingdom of Sierra. The Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría cannot do the same for affairs of the Kingdom that apply solely to themselves and not to federal Sierra either. Modifications to the Charter may be only done through legislation in the Parliament and the approval of the legislatures of the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría.

===Monarchy===
{{Main|Monarchy of the Kingdom of Sierra}}

The Crown is the political entity considered as the legal foundation of the government of the Kingdom, seen as the embodiment and living incorporation of the Sierran nation itself, along with its laws and sovereignty. The monarch, who possesses the Crown, is thus seen as the Kingdom's head of state. In actuality however, the Monarch is greatly limited by the [[Constitution of Sierra|Constitution]], with most of the powers and rights granted to the Monarch being invested into the hands of the popularly-elected [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]], who for all intents and purposes, wields the true duty of leading the nation as its head of government.

While the Monarch entrusts most of their responsibilities and duties to the Prime Minister, there are several reserve powers (known as the {{W|royal prerogative}}) which the Monarch retains. However, out of customary convention and political reasons, such use of the reserved powers are almost always conducted through the informed advice of the Prime Minister. The Monarch executing their royal prerogatives independent of prior consultation and advice by the Prime Minister is exceedingly rare and heavily discouraged, especially if used for wholly political purposes. Among these royal prerogatives include the act of {{W|royal assent|assent}}, the issuance of {{W|letters patent}} and {{W|edict}}s, the issuance of {{W|royal prerogative of mercy|pardons}}, and the declarations of war and peace with the consent of Parliament. The Constitution declares that all of the Monarch's royal prerogatives may be carried out on their behalf by the Prime Minister. This constitutes the basis of much of the powers the Prime Minister has in addition to their capacity in heading the civilian department of the executive branch.

===Parliament===
{{Main|Parliament of the Kingdom of Sierra}}

The Parliament is the supreme legislature of the Kingdom, and house members from Sierra, the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría in both the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]] and the [[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]]. The Parliament is also the ''de facto'' national legislature of Sierra, which has no intermediary-level devolved legislature as the Deseret and Hawaii do (which has the [[Council of Fifty]] and [[National Hawaiian Congress]] respectively). The Kingdom Parliament is responsible for legislating the Kingdom's laws and is composed of 341 members (76 in Senate and 265 in House), all of whom are elected directly by the general populace from a {{W|single-member district}} (from a secondary-level political division such as a province or state in the Senate and a population-based constituency in the House). In the Senate, members are elected every 6 years, with terms staggered so that approximately a third of the Senate's seats are open to election every two years. In the House, members are elected every 2 years with all seats open to election at the same time.

===Judiciary===
{{Main|Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Sierra}}
The Supreme Court of Sierra is the {{W|court of last resort}} in the Kingdom and is the highest court in the Sierran federal system. The primary function of the Supreme Court is to interpret constitutional law including the Charter, and to review cases whose issues are applicable by such law. As the final arbiter and interpreter, the majority of the cases it reviews are of {{W|appellate jurisdiction}} as opposed to {{W|original jurisdiction}}. As a result, it is the job of the Supreme Court to determine which cases may be reviewed, and if reviewed, determine the constitutionality of issues raised in a case, rather than the actual substantive case and the {{W|judgment (law)|judgmental outcome}} of the {{W|defendant}}. Generally, unless the issue itself is a matter concerning the Charter, the Supreme Court defers to the decisions made by the Supreme Courts of the Deseret and Hawaii in their respective jurisdictions.

==Legal status==

===International community===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the Kingdom of Sierra}}
Within the international community, the Kingdom of Sierra is recognized as a sovereign state by all member states of the [[League of Nations]]. It has been a member state of the [[Conference of American States]], a {{W|supranational union|supranational}} union comprising several member states in the Americas since 1965. The Kingdom has a permanent seat in the [[League of Nations Security Council]], and is a member state of various organizations including the [[Indo-Pacific Treaty Organization]], [[Group of Eight|G8]], and the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]. As stipulated by the Charter, only the Kingdom may operate and conduct foreign affairs on behalf of its constituent states although in practice, it is Sierra which unofficially controls the Kingdom's foreign policy and receives diplomatic representatives and dignitaries in Porciúncula. Generally, when Sierra initiates and concludes negotiations with other nations that applies to the entire Kingdom, it confers with the legislatures of the Deseret and Hawaii prior to ratifying the agreement although the Charter does not explicitly obliges it to. The Charter simply affirms provisions from the Constitution which states that the Parliament must review any treaties negotiated by the Prime Minister prior to taking effect to Sierra (and thus the Kingdom). Out of courtesy and formality however, the Sierran government usually discusses the plan with the governments of the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría, which in turn, generally assent without contest.

The Charter provides for provisions where its constituent states may engage in international organizations or agreements separately and individually, although in all cases, they must be approved by Parliament and be consistent with the Charter and the Kingdom's policies. For instance, if the Deseret wishes to enter into a bilateral agreement with [[Astoria]] without the rest of the Kingdom, it may, so long as such an agreement does not violate or contradict an existing agreement or precedent set by the Kingdom. Conversely, the Charter allows constituent states to opt out agreements or organizations that includes the Kingdom although the criteria for such is stricter and more difficult to achieve.

==Distinction between Sierra and the Kingdom==

Both within and outside the Kingdom of Sierra, the English short-form name "Sierra" is generally understood to mean the constituent part of Sierra (this may include Sierra's territories and crown dependencies). The "Sierran mainland", "federal Sierra", "Sierra proper", or the "mainland" are sometimes used to add clarity when referring to only the continental and contiguous part of Sierra (excluding the Los Pacíficos which are not considered an integral part of Sierra). However, it is much more common for outsiders to use Sierra to refer to the entire Kingdom, often assuming that the Deseret, Hawaii, and Bajaría are merely territorial subunits within Sierra, the country. The designation of the names to their corresponding areas may even be reversed, with those using the terms "Kingdom" or the "Kingdom of Sierra" to refer to the Sierran mainland, excluding the Deseret and Hawaii, and to a lesser extent, Sierra's territories, rather than the Kingdom itself through its capacity made by the Charter. This confusion is similarly carried over to flags, with the flag of the Kingdom sometimes associated and labeled as exclusively with Sierra, neglecting the fact that Sierra itself has its own flag (which is merely a simpler variant of the Kingdom's flag containing no encircled star).

Due to Sierra's organization as a {{W|federalism|federal}} government, and the almost nonexistent distinction between Sierra's own government with the Kingdom, the term "federal" is often erroneously used to refer to the government of the Kingdom. When used properly, the term "federal" refers to Sierra's federal system and the governments primarily subject to the Sierran [[Constitution of Sierra|Constitution]]. "Provincial" is exclusively used to refer to Sierra's federal [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|provinces]], and never used to describe the Deseret or Hawaii, as well as their subdivisions (which are stakes and states respectively). The terms "central" or "royal" are seen as the correct adjectives to describe the government of the Kingdom.

The "Kingdom" is the prevailing and officially accepted short-form term within the Kingdom to refer to the entirety of the Kingdom by which the Charter applies. When the name "Sierra" is applied to the Deseret, Hawaii, or Bajaría, it is considered erroneous, or even offensive by residents from these two states, with this mistake almost exclusively used by few in Sierra proper and foreigners.

==Timeline of the Kingdom==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Time
! Countries
! Changes
|-
| 1848–1858
|
*[[File:Bear flag digital.png|22x20px|border]] [[California Republic|California]]
| Gains independence from Mexico
|-
| 1858–1950
|
* [[File:Flag of Sierra.svg|22x20px]] [[Sierra]]
| Succeeds the [[California Republic]] through the [[Constitution of Sierra|1858 Constitution]]
|-
| 1950–2021
|
* {{flag|Deseret}}
* {{flag|Hawaii}}
* {{flag|Sierra|civil}}
| [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra]] signed.
|-
| 2021–present
|
* {{flag|Bajaría}}
* {{flag|Deseret}}
* {{flag|Hawaii}}
* {{flag|Sierra|civil}}
| [[Bajaría]] is admitted as the fourth country.
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==See also==
*[[Monarchy of the Kingdom of Sierra]]

{{Navboxes
|title=Topics related to the Kingdom of Sierra
|list=
{{Kingdom of Sierra topics}}
{{Sierra KS|expanded}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{Member states of the Conference of American States}}
{{Altverse II}}
|state=expanded}}
{{Atbox|
{{En-WP attribution notice|Baja California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Baja California Sur}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Colorado}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Countries of the United Kingdom}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Gilbert and Ellice Islands}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Hawaii}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Kiribati}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Kingdom of the Netherlands}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Netherlands}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Nevada}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|New Mexico}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Rapa Nui}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Sonora}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Utah}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|United States}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Vanuatu}}
}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:Anglo-America]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:G8 nations]]
[[Category:G20 nations]]
[[Category:Northern America]]
[[Category:Member states of NTO]]
[[Category:Member states of the Conference of American States]]
[[Category:Member states of the League of Nations]]
[[Category:Member states of IPTO]]
[[Category:Transcontinental countries]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in the Kingdom of Sierra]]

Essequibo War

2025-11-01T20:34:57Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Essequibo War
| partof = the [[Caribbean Wars]] ([[Cold War]])
| image = FARC_guerrillas_marching_during_the_Caguan_peace_talks_(1998-2002).jpg
| caption = [[Andean People's Army]] soldiers marching near {{W|Kumaka, Barima-Waini|Kumaka}}
| width = 350px
| date = 10 March 1992 – 19 October 1992 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days| year1 = 1992 | month1 = 3 | day1 = 10 | year2 = 1992 | month2 = 10 | day2 = 19}})
| place = {{W|Guyana Esequiba}} (Essequibo)
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = Temporary Andean occupation of Essequibo west of the {{W|Essequibo River}}
| result = ''{{W|Status quo ante bellum}}''
*Collapse of the military dictatorship of [[Desmond Granger]]
*Free elections held in Guyana
*Normalization of [[Guyana–United People's Committees relations|relations]] between Guyana and the United People's Committees
| combatant1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flag|United People's Committees}}
*[[File:Flag of Upper Takutu-Essequibo Region.svg|22x20px]] [[Rupununi Liberation Front]]
}}
| combatant1a = '''Supported by:'''
{{plainlist|
*{{flag|United Commonwealth}}
*{{flag|South Africa}}
}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Guyana}}
| combatant2a = '''Supported by:'''
{{plainlist|
*{{flag|Antilles}}
*{{flag|Brazil}}
}}
| units1 =
| units2 =
| commander1 =
{{flagdeco|United People's Committees}} [[Fulgencio Chavez]]
| commander2 =
{{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[Desmond Granger]] 
{{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[Clive Burnham]] 
{{flagdeco|Brazil}} TBD
| strength1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|United People's Committees}} 7,000
*[[File:Flag of Upper Takutu-Essequibo Region.svg|22x20px]] 6,000 (including 3,200 volunteers)
}}
| strength2 = {{flagdeco|Guyana}} 19,000
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
*{{flagdeco|United People's Committees}} 2,050 dead
*[[File:Flag of Upper Takutu-Essequibo Region.svg|22x20px]] Unknown
}}
| casualties2 = {{flagdeco|Guyana}} 4-468-5,367 dead
}}

The '''Essequibo War''' was a conflict between the [[United People's Committees]] and [[Guyana]] over the [[Essequibo]] (also known as the Guyana Esequiba). The United People's Committees invaded Essequibo under the pretext of preventing an ethnic {{W|genocide}} against the indigenous tribes of Guyana, including the {{W|Pemon}} and {{W|Wapishana}}, whose peoples had backed the [[Rupununi Liberation Front]] during the [[Rupununi War]]. Guyana, under the military dictatorship of [[Desmond Granger]], had established an authoritarian regime which discriminated against the indigenous and Indo-Guyanese minorities in favor of the majority Afro-Guyanese population.

The conflict began on 10 March 1992 when the United People's Committees invaded and occupied Essequibo, followed by the invasion of the Wakenaam, Leguan, Troolie, and Hogg Islands along the Essequibo River. Guyana responded by launching counter-offensives against the United People's Committees and received military support from [[Brazil]]. The conflict was part of a protracted dispute over the Essequibo region between the United People's Committees and Guyana, and a proxy war between the United People's Committees and Brazil, who were two of the three major powers of South America. The conflict lasted seven months before the two sides agreed to a truce, with the United People's Committees withdrawing its forces from Guyana, and signing a peace agreement thereafter.

Though the war resulted in a virtual stalemate, the conflict was highly consequential to the continued regime of Desmond Granger. Following the war, Guyana underwent significant political changes. Granger was removed from power by the [[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]] and tried by the International Court of Justice for crimes against humanity and war crimes, and Guyana held its first free elections in decades in [[1994 Guyanese elections]]. Diplomatic relations between the United People's Committees and Guyana were normalized in 1995 and the territorial dispute between the two countries were officially resolved. The Essequibo region was granted increased autonomy, stopping short of a complete push towards [[Federalization of Guyana|federalizing Guyana]].

==Prelude==
{{Main|Guyanese genocide}}

[[File:Ahmed_Tejan_Kabbah.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Desmond Granger]], president of Guyana during the 1980s and 1990s]]

Guyana gained independence from the [[United Kingdom]] following the end of the [[Great War]]. It became divided politically between the two largest racial groups in the country: the Afro-Guyanese and the Indo-Guyanese. The indigenous Native Americans in Guyana were also a significant minority within Guyana. During the 1970s, a power struggle between the Afro-Guyanese and Indo-Guyanese resulted in a [[Guyanese Civil War|civil war]] that ended in the victory of the [[Guyanese People's Party]] under [[Desmond Granger]]. Granger was an Afro-Guyanese nationalist who held {{W|Indophobia|Indophobic}} views towards the Indo-Guyanese due to their historical status as an economically prosperous and privileged class in colonial British Guyana. Granger also envisioned the expansion of human development in the Guyanese interior, including west of the Essequibo River where Guyana's indigenous people mainly lived in. He and his party viewed the indigenous tribes as a threat to the economic success and political goals of a "New Guyana".

Ethnic tensions arose quickly after Granger came to power. The native population of Guyana was the target of discriminatory practices and were not allowed to speak their own languages in public, practice their native cultures openly or to join the army or police. A program of "civilising measures" began in 1986, which is today considered as the start of the [[Guyanese genocide]]. This program included the strict enforcement of English as the primary language in public, forced deportations and the establishment of mandatory boarding schools which all children from the age of 8 had to attend. These developments culminated in civil unrest that turned violent as the [[Rupununi War]] which began in 1987 and ended with the end of the Granger regime. The war began as a native insurgency to resist the military dictatorship in western Guyana, a region that has been the subject of dispute between the [[Andes]] and [[Guyana]] (previously between Gran Colombia and the British government) since colonial times. The Andes began with the training of native and Indo-Guyanese volunteers to establish the [[Rupununi Liberation Front]] that would wage a guerrilla war against the military in the same year. Due to the Andean self-proclamation as the defender of colonized peoples, particularly in the Americas, the Essequibo region was declared a contender for statehood within the United People's Committees as a "defensive measure for the lives and well-being for the population" should the genocide continue.

==Course of the war==
On 10 March 1992, right before dawn, military troops belonging to the [[Andean People's Army]] crossed the international border between the United People's Committees and Guyana, and advanced through Guyanese territory. The invasion saw its first fighting in Morawhanna where the Andean People's Army was met with members of the [[Guyana Defence Force]]. A southern incursion near Waramadan and the tripoint between the United People's Committees, Guyana, and Brazil began within half an hour of the initial incursion to the north. At sea, the [[Andean People's Navy]] sent a convoy of three ships to enter Guyanese waters and shelled military targets along the Guyana Essequibo coast.

==Aftermath==

Three months after the war ended, the [[National Assembly (Guyana)|National Assembly]] voted 50–15 to impeach Prime Minister Desmond Granger and remove him from office for his handling of the war and other actions during his ministry. During parliamentary deliberations, the International Criminal Court formally charged Granger on multiple counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes, and international pressure to prosecute Granger intensified. Granger himself attempted to flee Guyana to Brazil amidst the formal vote, but was detained by the [[National Guard (Guyana)|National Guard]] before he was able to cross the Brazil–Guyana border. After Granger was formally removed, he was transferred over to the ICC and held and then tried at The Hague, [[Netherlands]]. Proceedings lasted for five years, during which more than 1,200 victims made formal appearances to testify and participate in the legal procedure. At the conclusion of the trial, Granger was convicted and sentenced to 50 years. He was subsequently transferred to a prison in Svalbard, [[Skandinavia]] and served 12 years of his 50 year sentence before dying of colorectal cancer.

==South African involvement==
Shortly after coming to power, the government of Granger kicked all South African forces out of Guyana, albeit maintaining a clandestine force of 500 including CIO agents before they were exposed in 1983. The relationship between South Africa and Guyana during this time was poor. In 1989, a shipment of 450 Russian-produced AK47 assault rifles, 198 RPG-7s, and 130,000 rounds of ammunition were seized by the Guyanese police. Several LSR1 rifles seized from RLF rebels had serial numbers indicating production past 1987. While not directly involved in the Essequibo War, it was alleged that South Africa may have played a role in arming the Rupununi Liberation Front.
==See also==
*[[Andean–Brazilian War]]

{{Cold War}}
{{Guyana topics}}
[[Category:Essequibo War]]
[[Category:1992 in Guyana]]
[[Category:1992 in the United People's Committees]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1992]]
[[Category:Guyana–United People's Committees relations]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United People's Committees]]
[[Category:Invasions of Guyana]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Guyana]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the United People's Committees]]
[[Category:Wars involving Guyana]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United People's Committees]]

Structure of the South African Army

2025-11-01T17:42:41Z

Deleted user:

[[File:SADF-Airborn-001.jpg|thumb|600px|Airborne troops during a training exercise at {{w|AFB Waterkloof}} in 2011]]

This page details the overall structure of the [[South African Army]] as well as current active units. This does not include reserve or militia units.

The Army is headed by the [[Chief of Army General Staff]], who is subordinate to the [[Commandant-General SAGM]]. The Army headquarters is located in {{w|Pretoria}}. As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 31 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 8 {{w|corps}}. The Army also maintains 2 {{w|Field Army|field armies}} deployed on foreign soil. Due to British influence and traditions, the South African Army has been organised along the regimental system.
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
'''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''', [[South African Forces Ethiopia]]

'''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''', [[South Africa Forces New Guinea]]
===Corps===
*I Corps
*III Airborne Corps
*IV Corps
*V Armoured Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XVI Corps
*XX Corps
===Divisions and Brigades===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Armoured Division (South Africa)|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Armoured Division (South Africa)|3nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[4th Armoured Division (South Africa)|4th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[5th Armoured Division (South Africa)|5th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[7th Armoured Division (South Africa)|7th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Armoured Division (South Africa)|8th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Armoured Division (South Africa)|10th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[7th Infantry Division (South Africa)|7th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division (South Africa)|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[9th Infantry Division (South Africa)|9th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division (South Africa)|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th Infantry Division (South Africa)|12th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|23rd (Light) Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th Infantry Division (South Africa)|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th Infantry Division (South Africa)|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th Infantry Division (South Africa)|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[32nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|32nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division (South Africa)|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th Infantry Division (South Africa)|45th (Light) Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st Infantry Division (South Africa)|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[54th Infantry Division (South Africa)|54th Infantry Division]]'''
}}
==Administrative structure==
===Regiments===
{|
|- valign=top
|'''Infantry'''
*{{W|Buffalo Volunteer Rifles}}
*{{W|Cape Town Highlanders}}
*{{W|Cape Town Volunteer Rifles}}
*[[Chief Gaborone's Volunteers|Chief Gaborone's Volunteers]]
*{{W|Durban Light Infantry}}
*{{W|Kimberley Regiment}}
*[[Lerotholi's Rifles]]
*[[King Shaka's Zulu Volunteers]]
*[[Chief Lobengula's Matabele Rifles]]
*The {{W|Natal Carbineers}}
*{{W|Prince Alfred's Guard}}
*[[South West African German Volunteers]]
*[[Royal Swati Infantry Regiment]]
*[[Tamboekieland Xhosa Rifles]]
*{{W|Witwatersrand Rifles}}
|'''Armoured'''
*Natal Mounted Rifles
*Umvoti Mounted Rifles
*{{w|Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment|Transvaal Horse Regiment}}
*Cape Mounted Yeomanry
|'''Artillery'''
*Cape Field Artillery
*Natal Field Artillery
*Transvaal State Artillery
|}
===Corps===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[South African Armoured Corps]]
*[[South African Army Aviation Corps]]
*[[South African Artillery Corps]]
*[[South African Army Corps of Bands]]
*[[South African Army Chaplains' Department]]
*[[South African Educational Corps]]
*[[South African Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Infantry Corps]]
*[[South African Intelligence Corps]]
*[[South African Army Legal Corps]]
*[[South African Army Logistics Corps]]
*[[South African Military Police]]
*[[South African Army Ordnance Corps]]
*[[South African Army Pay Corps]]
*[[South African Army Physical Training Corps]]
*[[South African Signal Corps]]
{{div col end}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
[[Category:Structure of contemporary armies]]

Sierran Royal Army

2025-08-13T22:23:58Z

Deleted user: /* Command, control, and organization */

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox military unit
| name = Sierran Royal Army ({{W|English language|en}})
| native_name = Ejército Real sierrana ({{W|Spanish language|es}}) Armée royale sierrain ({{W|French language|fr}}) Maharlikang Hukbo ng Sierra ([[Tondolese language|tn]]) 黃金王國皇家陆军 ({{W|Chinese language|zh}}) Hải Đông hoàng của Vàng Quốc ({{W|Vietnamese language|vn}}) 시에라 왕립 군대 ({{W|Korean language|kr}}) Sierrisch Königliche Heer ({{W|German language|de}}) シエラ軍 ({{W|Japanese language|ja}})
| image = [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Army.svg|200px]]
| caption = Emblem of the Sierran Royal Army
| start_date = {{Start date and age|1858|11|27}}
| country = [[File:Flag of Sierra.svg|25px]] [[Kingdom of Sierra]]
| branch = {{W|Army}}
| role = {{W|Land warfare}}
| size = 501,543 active duty personnel 193,322 [[Sierran Provincial Guard|Provincial Guard]] 207,942 civilian employees 224,317 reserve personnel 2,589 manned aircraft
| command_structure = [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|K.S. Ministry of Defense]]
| garrison = Pendleton Military Center [[File:Flag of Laguna.svg|22x20px|border]] Escondido County, [[Laguna]], K.S.
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto =
| colors = {{Color box|blue}} {{Color box|red}} {{Color box|gold}} Blue, red, gold
| march = {{Listen|filename=Marching Through Visalia.ogg|title="Marching Through Visalia"|embed=yes}}
| battles = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = ''See list:''
|
*[[Sierran Indian Wars]]
*[[New Mexico War]]
*[[War of Contingency]]
*[[Sierran Civil War]]
*[[Spanish–American War]]
*[[Mexican Civil War]]
*[[Little Civil War]]
*[[Great War]]
*[[Mesoamerican War]]
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Nicaragua War]]
*[[Colombia War]]
*[[Syrian Civil War]]
*[[Operation Inherent Resolve]]
}}
| commander1 = [[File:Royal Standard of Sierra.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Monarchy of Sierra|Queen]] [[Elizabeth II of Sierra|Elizabeth II]]
| commander1_label = Commander-in-Chief
| commander2 = [[File:Standard of the Prime Minister of Sierra.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]] [[Cedric Harrison]]
| commander2_label = [[Supreme Field Marshal of Sierra|Supreme Field Marshal]]
| commander3 = [[Preston Bolivar]]
| commander3_label = [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Minister of Defense]]
| commander4 = Robert Perry
| commander4_label = Secretary of the Army
| commander5 = GEN [[Mike Bennett]]
| commander5_label = [[Chief of Staff of the Sierran Royal Army|Chief of Staff]]
| commander6 = GEN Ryan K. Greyson
| commander6_label = Deputy Chief of Staff
| commander7 = SMA Charles P. Feliciano
| commander7_label = Sergeant Major of the Army
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of Sierra (military).svg|100px]]
| identification_symbol_label = {{W|War flag}}
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| unit_name =
| dates =
}}'''Her Royal Majesty's Royal Army''' (commonly shortened to the '''Sierran Royal Army''' or simply the '''Royal Army''' and also abbreviated as '''SRA''') is the {{W|land warfare}} service branch of the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]. It is one of the six uniformed services of the [[Kingdom of Sierra]]. It is the oldest and most senior branch of the K.S. military and is nicknamed as the '''Old Guard'''. It traces its origins to the Bear Flaggers of 1846 when a band of Anglo-American citizens and Californios living under Mexican California rebelled and joined the [[Mexican-American War]]. The Bear Flaggers became formally organized as the Californian Army, which was subsequently reorganized as the modern Sierran Royal Army in 1858.

The Royal Army experienced its first major activity during the [[War of Contingency]] when Sierra entered the intercontinental conflict with [[Brazoria]] against the forces of the [[United Commonwealth]]. Sierra's military successes earned the Royal Army prestige and fame despite its contemporaneous infancy and small size. It defended the Kingdom during the [[Sierran Civil War]] when it fought against the self-declared [[Second California Republic]] in the [[Styxie]] and Central Sierra. It later engaged in the military occupations and annexations of various Pacific nations and islands during the Age of Imperialism including [[Hawaii]] and [[Tondo]]. It participated in the [[Mexican Revolution]] and the subsequent [[Mesoamerican War]], while adopting the role as the Kingdom's {{W|gendarmerie}} during the controversial ''Approbatio'' period of the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]]. During the [[Great War]], the Sierran Royal Army successfully defended the Sierran homeland by repelling a failed invasion of Sierra by the [[United Commonwealth]], and contributed to the liberation of Superior and also played a critical role in both the European and Pacific theaters against [[Derzhavist Russia]] and [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]], cementing its status as one of the world's most powerful armies at the end of the war. During the [[Cold War]], the Sierran Royal Army experienced an arms and technological race against the United Commonwealth as both nations vied for geopolitical and ideological influence worldwide. It participated in several Cold War proxy wars including the [[Colombia War]] and the [[Vietnam War]]. Since the Cold War, the Royal Army has maintained an active global presence and has witnessed significant military engagements primarily in the {{W|Middle East}} and {{W|North Africa}}.

The Royal Army is under the administration and supervision of the K.S. Department of the Army, which reports to the [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|K.S. Minister of Defense]]. The professional head and most senior officer of the army is the Chief of Staff. The current Chief of Staff is [[Mike Bennett]] who is also the current [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff|chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]]. The civilian head of the Royal Army is the Secretary of the Army who is currently Robert Perry.

==Mission and role==

The Sierran Royal Army is the land-warfare branch of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces. Its purpose is to provide the national defense and security of the Kingdom of Sierra, its territories, its crown dependencies, and any areas under the occupation or protection of Sierra. It is responsible for preventing and deterring attacks on K.S. soil as well as its citizens, nationals, and interests. In times of peace, it aims to preserve stability and maintain peacetime readiness. In times of war, its objective is to coordinate its action with the other branches of the Armed Forces in overcoming and defeating Sierra's enemies and military threats swiftly and competently.

==History==
===As the Californian Army===
[[File:SanPasqual.jpg|thumb||left|250px|Californian forces fighting the Mexicans during the {{W|Battle of San Pasqual}}]]
Prior to the establishment of the Kingdom of Sierra, the [[California Republic]] had existed for a decade following its independence as a result of the [[Mexican–American War]]. During the war, various Californian militias were formed and unified into a combined militia and were supported by the [[United States (Altverse)|United States]] in their fight against Mexico. Following the war's end, the militias were organized into the Californian Army and were now a standing army. The United States sent supplies to the California Republic, including weapons, to aid the Californian Army and help aid in their organization into a sufficient fighting force. The Californian Army would see combat during its brief ten year existence, but was infamous for its lack of a proper chain of command, mediocre and mixed quality officer corps, low morale and inability to protect the territories of the California Republic, especially in the Eastern Frontier where the army was only present in cities and large towns with settlements and villages having to rely on mercenaries and militias for protection and vigilantism was rampant in the nation.

===19th century===

During the 1857 Californian Constitutional Convention, the assembled delegates recognized the need for a stronger, more cohesive army. The Californian military had been plagued with ineffective leadership and inconsistent organization. The Californian Congress had little actual power over raising an army and had relied heavily on the services of civilian-run militias. The delegates wanted to prevent factionalism within the national army and be able to raise a standing army that could be quickly assembled, organized, and deployed in times of defense. The need for a national army was recognized and enshrined in the [[Constitution of Sierra]], which gave Parliament the power to establish, raise, and regulate an army, while the King was to be the army's commander-in-chief through royal prerogative (but executed by the prime minister).

The Sierran Royal Army was officially founded on November 27, 1858, coinciding the birth of the nation and various other institutions including the army's sister branches, the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines. The Royal Army initially had four brigades, each of which were divided into three regiments of four battalions. Within half a year of the Sierran Royal Army's inauguration, its officer corps were filled by competent military leaders who received instruction and training from Canada and the United States. In turn, the enlisted received rigorous training and were given adequate housing and pay. The Sierran government encouraged citizens and non-citizens to enlist, hoping to raise a large military to repel the possibility of a much-feared invasion by the United States or another war with Mexico.

====War of Contingency====

====Sierran Civil War====
When the [[Sierran Civil War]] began in 1874, the Sierran Royal Army was heavily divided, especially among units from the Styxie and other provinces that joined the [[Second California Republic]], the self-proclaimed state headed by republican leader [[Isaiah Landon]]. After the war broke out, almost all army divisions and units from the Styxie provinces defected to the Republicans along with many other units as well. These units formed the California Republican Army and were supported by the [[Bear Flag Movement]], [[United Farmers' Front]], and various international volunteers who flocked to support the republicans during the war. Units that were from provinces still loyal to the Monarchy remained part of the official army which was organized as the Royalist Army or Monarchist Army during the war. Most loyalist troops were from the Southern and Eastern Provinces while those from the north and northwest aligned with the Republicans or were heavily divided and split based off of regional loyalties and ideological differences as well.

The Royal Army saw heavy combat throughout the war as the navy was also divided, but much of it remained loyal to the Crown. The backbone of the Monarchist forces were various divisions and units of the Royal Army from provinces such as the [[Gold Coast]], [[Kings]], [[Orange]], [[Laguna]], the [[Inland Empire]], [[Imperial]], [[Flagstaff]], [[Clark]] and [[Mohave]] among many others. During the war, many soldiers of the army were also [[Loyalist republicans]], Sierrans that were members and supporters of the [[Republicanism in Sierra|republican movement]], but were opposed to Landon and his communist-inspired republic. The Monarchist and Republican armies fought across the country from the frontier in the Northeast to the Southern provinces, most notably during the 1876 [[Great Southern Offensive]] by the Republican armies and later during the push into the Styxie towards the end of the war. After the Monarchists won in 1877, the Royal Army was reunited and reorganized in the years after the Civil War had ended.

====Age of Imperialism====

===20th century===
====Early 20th century====
[[File:CalifNG,1924adj.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Sierran Royal Army rank and file members marching through the streets of [[Porciúncula]] during a military march exercise in 1924]]
During the late 1910s, revolutionary wars broke out in both the United Commonwealth and Mexico. Under the leadership of [[Robert Landon]], the Sierran Royal Army would stay out of both wars for most of the conflict, but the Army organized and reformed between 1906 and 1916. By 1920, the Sierran Royal Army had become heavily involved in the [[Mexican Revolution]] where it supported various factions in the conflict from revolutionaries to the provisional government under the leadership of President [[Umberto Fernandino]], though support was dropped in 1916 after Fernandino had expelled Sierran Army advisors in response to the role of Sierran mercenaries and volunteers played in revolutionary factions. When Sierra and the rest of Anglo-America joined the war in April 1917, the Sierran Royal Army was mobilized and was part of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] and troops were sent to fight on the side of [[South Mexico]] and the [[Yucatán Republic]]. Sierran troops fought alongside anti-Landonist revolutionaries and performed valiantly alongside other Anglo-American troops which helped increase the prestige of Sierra and other Anglo-American countries and saw the nation rise to a major power on the world stage. After the war had ended, the Sierran Army emerged as a proficient and well-organized fighting force.

After the war had ended, the Sierran Army emerged as a proficient and well-organized fighting force. Sierran troops would later participate in the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Allied intervention]] in the [[Russian Civil War]] in support of the {{W|White movement}}. The Sierran government led by Prime Minister [[Philip Jude]] was greatly concerned over the possibility of [[Landonism]] spreading if the Bolsheviks in Russia were not defeated and feared that Landonism would spread into Sierra and the rest of Anglo-America. The intervention ended up being a success and the Whites emerged victorious in the Russian Civil War. During the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]], the Royal Army had partial involvement, mostly through army intelligence for counter-terrorism operations, though specific divisions were deployed during the [[Little Civil War]] of the 1920s and 30s due to the violence in the Styxie which, while not high enough to cause a second civil war, was enough to cause concern to the federal government and warrant deploying security forces to the Styxie. While officially neutral, the army units that fought in the Little Civil War supported pro-revolutionary forces.

The Sierran Army played a major role in the [[Continental Revolutionary War]] where the Sierran Army sent advisors and aid to the [[Federalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Federalist government]] against the [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]] and their armies. By 1920, Sierran troops were deployed and fought defending cities and urban areas from the Continentalist Armies. After the war ended, the Sierran Army aided Federalist soldiers and politicians and civilian supporters in fleeing to Sierra and other countries and helping create a government-in-exile against the Continentalist regime. The Sierran Army went under major modernization and reorganization during the Interwar Period and saw limited action as isolationism heavily influenced Sierra's politics and how often the army was deployed.

====Great War I====

====Interwar period====

====Great War II====

====Cold War====

===21st century===
{{wide image|Soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 185th Armor (Combined Arms Battalion) at Fort Irwin (2011).jpg|1000px|Soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 9th Duke of Colorado Armored Regiment maneuver in {{W|Bradley Fighting Vehicle}}s near the {{W|Khmeimim Air Base|K.S. Joint Base Hmeimim}} in {{W|Latakia Governorate}}, [[Syria]].}}

==Command, control, and organization==
[[File:Allied Spirit I 150120-A-WG858-012.jpg|thumb|Sierran Army soldiers at an NTO joint military exercise in Superior, 2015.]]
[[File:Dutch Soldiers.jpg|thumb|Sierran soldiers during operations in eastern Syria, 2005.]]
[[File:Winterse-omstandigheden-vergen-flexibiliteit-van-de-militairen.jpg|thumb|Arctic warfare training in northern Manitoba, 2010.]]
The Sierran Royal Army is one of the six armed force branches of the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]. It is under the civilian authority of the [[Department of the Army (Sierra)|Department of the Army]] which is headed by the [[Secretary of the Army (Sierra)|Secretary of the Army]]. The Department is itself an agency under the jurisdiction and scope of the [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Ministry of Defense]]. The most senior army officer is the [[Chief of Staff of the Sierran Royal Army|Chief of Staff]], who is also a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]]. The current chief of staff, General [[Mike Bennett]] is also the current [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff|chairman]] of the Joint Chiefs. The Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff and the [[National Security Council (Sierra)|National Security Council]] are the top two military deliberative bodies in the Sierran Crown Armed Forces. Operational {{W|chain of command}} bypasses the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff as the [[Minister of Defense (Sierra)|Minister of Defense]] issues military commands directly to the unified combat combatant commanders.

It is divided into three main components: the Royal Army, the Royal Army Reserve, and the Royal Army National Guard. In addition, several [[PSA]]s maintain their own subnational defense forces, all of which function as the reserve components of the Sierran Royal Army. It is also divided into different branches and fields. These divisions include the Sierran Royal Army's commissioned officers and enlisted soldiers, as well as civilian personnel.

===Structure===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Functional commands
!Current commander
!Location of headquarters
|-
| Royal Army Forces Command || GEN Perry Lee || [[Pendleton Military Center]], Sierra
|-
| Royal Army Material Command || GEN || {{W|Sierra Army Depot}}, Sierra
|-
| Royal Army Training and Reserve Command || GEN || {{W|Fort Irwin National Training Center}}, Sierra
|-
!Geographic commands
!Current commander
!Location of headquarters
|-
|Royal Army Forces America || GEN David Bertrand || {{W|San Bernadino}}, Sierra
|-
|Royal Army Forces Pacific || GEN William Caldwell || {{W|Manila}}, Tondo
|-
|Royal Army Forces Central || GEN Richard Edwards || {{W|Doha}}, Trucial States
|-
|Royal Army Forces Europe-Africa || GEN James Phan || {{W|Vienna}}, Austria
|-
!Operational force commands
!Current commander
!Location of headquarters
|-
|First Army || LTG || {{W|San Jacinto}}, Sierra
|-
|Second Army || LTG || {{W|St. George, Utah|St. George}}, Sierra
|-
|Third Army || LTG || {{W|Manila}}, Tondo
|-
|Fourth Army || LTG || {{W|Doha}}, Trucial States
|-
|Fifth Army || LTG || {{W|Paris}}, France
|-
|Sixth Army || LTG || {{W|Rabat}}, Morocco
|-
!Direct reporting units
!Current commander
!Location of headquarters
|-
| Royal Army Corps of Engineers ||
|-
| Royal Army Medical Command ||
|-
| Royal Army [[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|St. Anthony County]] Military District ||
|-
| [[Pendleton Military Academy]] || ||
|-
| [[The Presidio, The Military College of San Francisco]] || ||
|}

===Operational structure===
Currently the Sierran Army consist of 14 divisions and 32 tactical brigades. Of the 14 divisions in the Sierran Army, there are nine infantry divisions, two armoured divisions, two airborne divisions, and one cavalry division. A division is typically composed of three regiments, each containing four battalions. Tactical brigades are {{w|combined arms}} units that comprise of an HQ, four combined arms battalions, a reconnaissance battalion, an artillery and air defense battalion, and two support battalions. In the Sierran Army Provincial Guard and Army Reserve, there are a further nine divisions, 16 brigades, and additional combat support and combat service support brigades, and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer, and support battalions.

== Bases ==
The administrative headquarters of the Sierran Royal Army is at the Pendleton Military Center in [[Escondido County, Laguna|Escondido County]], [[Laguna]], which it shares with the other branches of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces. It maintains and operates 63 distinct bases, army depots, weapons centers, training facilities, and other military-related properties nationwide and 29 similar facilities overseas. It leases 11 of these to the [[Conference of American States]] where it garrisons the troops of other participating CAS member state armed forces under the aegis of CAS.

==Equipment==

==Personnel==

===Commissioned officers===

{{Ranks and insignia of Sierran Royal Army}}

===Enlisted===
{{Enlisted ranks and insignia of the Sierran Royal Army}}

==Recruitment==

==See also==

*[[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]
{{Sierran Crown Armed Forces}}
{{Allied Land Command}}
[[Category:Sierran Royal Army]]
[[Category:Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in Sierra]]
[[Category:Armies by country]]
<references />

Colombia War

2025-08-03T05:23:38Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Colombia War ''Guerra de Colombia'' {{Nobold|({{W|Spanish language|Spanish}})}}
| width =
| partof = [[Latin American Wars]] and the [[Cold War]]
| image = Colombia War collage.png
| caption = '''Clockwise from top left''': Aftermath of the [[Bogotá embassy incident]], a Senderista guerilla inspecting the bodies of civilians after the [[Medellín massacre]], [[Sierran Royal Army|SRA]] combat operations in Panama, the arrival of [[Camilo Velázquez]] in Bogotá, and the Senderistas meeting [[Revolutionary Continental Army|RCA]] troops at the [[Battle of Caracas]]
| date = 14 February 1969 – 23 November 1976 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=14|year1=1969|month2=11|day2=23|year2=1977}})
| place = [[United People's Committees]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Andean victory
*Withdrawal of Sierra's coalition's forces from the Andes
*Marxist forces consolidate power in the Andes
*Start of the [[Andean boat people|boat people]] crisis
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist}}
*'''{{flag|United People's Committees}}'''
<hr>
*[[Andes Liberation Action Party]]
*[[Communist Party of the Andes|Sendero Luminoso]]
*[[Andean People's Army]]
<hr>
*'''{{flag|United Commonwealth}}'''
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics|Iberian Union]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Democratic Republic of Italy|Italy]]
*{{Flagicon|Brazoria|landonist}} [[Brazorian People's Republic|Brazoria]]
*{{flag|Bolivia}}
*{{Flag|Mexico}}
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22x20px|border]] [[People's Republic of China|China]]
*{{Flag|Egypt}}
*[[File:Flag of the PESA.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Equatorial States]]
*[[File:Flag of Libyan Jamahiriya.png|22x20px|border]] [[Libya]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist}}
*'''{{W|National Front (Colombia)|National Front}}'''
<hr>
**[[File:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Gran Colombian Government in Exile]]
**[[File:Bandera del Partido Conservador Colombiano.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Colombian Conservative Party|Conservadores}}
**[[File:Bandera del Partido Liberal Colombiano.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Colombian Liberal Party|Liberales}}
<hr>
*'''{{flag|Kingdom of Sierra}}'''
*{{flag|Antilles}}
*{{flag|Superior}}
*{{flag|Astoria}}
*{{flag|West Indies}}
*{{flag|Manitoba}}
*{{flag|Brazil}} (1969–1974)
*{{flag|South Africa}}
*'''Supported by:'''
*{{flag|Tondo}}
*[[File:Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg|22x20px]] [[United Kingdom]]
*{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Free Portugal]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}The '''Colombia War''' ({{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''Guerra de Colombia''), also known as the '''Andean War''' (Spanish: ''Guerra andina''), and in the United People's Committees as the '''Sierran Intervention in the Andes''' (Spanish: ''Intervención serrana en los Andes'') or the '''War Against Sierran Imperialism''' (Spanish: ''Guerra contra el imperialismo serrano''), was a conflict in the [[United People's Committees]] from 14 February 1969 to 23 November 1977 after Sierran coalition forces withdrew and the National Front surrendered to the Andes Liberation Action Party in Antioquia. The United People's Committees was supported by the [[United Commonwealth]], the [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics|Iberian Union]], [[Italy]], and other Marxist and [[Landonism|Landonist]] allies; the {{W|National Front (Colombia)|National Front}} was supported by the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], [[Superior]], [[Astoria]], and other anti-Marxist and anti-Landonist countries. The war is considered a {{W|proxy war}} of the [[Cold War]] and lasted over 8 years, and is sometimes included with the preceding [[Colombian Civil War]] as part of the larger-scale [[Latin American Wars]].

The conflict originated from the political turmoil and infighting in [[Gran Colombia]], under the National Front, which occurred during the 1960s. In October 1968, a peasant uprising in Ayacucho inspired similar nationwide rebellions, starting the Colombian Civil War. The civil war lasted two years, resulting with the victory of the Andes Liberation Action Party, and the establishment of people's committees throughout the country. Sierra backed regime change in the region and sought to restore control over Gran Colombia under the National Front. Initially, Sierra covertly supported anti-government and reactionary forces in the United People's Committees through [[Royal Intelligence Agency|RIA]] activities. By 1970, Sierra escalated its military involvement from covert spies to military advisors. A {{W|false flag}} attack on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá was used as pretext for Sierra to intervene militarily, which increased its presence to actual troops. Initial troop levels were 15,000, before rising to 50,000 by 1972. Sierra continued to gradually increase its military presence to over 200,000 troops.

Sierra and its coalition forces pursued a military strategy based on conventional, urban-style offensives, and relied {{W|aerial superiority}}, including {{W|airstrike}}s and use of {{W|herbicide}}. The Andes Liberation Action Party engaged in conventional warfare with the opposing forces, while {{W|Sendero Luminoso}} relied on {{W|guerrilla warfare}}, retaining control over the Andes' jungle and rural areas, and evading detection by Sierran search and destroy missions and operations.

The [[Medellín massacre]] and similar events turned public opinion on the Sierran home front increasingly away from supporting the war. As progress stalled, Sierran military advisors' concerns grew that the war would be unwinnable and the growing number of casualties and costs were getting more difficult to justify continued operations. Sierra began working on an exit strategy based on [[Kovrov Stoyanovich]]'s Vietnamization, which would increase training and armament for the Gran Colombian counterinsurgency, while Sierra would decrease its presence in the region. Sierra completely withdrew its forces after the signing of the [[Kingston Accords]] on 2 February 1976, months into the anti-war government of [[Kirk Siskind]]. Following a breakdown in negotiations between the Andean revolutionary government and the counterinsurgency, the revolutionary government recaptured Bogotá, the Colombian highlands, and Peru, ending the war.

==Background==
The racial aspect of the politicized {{W|Casta}} system (incorporated and codified into law regarding voting rights and immigration in 1923) would become even more extreme when the [[Derzhavism|derzhavist]]-leaning military dictator [[Luis Sanchez]] seized power in a coup d'état in 1935. Racial and social segregation would shape the Colombian society until the end of the [[Great War]] in which Colombia gave material support and volunteer forces to the Derzhavist-aligned countries, first and foremost the [[Fourth French Republic]]. Due to the official neutrality of Colombia Sanchez' regime was not immediately deposed, but was forced to give concessions to the liberal opposition which included a reduction of restrictions regarding freedom of speech and economic reforms. The segregationist system however was kept in place, with moderate reforms that increased civil rights for {{W|Mestizos}} with "majority white ancestry", and an official distinction between "civilized Indians" and "uncivilized Indians", the former consisting of people's that ruled over the historic {{W|Inca Empire}}. By 1952 the Sanchez regime was internationally isolated and all exports apart from coffee and oil decreased, causing an economic crisis. Even though Sanchez was not deposed immediately, he eventually resigned in late 1958. During his attempt to flee the country into [[Central America]] he was recognized by partisans with him alongside his family and was executed. The corpses of Sanchez and his wife and sons were hung upside-down at a nearby gas station.

By 1959 the [[Federal Republic of Colombia]] was established and the segregation had been abolished, but the new inexperienced government (primarily made up of politicians of the previously tolerated opposition of the Liberal Party and the reestablished Conservatives) failed to quickly stabilize the economically troubled country. The small scale campaigns by the [[Communist Party of the Andes|communists]] that occurred since 1955 escalated into the [[Colombian Civil War]] starting in 1960. The Civil War overlapped in large parts with the Colombia War (until about 1967 when the federal government went into exile). After the seizure of the vast oil fields in Venezuela and the occupation of tin and copper mines in Peru in 1969 and 1970 respectively, the Colombia Civil War drew the attention of [[Sierra|Sierran]] and [[Brazoria|Brazorian]] investors, who lost their property and began lobbying their governments for an intervention in the Civil War.

This coincided with the general ''Containment'' strategy of Sierran foreign politics which aimed to limit the influence of {{W|Marxism}} and [[Landonism]] on the global scale and a general support of the [[United Commonwealth]] towards the National Action Party, a coalition of various fractured left-wing groups present in the Colombian Parliament after the Second Great War. The NAP would officially break from the National Front in 1964 when victory on the side of the Rebels, most notably the [[Communist Party of the Andes|National Liberation Action]], became more and more apparent.

==Timeline==

===Bogotá embassy incident===
{{Main|Bogotá embassy incident}}
[[File:Beirutembassy.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the false flag operation on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá]]
On 9 September 1970, the [[Royal Intelligence Agency|RIA]] executed a pseudo-operation raid on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá, which had been heavily fortified and spared from the unrest during the Colombian Civil War. While Sierra continued to recognize the Gran Colombian government-in-exile, it maintained its operations in the Andes to ostensibly establish a working relationship with the new regime. Although the embassy security were informed of the plans, the embassy staff without security clearances were not, including the embassy's chargé d'affaires Chris Wilkens. The RIA recruited local Andean right-wing paramilitary personnel, as well as its own agents to pose as armed partisans from the National Action Party and Sendero Luminoso. They were instructed to stage an attack on the embassy, and blend in with the general populace, by inciting and leading a riot to storm the embassy. More than 100 men were involved in the incident and dozens of more civilians who were coaxed into the act participated. The building was breached and the embassy staff were secretly evacuated, but their disappearance was staged as kidnappings. The embassy was vandalized and partially damaged from explosion and fires due to the use of improvised explosives and burning material.

In 2010, the [[National Communications and Signals Agency|NCSA]] released a declassified report which revealed that the attack was a false flag operation which was orchestrated by the RIA and done with approval by the [[Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]], as well as Prime Minister Walter Zhou.

Following the attack, Sierran media covered the event prolifically, while public demonstrations were held outside the former Gran Colombian embassy in Porciúncula, demanding the Andean government apprehend the attackers responsible for the incident and to secure the safety of the Sierran embassy staff. The attack was first portrayed as an act of terrorism by the Zhou government, before it began labeling the incident as an act of war by the Andean government for its apparent delay in condemning the attack and purported responsibility for the attack. Prime Minister Zhou pushed Parliament to declare war on Andes, but was later dissuaded by national security advisors who argued that declaring war could potentially bring the United Commonwealth into the conflict. Policymakers and military intelligence worried that an official entry into war would likely violate the terms of the [[New Orleans Accords]], which Sierra had signed with the United Commonwealth to maintain a tenuous, fragile working relationship since the end of [[Great War I]], and precariously led during [[Great War II]] as two of the leading Allied co-belligerents. The New Orleans Accords forbade the signatory parties from entering wars in the Western Hemisphere, although this was provably ignored once already during the Sierran intervention in the North Mexican insurgency in 1968. Meanwhile, the [[North American Amity Treaty]] was the primary non-aggression pact signed between Sierra and the United Commonwealth specifically, which encouraged parties to resolve disputes diplomatically and discourage engaging in security measures which would "escalate tensions" between them.

Public opinion overwhelmingly favored war in the Andes, and the Royalist government was dominated by war hawks who favored a containment strategy to limit the spread of Marxism and Landonism internationally. In order to avoid the legal implications of a formal declaration of war, Parliament approved the [[Andes Resolution]], which authorized Prime Minister Zhou to use conventional military force in the Andes, including armed forces, to protect the "integrity of Gran Colombia", in pursuance to the 1962 security agreement signed between the two governments. The resolution formed the basis for Sierra's involvement in the Andes and freed up legal barriers Zhou would have faced if he went down the traditional route to war.

===Counterinsurgency in Peru===

Although Peru was a hotbed for revolutionary activity and was the domestic homeland for the Senderistas, large portions of Peru remained under ''de facto'' control by anticommunist forces, including those whose allegiance remained loyal to the Gran Colombian Government in Exile and the National Front. The Senderistas and the Andean revolutionary government were generally popular among the Peruvian peasantry due to resentment towards the policies of the previous regime, but there was a prominent minority which opposed them. Landlords who had their property confiscated were another group of Peruvians who joined the counterinsurgency, in an effort to regain control over their private landholdings. The {{W|Department of Loreto|Loreto Department}} in the Amazon Basin and the {{W|Department of Cuzco|Cuzco Department}} were particularly significant as one of the few remaining holdouts for the Liberales and Conservadores in the southern Andes, prior to Sierra's intervention. Throughout the rest of Peru, infighting continued, including around the Lima area, between the Andean revolutionary government and reactionary counterinsurgents. In addition to the regular forces of the National Force, the {{W|Ronda Campesina|Rondas Campesinas}} and Grupo Colina fought against the Andean government, committing acts of terrorism, sabotage, and guerilla war tactics. Sierran and Anglo-American intelligence activity was comparatively more extensive in Peru than elsewhere, and the Sierran government originally conspired to back a movement for Peruvian independence prior to the Colombian Civil War. During the onset of the Colombia War, this possibility was raised again with serious issue as Sierran military strategists identified Peru as a region of interest to support and base its initial ground operations.

===Capture of Galápagos Islands and Salinas landings===
[[File:A4D-2_Skyhawks_of_VA-34_in_flight_over_USS_Essex_(CVS-9)_during_the_Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion_in_April_1961.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Overstars S-9 Phoenixes from HRMS ''Glencoe'' flying sorties over the Galápagos and heading towards the Andean mainland]]
On 2 November 1970, 2,500 K.S. [[Sierran Royal Marines|Royal Marines]] landed on the Galápagos Islands, off the coast of the Ecuadorian Andes. This marked the beginning of Sierran ground involvement and the islands were captured with almost no resistance due to the sparse civilian population and virtual lack of military presence. The Sierran Crown Armed Forces made plans to convert the islands into the center of base operations, which would include the [[Sierran Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] and the [[Sierran Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] stationing there. Within an hour of the landing on the Galápagos, the Sierran Royal Army and Marines made their first mainland landing on a beachhead near {{W|Salinas, Ecuador|Salinas}}.

The initial objectives for Sierran ground deployment and invasion in Ecuador and Peru was to defend key areas where the counterinsurgency was the strongest. Sierran military commanders intended to secure major cities including Quito and Lima, and to restore Gran Colombia's governmental control in the region. Although Sierran commanders and troops were seasoned with coastal land operations and naval engagements, there were less experienced in sustained inland operations. The mountainous and forested terrain of the southern Andes proved difficult to navigate and was the first indication of trouble for the Sierran forces. Relying on superior airpower from the Sierran Royal Air Force and Brazorian Air Force, more than 200 distinct locations were targeted and bombed. Significant bombardment, which had begun prior to Sierran landing, was particularly heavy in the region between Quito and Guayaquil where many of the Andean People's Army bases were stationed. There were initial concerns by General
[[Justin K. Hawley]] that attacking the densely populated cities would cripple the Andean civilian infrastructure, thereby bolstering Andean public support for the Andean government, but it was ultimately pursued.

===Invasion of Panama===

Sierran troops landed in Panama, a region which was separated from the rest of the Andes by the {{W|Darién Gap}}. It was viewed as an important location for Sierra to neutralize, as control over the Panamanian isthmus included control over the {{W|Panama Canal}}. The canal itself was originally constructed and maintained by the United Commonwealth and the [[Northeast Union]], but Continental control discontinued following the [[Continental Revolutionary War]], and Northeastern presence was effectively removed following the [[Northeastern Revolution]]. Interest in Sierran control over international trade between the Pacific and the Atlantic spurned Sierra to construct the [[Nicaragua Canal]] while the Panama Canal was being excavated.

===Battle in the Highlands===
The Battle in the Highlands (also known as the Highland front) was the first counterattack of the Andean government and the Sendero Luminoso militias against the Peruvian counter insurgency in 1970, mostly taking place in the southern Cuzco Department and the {{W|Department of Puno}}. Though called ''battle'' colloquially the highland campaign consisted of a series of raids and advancements towards the anti-government stronghold in Cusco that lasted until the city was captured in early 1972. The Senderista militias used their stronghold in Ayacucho as their headquarters and rallied support from the locals to fight against the National Front and the anti-Landonist vigilant groups without direct connection to the Government in Exile called ''Fuerzas Autodefensas Colombianas'' (Colombian Self-Defense Forces, FAC) which were formed by the well situated farmers and the urban middle class, particularly by those of white and/or Hispanic descent as well as remainders of the [[National Salvation Party|Partido del Salvataje Nacional]] the ruling party of the former [[Derzhavism|Derzhavist]] regime between 1935 to 1966.
The first attack started in May of 1970 when Senderista and People's Army troops left Ayacucho and overwhelmed the National Front in {{W|Calca, Peru|Calca}}. Casualties were comparatively heavy during the first stage of the highland front, with at least 300 losses on the side of the pro-government forces, the National losses are unknown but estimated to range from 100 to 150. The city was seized by Senderista militias within two days. Further air raids by the Sierran and Brazorian Air Forces proved to be difficult, as the Senderista headquarters were either hidden in civilian buildings or at places high in the mountains which were difficult to reach for both air and land troops that weren't used to this environment. Guerrilla tactics caused heavy casualties on both sides and many civilian victims. The highland campaign saw one of the first large war crimes of the war, when the then commander of the Sendero Luminoso in Peru, [[Rafael Guzmán|Commandante Gonzalo]] ordered the arrest and execution of land owners, often including some of the plantation overseers as well.

==War crimes==

==Aftermath==

==In popular culture==

==See also==
*[[Opposition to Sierran involvement in the Colombia War]]
*[[Sino-Tajik War]]

{{Cold War}}
{{Sierran Crown Armed Forces}}
[[Category:Colombia War]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United People's Committees]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Wars involving Manitoba]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Wars involving Spain]]
[[Category:Wars involving Italy]]
[[Category:Wars involving Brazoria]]
[[Category:Wars involving Superior]]
[[Category:Wars involving Astoria]]
[[Category:Wars involving Brazil]]
[[Category:Wars involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Antilles]]
[[Category:1960s conflicts]]
[[Category:1970s conflicts]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Premiership of Earl Warren]]
[[Category:Premiership of Kovrov Stoyanovich]]
[[Category:Premiership of Walter Zhou]]
[[Category:Premiership of Kirk Siskind]]

Structure of the South African Army

2025-07-30T07:38:54Z

Deleted user:

[[File:SADF-Airborn-001.jpg|thumb|600px|Airborne troops during a training exercise at {{w|AFB Waterkloof}} in 2011]]

This page details the overall structure of the [[South African Army]] as well as current active units. This does not include reserve or militia units.

The Army is headed by the [[Chief of Army General Staff]], who is subordinate to the [[Commandant-General SAGM]]. The Army headquarters is located in {{w|Pretoria}}. As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 31 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 8 {{w|corps}}. The Army also maintains 2 {{w|Field Army|field armies}} deployed on foreign soil. Due to British influence and traditions, the South African Army has been organised along the regimental system.
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
'''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''', [[South African Forces Ethiopia]]

'''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''', [[South Africa Forces New Guinea]]
===Corps===
*I Corps
*III Airborne Corps
*IV Corps
*V Armoured Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XVI Corps
*XX Corps
===Divisions and Brigades===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Armoured Division (South Africa)|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Armoured Division (South Africa)|3nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[6th Armoured Division (South Africa)|6th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Armoured Division (South Africa)|8th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[7th Infantry Division (South Africa)|7th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division (South Africa)|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[9th Infantry Division (South Africa)|9th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division (South Africa)|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th Infantry Division (South Africa)|12th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th Infantry Division (South Africa)|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th Infantry Division (South Africa)|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th Infantry Division (South Africa)|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[32nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|32nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[37th Infantry Division (South Africa)|37th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division (South Africa)|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th Infantry Division (South Africa)|45th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[47th Infantry Division (South Africa)|47th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st Infantry Division (South Africa)|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[52nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|52nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[54th Infantry Division (South Africa)|54th Infantry Division]]'''

}}
==Administrative structure==
===Regiments===
{|
|- valign=top
|'''Infantry'''
*{{W|Buffalo Volunteer Rifles}}
*{{W|Cape Town Highlanders}}
*{{W|Cape Town Volunteer Rifles}}
*[[Chief Gaborone's Volunteers|Chief Gaborone's Volunteers]]
*{{W|Durban Light Infantry}}
*{{W|Kimberley Regiment}}
*[[Lerotholi's Rifles]]
*[[King Shaka's Zulu Volunteers]]
*[[Chief Lobengula's Matabele Rifles]]
*The {{W|Natal Carbineers}}
*{{W|Prince Alfred's Guard}}
*[[South West African German Volunteers]]
*[[Royal Swati Infantry Regiment]]
*[[Tamboekieland Xhosa Rifles]]
*{{W|Witwatersrand Rifles}}
|'''Armoured'''
*Natal Mounted Rifles
*Umvoti Mounted Rifles
*Johannesburg Light Horse Regiment
*Cape Mounted Yeomanry
|'''Artillery'''
*Cape Field Artillery
*Natal Field Artillery
*Sandfontein Horse Artillery
*Transvaal State Artillery
|}
===Corps===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[South African Armoured Corps]]
*[[South African Army Aviation Corps]]
*[[South African Artillery Corps]]
*[[South African Army Corps of Bands]]
*[[South African Army Chaplains' Department]]
*[[South African Educational Corps]]
*[[South African Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Electrical and Mechanical Engineer Corps]]
*[[South African Infantry Corps]]
*[[South African Intelligence Corps]]
*[[South African Army Legal Corps]]
*[[South African Army Logistics Corps]]
*[[South African Military Police]]
*[[South African Army Ordnance Corps]]
*[[South African Army Pay Corps]]
*[[South African Army Physical Training Corps]]
*[[South African Signal Corps]]
{{div col end}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
[[Category:Structure of contemporary armies]]

Structure of the South African Army

2025-07-29T18:45:35Z

Deleted user:

[[File:SADF-Airborn-001.jpg|thumb|600px|Airborne troops during a training exercise at {{w|AFB Waterkloof}} in 2011]]

This page details the overall structure of the [[South African Army]] as well as current active units. This does not include reserve or militia units.

The Army is headed by an [[Inspector of Army General Staff]], who is subordinate to the [[Commandant-General SAGM]]. The Army headquarters is located in {{w|Pretoria}}. As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 31 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 8 {{w|corps}}. The Army also maintains 2 {{w|Field Army|field armies}} deployed on foreign soil. Due to British influence and traditions, the South African Army has been organised along the regimental system.
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
'''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''', [[South African Forces Ethiopia]]

'''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''', [[South Africa Forces New Guinea]]
===Corps===
*I Corps
*III Airborne Corps
*IV Corps
*V Armoured Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XVI Corps
*XX Corps
===Divisions and Brigades===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Armoured Division (South Africa)|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Armoured Division (South Africa)|3nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[6th Armoured Division (South Africa)|6th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Armoured Division (South Africa)|8th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division (South Africa)|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[7th Infantry Division (South Africa)|7th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division (South Africa)|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[9th Infantry Division (South Africa)|9th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division (South Africa)|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th Infantry Division (South Africa)|12th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd Infantry Division (South Africa)|23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th Infantry Division (South Africa)|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th Infantry Division (South Africa)|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th Infantry Division (South Africa)|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[32nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|32nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[37th Infantry Division (South Africa)|37th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division (South Africa)|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th Infantry Division (South Africa)|45th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[47th Infantry Division (South Africa)|47th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st Infantry Division (South Africa)|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[52nd Infantry Division (South Africa)|52nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[54th Infantry Division (South Africa)|54th Infantry Division]]'''

}}

[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
[[Category:Structure of contemporary armies]]

Paramilitary forces of South Africa

2025-07-18T19:39:39Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
The '''{{W|paramilitary forces}} of South Africa''' are the internal security units acting as auxiliaries to the [[South African Armed Forces|South African military]]. South Africa has ten paramilitary forces: the [[Northern Border Security Force]] (''Noordelike Grensveiligheidsmag''), Rural Protection Force (''Landelike Beskermingsmag''), Matabele Askaris, Special Reconnaissance Team (''Spesiale Verkenningspan''), Cape Provincial Security Force (''Kaapse Provinsiale Veiligheidsmag''), South African Police (Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie), South African Railways Police (Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie), and South African Coast Guard (''Suid-Afrikaanse Kuswag''). These forces are generally administered by the [[Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Home Affairs]], though in the case of the police forces they are under the [[Department of Police (South Africa)|Department of Police]].

As the {{w|Commando System}} is part of the [[South African Army]], they are not considered a paramilitary force.
==List of paramilitary forces==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center" |Paramilitary Forces
|-
!Name
!Strength
!Governing Body
! scope="col" width="80" |Headquarters
! scope="col" width="150" |Operational area
! scope="col" width="150" |Role
|-
|[[Northern Border Security Force]] ''Noordelike Grensveiligheidsmag''
|85,000
| rowspan="4" |[[Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Home Affairs]]
|{{w|Windhoek}}
|South African-Angolan border
|{{w|Border guard}}
|-
|[[Matabele Askaris]] ''Matabele Askaris''
|10,000
|{{w|Francistown}}
|{{w|Matabeleland|Matabele Territory}} and Rhodesian border
|{{w|Border guard}} and {{w|gendarmerie}}
|-
|[[Rural Protection Force]] ''Landelike Beskermingsmag''
|21,000
|{{W|Kroonstad}}
|Rural areas in South Africa
|Protection of rural areas and villages prone to insurgent attacks
|-
|[[Cape Provincial Security Force]] ''Kaapse Provinsiale Veiligheidsmag''
|4,000
|{{W|Stellenbosch}}
|{{w|Cape province}}
|{{W|Counterinsurgency}} and {{W|anti-terrorism}} in the Cape province
|-
|[[South African Police]]
|149,000
| rowspan="3" |[[Department of Police (South Africa)|Department of Police]]
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|All of [[South Africa]]
|{{W|Paramilitary police}}
|-
|[[South African Railways Police]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie''
|7,500
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African railways and airports
|{{W|Railroad police}}
|-
|[[South African Coast Guard]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Kuswag''
|22,000
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African coastal waters and {{W|Exclusive economic zone|EEZ}}
|{{W|Coast guard}}
|-
|[[Energy Protection Force]] ''Energiebeskermingsmag''
|2,000
|[[Department of Nuclear Energy]]
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African nuclear plants and nuclear material
|{{w|Security police}}
|-
|[[Free World Volunteer Forces]] ''Vrye Wêreldvrywilligersmagte''
|''18,000''
|[[Department of Military Affairs]] [[South African Army]]
|{{W|Mbombela|Nelspruit}}
|
|{{w|Foreign legion}}
|-
|[[Special Reconnaissance Team]] ''Spesiale Verkenningspan''
|''Classified''
|[[Central Intelligence Organisation]]
|{{W|Johannesburg}}
|[[Angola]]
|{{w|Covert operations}}
|}
==Ranks==
===Officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]'''and '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-9 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-6 (Brigadier) 1961-1995.gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-5 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-2 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:South African Police OF-1b (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[General]] ''Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant general]] ''Luitenant-Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Major general]] ''Generaal-Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier]] ''Brigadier''
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]] ''Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]] ''Luitenant-Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-9_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-8_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-7_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-6_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-5_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-4_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-3_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-2_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1b_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1a_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[Admiral]] ''Admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Vice admiral]] ''Vise-admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Rear admiral]] ''Skoutadmiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] ''Kommodoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=2| [[Commander]] ''Kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant commander]] ''Luitenant-kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Sub-lieutenant]] ''Onderluitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] ''Vaandrig''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[Special Reconnaissance Team]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=8| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:11. Guinea-Bissau COL.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:10. Guinea-Bissau LTC.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:09. Guinea-Bissau MAJ.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:08. Guinea-Bissau CAPT.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:07. Guinea-Bissau 1LT.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:06. Guinea-Bissau 2LT.svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=8|
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]] ''Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]] ''Luitenant-Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Second Lieutenant]] ''Tweede Luitenant''
<noinclude>
|}

===Other ranks===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
</noinclude>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]''' and '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=6| [[File:South African Police OR-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:South African Police OR-6 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=4| [[File:South African Police OR-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:South African Police OR-1 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6| [[Warrant Officer]] ''Adjudant-Offisier''
| colspan=2| [[Sergeant]] ''Sersant''
| colspan=12| [[Lance Sergeant]] ''Ondersersant''
| colspan=4| [[Corporal]] ''Korporaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lance Corporal]] ''Onderkorporaal''
| colspan=8| [[Constable]] ''Konstabel''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=3| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 1]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas I''
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 2]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas II''
| colspan=2| [[Chief petty officer]] ''Eerste bootsman''
| colspan=12| [[Petty officer]] ''Bootsman
| colspan=6| [[Leading seaman]] ''Baasseeman''
| colspan=8| [[Able seaman]] ''Bevare seeman''
<noinclude>
|}

[[Category:Military of South Africa]]
[[Category:Paramilitary organizations based in South Africa]]
[[Category:Government paramilitary forces]]

File:Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg

2025-07-16T07:50:09Z

Deleted user: Squog uploaded a new version of File:Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg

== Licensing ==
{{self|cc-zero}}

South African Republic

2025-07-07T23:38:52Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = South African Republic
| common_name = ZAR
| image_flag = Flag_of_Transvaal.svg
| image_coat = Coat_of_arms_of_the_South_African_Republic.svg
| national_motto = ''Eendragt maakt magt'' (Unity makes strength)
| national_anthem = ''{{w|Volkslied van Transvaal}}'' <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{w|File:1938 recording of "Die Volkslied van Transvaal" by the ASAF Choir.ogg}}</div>
| other_symbol_type =
| other_symbol =
| image_map = zar_location.png
| map_width = 300px
| map_caption = Location of '''the ZAR''' with {{w|Africa}}, indicating the Protectorates of Swaziland and Lesotho
| image_map2 =
| map_caption2 =
| capital = Pretoria
| largest_city = Johannesburg
| largest_settlement_type = city
| religion = Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa
| official_languages = {{w|Dutch language|Dutch}}, {{w|Afrikaans}}
| languages2 = {{w|English language|English}}, {{w|Northern Sotho language|Pedi}}, other {{w|Bantu languages}}
| ethnic_groups = 75% Black 20% Coloured 15% White
| ethnic_groups_year = 1910
| demonym = South African
| government_type = {{w|Parliamentary republic}}
| title_leader = State President
| leader1 = Marthinus Pretorius
| year_leader1 = 1853-1873
| leader2 = Thomas Burgers
| year_leader2 = 1873-1883
| leader3 = Paul Kruger
| year_leader3 = 1883-1903
| leader4 = Marthinus Steyn
| year_leader4 = 1903-1910
| title_deputy = Commandant-General
| deputy1 = Marthinus Pretorius
| deputy2 = Paul Kruger
| deputy3 = Piet Joubert
| deputy4 = Louis Botha
| year_deputy1 = 1853-1860
| year_deputy2 = 1860-1880
| year_deputy3 = 1880-1898
| year_deputy4 = 1898-1910
| legislature = Volksraad Parliament
| upper_house = House of Delegates
| lower_house = House of Representatives
| sovereignty_type = Formation
| established_event1 = Great Trek
| established_date1 = 1833
| established_event2 = Sand River Treaty
| established_date2 = 1852
| established_event3 = Constitution ratified
| established_date3 = 1853
| established_event4 = Anglo-Boer War
| established_date4 = 1896-1899
| established_event5 = Union of South Africa
| established_date5 = 1910
| area_rank =
| area_km2 = 373088
| percent_water = 2.23
| area_label = Total
| population_census = 7 million
| population_census_rank =
| population_census_year = 1910
| population_density_km2 = 4.6
| population_density_rank =
| currency = South African Pound
| p1 = Orange Free State
| p2 = Klein Vrystaat
| p3 = Nieuwe Republiek
| p4 = Republic of Zoutpansberg
| p5 = Republic of Lydenburg
| p6 = Potchefstroom
| p7 = Nylstroom
| p8 = Ohrigstad
| s1 = Union of South Africa
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Orange Free State.svg
| flag_p2 = Flag of Klein Vrystaat.svg
| flag_p3 = Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg
| flag_p4 = South African Burgers Flag.svg
| flag_p5 = South African Burgers Flag.svg
| flag_p6 = South African Burgers Flag.svg
| flag_p7 = South African Burgers Flag.svg
| flag_p8 = South African Burgers Flag.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg
}}
The '''South African Republic''' (Dutch: ''Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek'', Afrikaans: ''Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek'', Pedi: ''Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa''; also known as the '''Transvaal Republic''' or '''ZAR''') was an independent state that lasted from 1852 until 1910, located in the region now part of the Union of South Africa. It was established by a group of Dutch-speaking settlers who migrated north from the British Cape Colony in the 1830s, in a movement known as the "Great Trek". After numerous conflicts with the British and native African states, a settlement was finally reached in 1852 known as the Sand River Treaty. This treaty recognized the independence of several Dutch-speaking states north of the Orange River, known as the Boer States. Four of these states (Zoutpansberg, Lydenburg, Pretoria, and Griqueland) united into the South African Republic in 1853, and later unified with the Orange State in 1861. There were a number of concessions made by the ZAR in the Sand River Treaty, which maintained the republic diplomatically and economically tied with [[United Kingdom|Britain]] for the rest of their history.

Through a combination of mass immigration, wealth of natural resources, and alliances with native African kingdoms, the ZAR quickly expanded across the next few generations, becoming among the fastest growing industries of the late 19th century. After incorporating large sections of territory from Central Africa, the ZAR gained a great degree of respect from the Great Powers of Europe, particularly the leading theorists of imperialist anthropology. After this apex had passed, the ZAR faced an unavoidable [[Anglo-Boer War|conflict with Britain]] in the 1890s, prompted by English citizens in South Africa who wanted to see the Republic incorporated within the British Empire. While the ZAR was ultimately victorious, they faced a subsequent economic decline that they never fully recovered from.

Finally, in 1910 the Republic negotiated a new settlement where they agreed to fully unify with the British Cape Colony, while Britain conceded that the new union may choose to become an independent state. The resulting Union of South Africa continues to exist to this day, which later annexed Namibia after the [[Great War I|First Great War]].

== History ==
=== Background ===

==== Dutch and British Rule ====
The [[Netherlands|Dutch Republic]] first colonized the Cape of Africa in 1652, during their height of colonial power known as the Dutch Golden Age. The Dutch had pushed out Portuguese control of the East Indies, and monopolized trade in the Indian ocean. Because of this, an outpost was established in Cape Colony to safely resupply ships traveling from Europe to Indonesia, commonly referred to as "the halfway house". The Dutch mostly used the Cape as a penal colony to deposit political or social dissidents, including a large number of French Huguenots.

With the attention of the Dutch fixed on their more valuable colonies in India and Indonesia, the needs and rights of Cape Colony often became neglected. As was the case with the vast majority of colonial domains, a chronic labor shortage in the colony was supplemented by the use of African and Indian slaves. When the Netherlands was conquered by Napoleon in the 1790s, the citizens of Cape Colony staged a revolt and renounced Dutch rule. The British, being at war with Napoleon, immediately acted to occupy most of the Dutch colonial empire, including the Cape. When the Kingdom of the Netherlands was established at the Congress of Vienna, it was decided to grant them most of the colonial empire previously owned by the Dutch Republic. However, the British kept hold of Cape Colony, on the grounds that the people no longer want to live under Dutch rule.

==== Great Trek ====
As Cape Colony was gradually settled and expanded under British rule, the Dutch-speaking population again grew dissatisfied. At this point, they were commonly referred to as "Boers", which derives from the Dutch word for peasant. The Boer culture was radically conservative and xenophobic, and they valued isolationism where they could maintain their language and religion undisturbed. Because of this, coexisting with British settlement of the Cape was increasingly untenable. The final straw was an edict passed by the British Parliament in 1832, which abolished slavery across the entire empire.

It was at that point that the Boers decided to withdraw from Cape Colony en masse, and establish a new nation for themselves deeply inland. This mass exodus into southern Africa is known as "the Great Trek", which developed in a number of waves from 1833-1836. Prior to the actual establishment of a new nation, the mass of Boer settlers were collectively known as "the Voortrekkers". The Voortrekkers worked to establish alliances and agreements with native African kingdoms, securing a suitable area to settle north of the Orange River now known as the State of Orange. This initial settlement was disorganized and divided into various clans.

Disagreements arose between the clans on their relationship with the British Cape Colony, causing many Boers to split off again. Those that remained near the Orange River still considered themselves British citizens, while those who left wanted to cut off from [[United Kingdom|Britain]] entirely. The new Voortrekkers established the Republic of Natalia in 1838, the first proper predecessor to the Transvaal Republic. The first Volksraad elected Piet Retief as the first Commandant-General, who helped establish their capital and first settlements.

==== Attempted Republic of Natalia ====
Within months, the republic came into conflict with the Zulu Empire that currently claimed that region, who killed Piet Retief in a massacre. The British were concerned they may have to intervene into the conflict, but in December of that year the Boers decisively defeated the Zulus at the Battle of Blood River. Andreas Pretorius, who masterminded the battle, was elected by the Volksraad to succeed Piet Retief. In 1839, the Zulu prince Mpande offered an alliance with the Boers, if they helped him secure the throne over the empire. In January 1840, Mpande defeated the incumbent King Dingane at the Battle of Maqongpo, and succeeded him as Zulu emperor. The Zulus would remain the Boers strongest ally from that point onward, until the Zulus eventual annexation by the British in 1879.

In 1842, the British government in Cape Colony considered it necessary to exert direct control over the Boers, who they still considered to be British subjects. In October 1842, the Orange River settlements were proclaimed to be a British colony. In August the next year, the Natalia Republic was also annexed and made the Natal Colony. Andreas Pretorius retreated back to the Orange River region along with the survivors of his pro-independence faction, who along with the Volksraad in Bloemfontein resisted British Rule.

==== Independence Recognized ====
The governor of Cape Colony offered a compromise in 1848, allowing autonomous Boer rule in a government known as the Orange River Sovereignty. This was unacceptable by Pretorius and his faction, who staged a new revolt in August. After being defeated by the British, Pretorius and the Voortrekkers migrated north of the Vaal River. This new group of Voortrekkers established the new states that would later unify into the South African Republic.

Finally, in 1852 the British and Voortrekkers convened the Sand River Convention, where the complete independence of the ZAR was recognized in exchange for a number of concessions: first, that slavery in all forms was abolished, and the native Africans are treated fairly without antagonism; second, that British citizens have free access in the ZAR, and British criminals are extradited; third, that communication and diplomacy between Cape Colony and the ZAR remain free and open. This treaty marks the beginning of the republic's history, and set the precedent for their relationship with the British from that point onward.

=== Development ===

==== Constitutional Convention ====
At the time the Sand River Treaty was signed, the Boer states were divided into four different governments: Zoutpansberg, Lydenburg, Pretoria, and Griqueland. The other two Boer communities in Natal and Orange River were under British rule. It was already decided by popular demand that these four states would unify into the Transvaal Republic, prompting the constitutional convention in 1853. This convention established the first provisional parliament of the democracy, which met in the city of Potchefstroom until Pretoria finished construction. The convention also created the first standard currency as the South African Pound, which was backed by the real currency in the federal treasury. Finally, the constitutional convention organized the first federal military by combining the local militias from pre existing Voortrekkers.

Andreas Pretorius, the military hero of the Natalia Republic, died while the convention was being held. He selected his son, Marthinus Pretorius, to succeed him as Commandant-General of the federal military. As Marthinus was popular and considered to be a competent leader, the provisional Volksraad voted to recognize him as the State President, and accredit him a full five-year term from starting from the time of the Sand River Treaty. The four states jointly accepted the constitution late in 1853, and were immediately recognized as the first four districts of the republic. The provisional Volksraad continued until 1854, when the first election was held. As the city of Pretoria was completed that same year, the first elected Volksraad was also the first to be convened in the new capital.

==== Presidential Government ====
[[File:Marthinus_Wessel_Pretorius.jpg|250px|thumb|President Marthinus Pretorius]]As soon as Marthinus Pretorius became President, he began implementing a series of reforms that marked the beginning of the republic's radical shift towards a modern nation-state. He abolished slavery, and took steps enforce prohibition of de-facto slavery. He affirmed the Boers' alliances with native African tribes, in particular the Zulu Empire under Mpande, seeing them as a valuable asset against more aggressive native states they rival against. He instituted a mass public education system, with the help of British educators and foreign missionaries, and encouraged proselytization of the Africans. This was the first steps of his assimilation policy towards the Native Question, which he not only put into writing but also enforced by action. The assimilation schools were given the same levels of education as the white men, antagonism and injustice against Africans was strictly punished, and any land or labor taken from Africans was always monetarily compensated. And finally, Pretorius enacted laws to encourage miscegenation and racial mixing.

In terms of infrastructure, Pretorius financed the first public road system to connect the major cities of the republic, and facilitate easier communication and travel between the neighboring British and Portuguese colonies. Rather than cutting off from the world, Pretorius pushed outward to establish good relations with the British Cape Colony. Pretorius also simplified the requirements of citizenship, and expanded urban infrastructure to accommodate more immigration. Marthinus' goal was to encourage more urban communities in order to shift from a purely agrarian economy to an industrial one.

President Pretorius had a number of motivating factors for this sudden shift of policy, outside of a sheer faith in the goodness of humanity. First, because the British had all but directly ordered these actions be taken in the Sand River Treaty, and violation of this treaty could very easily lead to a British intervention just like in Natalia. Second, because of the obvious impracticality of isolationism, which was incredibly counter productive for the growth and stability of a new state. And third, because the abolition of slavery and shift away from agrarian economy weakens the power of local burghers, and allows the federal government in Pretoria to become that much stronger.

Needless to say, several voices in the Volksraad began to raise criticism of these new laws. While political parties didn't exist in this early stage, it was clear that certain dividing lines were being drawn in reaction to these policies, and the radical conservatives critical of Pretorius would later become the founders of the National Party. In the mid 1850s, Marthinus' general popularity and reputation of his father kept the majority of the Volksraad to trust in his vision. In the election of 1856, however, it was becoming clear that Pretorius' popularity in the Volksraad was beginning to slip.

Marthinus' solution was to take advantage of the relative instability of the parliament verses the president. The parliament required a new government formed every year before making legislations, while the president remained in power continuously. So Pretorius adopted a policy known as a "Presidential government" where he assumed direct executive power as long as the Volksraad was not in session. In the short term, this system proved to be rather effective, and Pretorius' popularity surged just in time for his first proper election in 1857. By this point, both the military and middle class were seeing the effects of these policies rapidly improving the standards of living in the Transvaal, and this formed the largest base of Marthinus' supporters.

==== Early Military Encounters ====
Part of the criticism against Pretorius came from his organization of a professional, meritocratic military, which ran up against the traditional burgher system built on clan-based nepotism. The first few military engagements conducted by the ZAR essentially became a contest between the old and new systems, with the burghers constantly trying to prove themselves on the battlefield. The first test of this military came in 1854, when a group of settlers were massacred by a tribal state led by Mapela. This incident was crushed by a contingent of 300 men, and a retaliatory counter-attack decimated the tribe. In the aftermath of this encounter, President Pretorius conceded that a stronger hand against the natives was necessary. Furthermore, the economic reforms had immediately run into the same labor shortage that the Boers' ancestors had encountered before. So it was at this point that Pretorius introduced the apprentice system, where natives can be contracted, but they must be voluntary and properly compensated.

The second, and arguably more significant, test of the professional military came with the South African intervention in the Zululand Civil War. While King Mpande remained the strongest ally of the Boers, at this point he had grown weak and senile, and effective control over the empire had fallen in the hands of his two eldest sons: Mbuyazi and Cetshwayo. These two princes disputed which of them is the rightful heir apparent, and erupted into civil war in 1856. President Pretorius viewed an intervention was not only necessary to maintain their alliance, but demonstrated the significance of a larger, professional military. He dispatched Paul Kruger at the head of a force of 2,000 troops, consisting of both light infantry, light cavalry, and grenadiers. Starting from the fortress just south of Bethlehem, they maneuvered down the Tugela River on a series of barges.

The Battle of Ndondakusuka in December 1856 saw these troops support the 7,000 Zulu warriors on Mbuyazi's side, opposed by 20,000 Zulus supporting Cetshwayo. The battle ended inconclusively with both sides needing to withdraw, but crucially Mbuyazi survived to fight another day. In spring of 1857, Mbuyazi laid siege to the capital city of Ulundi with a larger force of 15,000 Zulus, now supported by the remaining 1,800 Boers. Cetshwayo was captured alive and executed, along with five younger sons of King Mpande. Indebted to the Boers for his throne just as much as his father was, Mbuyazi affirmed their alliance with the ZAR for the remainder of his career.

==== Foreign Diplomacy ====
[[File:1850s_south_africa.png|250px|thumb|left|Political situation of the 1850s]]In foreign diplomacy, the republic's first priority was their relations with the British in Cape Colony. Using the new road system, Pretorius' government established close contact with the Cape as their main conduit to the outside world, and they utilized this to hire technical contractors and educators. In 1858, the ZAR signed a new treaty with [[United Kingdom|Britain]] that elevated their relation from mere recognition to a military alliance. From the British perspective, they wanted to keep the Transvaal Republic dependent on their support, and remain isolated from any potential rivals like [[France]] or America. However, the British had no way to prevent the ZAR from extending diplomacy with [[Portugal]], whose colony of Mozambique was right next door. As the new road system was constructed, a new highway was added to connect Lydenburg to Portuguese Maputo.

In 1854, the Orange River Sovereignty established in 1848 came to an end, and the Boer state was released as a new republic known as the Orange Free State. The Transvaal Republic immediately recognized this independence, and extended peaceful relations to their brethren in the south. Between this peaceful reunion and their mutual cultural heritage, it was immediately clear that the Orange Free State would at some point join the Transvaal as their fifth district, making their position even stronger. But for the time being, the transition to union had to be a slow one. In 1855, the Orange Free State agreed to an economic and diplomatic union, which required them to adopt the South African Pound and nullify their border with the ZAR. Immediately after Marthinus was re-elected in 1857, he negotiated a new settlement with the Orange Free State to form a military confederacy.

=== Expansion ===
After the election of 1859, President Pretorius decided to relax his internal reforms and focus on expanding the republic outward. In January 1860, he abdicated the position as Commandant-General, and appointed Paul Kruger to be his successor. The Volksraad approved this appointment in April, seeing Kruger had proven himself as a capable military leader.

Throughout the 1860s, the ZAR experienced an unprecedented economic growth, attracting a wave of immigration that contributed to a population boom. Gold was struck in Witwatersrand in 1860, and diamonds were discovered in Kimberley in 1867. By the end of the 1860s, the ZAR had become one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and the government sustained a vast surplus of revenue that was helping to expand the military, roads and infrastructure. The South African Pound replaced ivory as the main source of currency in the nation, and the population in cities was starting to surpass that of rural communities. In the west, the frontiers of the republic were constantly spreading outward in the 1860s, as new settlers and new immigrants claimed territory within the region now known as the state of Bechuanaland.

==== Pedi and Swazi Conflicts ====
[[File:LL1882_pg008_SIKUKUNI.jpg|200px|thumb|Sekukuni, last king of Pediland]]The next priority of Transvaal's military expansion was against the Pedi Kingdom. Sekukuni succeeded his father Sekwati as ruler of Pediland, which continued to exist as an unincorporated enclave within the claimed borders of the ZAR. While the Boers had attempted negotiations with the Pedi king on several occasions, it was clear that the new ruler sought to challenge the borders of the republic, which made him a threat to their existence. In 1859, a campaign of 1,500 men enclosed against the Pedi capital on three fronts, using the professional army that was recently completed. The ZAR also extended a temporary alliance with King Mzilikazi of the Matabeleland Kingdom, a traditional enemy of Pediland, who supplied additional forces in order to extinguish their old rival. Sekukuni resisted the Boers viciously, but ultimately saw his kingdom dismantled. Even through subsequent decades of assimilation, the Pedi people remained the most prominent Bantu group in the Transvaal for the rest of the republic's history.

The next military intervention by the ZAR was at the behest of their ally Zululand, who had designs against the neighboring kingdom of Swaziland. For the purpose of expanding the power of a friendly nation, and to neutralize a potential threat to the east, the ZAR occupied the Swazi kingdom with 1,000 men, and secured the state as a vassal of the Zulu Empire. In exchange, the Zulus agreed for the ZAR to share in the tribute and economic concessions of Swaziland's vassalization, and allowed the Boers free access into the kingdom. This effective neutralization of Swaziland would be a contributing factor for their future annexation.

==== Annexation of the Orange Free State ====
Having seen the Transvaal Republic so handily suppress the Pedi threat, the Orange Free State began opening negotiations for their annexation into the ZAR. The Kingdom of Lesotho had recently dealt the Orange State a humiliating defeat, so the Transvaal military offered a better form of protection. However, Paul Kruger expressed his concern that a united Boer nation, while beneficial for them, might be seen as a threat to Cape Colony, and could provoke a British response. Indeed, in early 1861 the Commissioner of Cape Colony sent a telegram attempting to dissuade the union, claiming that the Orange Free State was beholden to the British Empire in a way that the Transvaal wouldn't accept. However, in the end [[United Kingdom|Britain]] had no authority of arbitration between the two states, and in July 1861 Orange became the fifth district added to the republic.

As it would turn out, this annexation resulted in making the Transvaal Republic far more unstable. The six new delegates in the Volksraad were dissatisfied by Pretorius' liberal reforms, and particularly critical of his heavy-handed use of the Presidential Government. The year 1862 saw an increasing amount of deadlock between the President and Parliament, which culminated in the constitutional crisis. The Orange delegates sympathized with the Burgher elites who represented the nationalist opinion at the time, as they both saw the rapid urbanization and foreign immigrants as a threat to their power and way of life. The apprentice system, which was the only advantage of the Burghers at this point, was also becoming increasingly restricted as Pretorius sought to close up loopholes in the law.

The final straw came in July 1862, when Pretorius was making preparations for opening voting rights for colored people. At that point, the Volksraad and Burghers became fully allied, and decided that Pretorius must be removed. However, as his five-year term had almost expired, they focused instead on a negative campaign against his reputation. Stephanus Schoeman, most vocal of the Burghers, was chosen to be Pretorius' opposing candidate. Unfortunately, the Burghers had drastically underestimated Pretorius' popularity, and he swept the election for the second time.

==== Constitutional Crisis and Civil War ====
Immediately after the election, the Volksraad called an emergency special meeting, and overwhelmingly voted for Pretorius' dismissal. The President refused to acknowledge this, as no special meetings were authorized in the constitution, and the new Volksraad had not officially formed a new government yet. But now knowing their intention, Pretorius responded by declaring the Volksraad to be dismissed and called for a new election, sparking the constitutional crisis. The Parliament, considering Pretorius to be an ex-President, treated this response as an act of treason, and called for his arrest. While the military was officially in favor of Parliament, Paul Kruger managed to raise a sizable force to Pretorius' support, and the entire faction withdrew from the capital back to Potchefstroom.

[[File:Stephanus_Schoeman.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Stephanus Schoeman, briefly recognized as the legitimate President]]The next couple of months saw a number of skirmishes between the two sides, but for the most part the civil war was a standoff between the two rival capitals. Finally, in March 1863 Marthinus approached the Volksraad with a new compromise: he agreed to pull back on his liberal reforms in a number of areas, particularly the colored vote and the apprentice system, and agreed to end the Presidential Government to grant Parliament more direct power over legislation. In exchange, the Volksraad withdraws their dismissal. While this compromise was not universally accepted, it was enough to sway the moderates back into his fold, putting the nationalists back into the minority. It was also believed, with an increased power of parliament, they would have a better check over his future plans.

As the agreement was accepted, the President returned back to Pretoria as a reunified government, and Stephanus Schoeman was asked to step down. However, at this point the Burghers were determined to refuse any compromise, and Schoeman organized a rebel army to assault the capital, initiating the civil war in full. While Schoeman now had no legal legitimacy, he did have a sizable military support. The Burghers now felt that federal government had failed to uphold the ideals of the republic, and a revolution was the only chance they had to maintain their way of life.

The next series of battles throughout 1863 highlighted the differences of military organization between the two sides, as well as the differences of popular support. The federal military represented the new professional system based on merit, while the Burghers represented the old clan system based on blood. Among the common people, the older generation of Boers tended to support the Burghers, while the younger generation and immigrant families supported the government. In January 1864, the Battle of Crocodile River was a decisive victory for the government, finally breaking the power of the Burghers and forcing them into retreat. At that point, popular support severely turned against the conservative elites, and in April 1864 the Burghers were officially declared to be enemies of the state. Stephanus Schoeman himself attempted to escape to Cape Colony, but after his capture he was sentenced to be exiled.

In the aftermath of the civil war, Marthinus Pretorius found his presidential powers limited but his popular support larger than ever. With the expanded powers of parliament, the surviving supporters of the Burghers organized themselves into South Africa's first political party, the National Party, founded in June 1864. While outright support of the Burghers was now illegal, they still sought to represent the national interests of the Boer people, and they managed to maintain a far-right position without becoming ultra-conservative. Pretorius responded by founding his own party the same year, known as the South African Party.

The breaking of the Burgher power enabled the general population to explore a far more liberal approach to society than was ever possible before. The federal military likewise reached a new peak at this time, amounting to 25,000 men. The Burgher system had been purged out of the military officially, and nepotism was henceforth banned by law, although it would persist in practice for many years anyway. In terms of infrastructure, all the fighting was limited to rural areas and did not cause any significant damage to the nation, nor did it put a dent in the nation's GDP.

==== Southwestern Expansion ====
In 1865, the Orange governor Johannes Brand requested for the Volksraad to intervene against the Kingdom of Lesotho. The constitutional crisis had delayed the Transvaal from intervening on the southwestern border, and the subsequent actions of King Moshoeshoe continued to pose a threat to the Orange District. John Fick was put in charge of a campaign of 2,000 troops to occupy the Lesotho Kingdom, known by historians as the Seqiti War. Within months, kingdom was entirely occupied and the capital city of Thaba Bosiu was captured. Moshoeshoe attempted to appeal to the British for protection, but the Boers had acted too quickly for the British to fully respond. Nonetheless, Cape Colony did demand that the ZAR should keep the Lesotho Kingdom in tact, and cannot annex it directly. Not wanting to put the British to the test, the Volksraad relented and re-organized Lesotho as a protectorate state.

In 1869, the Volksraad officially annexed a section of territory north of the Orange River and west of the Vaal, which would later become the district of Bechuanaland. This was more formally recognizing the Boer and English settlements that had been expanding in that region over the last ten years, who were considered ZAR citizens by law. Now living within an incorporated federal territory, the native Tswana people were now subject to the same assimilation policies that had been applied to the Bantu people of South Africa. The missionary John Mackenzie was employed to organize the first schools of the new territory, just as David Livingston did for South Africa. Bechuanaland was elevated to become the sixth district of the republic in 1872.

==== Portuguese Relations ====
[[File:D._Luís_I_fotografado_por_Augusto_Bobone_em_1885.png|200px|thumb|King Louis I of Portugal]]By 1867, the reputation of the Transvaal Republic began to impress many notable figures in the western world, and began to view their success as a prototypical civilized state in an uncivilized environment. Due to the British attempts to keep them isolated, however, only one nation was able to independently reach out to the republic: [[Portugal]]. Starting in 1864, the Gaza Empire under King Gungunhana was lodged within the claimed territory of Mozambique, and also prosed a threat to the frontier of the Transvaal. So in 1867, the ZAR signed a military alliance with the Kingdom of Portugal, and organized a two-sided campaign to utterly dismantle the Gaza Empire.

While this resulted with South Africa occupying the southern coast of Mozambique, Portugal was more than grateful for the assistance on their colonial front. The Portuguese government a this time was largely bankrupt, facing insurmountable deficit that was forcing them to severely downsize their military. With the vast supply of surplus wealth in South Africa, the Transvaal government was willing to bail out the Portuguese in exchange for buying the city of Maputo.

As one could expect, the prospect of this sale terrified the British: the Transvaal was already rapidly becoming a regional power rivaling Cape Colony, and accessing a coast would give them even more leverage. The British attempted to dissuade Portugal from this sale by offering their own bailout, namely a loan from the Bank of England. However, while the Boers offered less money their deal was far more shrewd, because it was presented as immediate cash instead of a loan. While the land purchased from Mozambique technically fell under the control of Lydenburg district, the city of Maputo itself became a federal territory, and remained as such until 1899.

=== Transformation ===

==== Foreign Diplomacy ====
Twenty years since the beginning of the republic, the new generation helped transform the nation's influence from an isolated region to the world stage. After purchasing the port of Maputo, the South African Republic now had the liberty to conduct diplomacy with any major nation, without having to go through the British or Portuguese. Their first priority was starting diplomacy with the [[France|Second French Empire]], with whom they signed a treaty of diplomatic and military alliance in 1869. The ZAR felt that the French was a "natural enemy" of [[United Kingdom|Britain]], so allying with them could provide a proper counter-balance should Britain ever move against them. It also did not pose any risk as France had no colonial interests in South Africa.

Their next priority was the [[Netherlands|Kingdom of the Netherlands]], whose Dutch-speaking population were perceived as "long-lost brethren". The Netherlands were willing to provide technical contractors and educators, which was satisfactory to the National Party who wanted to maintain the education system in the Dutch language. In the early 1870s, similar diplomatic missions were also extended to the [[Germany|German Empire]], the [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]], the Kingdom of Belgium, and the [[United Commonwealth]].

In 1872, King Mpande died and was succeeded by his son, Mbyuzi, who was crowned as the fourth monarch of the Zulu Empire. Mpande's death was initially kept secret for a few months, in order to silence any threats to Mbyuzi's power. The Volksraad offered their condolences for the man who was so helpful to the Voortrekkers, and confirmed a cordial relationship with the new administration. Mbyuzi responded graciously to this diplomacy, and offered to settle any disputed territory in favor of the Boers. This should not be oversimplified to think that Mbyuzi was merely a puppet of he ZAR. Rather, this humble submission ensured his kingdom remained fully independent, which could not be said for the other states around him at this point.

==== Burgers Presidency ====
[[File:ThFBurgers_CHM_VA0897.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Thomas Burgers, second State President]]In March 1872, Marthinus Pretorius announced he intended to retire from politics, and will not run for re-election. The election of 1872 was a race between Thomas Burgers, nominated by the South African Party, and Johannes Brand from the National Party. Paul Kruger was also rather popular and the spiritual successor of Pretorius, but he was barred from running due to already holding office as Commandant-General. As such, Kruger donated his support towards Burgers' campaign. William Robinson, a naturalized British citizen, ran as a third party candidate on an independent ticket. The final tally saw Burgers win the election with 68% of the vote, followed by Brand with 31%.

Thomas Burgers was considered to be a visionary, and he foresaw the South African Republic transitioning into an industrial power comparable with Europe and [[Anglo-America|America]]. He fulfilled on this promise, but it was only made possible by the earlier economic reforms by Pretorius. He established the first state university in Pretoria in 1872, and funded another university in Bloemfontein the next year (now called Burgers University). He upgraded the highway system spanning across the republic, but he also supplemented this with the first railroads. The Netherlands-South Africa Railroad Company was founded in 1873, and by 1880 it had connected lines all the way from Maputo to Bloemfontein. He established the first national telegraph service, and laid down telegraph cables as far as the public roads went. On top of all this, he also funded the expansion of major cities and factories, further limiting the rural communities.

Thomas Burgers main priority, however, was modernization of the military. The professional, merit-based system of Pretorius was a revolutionary shift from the Burghers, and thus far was adequate to secure victories against native African kingdoms. However, when compared to other western militaries, the Boers were still woefully undisciplined, under-equipped, and outdated. For example, the infantry still used muzzle-loaded rifles, and the "artillery" division did not possess a single cannon.

Burgers turned to the [[United Commonwealth]], and hired a number of veterans of the [[War of Contingency|American Contingency War]] to reconstruct the South African military from the ground up. This succeeded to train the military in modern discipline and chain of command, and supplied the army with American-made Winchester rifles, Colt revolvers and Gatling guns. Burgers replaced the Gatling guns with German-made Krupp guns, where he also purchased European field cannons. Standard uniforms were added in the early 1880s. For the navy, Burgers again reached out to the Commonwealth to purchase excess steam ships used in the Civil War, but now no longer of any use.

==== First Civil Rights Movement ====
The white population were not the only people benefiting from this transformation. After being educated and assimilated in white culture, the new generation of African natives were beginning to become more organized and more visible in society. Many Africans imported their knowledge back to their native tribe, helping them to become more settled and improve their standard of living. More significantly, however, is that Africans began mass-migrating into urban centers, and provided a cheap source of labor for the growing factories. The black urban culture created a blend of their various native identities, expressed in a synthesized genre of art and music. This new African identity is what set the stage for the first civil rights movement.

Within the white population, the younger generation was embracing ideas far more liberal than the republic's founders. At this point, a large portion of the population was not even related to the Voortrekkers, but were instead immigrant families from Europe or Asia. For those who were descended from the Voortrekkers, they now grew up in an environment filled with ethnic diversity, urban culture and public education, allowing them to adopt a much broader worldview. As famously said in Louis Botha's memoirs, "one could walk down the street in Johannesburg and hear five different tongues, two of which are Caucasian and three Hamitic".

With the increased organization and visibility of the black population, their ongoing disenfranchisement presented a paradox in public discourse. The ideals of the Transvaal republic were founded on liberty and freedom, which they secured from the British, but this freedom was not enjoyed by all people. Despite the efforts of the first civil rights movement, the concept of granting rights to the black population was far too liberal for anyone to take seriously at this time. However, it did find a revolutionary success when the Volksraad granted citizenship to colored (i.e. mixed race) population in 1877, after several years of different negotiations and compromises. The success of this act panicked the National Party, who feared this new voting block could push them out of the Volksraad completely. So in 1878 they put forward a new bill granting votes for women, securing the vote of white women in their favor.

==== British Conquest of Zululand ====
[[File:Cetshwayo-c1875.jpg|200px|thumb|Mbyuzi, last sovereign Zulu monarch]]In 1875, Governor Henry Frere of Cape Colony laid out a plan for uniting the British colonies of Africa into a Confederacy, imitating the confederacy of Canada. He reached out to the South African Republic to join in this confederacy, but they graciously refused. The ZAR felt that any concessions granted to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], outside of the Sand River Treaty, would end up being a prelude to annexation. In 1877, Theophilus Shepstone of Natal proposed a secret plan to Frere, whereby Britain could invade and annex the Transvaal by force. While Frere seriously considered the plan, he ultimately dismissed it, as a conquest of Zululand would prove much more profitable. Besides, by eliminating the Boers' closest ally it could make a future campaign against Transvaal that much easier.

In December 1878, Governor Frere submitted a surprise ultimatum against King Mbyuzi, essentially demanding his surrender as a colony. As Mbyuzi refused, this ignited the Anglo-Zulu War that lasted until July 1879. In January 1879, President Burgers inquired the Volksraad on what should be done about the apparent conflict. The Volksraad concluded that they would be unlikely to sustain a long-term war with the British, and even if they won it would put them in a bad position to become their enemy. So the Transvaal Republic announced an effective termination of their alliance with Zululand, much to the dismay of Mbyuzi. After the fall of Ulundi, Mbyuzi was treated well as a monarch without a kingdom, until he died in 1882. He was succeeded by his half-brother Shingana, the direct ancestor of the current royal claimant Africa Zulu.

Although the Transvaal Republic was officially neutral in the Anglo-Zulu War, they did have an obligation to secure their economic interests, namely their investment into the tribute of Swaziland. So in March 1879, the ZAR dispatched a force of 1,100 troops that occupied the Kingdom of Swaziland, simultaneous to the British occupation of Zululand. In June, the Volksraad transferred Swaziland from its former vassalage into a full protectorate of the republic. In 1882, this protectorate was also recognized by the British government.

=== Scramble for Africa ===
The 1880s was the peak of ZAR's economic and demographic growth. The railroads and urban development in the last ten years facilitated the start of the industrial revolution, allowing the South African Republic to become the most modern independent state on the continent. Johannesburg at this time grew to become one of the largest cities in southern Africa, overtaking both Pretoria and Cape Town. The South African Pound became such a ubiquitous currency that it became standard in the federal treasury. With much more of the economy based on industry instead of agriculture, the apprentice system created by Pretorius slowly feel out of use. However, this did not mean that South Africa had resolved their social issues, but in fact the old Native Question was now augmented with a new debate over wealth inequality and workers' rights.

Another issue that arose in the 1880s over Indian immigrants. For a long time, Asiatic immigrants lived in a quasi-state in South Africa, since the constitution only allowed people of white descent to become citizens. While very few had issues with immigration reform, neither party wanted to open citizenship to all races, as that would exasperate the Native Question. So the final compromise in 1884 was to allow citizenship to a specific list of Asiatic ethnicities, defined as "Chinese, Arabs, Malays, and Turks". The limited rights and segregation of Indian communities would continue to be a point of contention into the early 20th century.

==== Kruger Presidency ====
[[File:PKruger_1898_VA0952.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Paul Kruger, third State President]]Paul Kruger resigned his position as Commandant-General in 1880. President Burgers replaced him with Piet Joubert, a capable military leader who had gained popularity during the recent occupation of Swaziland. For Kruger, this was preparation of a new political career, as he was already planning to run for president in the next election. In 1882, Burgers health had declined rapidly, and it was clear he was not going to run for a third term. Kruger swept the following election, becoming the third State President of the republic. Thomas Burgers died within months of the inauguration, having won the admiration of a nation he was not born into.

Kruger was much more conservative than the previous two administrations, and he worked to pull back from the liberal reforms of Pretorius. This was not only to win back support of the Nationalists, but also for the benefit of the rural Boer communities who by now were feeling slighted by the city-dwelling industrialists. Kruger's first term of office also saw political fractionalization in the republic. The demographic shift from mass immigration coupled with an industrialized economy saw two new political parties form, representing the interests of newly-developing social classes. First was the Labour Party, representing the interests of industrial workers, and second was the Progressive Party representing interests of British immigrants. Kruger had a dim view of both movements, particularly the Progressivists who he felt was an encroachment of British influence.

==== Exploration of Zimbabwe ====
With little attention taken to domestic affairs, Kruger's main focus was expanding the republic outward, particularly for the purpose of gaining respect among the colonial powers. Since the early days of the republic, the Boers had maintained friendly relations with the Matabelaland Kingdom, and became officially allies in 1861. King Lobengula succeeded his father Mzilikazi in 1868, but had much the same opinion of the Transvaal. Many Boer settlements were already established across the Limpopo river into Zimbabwe, but up until now the ZAR had done little to enforce any claim. While Kruger was not considering to betray an old ally, he felt that it was necessary to assert direct control in Matabelaland in order to protect it from colonists. At this time, the diamond magnate Cecil Rhodes was already voicing his intention to establish a British colony in Central Africa, spanning between the Transvaal Republic and Lake Tanganyika. The [[Portugal|Kingdom of Portugal]] also had ambitions in the region, sending expeditions along the Zambezi River and northern Zimbabwe. Finally, the region was also plagued by Swahili and Arab slave-hunters, who were working to extend the slave trade towards the Congo.

In 1883, an expedition was sent to Matabelaland consisting of Piet Grobler and the missionary John Moffat. Moffat was instrumental for this negotiation, as he was born in the region to the previous missionary Robert Moffat. After two months of negotiations, King Lobengula signed a treaty placing his kingdom under protection of the ZAR, and allowing free settlement of Boers in his territory. The British High Commissioner Hercules Robinson made numerous attempts to dissuade Lobengula from signing this treaty, but ultimately Moffat and Grobler were able to demonstrate the Boers were more trustworthy than the British. Subsequent to the Moffat Treaty, Kruger sponsored further expeditions to chart the Zimbabwe region, opening communication with Ndebele and Shona tribes. Grobler was keen to ensure this treaty was upheld to the letter: in 1884 numerous raids by Arab slave drivers were repelled by an expeditionary force of 450 Boers.

==== Berlin Conference ====
In 1885, the pressure of increased European presence on the continent prompted the [[Germany|German Empire]] to call the Berlin Conference. This conference was one of the first, and most significant diplomacies that settled the official political borders of colonial Africa. The Transvaal Republic was one of two non-European nations invited to the conference, and the only nation native to Africa. The inclusion of the ZAR was partly out of pragmatic realism, as the Boers now commanded such political and military influence on the continent that future colonization in the region would require their cooperation. Another reason is because of Germany's close relation with the ZAR specifically, as they opened diplomacy to counterbalance against [[France]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].

[[File:Kongokonferenz.jpg|250px|thumb|Illustration of the Berlin Conference]]The outcome of the conference settled the border between the Bechuanaland district and the German colony of Southwest Africa, now known as the state of Namibia. The situation in Zimbabwe, however, caused great contention between President Kruger and Cecil Rhodes. All delegates at the conference affirmed that Zimbabwe was, both legally and ethically, best annexed as a territory of the ZAR. But using his excess of personal wealth, Rhodes managed to bribe or occasionally blackmail the British commissioners of southern Africa in his favor, putting pressure on the British delegation to dispute this claim. In the end, a compromise was reached where Zimbabwe was annexed to the ZAR, but recognized as a "trustee territory" in which the Rhodes-controlled British South African Company can freely operate. This settlement was officially settled in the Anglo-Transvaal Bilateral Treaty of 1886.

In the aftermath of this agreement, a new wave of both Boer and British settlers poured in throughout the new territory. There was initially talk of a "second 'Rand" in memory of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush, but the talk of wealth turned out to be an exaggeration. President Kruger employed a private police force in 1887 to maintain order, stationed both in and around the capital of Matabelaland. By 1889, the largest kingdoms of Zimbabwe had been mostly squeezed out of any de facto power, although King Lobengula still commanded a significant army.

As for Cecil Rhodes, he was granted a charter in 1889 to settle a colony along the Zambezi Region north of Zimbabwe, now known as the Republic of Zambia. He obtained the land rights for this charter in 1890 from the Lochner Concession, when the British South African Company took effective control of the Kingdom of Barotseland. However, this was just a staging area as his real goal was to take control of the Misri Kingdom in Katanga. Rhodes failed to obtain this, as the Katanga region ultimately fell under the control of Belgium in 1892. After Rhodes' death in 1902, the now-bankrupt BSAC sold their charter to the [[Portugal|Kingdom of Portugal]].

=== Conflict with Britain ===
{{Main|Anglo-Boer War}}

=== Union with the Cape ===
[[File:Two_gents,_General's_Botha_and_Smuts.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Jan Smuts and Louis Botha]]The Anglo-Boer War left a devastating impact on the nation, which the South African Republic never fully recovered from. The Volksraad directed efforts towards a gradual reconstruction of the affected cities, railroads and ports. Unfortunately, the national GDP took a sharp decline in the early years of the 20th century, causing federal revenue to become severely limited. Most of the conflict took place near the gold and diamond mines of the western territory, destroying much of the industrial infrastructure in the region. It would take a long time for these areas to rebuild, and in the meantime unemployment rose to an all-time high. These compounding factors limited the budget the government could use on reconstruction, which prolonged recovery even further. In order to save money, the federal government reduced bureaucracy by ceding federal territory to the district governments. Most notably, the port city of Maputo was ceded to the Lydenburg District. Marthinus Pretorius, the former first President of the South African Republic, died in 1901. He was given one of the few state funerals administered by the Volksraad. This funeral was largely viewed as a commemoration for the survival of the republic, in the face of British imperialism, but for others it marked the impending end of an era.

==== Economic Recession ====
In 1902, Paul Kruger announced his retirement from politics on account of poor health, and did not run for another election. While Kruger was generally popular for his leadership in the war, his conservative beliefs were becoming outdated in a rapidly-changing society. Marthinus Steyn of the South African Party won the election in November, being the fourth and last president of the South African Republic. Steyn believed in a more lax approach to administration, and largely permitted the Volksraad to direct their own policy. Steyn was also secretly suffering from muscular degeneration at this time, which forced him to stay out of public view.

The government at this time attempted multiple avenues to alleviate the economic slump. The Native Act of 1904 limited Asiatic immigrants, especially from India and [[China]]. While the Indian community of South Africa was already substantial, the flood of cheap foreign labor was perceived as a threat to both the white and African population, as it undercut their wages. Thus, the nativist reaction by the government was supported by both the National Party and the Labour Party, along with some wings of the South African Party. This and subsequent acts against Indians were protested by a number of Indian activists, particularly Mahatma Gandhi, until they were reversed in the 1920s.

As the Labour Party was rapidly gaining seats in the Volksraad, the standing government felt pressure to finally institute major social reforms for the protection of lower classes, starting with the Welfare Act of 1905. This was also prompted by more intense activism by the working class, culminating in the General Strike of 1904. While this did not directly impact the economic recovery, it did succeed in revitalizing the national spirit and gave a general sense of optimism for the labor force. It also gave a justification for the government to raise taxes, which increased the budget for urban reconstruction. When these new taxes were still insufficient for reconstruction, the Volksraad took out substantial loans from the [[United Commonwealth]].

When the Bambatha Rebellion erupted in 1906, the Volksraad made some covert effort to support the Zulu people, as an old traditional ally of the Voortrekkers, which was ultimately unsuccessful.

==== Union Ratified ====
[[File:Botha_gouvernment_1910.jpg|250px|thumb|The National Conference of 1909]]By 1907, a popular movement was spreading that pushed for the unification of the British Cape Colony and Transvaal into a single nation. This was largely the result of generations of cultural assimilation and education in the ZAR, which fostered an overarching South African national identity that transcended both the Boers and British. This nationalist movement worked both ways, however, as the Dutch-speaking population under British rule also yearned for reunification with their northern brethren. Despite the Transvaal's efforts to remain independent for so many years, the current economic decline and mounting national debt saw the benefits of unification outweighing the cost. So in 1907, the Volksraad opened negotiations for forming the Union of South Africa. Initially, the government of Cape Colony expected the union to become a British dominion akin to Canada and Australia, which recognized the British monarch as head of state. This initial proposal, however, was unacceptable for the ZAR, so negotiations soon became stalled. Jan Smuts, the current Minister of Industry, stepped in to bridge the gap.

After much more time spent on negotiations, the South African Republic finally agreed to unify with Cape Colony as a British dominion. However, in exchange the new nation will hold a referendum the following year, to decide whether to remain a constitutional monarchy or return to a republic. The National Convention of 1909 drew up a new constitution, and in 1910 the new Union of South Africa was formed as a unification of Cape Colony, Natal, and the ZAR. The seven districts of the ZAR were now elevated to statehood, in addition to the two British colonies which were also incorporated states: Cape and Zulu-Natal. In the South African Referendum of 1911, the short-lived dominion was dissolved, and the Union of South Africa was recognized as a parliamentary democracy. In 1912, the first general election selected Louis Botha as the first president of the union.

==== Second Civil Rights Movement ====
The new nationalist movement that unified South Africa had an affect of spurring the Africans to promote their own national identity. In the same general election of 1912, the African National Congress was established as the first modern political organization of native Africans. The ANC comprised middle class representatives across every tribe and ethnicity living in the nation, all of which now were well-educated in both Dutch and English. The decades of assimilation policy from the South African Republic fostered a new generation of natives who now possessed a level of education and resources on par with their white counterparts. However, this assimilation of culture still stood in contrast with the nation's limited political franchise, which prompted the ANC to lead the Second Civil Rights Movement of the 1910s.

The protectorate states of Lesotho and Swaziland were transferred as protectorates of the new union. However, by this point these protectorates were essentially territories in all but name. In the decades since their subjugation by the ZAR, the two states had all their internal and external foreign policy devolved, the military banned, and the king merely kept as a figurehead. In the wake of the second civil rights movement, the Pan-African nationalism championed by the ANC was felt in these territories as well, and the natives living there envied the comparative wealth and higher standard of living in the rest of the union. So upon the formation of the Union of South Africa, the local governments of Lesotho and Swaziland also petitioned to join as new states. The parliament, initially, refused this request. As the natives were becoming more organized and influential, the government could tell that the days of white rule over Africa were numbered. The incorporation of two new states, consisting entirely of black population, would do nothing but exasperate the problem.

The first major success of the second civil rights movement came in 1921, with the end of federal native assimilation. This meant that federally-run schools would no longer be segregated between races. However, schools at the district level and private schools were not regulated, and many segregated schools in South Africa still exist today. Further efforts of the ANC escalated in the 1920s, attracting support from the younger liberal population that comprised the South African Party's base of support. They particularly championed the passive resistance system championed by Mahatma Gandhi and Marcus Garvey. Finally, in 1928 the government ruled that citizenship is applicable to all races, regardless of being black or white. The first black president of South Africa was Pixley Seme, elected in 1932. As this new law made the previous controversy moot, both Lesotho and Swaziland were admitted to the union as the tenth and eleventh states.

==== Great War ====
[[File:Südwestafrika_1915.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Map of Namibia campaign]]When the first [[Great War I|Great War]] broke out in April 1932, the war cabinet in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] asked the Union of South Africa to join the conflict against [[Germany]]. Not beholden to Britain's foreign policy, the parliament took a long time to decide this. A war seemingly localized to western Europe did not necessarily concern Africa, and it was not too long ago that Britain attempted to annex the Transvaal. For the English population in both the Transvaal and Cape, however, joining the war on Britain's side was a matter of duty. In preparation for a future conflict, however, South Africa spent the next few months mobilizing their military and building a war-time economy. For the pro-war side of the parliament, they also spent this time spreading Anti-German propaganda. As the second civil rights movement was under way, the Africans were incentivized to join the war on the promise to improve their rights in the nation, a promise that was later fulfilled. In September 1932, Britain finally persuaded South Africa to join the war by offering them to annex the German colony of Namibia. On October 5 1932, the Union of South Africa declared war on the Triple Alliance, aligning itself with Britain in the [[Entente Impériale|Imperial Entente]].

The Southwest African Campaign was the first major deployment of South Africa's navy and air-force. The South African navy was, at the time, not officially organized, and consisted of battleships inherited from the ZAR and Cape Colony. The navy wasn't fully organized until 1922, after the conclusion of the war. In 1912, Christian Beyers established the first flying school in Kimberley, after studying under various flying instructors from Britain, [[France]], and Switzerland. It was this flying school that formed the first generation of pilots in the Union Defense Force, which was the aviation wing of South African military used in World War One.

The invasion of Namibia was split into two fronts. One front landed in Walvis Bay on October 11, and invaded eastward to capture the regional capital of Windhoek in January 1933. The second front used air and land forces to capture the city of Keetmanshoop in January, and push north to occupy the southern half of the colony. The final stand of German military was in March at the Battle of Otavi, north of Windhoek. Although France fell to Germany in the following year, South Africa was able to negotiate a separate peace with the Triple Alliance to drop out of the war and remain in occupation of the colony. In the 1920s, South Africa's economy made the most substantial recovery by extending foreign credit to various powers affected by the war, financed by their surplus of valuable minerals. The first film school in the nation was created in 1915 in Johannesburg, and the 1920s saw the production of many silent films in Durban.

==== Later Developments ====
When the [[United Commonwealth]] succumbed to a Landonist revolution in the 1910s, the communist government was immediately condemned by South Africa. For a long time, the Union refused to recognize the Landonists as the legitimate government of the Commonwealth, but saw them as a rebel insurgency. There was a brief red scare in the late 1910s as a result of this, leading to local suppression of the Labour party, but this subsided by 1919. This unfortunately had reversed South Africa's relationship with the Commonwealth, which had previously been very positive, and from that point onward they aligned closer with Sierra. During the Cold War, South Africa sided with the Imperial community against the global communist threat.

The status of Namibia as a territory of South Africa remained nebulous in the interwar period. The British agreed that South Africa could annex the colony directly, but the Paris Peace Conference implied that the territory could be returned to [[Germany]] at some point in the future. Rather than starting a diplomatic incident, the colony remained a territory into the 1950s. When it became clear that war with the fascist powers was inevitable, the Union of South Africa decided to incorporate Namibia as the twelfth state of the union in 1960. It has remained the last state added to the union to this day. The union declared war on the Axis Powers fairly early in the [[Great War II|Second Great War]], and was instrumental for the liberation of French Madagascar in 1942.

As the most southern point in Africa, the union eventually turned its interests in territorial expansion in Antarctica. South Africa first sent expeditions to the continent in 1931, documenting the coastline directly south of Cape Town. South Africa was invited to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, where they claimed a section of territory spanning from 45-18 degrees East.

As nuclear power began to be used across the western world in the 1930s, uranium production suddenly became a valuable asset. Starting in 1935, the Union of South Africa heavily invested in uranium exports, which added to their existing natural wealth. At the end of Second Great War, South Africa voted in favor of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and was a founding member of [[SPATO]]. In recent years, South Africa was also elected as a rotating member of the [[League of Nations]] [[League of Nations Security Council|security council]]. As a result of these global alliances, South Africa never had a need to develop nuclear weapons, but they did develop a research program for capitalizing on nuclear power.

Today, South Africa has a population of around 85 million people.

== Administration ==
The South African Republic is organized as a Parliamentary Democracy. The head of state is the President, while legislation is carried out by a Parliament divided into two houses. This Parliament, officially called called the Volksraad, meet in the capital city of Pretoria. Before the constitution was officially first adopted, the provisional government was located in Potchefstroom while Pretoria was still being constructed, and moved to the new city in 1854.

The Volksraad has power over finances and legislation, while the President has power over domestic and foreign policy. Like all parliamentary governments, the Volksraad has to form a new government after reach election. However, the President takes office immediately after inauguration, so that he can still act as head of state when a government hasn't been formed. After the constitutional crisis of 1862, the Supreme Court ruled that certain presidential edicts can still be overruled by the Volksraad once a new government has formed.

The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the Commandant-General, considered to be the second-highest executive office. It is is appointed by the President with approval from the Volksraad. Cabinet ministers can be replaced by the president twice, after which it requires approval from the Volksraad.

The two houses of Parliament are the House of Delegates and the House of Representatives, which collectively have 142 members. The House of Delegates have 42 members, with six elected from each of the districts of the republic. The House of Representatives has a total of 100 members, with one member representing roughly 70,000 people. Members of Parliament are elected annually from the nation as a whole, with elections held in October each year. Each district could organize their own voting committee to assemble delegates, but they must meet certain standards provided by the federal government. The President is elected for indefinite number of five year terms. The President is also elected in October, and inaugurated in February.

A judiciary branch of government consist of 42 judges, six elected annually from each of the districts. A central body of five judges makes up the Supreme Court in the capital city of Pretoria, with the power to interpret the constitution and settle disputes between districts.

=== Local Administration ===
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="font-size:95%"
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Administrative Divisions of South Africa
|-
! Name
! Acquired
! District
! Statehood
! Size (sq km)
! Population
! Population density (per sq km)
|-
| Pretoria
| 1852
| 1853
| 1910
| 69,627
| 19,582,571
| 281.24
|-
| Zoutpansberg
| 1852
| 1853
| 1910
| 125,754
| 5,404,868
| 42.97
|-
| Lydenburg
| 1852
| 1853
| 1910
| 103,814
| 8,441,918
| 81.31
|-
| Griqueland
| 1852
| 1853
| 1910
| 33,789
| 1,085,351
| 32.12
|-
| Orange
| 1861
| 1861
| 1910
| 181,299
| 2,745,590
| 15.14
|-
| Bechuanaland
| 1869
| 1871
| 1910
| 594,055
| 8,037,801
| 13.53
|-
| Zimbabwe
| 1883
| 1899
| 1910
| 390,757
| 15,092,171
| 38.62
|-
| Cape
| 1910
| -
| 1910
| 600,068
| 16,221,928
| 27.03
|-
| Zulu-Natal
| 1910
| -
| 1910
| 94,361
| 11,513,575
| 122.02
|-
| Lesotho
| 1865
| -
| 1929
| 30,355
| 2,108,328
| 69.45
|-
| Swaziland
| 1879
| -
| 1929
| 17,364
| 1,160,164
| 66.81
|-
| Namibia
| 1933
| -
| 1960
| 825,615
| 2,550,226
| 3.08
|-
|}
By the time of the 1910 union with Cape Colony, the republic was divided into seven districts: Zoutpansberg, Lydenburg, Pretoria, Griqueland, Orange, Bechuanaland, and Zimbabwe. The first four of these districts were the original authors of the constitution from 1853-1854. Orange District, originally an independent republic known as the Orange Free State, accepted the constitution in 1861. Bechuanaland was a federal territory gradually colonized by new immigrants in the 1860s, before being elevated to a district in 1872. Zimbabwe was granted as a trustee territory by the Berlin Conference in 1885, and elevated as a district shortly before the republic ended.

With the policy native assimilation, any native African kingdoms or tribal states are alienated from administration, and are gradually dismantled by the federal government. The two exceptions from this are the kingdoms of Lesotho and Swaziland. Lesotho was secured as a protectorate in 1867, and Swaziland in 1879. Both of these were jointly admitted as states of the Union in 1929.

Each district is administered by a governor appointed by the Volksraad with approval from the President. The governor has the power to appoint their own provisional cabinet. Additionally each district has a Commandant, in charge of managing order within the district as well as defense from without. The Commandant can raise and lead a limited local military, as well as an armed militia with approval from the Volksraad. Upon the annexation of new territory, a 2/3 vote from the Volksraad can ratify the territory to become a new district of the Republic. This same system continued with the Union of South Africa, which has maintained a total of twelve states since 1938.

=== Political Parties ===
While the constitution does not recognize any political parties, four main parties remained prominent until 1910: the South African Party, the National Party, the Labour Party, and the Progressive Party. The South African Party is center-right, and seeks to establish a central national identity for all citizens in the republic, regardless of their personal identity. They have centrist economic policies, and favors an assimilation approach to the Native Question. As such, they encourage miscegenation and enfranchisement of colored people, with a path of citizenship of natives. They also have an open immigration policy towards Europeans.

The National Party is far-right, and supports the interests South Africa's white minority and white nationalism. They support classical liberal economy, as well as a segregation approach to the Native Question. While the National Party doesn't disenfranchise British immigrants, they do seek to limit immigration out of concern for the Boers being pushed out. The Labour Party is center-left, and supports the interests of working-class citizens and Boer farmers. They favor socialist economic reform, but they tend to agree with the Nationals in protecting rural Boer farmers from immigrant industrial centers in the cities. The Progressive Party is centrist, and supports the interest of British immigrants. They tend to agree with the Labour party on social reform, but they favor urban expansion rather than rural protection. Late in the republic's history, the Progressive Party pushed for the ZAR to become a dominion of the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]].

The first several Parliaments in the 1850s did not have any official parties, although there were clear lines of division based on opinions of Marthinus Pretorius and feuds within the military. The South African Party and the National Party first emerged after the 1862 crisis, and have remained the two most prominent parties ever since. The other two parties first appeared in the 1880s, as the republic quickly grew into an industrial society and a regional power. The interests of native Africans was not represented by a party until the African National Congress was formed in 1915, after the Union of South Africa was formed. The vast majority of parliaments saw a majority by the South African Party, with the rest either controlled by the National Party or a coalition.

=== Law Enforcement ===
Every major city of the South African Republic has a local volunteer police force organized by the district Commandant, in charge of maintaining order, enforcing laws, and settling minor disputes. They are only armed with revolvers and bludgeoning weapons. There is also a national police force for the purpose of enforcing federal laws, called the South African Republic Police (SARP). It is divided into two wings, the mounted police and the foot police, which are armed the same way. There are separate higher and lower courts, both of which either use jury trials or judicial tribunals. The district courts are allowed to arbitrate any laws outside of execution or banishment. Laws of this kind can only be decided by the Supreme Court.

=== List of State Leaders ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=9 |
{{legend2|#ADD8E6|South African Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF8000|National Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|{{w|Independent (politician)|None}}|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Presidency
! colspan=2 | President
! colspan=2 | Party
! Term
|-

| rowspan=2 | 1
| rowspan=2 | July 23, 1853 – February 7, 1873
| rowspan=2 | [[File:Marthinus_Wessel_Pretorius.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Marthinus Pretorius</big>''' {{birth date|1819|9|17}} – {{death date|1901|5|19}}
| style="background-color:#DDDDDD;"|  
| ''Unaffiliated'' July 23, 1853 – September 14, 1864
| class=nowrap |(1853) ''Provisional'' (1857) (1862) 
|-
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party September 14, 1864 – February 7, 1873
| (1867)
|-

| -
| October 20, 1862 – March 15, 1863
| [[File:Stephanus_Schoeman.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Stephanus Schoeman</big>''' {{birth date|1810|3|14}} – {{death date|1870|6|19}} 
| style="background-color:#FF8000;"|  
| ''Unaffiliated'' Supported by Nationalists
| class=nowrap | (1862) ''Civil War''
|-

| 2
| February 7, 1873 – February 7, 1883
| [[File:ThFBurgers_CHM_VA0897.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Thomas Burgers</big>''' {{birth date|1834|4|15}} – {{death date|1883|5|9}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1872) (1877)
|-

| 3
| February 7, 1883 – February 7, 1903
| [[File:KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Paul Kruger</big>''' {{birth date|1825|10|10}} – {{death date|1904|7|14}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1882) (1887) (1892) (1897)
|-

| 4
| February 7, 1903 – May 11, 1910
| [[File:MT_Steyn_Boer_War.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Marthinus Steyn</big>''' {{birth date|1857|10|2}} – {{death date|1916|11|28}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1902) (1907)
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=1 | Term
! colspan=2 | Commandant-General
|-

| October 5, 1837 – February 6, 1838
| [[File:Voortrekker_Monument_May_2006,_IMG_3003.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Piet Retief</big>''' {{birth date|1780|9|12}} – {{death date|1838|2|6}}
|-

| February 6, 1838 – July 23, 1853
| [[File:Andries_Pretorius.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Andreas Pretorius</big>''' {{birth date|1798|9|27}} – {{death date|1853|7|23}} 
|-

| July 23, 1853 – August 19, 1860
| [[File:Marthinus_Wessel_Pretorius.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Marthinus Pretorius</big>''' {{birth date|1819|9|17}} – {{death date|1901|5|19}}
|-

| August 19, 1860 – March 14, 1880
| [[File:KrugerPaulusJohannes.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Paul Kruger</big>''' {{birth date|1825|10|10}} – {{death date|1904|7|14}} 
|-

| March 14, 1880 – June 10, 1898
| [[File:Pjjoubert.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Piet Joubert</big>''' {{birth date|1831|1|20}} – {{death date|1900|3|28}} 
|-

| June 10, 1898 – May 11, 1910
| [[File:Louisbotha.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Louis Botha</big>''' {{birth date|1862|9|27}} – {{death date|1919|8|27}} 
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan=9 |
{{legend2|#ADD8E6|South African Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF8000|National Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|Labour Party|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#007749|African National Congress|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|-
! colspan=2 | Presidency
! colspan=2 | President
! colspan=2 | Party
! Term
|-

| 1
| March 11, 1913 – August 27, 1919
| [[File:Louisbotha.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Louis Botha</big>''' {{birth date|1862|9|27}} – {{death date|1919|8|27}}
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap |(1912) (1917) ''Died in Office''
|-

| -
| August 27, 1919 – February 7, 1923
| [[File:Jan_Smuts_1947.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Jan Smuts</big>''' {{birth date|1870|5|24}} – {{death date|1950|9|11}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1917) ''Acting''
|-

| 2
| February 7, 1923 – August 1, 1927
| [[File:JBM_Hertzog_-_SA.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>James Hertzog</big>''' {{birth date|1866|4|3}} – {{death date|1942|11|21}} 
| style="background-color:#FF8000;"|  
| National Party
| class=nowrap | (1922) ''Resigned''
|-

| 3
| August 1, 1927 – February 7, 1933 Second term
| [[File:Jan_Smuts_1947.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Jan Smuts</big>''' {{birth date|1870|5|24}} – {{death date|1950|9|11}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1927)
|-

| 4
| February 7, 1933 – February 7, 1938
| [[File:Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme_001.jpg|120px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Pixley Seme</big>''' {{birth date|1881|1|15}} – {{death date|1951|6|2}} 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (1932)
|-

| 3
| February 7, 1938 – February 7, 1948 Third term
| [[File:Jan_Smuts_1947.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Jan Smuts</big>''' {{birth date|1870|5|24}} – {{death date|1950|9|11}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1937) (1942)
|-

| 5
| February 7, 1948 – February 7, 1963
| [[File:Albert_Lutuli_Anefo.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Albert Luthuli</big>''' {{birth date|1898|6|15}} – {{death date|1967|7|21}} 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (1947) (1952) (1957)
|-

| 6
| February 7, 1963 – February 7, 1973
| [[File:Sir_De_Villiers_Graaff.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>De Villiers Graaff</big>''' {{birth date|1913|12|8}} – {{death date|1999|10|4}} 
| style="background-color:#ADD8E6;"|  
| South African Party
| class=nowrap | (1963) (1967)
|-

| 7
| February 7, 1973 – February 7, 1978
| [[File:Jan_Steytler.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Jan Steytler</big>''' {{birth date|1910|10|26}} – {{death date|1978|7|28}} 
| style="background-color:#FF0000;"|  
| Labour Party
| class=nowrap | (1972)
|-

| 8
| February 7, 1978 – February 7, 1993
| [[File:Oliver_Tambo_(1981).jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Oliver Tambo</big>''' {{birth date|1917|10|27}} – {{death date|1993|5|24}} 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (1977) (1982) (1987)
|-

| 9
| February 7, 1993 – February 7, 2003
| [[File:Nelson_Mandela_1994.jpg|120px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Nelson Mandela</big>''' {{birth date|1918|7|18}} – {{death date|2013|12|5}} 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (1993) (1997)
|-

| 10
| February 7, 2003 – February 7, 2008
| [[File:Thabo_Mbeki_2003.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Thabo Mbeki</big>''' {{birth date|1942|6|18}} – 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (2002)
|-

| 11
| February 7, 2008 – February 7, 2018
| [[File:Kumi_Naidoo_MSC_2019.jpg|100px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Kumi Naidoo</big>''' {{birth date|1965|8|19}} – 
| style="background-color:#007749;"|  
| African National Congress
| class=nowrap | (2007) (2012)
|-

| 12
| February 7, 2018 – ''Incumbent''
| [[File:Mmusi_Maimane_2019.jpg|150px]]
| style="width:19%;" | '''<big>Mmusi Maimane</big>''' {{birth date|1980|6|6}} – 
| style="background-color:#FF0000;"|  
| Labour Party
| class=nowrap | (2017)
|-
|}

== Military ==
The federal military is a volunteer force from across all seven districts, trained either at the central command in Pretoria or a local fortification. The original settlers from the Great Trek consisted of many localized, disorganized militias, and after 1852 these were gradually centralized into a professional force. The office of Commandant-General was first held by Andreas Pretorius after the dissolution of the Natal Republic, and he appointed his son Marthinus to succeed him in 1853. After the Commandant-General, military administration is delegated to a number of Field Cornets, who are elected from among lower-ranking military officers. The first professional military was fully organized in 1857, consisting of 8,700 men. By 1867, this force had grown to 25,000. A its peak, the military of the South African Republic had 60,000 men in 1897. The main fortifications for military organization are located at Gaborone, Newcastle, Thohoyandou, Phalaborwa, and Klerksdorp.

The original military command structure were personal relatives of the preexisting militia leaders from the Great Trek, known as Burghers. The Burghers formed a quasi-feudal structure of dynastic relations, and operated on rampant nepotism to maintain inherited military posts. The professional military of 1857 saw the first moves against the Burghers by President Pretorius, who felt the system was doomed to a poorly-educated, mediocre leadership. The 1862 crisis saw the two forces come to a head, when the Burghers power was finally broken and the previous nepotism was overtly suppressed. It still persisted de-facto until the military reforms Thomas Burgers in the 1870s, when a modern merit-based system finally took shape. The early 1880s saw the addition of standard military uniforms, which took on a dark brown color to still blend in with the landscape.

The ZAR military was able to recruit much of their population due to its encouragement in their culture. Deeply devoted to the Dutch Reformed religion, the Boers saw themselves as imitating the conquest of the Promised Land by the Biblical Israelites. It was commonplace for families to encourage their sons to train in the military at a young age, as described in the Old Testament, and this same culture persists in South Africa to this day. A youth wing of the military helps train young men to fight on their own, in preparation of recruitment upon maturity.

A smaller, elite group of commandos form a national guard known as the Voortrekkers, consisting of 700 men. In the 1890s, an auxiliary division of native Africans was officially organized to augment the military as well, consisting of 20,000 troops at their height. This provided a new avenue of social advancement for native Africans, but also proved vital during the [[Anglo-Boer War]]. Africans and colored people had been allowed in the military sporadically before that point, but the auxiliary division allowed it to be properly regulated.

The original military consisted entirely of light infantry and light cavalry, armed mostly with muzzle-loaded rifles, elephant guns, and revolvers. The first artillery division was trained to utilize dynamite strategically, operating similarly to grenadiers. This is how the military operated up until the end of the 1860s. The military reforms of Thomas Burgers worked to modernize their armaments, and hire military advisors from the [[United Commonwealth]]. This new military used breech-loaded Winchester rifles and colt revolvers, and added a heavier infantry division armed with Krupp guns. The artillery was expanded to a more professional division called the Staatsartillerie, and they were given proper field cannons and mortars.

The military is trained specifically to utilize local terrain to their advantage as much as possible, scouting out areas ahead of time for quick changes of tactics on the battlefield. The infantry are also trained to pride their marksmanship as much as possible, making every single bullet count. This became a necessity, as the ZAR were usually fighting against native African kingdoms who wielded numbers several times larger than any Boer military. In effect, the ZAR military tactics were very non-standard and guerilla based, superficially more similar to a native African army than a European one.

The original ZAR Navy consisted of barges and canoes fit for navigating the major rivers around the Limpopo and Vaal tributaries. Each barge is equipped to maneuver a small battalion of men with little effort. This was the extent of the ZAR Navy up until 1868, as the republic was completely landlocked. After the purchase of Maputo, this city has served as the main docking center for the republic ever since. While the ZAR never constructed their own battleships prior to the [[Great War I|First Great War]], they did gradually purchase five steam frigates from the United Commonwealth and three gunboats from the [[Netherlands]] throughout the late 19th century.

== Economy ==
[[File:star_of_south_africa.jpg|200px|thumb|Star of South Africa, largest diamond in the world]]As long as the Volksraad is dominated by the South African Party, the ZAR supports a largely liberal economy with moderate federal regulation. Manufacturing businesses in the republic are commissioned from the Volksraad, but regulations of the economy encourages competition and prevent monopolies. With the growing popularity of the Labour and Progressive Parties, some reforms such as minimum wage and unemployment benefits were added in the early 1900s.

The South African Pound is the official currency of the nation, printed at the central mint in Pretoria. While the SA Pound was first printed in 1853, it took a long time to be accepted as a viable currency internationally. Even within the nation, the original settlers from the Great Trek were used to a barter system consisting of elephant ivory. In the early years of the republic, the SA Pound was backed by the federal treasury in Pretoria, consisting of British Pounds and refined gold ore. The SA Pound gained a general public trust by 1869, and became accepted as international currency under Thomas Burgers' presidency. In the early 1880s, the federal treasury was entirely replaced with the new currency.

Citizens are taxed based on their property, assets and household size, with varying refunds based on their disability status, military or religious service. The Ministry of Finances is in charge of keeping track of money currently in circulation, detecting any sources of counterfeits or tax evasion. The SARP, acting on behalf of the Public Records Office, is in charge on enforcing laws against either of these actions.

Originally, the national economy was heavily agrarian, exporting meat and dairy products from either herd animals or poultry, with additional exports of corn and wheat. More rare wild game was the prized wealth of the original Voortrekkers, in particular elephant ivory. However, President Pretorius started the transition to an industrial economy very early in the history of the republic, which fully took off in the 1880s. As early as the 1840s, even before the Sand River Treaty was signed, foreign prospectors confirmed that the Transvaal and Orange River regions possessed some quantities of gold and coal, and possibly other minerals as well. It was on this knowledge that Pretorius established the first mining industries in the ZAR in the 1850s. The first principle mining facilities were located in Lydenburg, Witwatersrand, Kimberley, and Kaapsehoop. By 1867, the ZAR had become one of the world's leading exporters of gold, coal, diamonds uranium, and they maintained this status for the rest of the republic's history. From 1870 onward, the ZAR was responsible for more than one-third of the global gold production.

In order to prevent flooding of the markets, exports of minerals from the republic are strictly regulated. Tax rates on possession and movement of minerals vary based on the current rates of exploitation. This maintains the international value of gold and diamonds artificially high, but also ensures that the natural wealth of the nation contributes to the surplus of the federal treasury. Starting in the 1870s, this high federal surplus allowed the government to transform the nation's infrastructure, modernize the military, and ultimately achieve a status of respect on par with the Great Powers of Europe.

The rush of gold and diamonds in the republic became a huge attraction for immigration, especially from British colonists living in the Cape. Starting in the 1880s, this wave of immigration rapidly expanded the major cities, transforming the city of Johannesburg into the largest urban center of Southern Africa. However, this wave also presented social problems for the nation, creating an cultural divide between the English speaking industrialists and the Dutch speaking farmers. This became a dividing point between the two leading parties of the Volksraad, namely the moderate South African Party and the far-right Nationalists.

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
[[File:NZASM_line_map.svg|200px|thumb|left|Major railroad lines]]In the 1850s, the infrastructure changes by President Pretorius was a radical shift away from the Boer's previous policy of fanatical isolationism. Partly he saw this as economically and politically untenable, but he also feared incurring the wrath of [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], as such isolation would violate several points of the Sand River Treaty.

So he commissioned a standardized, fully-functioning highway system, connecting all the major settlements and military outposts across the Transvaal. The original highway system was built out of cobblestone and packed earth, but this was heavily upgraded in the 1870s. This same highway system connected outward, linking the ZAR to major cities in neighboring nations: Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State, Natal in British Cape Colony, Maputo in Portuguese Mozambique, and Lake Ngami in the Matabele Kingdom of Zimbabwe. Pretorius also sponsored many new cities to be developed in order to encourage urbanization, including the capital city of Pretoria.

The first railroad system in the ZAR was constructed in the 1870s, augmenting the existing highway system. The Netherlands-South Africa Railroad Company was founded in 1873, and by 1880 the rail lines connected across all the South African cities from Maputo and Pretoria down to Bloemfontein and Kimberly. These public systems of transport, both highways and railroads, are maintained and regulated by the federal government. This advanced transportation system and open communication policy helped facilitate these neighboring states to either ally or unify with the ZAR.

=== Immigration ===
In accordance with the Sand River Treaty, passage through the Transvaal was made free to all British civilians, with a clause for extradition of British criminals. This same open border policy was extended to the Orange Free State, before their annexation in 1861. For all other nations, international travel is subject to a federal tax, but this cost is kept fairly light in order to encourage immigration. Immigration to the Transvaal Republic is a relatively simple process. The Public Records Office is a federal cabinet position, in charge of collecting documentation on both the white and native population at all times. Procurement of this documentation, as well as an oath of loyalty to the Republic, is sufficient for accepting new citizens to the state.

Citizens immediately share the privileges of voting and responsibility of taxation, starting a the age of 16. Originally, suffrage was limited to white males. Citizenship and suffrage of colored (i.e. mixed race) population was gradually introduced in the 1860s and 1870s, facing significant opposition from the National Party. Female suffrage was quickly approved in 1878, partly as a move by the National Party to offset the colored vote with that of white women.

President Pretorius heavily utilized the easy access to Cape Colony to contract foreign workers, mostly in the area of schools, churches, and architects. After purchasing the Maputo port, President Burgers expanded their foreign contractors to [[France]] and the [[Netherlands]], and allowed European investors to sponsor South Africa's growing mining industry. The National Party was particularly appeased by the rapprochement to the Netherlands, as they were more comfortable with teachers and missionaries speaking their own language.

The 1860s also saw a wave of Asiatic immigration from India and [[China]], who were at first prospecting for gold but later shifted to contracted industrial workers. Indian immigrants took advantage of mobility within the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]], while Chinese immigrants included many refugees of the Taiping Rebellion.

In addition to encouraging immigration, the ZAR also encouraged colonial settlements beyond the borders of "civilization". Any new settlements by citizens of the ZAR are automatically under federal administration, which can then be incorporated to the appropriate district. Citizens creating these new settlements have the responsibility to not unnecessarily antagonize the natives, and doing so is punishable by severe fines up to time in prison. Any land untilled by white men are considered "unclaimed", but any land tilled by natives cannot be seized without authorization from the Volksraad. Due to the assimilation policy of the ZAR, this authorization was strategically granted only so far as to dismantle existing tribal kingdoms within the republic's borders. While the republic also seized land from African kingdoms who they went to war with, this was viewed as a defensive measure against kingdoms that antagonized their borders. These policies of colonial expansion ended with the Berlin Conference, which finalized the internationally-recognized borders of Africa.

The result of these various policies for immigration, settlement and urbanization allowed a rapid growth for the Transvaal Republic, reaching one million citizens by the end of the 19th century.
== Culture ==
=== Education ===
[[File:University_of_Pretoria_Old_Arts_building.jpg|250px|thumb|University of Pretoria in 1910]]The first public, mandatory education system in the South African Republic was created in the 1850s by the order of President Pretorius. Teachers and staff were contracted from neighboring countries, primarily Cape Colony, and the Orange Free State, as well as American and British missionaries. The first schools were built in major cities such as Pretoria and Lydenburg. They initially focused on elementary grades only, and gradually expanded up to universities by the 1870s. The first four-year college was the University of Pretoria founded in 1872, later followed by Burgers University in Bloemfontein. The primary subjects taught are history, theology, mathematics, science, and English, with other subjects offered optionally.

Afrikaans is the official language of the republic, but official documents may also be written in Modern Dutch or English. The school system teaches primarily in Dutch, but optionally can teach in English as well. Outside of education and administration, the "official language" is not enforced in any official capacity. For this reason, the republic has a rich diversity of de facto languages used by local communities, either from native African tribes or from enclaves of foreign immigrants.

This school system is the most primary tool for the policy of native assimilation. Starting in the 1850s, primary schools were established for the specific purpose of educating native Africans in European language, religion, and science, with the end goal of melding their culture into the Boers. Foreign missionaries did much of the work in organizing these institutions who the Volksraad invested with lucrative contracts. It was this education that later enabled the Africans and coloreds to organize movements for further enfranchisement and civil rights, starting in the mid 1870s. After the second wave of civil rights movements in the 1910s, this system of forced assimilation officially ended in 1921. However, many private schools remain segregated between races to the present day.

=== Religion ===
The Dutch Reformed Church is the official religion of the South African Republic. In the 1850s, citizens must be a Christian of some creed. In the 1880s, as mass immigration in the republic created larger communities of other religions, this policy was somewhat relaxed. While citizens of the republic can be of any religion, only Christians are allowed to hold public office, serve in the military or work in most public jobs. Religious services conducted from the government or public schools, as well as theology taught in public schools, adheres strictly to the Dutch Reformed Church. Due to the mass evangelization of foreign missionaries, Christianity has always remained the faith of the vast majority of the population, even among native Africans. Still, the African Traditional Religion remains the second most common faith, comprising roughly 4-6% of the population. Among Middle Eastern and East Asian immigrants, various eastern religions also exist in smaller enclaves.

== Racial Relations ==
[[File:Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme_001.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Pixley Seme, founder of the African National Congress]]The South African Republic has always had a complicated relationship with the native African population, which evolved considerably both before and after the union with Cape Colony. The collective debate and social movements throughout the republic's history was designated as "the Native Question".

=== Abolition of Slavery ===
Like the vast majority of colonial dominions, the original settlers of the Dutch Cape Colony used African slaves to supplement their labor shortage. This practice became such an important part of the Boer culture that it was one of the major points of dispute with the British in the early 19th century. The Great Trek began in direct response to the abolition of slavery across the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]]. However, this doesn't mean that the organization of the Boer states was solely concerned with African slavery, and over the next generation many different approaches to the Native Question were still being debated. When the British recognized the independent Boer states in 1852, the Sand River Treaty stipulated that slavery (or any other compulsory, unpaid labor) is to be abolished.

While Marthinus Pretorius was not an advocate of civil rights, he recognized the practical necessity to abide by the Sand River Treaty, and he saw the economic benefit of transitioning the Boer economy from purely agrarian to industrialization. Furthermore, Pretorius' answer to the Native Question was a gradual assimilation of Africans into Boer culture, both by public education and encouraged miscegenation. It was this same policy that became the basis of the South African Party, which dominated politics in ZAR for most of its history.

So not only did President Pretorius outlaw slavery in the 1850s, but actively worked to enforce these laws using the SARP. Additionally, he decreed that all natives living within the federal borders of the ZAR are given fair and equal treatment before the law, and are given no less rights in court or law enforcement than any white man. At this early stage, however, they were barred from citizenship and were exempt from both elections and taxes. Pretorius' policies were rather unpopular with the radical conservatives and the Burghers, which culminated in the civil conflict of 1862.

=== Apprenticeship System ===
To satisfy necessity of labor in the nation, and to appease the Nationalists, Pretorius introduced the apprenticeship system for African natives. Any native may enter into a signed contract of labor with a white man, stipulating his mode of compensation, the length of his labor and the breadth of his responsibilities. If the native cannot sign it, he may appoint a guardian to act on his behalf, either native or white. The Public Records Office has documentation on all native laborers, whether they have contracts or not. If they do not have a contract, then the limit on his work is set to 25 years. Additionally, a tax is levied on citizens with no contract, based on the number and types of apprentices he has, and the money of this revenue is then paid to the tribal nation the apprentice came from.

This apprenticeship system had sufficient loopholes that allowed the radical Nationalists to practice a kind of de facto slavery in much smaller numbers. Both Pretorius and Thomas Burgers actively worked to suppress this abuse of the system and close up the loopholes, but always faced resistance from the National Party. Ultimately, the apprentice system gradually fell out of practice on its own in the 1880s, as rapid industrialization made the need for labor a moot point. In 1899, after the conclusion of the [[Anglo-Boer War]], the apprentice system was finally abolished.

=== Native Assimilation ===
The assimilation policy of the South African Party utilized a segregated public education system for the native population. Dr. David Livingston was personally invited by Pretorius to organize the first of these education centers, which he gladly accepted. Foreign missionaries found the immediate benefit to spread the gospel to the African people en masse, while also improving their standard of living by introducing European laws, science, and philosophy. Some regulations were placed on these schools from the federal government: First, to adhere to the theology of the Dutch Reformed Church, and secondly to read and speak in Afrikaans. Native Africans are also allowed to organize their own education centers to help assimilate their own people, as long as the district governor approves that they meet the above regulations.

As a result of this assimilation policy, by the 1870s the standard of living for Africans in the Transvaal was rapidly reaching on par with that of the white population, and as much as one quarter of the population was a mixed race origin or "colored". This prompted a movement of civil rights across the nation, and in 1877 the Volksraad finally affirmed colored men as having full and equal citizenship as white men. After the Union of South Africa was formed, a second civil rights movement in the 1910s and 1920s pushed for equal citizenship for all native Africans, which was ultimately approved in 1928. Even so, many local laws on the state and county level still have segregation policies that persist to this day.

{{WPAN}}

[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:South Africa]]
[[Category:South African Republic]]

Japanese State Army

2025-06-10T00:24:25Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Update}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Imperial Japanese Army
| native_name = 大日本帝國陸軍
| image = File:Flag of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.svg
| caption = Flag of the Imperial Japanese Army and Armed Forces
| start_date = {{Start date and age|1871|df=yes}}
| dates =
| country = {{flag|Japan}}
| allegiance = {{w|Emperor of Japan}}
| branch =
| type = {{w|Army}}
| role = {{w|Land warfare}}
| size = 460,000 active personnel 1 million reserve personnel
| command_structure = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.svg|size=23px}} [[Japanese State Armed Forces]]
| garrison = {{w|Ichigaya}}, {{w|Shinjuku}}, {{w|Tokyo}}, [[Japan]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colours = Red, White and Gold
| colours_label =
| march = {{w|Review March|Review March (分列行進曲)}} {{audio|1-01 分列行進曲.ogg|Play}}
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| website = [https://www.mod.go.jp/gsdf/ https://www.mod.go.jp/rikugun/]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg}} {{w|Naruhito}}
| commander1_label = {{w|Emperor of Japan}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Standard of the Prime Minister of Japan.svg}} [[Prime Minister of Japan|PM]] [[Kazuma Amamiya]]
| commander2_label = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon image|Standard of the Minister of Defence of Japan.svg}} [[Tourei Saito]]
| commander3_label = [[Minister of Defense (Japan)|Minister of Defense]]
| commander4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Staff, Joint Staff (JSDF).svg}} {{w|Military ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces#Ground self-defense force|General}} [[Saburo Kobayashi]]
| commander4_label = [[Chief of Staff, Joint Staff]]
| commander5 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Staff of the Ground Self-Defense Force (Japan).svg}} {{w|Military ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces#Ground self-defense force|General}} [[Kazunari Serizawa]]
| commander5_label = [[Chief of Staff, Army Staff]]
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Japan Ground Self Defense Force Emblem JGSDF.png|100px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Emblem
}}
The '''Imperial Japanese Army''' ('''IJA'''; {{lang|ja|大日本帝国陸軍}}, ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'') is the land warfare branch of the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]. The IJA was formed in 1871 from the domain armies during the [[Meiji Restoration]], where they played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during that period. The IJA would participate in numerous conflicts including the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and the [[Great War]].

The IJA operates under the command of the Chief of Army Staff, currently General [[Kazunari Serizawa]]. They are primarily tasked with defending the Japanese home islands from any potential foreign military invasion as well as aiding in {{w|disaster relief}} operations. In 2025, the IJA numbered 350,000 active personnel, making it the largest of the three service branches. In 2021, the Japanese government announced a plan to increase the number of active troops in the army from 200,000 to 530,000 by 2028 due to the increased tensions in the Indo-Pacific.
==History==
''See also: {{w|Military history of Japan}} and {{w|Imperial Japanese Army}}''
===20th Century===
Following [[Surrender of Japan|the conclusion]] of the [[Pacific War]] in 1938 and the acceptance of the Great War's end, the {{W|Imperial Japanese Army}} was reduced in size along with the {{W|Imperial Japanese Navy}}, tasked with a limited policing role and aiding in reconstruction efforts. In their place were foreign military forces primarily of the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]] with further support from the [[British Armed Forces]] and the [[British Commonwealth]], the [[Reichswehr]], elements from the [[Astorian Armed Forces]] and [[South African Armed Forces]], and [[Free Portugal|Free Portuguese]] troops, all of whom assumed the responsibility of the external defense of Japan.

The onset of the [[Cold War]] placed Japan in an unenviable position as Communist revolutions broke out in [[China]] and [[Manchuria]]. The [[Chinese Civil War]] and the later [[Manchu Revolution]] saw the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Communist Party of Manchuria]] rebel against the western-backed governments in both countries and required significant involvement as a result. These revolutions led to a rexpansion of the IJA at the request of the Sierran government. Initially with 10,000 total men, the IJA grew to 150,000 personnel by the start of the 1950s. At this time, new communist states had emerged in {{W|East Asia}} in the form of the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Manchu People's Republic]] along with the emergence of an independent [[Indonesia]] under the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] following their victory in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] and the rise of communism in a recently independent [[Korea]]. With new communist states emerging and the threat from the [[Communist Bloc]] growing, the [[Diet of Japan]] approved the National State Military and Defense Act on 3 May 1954, leading to a rearmament of the Imperial Japanese Army along with the rest of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, in addition to the creation of a separate [[Imperial Japanese Air Force|Air Force]] branch..
===Cold War===
===21st Century===
[[File:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. (8839463294).jpg|thumb|Japanese Army tanks at a military training ground.]]
[[File:JGSDF with Type 89.webp|thumb|Japanese soldiers with Type 89 rifles during a training exercise with the [[Sierran Royal Marines]] in southern Sierra, 2017.]]
[[File:05 006 R 自衛隊記念日観閲式(Parade of Self-Defense Force) 45.jpg|thumb|IJA Soldiers during the State Armed Forces parade, 2010.]]
[[File:A US Marine Corps (USMC) Marine, Security Detail, Camp Foster, Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa, Japan, signals to his NCOIC that the driver of a suspicious v - DPLA - 615d9f4a5aba5698dddf5114f1b67281.jpeg|thumb|IJA personnel observing a South African soldier at the {{w|Camp Foster|Ginowan Barracks}}, [[Okinawa Garrison (South Africa)|Okinawa Garrison]] conducting a vehicle inspection during a security detail]]
==Organization==
The IJA falls under the Ground Component Command, headed by the Chief of Staff (typically a four-star general). Its duties in peacetime mostly consisting of administrative and logistical tasks, including the formulation of military doctrine, but during wartime would take command of the IJA's Armies. The Ground Component Command would coordinate with other branches through the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces during operations or deployments, while the direct operational command of the troops falls to regional army, division, and brigade level commanders.

Combat forces are organized into regional armies, each tasked with defending certain parts of the country. Divisions and brigades are mostly combined arms formations of infantry, armor, artillery, and combat support units, such as engineering and anti-air defense. Although most units are organized into regional armies, a Central Readiness Force was established in 2011 under the direct command of the Ground Staff, with the goal of constant combat-readiness in the event of it being deployed to respond to emergency situations or to defend and support [[League of Nations]] humanitarian missions.

===Tactical structure===
*[[File:Ground Component Command (transparent background).png|30px]] '''''Ground Component Command''''' (Shinjuku, Tokyo)
**[[File:JGSDF Central Readiness Force.svg|23px]] '''Central Readiness Force''' (Camp Asaka, Tokyo)
***[[File:JGSDF 1st Airborne Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)|1st Airborne Brigade]]''', at Camp Narashino in Funabashi, Chiba
***[[File:Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade.png|23px]] '''[[Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade]]''', at Camp Ainoura in Sasebo, Nagasaki
***'''[[1st Helicopter Brigade]]''', at Camp Kisarazu in Kisarazu, Chiba
**[[File:JGSDF Northern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Northern Army (Japan)|Northern Army]]''' (Sapporo, Hokkaido)
***[[File:JGSDF 2nd Division.svg|23px]] '''[[2nd Division (Japan)|2nd Division]]''', in Asahikawa, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 7th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[7th Division (Japan)|7th Division]]''', in Chitose, Hokkaidō.
***'''1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade''', at Camp Higashi in Chitose, Hokkaidō.
***'''[[1st Artillery Brigade (Japan)|1st Artillery Brigade]]''', at Camp Kita Chitose in Chitose, Hokkaido.
***'''3rd Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Eniwa in Eniwa, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 5th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[5th Brigade (Japan)|5th Brigade]]''', at Camp Obihiro in Obihiro, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 11th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[11th Brigade (Japan)|11th Brigade]]''', at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo
**[[File:JGSDF North Eastern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[North Eastern Army (Japan)|North Eastern Army]]''' (Sendai, Miyagi)
***[[File:JGSDF 6th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[6th Division (Japan)|6th Division]]''', in Higashine, Yamagata.
***[[File:JGSDF 9th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[9th Division (Japan)|9th Division]]''', in Aomori, Aomori.
***'''2nd Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Funaoka in Shibata, Miyagi.
**[[File:JGSDF Eastern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Eastern Army (Japan)|Eastern Army]]''' (Asaka, Saitama)
***[[File:JGSDF 1st Division.svg|23px]] '''[[1st Division (Japan)|1st Division]]''', in Nerima.
***[[File:JGSDF 12th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[12th Brigade (Japan)|12th Brigade]]''' (Air Assault), at Camp Soumagahara in Shintō, Gunma.
***'''1st Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Koga in Koga, Ibaraki.
**[[File:JGSDF Middle Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Central Army (Japan)|Central Army]]''' (Itami, Hyōgo)
***[[File:JGSDF 3rd Division.svg|23px]] '''[[3rd Division (Japan)|3rd Division]]''', in Itami.
***[[File:JGSDF 10th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[10th Division (Japan)|10th Division]]''', in Nagoya.
***[[File:JGSDF 13th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[13th Brigade (Japan)|13th Brigade]]''', in Kaita, Hiroshima.
***[[File:JGSDF 14th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[14th Brigade (Japan)|14th Brigade]]''', in Zentsūji, Kagawa.
***'''4th Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Okubo in Uji, Kyoto
**[[File:JGSDF Western Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Western Army (Japan)|Western Army]]''' (Kumamoto, Kumamoto)
***[[File:JGSDF 4th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[4th Division (Japan)|4th Division]]''', in Kasuga, Fukuoka.
***[[File:JGSDF 8th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[8th Division (Japan)|8th Division]]''', in Kumamoto.
***[[File:JGSDF 15th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[15th Brigade (Japan)|15th Brigade]]''', in Naha, Okinawa.
***'''2nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade''', at Camp Iizuka in Iizuka, Fukuoka.
***'''5th Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Ogōri in Ogōri, Fukuoka.

==Capabilities ==
===Personnel and training===
[[Image:JGSDF 22nd Inf. official.jpg|thumb|JSA soldiers from the 22nd Infantry Regiment train with [[Sierran Royal Army|K.S. Army]] soldiers in a bilateral exercise at Fort Irwin in October 2008]]

[[Image:Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force_(JGSDF)_Flag_-_Orient_Shield_2017_Opening_Ceremony.png|thumb|JSA soldiers and [[Conference of American States|CAS]] soldiers participate in the Orient Shield 2017 opening ceremony at Camp New Yokotsuka, Sept. 11, 2017]]

Basic training for academy graduates takes place in the training brigades and lasts six months. Specialized enlisted and {{w|non-commissioned officer}} (NCO) candidate courses are available in branch academies and qualified NCOs can enter an eight-to-twelve-week officer candidate program. Senior NCOs and graduates of an eighty-week NCO pilot course were eligible to enter officer candidate course, along with graduates of the [[Japan National Defense Academy|National Defense Academy]] at {{w|Yokosuka}} and graduates of all four-year universities. Advanced technical, flight, medical and command and staff officer courses are also ran by the army. Like the [[Japanese State Navy|navy]] and [[Japanese State Air Force|air force]], the army runs a youth {{w|cadet}} program offering technical training to secondary school graduates below military age in return for a promise of enlistment.

Because of population density and urbanization on the Japanese islands, only limited areas are available for large-scale training, and, even in these areas, noise restrictions are extensive. The army has adapted to these conditions by conducting command post exercises, map manoeuvres, investing in simulators and other training programs, as well as conducting live fire exercises on {{w|Iwo Jima|Iwo To}} and overseas at locations such as the {{w|Fort Irwin|Fort Irwin NTC}} in [[Sierra]].

The army has two reserve components: the rapid reserve force (即応予備制度) and the general reserve force (一般予備制度). Members of the rapid reserve force train 30 days a year. Members of the general reserve train five days a year. As of December 2007, there were 10,725 members of the rapid-reaction reserve component and 30,404 members of the main reserve component.

===Equipment===

{{Main|Equipment of the Imperial Japanese Army}}

<gallery class="center" widths="170px" heights="100px">
Image:Type10MBT.jpg| {{w|Type 10|Type 10 Main Battle Tank}}
File:Firing Type 90 tank.jpg|{{w|Type 90 Kyū-maru|Type 90 Main Battle Tank}}
File:JGSDF Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle(26-6348) left front view at Camp Nihonbara October 1, 2017 02.jpg|{{w|Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle}}
File:JGSDF_type_87_Self-Propelled_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_02.jpg|{{w|Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun|Type 87 Self-propelled Anti-aircraft Gun}}
File:JGSDF APC Type 96 at JGSDF Camp Shimoshizu 02.jpg|{{w|Type 96 Armored Personnel Carrier}}
File:Running JGSDF Type89 IFV at JGSDF Review of Troops.jpg|{{w|Mitsubishi Type 89 IFV|Type 89 Infantry Fighting Vehicle}}
File:Japanese - Type 87 Scout - 1.jpg|{{w|Type 87 ARV|Type 87 Armoured Recon and Patrol Vehicle}}
File:AH-64D_%26_AH-1S.JPG|JGSDF {{w|AH-64D}} & {{w|AH-1S}}
File:99式自走155mmりゅう弾砲_(8464256105).jpg|{{w|Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer}}
File:Type_12_Surface-to-Ship_Missile.jpg|{{w|Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Missile}}
</gallery>
==Ranks==
===Officers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!NATO code!!OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||colspan="2"|OF-1
|-
!Rank!!幕僚長たる陸将!!陸将!!陸将補
!1等陸佐!!2等陸佐!!3等陸佐
!1等陸尉!!2等陸尉!!3等陸尉
|-
!English translation!!{{W|Four-star rank#Japan|General}}!!{{W|Lieutenant general}}!!{{W|Major general#Japan|Major general}}
!{{W|Colonel}}!!{{W|Lieutenant colonel}}!!{{W|Major}}
!{{W|Captain (armed forces)|Captain}}!!{{W|First lieutenant}}!!{{W|Second lieutenant}}
|-
!Insignia Type A （甲階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Type B （乙階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Miniature Type （略章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|}

===Warrant officers & enlisted===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!NATO code!!OR-9!!OR-8!!OR-7!!OR-6!!OR-5!!OR-3!!OR-2!!OR-1!!OR-D
|-
!Rank!!准陸尉!!陸曹長!!1等陸曹!!2等陸曹!!3等陸曹
!陸士長!!1等陸士!!2等陸士!!自衛官候補生
|-
!English translation!!{{W|Sergeant major|Warrant officer}}!!{{W|Master sergeant|Sergeant major}}!!{{W|Sergeant first class|Master sergeant}}!!{{W|Staff sergeant|Sergeant first class}}!!{{W|Sergeant}}!!{{W|corporal|Leading private}}!!{{W|Private (rank)|Private first class}}!!{{W|Rekrut|Private}}!!Self defense official cadet
|-
!Insignia Type A （甲階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF self defence official cadet insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Type B （乙階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF self defence official cadet insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Miniature Type （略章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||No insignia
|}

==See also==
*[[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]
*[[Ranks and insignia of the Japanese State Armed Forces]]
*[[Ministry of Defense (Japan)]]
*[[List of equipment of the Imperial Japanese Army]]

{{Japanese Armed Forces}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Attribution notices|
{{En-WP attribution notice|Japan Ground Self Defense Force}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Imperial Japanese Army}}
}}
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Army|*]]
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Armies by country]]

Japanese State Army

2025-06-07T23:17:16Z

Deleted user: Facelift

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Update}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Imperial Japanese Army
| native_name = 大日本帝國陸軍
| image = File:Flag of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.svg
| caption = Flag of the Imperial Japanese Army and Armed Forces
| start_date = {{Start date and age|1871|df=yes}}
| dates =
| country = {{flag|Japan}}
| allegiance = {{w|Emperor of Japan}}
| branch =
| type = {{w|Army}}
| role = {{w|Land warfare}}
| size = 460,000 active personnel 1 million reserve personnel
| command_structure = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Japan Self-Defense Forces.svg|size=23px}} [[Japanese State Armed Forces]]
| garrison = {{w|Ichigaya}}, {{w|Shinjuku}}, {{w|Tokyo}}, [[Japan]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colours = Red, White and Gold
| colours_label =
| march = {{w|Review March|Review March (分列行進曲)}} {{audio|1-01 分列行進曲.ogg|Play}}
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours = 
| website = [https://www.mod.go.jp/gsdf/ https://www.mod.go.jp/rikugun/]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg}} {{w|Naruhito}}
| commander1_label = {{w|Emperor of Japan}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Standard of the Prime Minister of Japan.svg}} [[Prime Minister of Japan|PM]] [[Kazuma Amamiya]]
| commander2_label = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon image|Standard of the Minister of Defence of Japan.svg}} [[Tourei Saito]]
| commander3_label = [[Minister of Defense (Japan)|Minister of Defense]]
| commander4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Staff, Joint Staff (JSDF).svg}} {{w|Military ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces#Ground self-defense force|General}} [[Saburo Kobayashi]]
| commander4_label = [[Chief of Staff, Joint Staff]]
| commander5 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chief of Staff of the Ground Self-Defense Force (Japan).svg}} {{w|Military ranks and insignia of the Japan Self-Defense Forces#Ground self-defense force|General}} [[Kazunari Serizawa]]
| commander5_label = [[Chief of Staff, Army Staff]]
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Japan Ground Self Defense Force Emblem JGSDF.png|100px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Emblem
}}
The '''Imperial Japanese Army''' ('''IJA'''; {{lang|ja|大日本帝国陸軍}}, ''Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun'') is the land warfare branch of the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]. The IJA was formed in 1871 from the domain armies during the [[Meiji Restoration]], where they played a central role in Japan’s rapid modernization during that period. The IJA would participate in numerous conflicts including the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], and the [[Great War]].

The IJA operates under the command of the Chief of Army Staff, currently General [[Kazunari Serizawa]]. They are primarily tasked with defending the Japanese home islands from any potential foreign military invasion as well as aiding in {{w|disaster relief}} operations. In 2025, the IJA numbered 350,000 active personnel, making it the largest of the three service branches. In 2021, the Japanese government announced a plan to increase the number of active troops in the army from 200,000 to 530,000 by 2028 due to the increased tensions in the Indo-Pacific.
==History==
''See also: {{w|Military history of Japan}} and {{w|Imperial Japanese Army}}''
===20th Century===
Following [[Surrender of Japan|the conclusion]] of the [[Pacific War]] in 1938 and the acceptance of the Great War's end, the {{W|Imperial Japanese Army}} was reduced in size along with the {{W|Imperial Japanese Navy}}, tasked with a limited policing role and aiding in reconstruction efforts. In their place were foreign military forces primarily of the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]] with further support from the [[British Armed Forces]] and the [[British Commonwealth]], the [[Reichswehr]], elements from the [[Astorian Armed Forces]] and [[South African Armed Forces]], and [[Free Portugal|Free Portuguese]] troops, all of whom assumed the responsibility of the external defense of Japan.

The onset of the [[Cold War]] placed Japan in an unenviable position as Communist revolutions broke out in [[China]] and [[Manchuria]]. The [[Chinese Civil War]] and the later [[Manchu Revolution]] saw the [[Chinese Communist Party]] and [[Communist Party of Manchuria]] rebel against the western-backed governments in both countries and required significant involvement as a result. These revolutions led to a rexpansion of the IJA at the request of the Sierran government. Initially with 10,000 total men, the IJA grew to 150,000 personnel by the start of the 1950s. At this time, new communist states had emerged in {{W|East Asia}} in the form of the [[People's Republic of China]] and the [[Manchu People's Republic]] along with the emergence of an independent [[Indonesia]] under the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] following their victory in the [[Indonesian National Revolution]] and the rise of communism in a recently independent [[Korea]]. With new communist states emerging and the threat from the [[Communist Bloc]] growing, the [[Diet of Japan]] approved the National State Military and Defense Act on 3 May 1954, leading to a rearmament of the Imperial Japanese Army along with the rest of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, in addition to the creation of a separate [[Imperial Japanese Air Force|Air Force]] branch..
===Cold War===
===21st Century===
[[File:Japan Ground Self-Defense Force. (8839463294).jpg|thumb|Japanese Army tanks at a military training ground.]]
[[File:JGSDF with Type 89.webp|thumb|Japanese soldiers with Type 89 rifles during a training exercise with the [[Sierran Royal Marines]] in southern Sierra, 2017.]]
[[File:05 006 R 自衛隊記念日観閲式(Parade of Self-Defense Force) 45.jpg|thumb|IJA Soldiers during the State Armed Forces parade, 2010.]]
[[File:A US Marine Corps (USMC) Marine, Security Detail, Camp Foster, Marine Corps Base (MCB) Camp Smedley D. Butler, Okinawa, Japan, signals to his NCOIC that the driver of a suspicious v - DPLA - 615d9f4a5aba5698dddf5114f1b67281.jpeg|thumb|IJA personnel observing a South African soldier at the {{w|Camp Foster|Ginowan Barracks}}, [[Okinawa Garrison (South Africa)|Okinawa Garrison]] during a vehicle inspection during a security detail]]
==Organization==
The IJA falls under the Ground Component Command, headed by the Chief of Staff (typically a four-star general). Its duties in peacetime mostly consisting of administrative and logistical tasks, including the formulation of military doctrine, but during wartime would take command of the IJA's Armies. The Ground Component Command would coordinate with other branches through the Joint Staff of the Armed Forces during operations or deployments, while the direct operational command of the troops falls to regional army, division, and brigade level commanders.

Combat forces are organized into regional armies, each tasked with defending certain parts of the country. Divisions and brigades are mostly combined arms formations of infantry, armor, artillery, and combat support units, such as engineering and anti-air defense. Although most units are organized into regional armies, a Central Readiness Force was established in 2011 under the direct command of the Ground Staff, with the goal of constant combat-readiness in the event of it being deployed to respond to emergency situations or to defend and support [[League of Nations]] humanitarian missions.

===Tactical structure===
*[[File:Ground Component Command (transparent background).png|30px]] '''''Ground Component Command''''' (Shinjuku, Tokyo)
**[[File:JGSDF Central Readiness Force.svg|23px]] '''Central Readiness Force''' (Camp Asaka, Tokyo)
***[[File:JGSDF 1st Airborne Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[1st Airborne Brigade (Japan)|1st Airborne Brigade]]''', at Camp Narashino in Funabashi, Chiba
***[[File:Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade.png|23px]] '''[[Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade]]''', at Camp Ainoura in Sasebo, Nagasaki
***'''[[1st Helicopter Brigade]]''', at Camp Kisarazu in Kisarazu, Chiba
**[[File:JGSDF Northern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Northern Army (Japan)|Northern Army]]''' (Sapporo, Hokkaido)
***[[File:JGSDF 2nd Division.svg|23px]] '''[[2nd Division (Japan)|2nd Division]]''', in Asahikawa, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 7th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[7th Division (Japan)|7th Division]]''', in Chitose, Hokkaidō.
***'''1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade''', at Camp Higashi in Chitose, Hokkaidō.
***'''[[1st Artillery Brigade (Japan)|1st Artillery Brigade]]''', at Camp Kita Chitose in Chitose, Hokkaido.
***'''3rd Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Eniwa in Eniwa, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 5th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[5th Brigade (Japan)|5th Brigade]]''', at Camp Obihiro in Obihiro, Hokkaidō.
***[[File:JGSDF 11th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[11th Brigade (Japan)|11th Brigade]]''', at Camp Makomanai in Sapporo
**[[File:JGSDF North Eastern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[North Eastern Army (Japan)|North Eastern Army]]''' (Sendai, Miyagi)
***[[File:JGSDF 6th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[6th Division (Japan)|6th Division]]''', in Higashine, Yamagata.
***[[File:JGSDF 9th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[9th Division (Japan)|9th Division]]''', in Aomori, Aomori.
***'''2nd Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Funaoka in Shibata, Miyagi.
**[[File:JGSDF Eastern Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Eastern Army (Japan)|Eastern Army]]''' (Asaka, Saitama)
***[[File:JGSDF 1st Division.svg|23px]] '''[[1st Division (Japan)|1st Division]]''', in Nerima.
***[[File:JGSDF 12th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[12th Brigade (Japan)|12th Brigade]]''' (Air Assault), at Camp Soumagahara in Shintō, Gunma.
***'''1st Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Koga in Koga, Ibaraki.
**[[File:JGSDF Middle Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Central Army (Japan)|Central Army]]''' (Itami, Hyōgo)
***[[File:JGSDF 3rd Division.svg|23px]] '''[[3rd Division (Japan)|3rd Division]]''', in Itami.
***[[File:JGSDF 10th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[10th Division (Japan)|10th Division]]''', in Nagoya.
***[[File:JGSDF 13th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[13th Brigade (Japan)|13th Brigade]]''', in Kaita, Hiroshima.
***[[File:JGSDF 14th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[14th Brigade (Japan)|14th Brigade]]''', in Zentsūji, Kagawa.
***'''4th Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Okubo in Uji, Kyoto
**[[File:JGSDF Western Army.svg|23px]] '''[[Western Army (Japan)|Western Army]]''' (Kumamoto, Kumamoto)
***[[File:JGSDF 4th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[4th Division (Japan)|4th Division]]''', in Kasuga, Fukuoka.
***[[File:JGSDF 8th Division.svg|23px]] '''[[8th Division (Japan)|8th Division]]''', in Kumamoto.
***[[File:JGSDF 15th Brigade.svg|23px]] '''[[15th Brigade (Japan)|15th Brigade]]''', in Naha, Okinawa.
***'''2nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Brigade''', at Camp Iizuka in Iizuka, Fukuoka.
***'''5th Engineer Brigade''', at Camp Ogōri in Ogōri, Fukuoka.

==Capabilities ==
===Personnel and training===
[[Image:JGSDF 22nd Inf. official.jpg|thumb|JSA soldiers from the 22nd Infantry Regiment train with [[Sierran Royal Army|K.S. Army]] soldiers in a bilateral exercise at Fort Irwin in October 2008]]

[[Image:Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force_(JGSDF)_Flag_-_Orient_Shield_2017_Opening_Ceremony.png|thumb|JSA soldiers and [[Conference of American States|CAS]] soldiers participate in the Orient Shield 2017 opening ceremony at Camp New Yokotsuka, Sept. 11, 2017]]

Basic training for academy graduates takes place in the training brigades and lasts six months. Specialized enlisted and {{w|non-commissioned officer}} (NCO) candidate courses are available in branch academies and qualified NCOs can enter an eight-to-twelve-week officer candidate program. Senior NCOs and graduates of an eighty-week NCO pilot course were eligible to enter officer candidate course, along with graduates of the [[Japan National Defense Academy|National Defense Academy]] at {{w|Yokosuka}} and graduates of all four-year universities. Advanced technical, flight, medical and command and staff officer courses are also ran by the army. Like the [[Japanese State Navy|navy]] and [[Japanese State Air Force|air force]], the army runs a youth {{w|cadet}} program offering technical training to secondary school graduates below military age in return for a promise of enlistment.

Because of population density and urbanization on the Japanese islands, only limited areas are available for large-scale training, and, even in these areas, noise restrictions are extensive. The army has adapted to these conditions by conducting command post exercises, map manoeuvres, investing in simulators and other training programs, as well as conducting live fire exercises on {{w|Iwo Jima|Iwo To}} and overseas at locations such as the {{w|Fort Irwin|Fort Irwin NTC}} in [[Sierra]].

The army has two reserve components: the rapid reserve force (即応予備制度) and the general reserve force (一般予備制度). Members of the rapid reserve force train 30 days a year. Members of the general reserve train five days a year. As of December 2007, there were 10,725 members of the rapid-reaction reserve component and 30,404 members of the main reserve component.

===Equipment===

{{Main|Equipment of the Imperial Japanese Army}}

<gallery class="center" widths="170px" heights="100px">
Image:Type10MBT.jpg| {{w|Type 10|Type 10 Main Battle Tank}}
File:Firing Type 90 tank.jpg|{{w|Type 90 Kyū-maru|Type 90 Main Battle Tank}}
File:JGSDF Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle(26-6348) left front view at Camp Nihonbara October 1, 2017 02.jpg|{{w|Type 16 Maneuver Combat Vehicle}}
File:JGSDF_type_87_Self-Propelled_Anti-Aircraft_Gun_02.jpg|{{w|Type 87 self-propelled anti-aircraft gun|Type 87 Self-propelled Anti-aircraft Gun}}
File:JGSDF APC Type 96 at JGSDF Camp Shimoshizu 02.jpg|{{w|Type 96 Armored Personnel Carrier}}
File:Running JGSDF Type89 IFV at JGSDF Review of Troops.jpg|{{w|Mitsubishi Type 89 IFV|Type 89 Infantry Fighting Vehicle}}
File:Japanese - Type 87 Scout - 1.jpg|{{w|Type 87 ARV|Type 87 Armoured Recon and Patrol Vehicle}}
File:AH-64D_%26_AH-1S.JPG|JGSDF {{w|AH-64D}} & {{w|AH-1S}}
File:99式自走155mmりゅう弾砲_(8464256105).jpg|{{w|Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer}}
File:Type_12_Surface-to-Ship_Missile.jpg|{{w|Type 12 Surface-to-Ship Missile}}
</gallery>
==Ranks==
===Officers===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!NATO code!!OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||colspan="2"|OF-1
|-
!Rank!!幕僚長たる陸将!!陸将!!陸将補
!1等陸佐!!2等陸佐!!3等陸佐
!1等陸尉!!2等陸尉!!3等陸尉
|-
!English translation!!{{W|Four-star rank#Japan|General}}!!{{W|Lieutenant general}}!!{{W|Major general#Japan|Major general}}
!{{W|Colonel}}!!{{W|Lieutenant colonel}}!!{{W|Major}}
!{{W|Captain (armed forces)|Captain}}!!{{W|First lieutenant}}!!{{W|Second lieutenant}}
|-
!Insignia Type A （甲階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Type B （乙階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Miniature Type （略章）
|[[File:JGSDF General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major General insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Colonel insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Lieutenant Colonel insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Major insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Captain insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF First Lieutenant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Second Lieutenant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|}

===Warrant officers & enlisted===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!NATO code!!OR-9!!OR-8!!OR-7!!OR-6!!OR-5!!OR-3!!OR-2!!OR-1!!OR-D
|-
!Rank!!准陸尉!!陸曹長!!1等陸曹!!2等陸曹!!3等陸曹
!陸士長!!1等陸士!!2等陸士!!自衛官候補生
|-
!English translation!!{{W|Sergeant major|Warrant officer}}!!{{W|Master sergeant|Sergeant major}}!!{{W|Sergeant first class|Master sergeant}}!!{{W|Staff sergeant|Sergeant first class}}!!{{W|Sergeant}}!!{{W|corporal|Leading private}}!!{{W|Private (rank)|Private first class}}!!{{W|Rekrut|Private}}!!Self defense official cadet
|-
!Insignia Type A （甲階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (a).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF self defence official cadet insignia (a).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Type B （乙階級章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (b).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF self defence official cadet insignia (b).svg|55px]]
|-
!Insignia Miniature Type （略章）
|[[File:JGSDF Warrant Officer insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant Major insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Master Sergeant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant First Class insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Sergeant insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]
|[[File:JGSDF Leading Private insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private First Class insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||[[File:JGSDF Private insignia (miniature).svg|55px]]||No insignia
|}

==See also==
*[[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]
*[[Ranks and insignia of the Japanese State Armed Forces]]
*[[Ministry of Defense (Japan)]]
*[[List of equipment of the Imperial Japanese Army]]

{{Japanese Armed Forces}}
{{Collapsible list|title=Attribution notices|
{{En-WP attribution notice|Japan Ground Self Defense Force}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Imperial Japanese Army}}
}}
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Army|*]]
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Armies by country]]

Sierran Crown Armed Forces

2025-06-07T19:04:30Z

Deleted user: Facelifting Part 1

{{Icons|C-class|Altverse II}}
{{Outdated}}
{{Infobox national military
|country = Kingdom of Sierra
|name = Sierran Crown Armed Forces ({{W|English language|en}})
|native_name = Fuerzas Armadas de la Corona de Sierra ({{W|Spanish language|es}}) Forces armées de la courrone du Sierra ({{W|French language|fr}}) 黄金王国武装部队 ([[Tondolese language|tn]]) 黄金王国武装部队 ({{W|Chinese language|zh}}) Lực lượng Vũ trang Sierra ({{W|Vietnamese language|vn}}) 시에라의 국군 ({{W|Korean language|kr}}) Sierrisch Krone Streitkräfte ({{W|German language|de}}) シエラ軍 ({{W|Japanese language|ja}})
|image = [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces.svg|200px]]
|caption = Emblem of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces, bearing 5 of the 6 uniformed branches' own emblems
|image2 = [[File:Flag of Sierra (military).svg|100px]]
|caption2 = Military flag of Sierra
|founded = January 1, 1859 ({{Age in years and days|1859|1|1}})
|current_form =
|disbanded =
|branches = [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Army.svg|25px]] [[Sierran Royal Army]] [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Navy.svg|25px]] [[Sierran Royal Navy]] [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Air Force.svg|25px]] [[Sierran Royal Air Force]] [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Marines.svg|25px]] [[Sierran Royal Marines]] [[File:Emblem of the Sierran Royal Coast Guard.svg|25px]] [[Sierran Royal Coast Guard]] [[Sierran Royal Space Force]]  [[Sierran Provincial Guard]] (reserve)
|headquarters = Pendleton Military Center, [[Laguna]], [[Sierra|K.S.]]
|flying_hours =

|commander-in-chief = [[Elizabeth II]]
|commander-in-chief_title= [[Monarchy of the Kingdom of Sierra|Commander-in-chief]]
|minister = {{Sierra PM}}
|minister_title = [[Supreme Field Marshal of Sierra|Supreme Field Marshal]]
|commander = [[Preston Bolivar]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child=yes
|title =
|data1 = Gen. [[Mike Bennett|Sir Mike Bennett]], SRA
|label1 = [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]]
|data2 = Gen. Kevin Chu, SRN
|label2 = Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff
}}
|commander_title = [[Minister of Defense (Sierra)|Minister of Defense]]

|age = 17 - 45
|conscription = No during peacetime, possible in times of war and national emergency; all males between 18–35 required to register with the Selective Service System
|manpower_data =
|manpower_age = 17–45
|available =
|fit =
|reaching =
|active = 1,022,000
|ranked =
|reserve =
|deployed = 120,000

|amount = $391.985 billion
|percent_GDP = 5.5%

|domestic_suppliers =
|foreign_suppliers =
|imports =
|exports =

|history = [[Military history of the Kingdom of Sierra]]
{{hidden
|''List of engagements''
| headerstyle=background:#b0c4de
| style=text-align:center;
|[[Sierran Indian Wars]] [[War of Contingency]] [[Sierran Civil War]] [[Spanish–American War]] [[Han–Sierran War]] [[Mexican Revolution]] [[Little Civil War]] [[Great War I]] [[Great War II]] [[Vietnam War]] [[Colombia War]] [[Syrian Civil War]]
}}
|ranks = [[Ranks and insignia of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]
}}
The '''Sierran Crown Armed Forces''' (also known as '''Her Royal Majesty's Armed Forces''', the '''Sierran Armed Forces''', or '''SCAF''') are the {{W|armed forces}} of the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] consisting of five professional service branches: the [[Sierran Royal Army|Royal Army]], the [[Sierran Royal Navy|Royal Navy]], the [[Sierran Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]], the [[Sierran Royal Marine Corps|Royal Marines Corps]], the [[Sierran Royal Space Force|Royal Space Force]], and the [[Sierran Royal Coast Guard|Royal Coast Guard]]. In addition, it includes the reserve component of the Armed Forces, the [[Sierran Provincial Guard]]. Although the [[Royal Cyber Defense Force]] is a uniformed service branch involved with military matters, it is not officially considered a part of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces due to its noncombatant nature (in the traditional sense), although its importance and role has grown considerably since its foundation in 2008.

Sierra maintains the third largest military budget in the world with $391.985 billion (5.5% of the national GDP) spent by the government on the SCAF in 2017, and the second largest armed forces in size in the [[Conference of American States]] (CAS), with over 603,000 active personnel and 538,000 reserve personnel. Its budget has enabled it to maintain significant technological advancement and defensive capabilities, including the fourth largest nuclear arsenal and deterrent in the world. Although {{W|conscription}} has historically been enforced during times of war, mandatory service for able-bodied male citizens and K.S. residents between the age of 18 and 35 was discontinued in 1977. Since then, the SCAF has relied on enlistment entirely on paid volunteers, although male citizens are still required to register with Sierra's Selective Service lottery system, in the event conscripted enlistment is needed. Female citizens have never been conscripted or required to serve in the military, but are not barred from service. In 2017, women constituted 14% of the SCAF's total personnel (active and reserved), including combatant and non-combatant positions.

Whereas the [[Monarchy of Sierra|Queen]] is the constitutional {{W|commander-in-chief}} to whom members of the SCAF swear allegiance to, actual military powers associated with the Queen are held by the [[Prime Minister of Sierra]], through their capacity as the [[Supreme Field Marshal of Sierra]]. Military administration, policy, and strategy is developed and controlled by the civilian [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Ministry of Defense]], which is headed by the Minister of Defense. The [[Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]] consists of the SCAF's senior uniformed leaders who provide advisory counsel to the Queen and Prime Minister. Operational command is divided into the regional unified combatant commands, each led by a commander who reports directly to the civilian secretaries of the Ministry of Defense. Units throughout the country are assigned to one of these commands.

Although the primary purpose and function of the SCAF is to provide military defense and national security for Sierra domestically and internationally, it also engages in peacekeeping missions, {{W|disaster relief}}, {{W|economic development|economic construction}}, military research, and under certain circumstances, {{W|law enforcement}}. The SCAF also maintains a large civilian workforce through its internal bureaucracy and private contractors, playing an important role to the national economy. As of 2017, over 2.5 million Sierran civilians were involved in the defense industry, working under or with the SCAF.

Sierra is one of the seven {{W|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty|recognized nuclear powers}}, a permanent member on the [[League of Nations Security Council]], is a founding member of the [[Trans-Pacific Allied Community]], is a member of the {{W|North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}, and a major contributor to the collective defense of the Conference of American States. Overseas bases and facilities are maintained at numerous international locations, including those in [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Germany]], [[Tondo]], {{W|Japan}}, {{W|Kuwait}}, and {{W|Qatar}}.

==History==
{{Sierra government}}

The Sierran Crown Armed Forces' creation coincide with the promulgation of the Kingdom of Sierra through the [[Constitution of Sierra|Constitution of 1858]]. The need for a {{W|standing army}} was essential to ensure that the new nation stabilize and maintain authority across the largely lawless {{W|backcountry|backwater}} territories Sierra owned. Under the previous government, the {{W|California Republic}}, there was no official permanent military force. The government relied solely on paramilitary organizations and civilian bands to provide for national defense, mostly from Indians and the possible threat of American or Mexican invaders. When the kingdom was formed, the government needed to prevent the outbreak of a potential {{W|civil war}} due to the possibility of the divided military factions vying for new political goals. It would took nearly five years before the Sierran Crown Armed Forces was finally deemed a singularly potent and cohesive entity after concessions were made to resistant groups who then swore allegiance to the Crown.

On January 6, 1859, Parliament established both the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines Corps simultaneously through Acts of Parliament. Most of the initial ships provided for the Navy were simply retrofitted steamboats and {{W|clipper|clippers}} that were brought over by civilians from the United States. The first domestic vessel manufactured and commissioned for use by the Navy was the {{W|ironclad warship|ironclad}} ''HRHS Sequoia''. The first naval engagements of Sierra were conducted over the conquest of [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]], a small group of {{W|Pacific Ocean|Pacific}} islands and the [[Rapa Nui]] island in 1861 and 1862 respectively.

The {{W|Second Industrial Revolution}} paired with economic growth spurred the modernization of the Sierra Crown Armed Forces. Committed towards a policy of semi-{{W|isolationism}}, it was understood that the forces were kept solely to defend the kingdom in case the United States or another foreign power decided to invade it. Domestically, the Armed Forces saw belligerent action against various Indian tribes during the 1860s, mainly to force natives out of their lands to allow Sierran civilians to settle. The first major engagement the Armed Forces faced was the [[War of Contingency]] (1866-68) when Sierra and Brazoria came in defense of [[Federal Republic of Missouri|Missouri]] when the [[United Commonwealth]] invaded it, during a campaign to restore the recently fallen {{W|United States}}. Sierran forces initially only supplied war supplies, but by 1867, the SCAF had halted Commonwealth advances, and pushed back eastward, eventually defeating the Commonwealth at the [[Battle of Salinas]]. The war allowed SCAF to earn its right as a fully capable and competent force. A few years later, the SCAF was once again in combat in the [[Sierran Civil War]] (1874–77) when [[Isaiah Landon]], a [[San Joaquin]]ian [[Senate of Sierra|senator]] led an insurrection against the Kingdom, and established the self-declared [[Second California Republic]]. The three-year war was the first to directly, truly test Sierra's long-term military and technological capabilities, and resulted in over 75,000 casualties, 26,000 of which were fatalities. The bloodiest war in Sierran history, the war marked an end to impromptu militias. The creation of the [[Sierran Provincial Guard|Provincial Guard]] did not emerge until the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] however, against the backdrop of the [[Continental Revolutionary War]].

Near the turn of the 19th century, the SCAF gained new victories overseas, defeating the Spanish in the [[Spanish–American War]] over the Tondolese island of Mindanao, in 1898. Sierra fought against the Tondolese insurgents who objected to Sierran occupation of Mindanao and influence over the rest of the Tondolese archipelago in the [[Han–Sierran War]], winning in 1902, creating the [[Sierran East Indies]].

==Structure and organization==

At the head of the Armed Forces is the [[Monarchy of the Kingdom of Sierra|Monarch]] who serves as the {{W|commander-in-chief}} and the source of loyalty expressed by the forces' personnel. Immediately below the monarch is the [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sierra|prime minister]] who leads the Armed Forces at the behalf of the Monarch. Securing the title of [[Supreme Field Marshal of Sierra|Supreme Field Marshal]], the Prime Minister is in effect, the highest-ranking military official in the Armed Forces.

In the federal framework of the government, the [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Ministry of Defense]], headed by the Minister of Defense, has oversight, authority, and responsibility over national security and defense. As a result, the Armed Forces are subordinate to the Ministry and is one of the main bodies the Ministry presumes jurisdiction over. It is the Ministry in which day-to-day operations and administration of the Armed Forces is conducted by as opposed to the Prime Minister or Monarch. Aside from the Minister of Defense, the [[Royal Security Council]] serve as the top military advisers to the Prime Minister. Serving simultaneously as four-star generals, the chiefs of staff also have oversight over their respective branches. It is the five branches of the Armed Forces: the [[Sierran Royal Army]], the [[Sierran Royal Navy]], the [[Sierran Royal Air Force]], the [[Sierran Royal Marines]], and the [[Sierran Royal Coast Guard]], that compose the Armed Forces.

===Royal Army===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Army}}
The Sierran Army is the largest of the branches and is responsible for {{W|army|land-based military operations}}, tasked with preserving the peace and security as well as the provision of defense for the Kingdom, the provinces, her territories, her allies, and any other lands under control by Sierra. In 2024, the Army had 435,142 active personnel and 141,253 reserve personnel, for a total of 576,395 personnel.

The army is headed by a [[Chief of Staff of the Sierran Royal Army|Chief of Army Staff]], currently Field Marshal [[Peter Ford]]. The position of Chief of Army Staff is typically held by a General or Field Marshal. The Army is organized into 14 divisions (9 infantry, 2 armoured, 2 airborne, 1 cavalry), spread across 6 corps. All army personnel are equipped with state-of-the-art equipment and receive extensive training prior to active duty. The Army has possession of about 2,900 tanks, 2,700 armored fighting vehicles (including amphibious ones), 6,100 artillery pieces, 50 guided missile systems, and 700 helicopters.
===Royal Navy===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Navy}}
The Sierran Navy is responsible for conducting naval and amphibious landing operations. In 2024, the Navy had 264,113 active personnel and 42,338 reserve personnel. A {{W|blue-water navy}}, the Navy is capable of exerting power across the high seas globally. The Navy is in possession of seven {{W|aircraft carrier|aircraft carriers}}, thirteen {{W|amphibious assault ship|amphibious assault ships}}, eighteen {{W|cruiser|cruisers}}, thirty-two {{W|destroyer|destroyers}}, four {{W|frigate|frigates}}, six {{W|corvette|corvettes}}, nine auxiliary ships, twenty-three {{W|submarine|submarines}}, and one hundred fifty-six aircraft commissioned specifically for the Navy.

The Navy is organized into six components: the Fleet Forces Command, the Naval Forces Asian-Pacific (NAVFAP), the Naval Forces Atlantic-Indian (NAVFAI), the Naval Intelligence Command (NAVINCOM), the Logistical Support Command (NAVLOGCOM), and the Special Warfare Command (NAVSPECWARCOM). As of 2014, the Navy has five active fleets: the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Fleets. Even numbered fleets are both assigned to NAVFAP, while odd-numbered fleets are assigned to NAVFAI. All fleets are headed by a {{w|Vice Admiral}} with the exception of the 5th Fleet, which is headed by a {{W|Rear Admiral}}.

===Royal Air Force===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Air Force}}
The Sierran Air Force is responsible for conducting aerial warfare, providing logistical support for the other branches, and overseeing missile defense. The Air Force operates over 3,200 aircraft (including {{W|reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance}}), 250 {{W|intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBMs}} (both {{W|cruise missile|conventional}} and the 135 active {{W|nuclear weapon|nuclear warheads}}), and 17 {{W|satellite|satellites}}.

The Air Force is organized into ten different commands: Air Combat Command, Pacific Air Command, European-African Air Command, Air Force Special Forces Command, Air Recruitment and Training Command, Air Logistic and Material Support Command, Air Mobility Command, Air Force Missile Command, Air Force Space Command, and the Air Force Reserve Command–all specializing in a specific field of aerial defense. As of 2024, the Air Force had 210,806 active personnel and 32,690 reserve personnel
===Royal Marines Corps===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Marines}}
The Royal Marines Corps is responsible for providing {{W|power projection}} from the sea and exerting {{W|expeditionary warfare}}. Working closely with the Royal Navy, it is largely responsible and capable for {{W|amphibious warfare|amphibious operations}}, fighting with {{W|combined arms}}, and conducting {{W|forcible entry|forcible entries}} by land, sea, or air. 

===Royal Coast Guard===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Coast Guard}}

The Royal Coast Guard is responsible for protecting Sierra's coastal and {{W|littoral zone|littoral}} areas, maritime {{W|homeland security}} and law enforcement, conducting {{W|search and rescue}} missions, protecting the marine environment, and providing {{W|navigational aid}}. Currently, the Royal Coast Guard actively employs seventy {{W|Cutter (boat)#Customs services|cutters}}, thirty {{W|tugboat|tugboats}}, 500 other boats, and 40 specially commissioned aircraft (all {{W|helicopter|helicopters}}). 

===Space Force===
:{{Main|Sierran Royal Space Force}}
===Other bodies===

====Royal Cyber Defense Force====
:{{Main|Royal Cyber Defense Force}}

Created in 2001, the Royal Cyber Defense Force is responsible for providing {{W|military communications}} and facilitating inter-branch support for the rest of the Armed Forces. In addition, the Royal Cyber Defense Force is charged with the responsibility of conducting defensive and offensive {{W|cyberwarfare}} and {{W|cybersecurity}}, often cooperating with federal civilian intelligence/law enforcement agencies and bodies.

====Provincial Guard====
:{{Main|Sierran Provincial Guard}}

The Provincial Guard is the collective {{W|reserves military force|reserves component}} of all branches of the Sierran Crown Armed Forces and is composed of units corresponding to each province and territory in the Kingdom. As the {{W|militia}} force of Sierra, the Provincial Guard is responsible for providing the defense of the Sierran homeland at a moment's notice in case of an attack or invasion by a foreign or domestic intrusion. It is also responsible for coordinating operations with civilian law enforcement agencies or bodies in times of civil unrest. An estimated 268,600 Sierran civilians in 2013 were enlisted, trained, and prepared to fight for the Provincial Guard at any given time.

==Personnel==
As of July 1, 2020, 1,022,000 people were on active duty in the Armed Forces and an additional 638,000 served in the reserves component. Although the Armed Forces is an all-{{W|volunteer military|volunteer}} force, {{W|conscription}} for both men and women between the ages of 21 and 45 may be enacted by the [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sierra|Prime Minister]] or [[Parliament of the Kingdom of Sierra|Parliament]] in times of war through the Royal Selective Service. All citizens between the ages of 21 and 45 are automatically registered with the Service in the case of a future draft.

Like most militaries, members of the Armed Forces hold a rank, of either {{W|officer (armed forces)|officer}}, warrant, or {{W|enlisted rank|enlisted}}, to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. While ranks may vary from branch to branch, all correspond to a standardized pay grade. Non-citizens are allowed to serve in the Armed Forces but because of federal law, such persons are prohibited from obtaining commissioned or officer status.
==Weapons of mass destruction==
{{Main|Kingdom of Sierra and weapons of mass destruction}}
Sierra is one of the six recognized signatory states with nuclear weapons under the {{W|Non-Proliferation Treaty}}. As of 2015, Sierra has, at its disposal, 135 active nuclear warheads in its stockpile. The total amount of nuclear warheads remains unclear although various reports range from 250 to 1,000. Sierra has stopped producing and testing its own nuclear weapons since 1991 although it has continued conducting research surrounding its technology for non-military use.

The Royal Air Force maintains 75 land-based {{W|Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBMs}} with most of them located in the {{W|Sierra Nevada}} or the restricted military areas in [[Clark]]. 10 ''Perry''-class {{W|ballistic missile submarine}}s are equipped with up to 24 {{W|UGM-133 Trident II|Trident II}} weapons and are stationed in [[San Diego]], [[San Francisco City]], and [[Honolulu]].

==Conscription and terms of service==
{{main|Conscription in the Kingdom of Sierra}}
==Military intelligence==

==Military ranks==

==Major deployments, battles, and incidents==

==Budget==

==See also==
*[[Government of the Kingdom of Sierra]]
*[[Foreign policy of the Kingdom of Sierra]]
*[[Ministry of Defense (Kingdom of Sierra)]]
{{Sierran Crown Armed Forces}}
{{Kingdom of Sierra topics}}
[[Category:Sierran Crown Armed Forces]]
[[Category:Military of the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Federal government of the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defense (Kingdom of Sierra)]]

Template:Infobox military installation

2025-06-06T06:16:03Z

Deleted user: Hopefully this fixes it

{{infobox
| child = {{#ifeq:{{{embed|}}}|yes|yes}}
| bodyclass = vcard
| bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|main_box_raw|vcard}}
| abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| labelstyle = padding-right:1em
| headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| subheaderstyle1 = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}; font-weight:bold;
| {{#ifeq:{{{embed|}}}|yes|subheader1|above}} = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{embed|}}}|yes|<nowiki />|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}}}{{#if:{{{ensign|}}}|<div style="padding-bottom:2px">{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{ensign|}}}|size={{{ensign_size|}}}|sizedefault=90px|alt={{{ensign_alt|}}}}} {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{ensign2|}}}|size={{{ensign2_size|}}}|sizedefault=90px|alt={{{ensign2_alt|}}}}}</div>}}

| subheaderstyle2 = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| subheader2 = {{br separated entries
|1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="nickname">''{{{native_name|}}}''</div>}}
|2 = {{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="nickname">''{{{nativename|}}}''</div>}}
|3 = {{#if:{{{nativename-a|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="nickname">{{{nativename-a}}}</div>}}
|4 = {{#if:{{{nativename-r|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="nickname">{{{nativename-r}}}</div>}}
}}
| subheaderstyle3 = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|sub_header_raw}}
| subheader3 = {{#if:{{{partof|}}}| Part of {{{partof}}}}}
| subheaderstyle4 = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|sub_header_raw}}
| subheader4 = {{#if:{{{location|}}}{{{nearest_town|}}}{{{country|}}}
|{{br separated entries
|1={{{location|}}}
|2={{#if:{{{nearest_town|}}}|Near {{{nearest_town}}} }}
}} {{#if:{{{country|}}} | {{#if:{{{location|}}}{{{nearest_town|}}}|in }}{{{country}}}}}
}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{image_alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}}}
| caption = {{{caption|}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{{image2_size|}}}|sizedefault=75px|alt={{{image2_alt|{{{alt2|}}}}}}}}
| caption2 = {{{caption2|}}}

| header1 ={{#if:{{{type|}}}{{{code|}}}{{{ownership|}}}{{{owner|}}}{{{operator|}}}{{{controlledby|}}}{{{controlled by|}}}{{{controlled_by|}}}{{{open_to_public|}}}{{{condition|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{site_other|}}}{{{website|}}}|Site information}}

| label2 = Type
| data2 = {{{type|}}}

| label3 = Code
| data3 = {{{code|}}}

| label4 = Owner
| data4 = {{if empty|{{{ownership|}}}|{{{owner|}}}}}

| label5 = Operator
| data5 = {{{operator|}}}

| label6 = Controlled by
| data6 = {{if empty|{{{controlledby|}}}|{{{controlled by|}}}|{{{controlled_by|}}}}}

| label7 = Open to the public
| data7 = {{{open_to_public|}}}

| label8 = {{#if: {{{condition|}}}|Condition|Status}}
| data8 = {{if empty|{{{condition|}}}|{{{status|}}}}}

| label9 = {{#if:{{{site_other_label|}}} | {{{site_other_label}}} | Other site facilities }}
| data9 = {{{site_other|}}}

| label10 = Website
| data10 = {{{website|}}}

| header11 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{map_type|}}}{{{mapframe|}}}{{{coordinates|}}}|Location}}

| data12 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|{{{image_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{image_mapsize|}}}}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}}}
| data13 = {{#if:{{{map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}|{{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}}}

| data14 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
|{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
| label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}}}} }}
| alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}}
| coordinates = {{{coordinates|}}}
| mark = {{#if: {{{pushpin_mark|}}} | {{{pushpin_mark}}} | Red_pog.svg }}
| marksize = {{#if: {{{pushpin_marksize|}}} | {{{pushpin_marksize}}} | 10 }}
| float = center
| caption = {{{pushpin_map_caption|{{{map_caption|}}}}}}
| border = infobox
| position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}}
| width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}} | 250 }}
| relief = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{map_relief|}}}}}}
| AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}}
}}}}

| data15 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe
| auto
| onByDefault = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|}}}{{{map_type|}}}{{{map|}}}{{{image_map|}}}|no|yes}}
| mapframe-marker = observation-tower
| mapframe-frame-width = 250
}}
| data16 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe|autocaption}}

| label17 = Coordinates
| data17 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}|{{{coordinates}}} {{{coordinates_footnotes|{{{coord_footnotes|}}}}}} }}

| label18 = [[Grid reference]]
| data18 = {{{gridref|}}}

| label19 = Area
| data19 = {{{site_area|}}}

| label20 = Floor area
| data20 = {{{floor_area|}}}

| label21 = Height
| data21 = {{{height|}}}

| label22 = Length
| data22 = {{{length|}}}

| header27 = {{#if:{{{built|}}}{{{built_for|}}}{{{builder|}}}{{{architect|}}}{{{used|}}}{{{dates|}}}{{{materials|}}}{{{fate|}}}{{{demolished|}}}{{{battles|}}}{{{events|}}} | Site history }}

| label28 = Built
| data28 = {{{built|}}}

| label29 = Built for
| data29 = {{{built_for|}}}

| label30 = Built by
| data30 = {{{builder|}}}

| label31 = Architect
| data31 = {{{architect|}}}

| label32 = In use
| data32 = {{if empty|{{{used|}}}|{{{dates|}}}}}

| label33 = Materials
| data33 = {{{materials|}}}

| label34 = Fate
| data34 = {{{fate|}}}

| label35 = Demolished
| data35 = {{{demolished|}}}

| label36 = Battles/wars
| data36 = {{{battles|}}}

| label37 = Events
| data37 = {{{events|}}}

| header38 = {{#if:{{{commander|}}}{{{current_commander|}}}{{{past_commanders|{{{commanders|}}}}}}{{{garrison|}}}{{{occupants|}}} | Garrison information }}

| label39 = Current commander
| data39 = {{if empty|{{{current_commander|}}}|{{{commander|}}}}}

| label40 = Past commanders
| data40 = {{if empty|{{{past_commanders|}}}|{{{commanders|}}}}}

| label41 = Garrison
| data41 = {{{garrison|}}}

| label42 = Occupants
| data42 = {{{occupants|}}}

| label43 = Designations
| data43 = {{{designations|}}}

| header44 = {{#if:{{{subcritical_tests|}}}{{{nuclear_tests|}}}{{{thermonuclear_tests|}}}{{{other_tests|}}}{{{remediation|}}} | Test information }}

| label45 = [[Subcritical]] tests
| data45 = {{{subcritical_tests|}}}

| label46 = [[Nuclear fission|Nuclear]] tests
| data46 = {{{nuclear_tests|}}}

| label47 = [[Nuclear fusion|Thermonuclear]] tests
| data47 = {{{thermonuclear_tests|}}}

| label48 = {{#if:{{{other_tests_label|}}} | {{{other_tests_label}}} | Other tests }}
| data48 = {{{other_tests|}}}

| label49 = [[Environmental remediation|Remediation]]
| data49 = {{{remediation|}}}


| data50 = {{#if:{{{image3|}}}|
{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image3|}}}|size={{{image3_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{image3_alt|{{{alt3|}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{caption3|}}}|<div>{{{caption3|}}}</div>}}}}


| header51 = {{#if:{{{r1-number|}}}{{{r1-length|}}}{{{r1-surface|}}}{{{h1-number|}}}{{{h1-length|}}}{{{h1-surface|}}}{{{airfield_other|}}}{{{elevation|}}}{{{IATA|}}}{{{ICAO|}}}{{{FAA|}}}{{{TC|}}}{{{LID|}}}{{{GPS|}}}{{{WMO|}}} |Airfield information}}



| label52 = Identifiers
| data52 = {{comma separated entries
|1= {{#if:{{{IATA|}}} | [[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: {{{IATA|}}}}}
|2= {{#if:{{{ICAO|}}} | [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|ICAO]]: {{{ICAO}}}}}
|3= {{#if:{{{FAA|}}} |[[Location identifier#FAA identifier|FAA LID]]: {{{FAA}}}}}
|4= {{#if:{{{TC|}}} | [[Location identifier#Transport Canada identifier|TC LID]]: {{{TC}}}}}
|5= {{#if:{{{LID|}}}| [[Location identifier|LID]]: {{{LID}}}}}
|6= {{#if:{{{GPS|}}}| [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]: {{{GPS}}}}}
|7= {{#if:{{{WMO|}}}| [[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO]]: {{{WMO}}}}}
}}

| label53 = Elevation
| data53 = {{#if:{{{elevation|}}} |{{{elevation}}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] }}

| data54 = {{#if: {{{r1-number|}}} {{{r1-length|}}} {{{r1-surface|}}}|
<table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;">
<tr style="background-color: #ddd">
<th colspan=2 style="font-weight:normal; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 1px 0;">Runways</th>
</tr><tr style="background-color: #ddd; text-align: left;">
<th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 25%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 0;padding:1px 2px;">[[Runway#Orientation and dimensions|Direction]]</th>
<th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 75%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 0 0 1px;padding:1px 2px;">Length and surface</th>
</tr><tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r1-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r1-length}}} {{{r1-surface}}}</td>
</tr>{{#if:{{{r2-number|}}} {{{r2-length|}}} {{{r2-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r2-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r2-length}}} {{{r2-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r3-number|}}} {{{r3-length|}}} {{{r3-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r3-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r3-length}}} {{{r3-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r4-number|}}} {{{r4-length|}}} {{{r4-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r4-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r4-length}}} {{{r4-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r5-number|}}} {{{r5-length|}}} {{{r5-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r5-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r5-length}}} {{{r5-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r6-number|}}} {{{r6-length|}}} {{{r6-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r6-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r6-length}}} {{{r6-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r7-number|}}} {{{r7-length|}}} {{{r7-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r7-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r7-length}}} {{{r7-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r8-number|}}} {{{r8-length|}}} {{{r8-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r8-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r8-length}}} {{{r8-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}{{#if:{{{r9-number|}}} {{{r9-length|}}} {{{r9-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{r9-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{r9-length}}} {{{r9-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}</table>}}

| data55 = {{#if: {{{h1-number|}}} {{{h1-length|}}} {{{h1-surface|}}}|
<table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;">
<tr style="background-color: #ddd">
<th colspan=2 style="font-weight:normal; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 1px 0;">Helipads</th>
</tr><tr style="background-color: #ddd; text-align: left;">
<th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 25%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 0; padding:1px 2px;">Number</th>
<th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 75%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 0 0 1px; padding:1px 2px;">Length and surface</th>
</tr>
{{#if:{{{h1-number|}}} {{{h1-length|}}} {{{h1-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h1-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h1-length}}} {{{h1-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}
{{#if:{{{h2-number|}}} {{{h2-length|}}} {{{h2-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h2-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h2-length}}} {{{h2-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}
{{#if:{{{h3-number|}}} {{{h3-length|}}} {{{h3-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h3-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h3-length}}} {{{h3-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}
{{#if:{{{h4-number|}}} {{{h4-length|}}} {{{h4-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h4-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h4-length}}} {{{h4-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}
{{#if:{{{h5-number|}}} {{{h5-length|}}} {{{h5-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h5-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h5-length}}} {{{h5-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}
{{#if:{{{h6-number|}}} {{{h6-length|}}} {{{h6-surface|}}}|
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center;">{{{h6-number|}}}</td>
<td style="text-align: left;">{{{h6-length}}} {{{h6-surface}}}</td>
</tr>}}</table>}}

| label56 = {{#if:{{{airfield_other_label|}}} | {{{airfield_other_label}}} | Other airfield facilities }}
| data56 = {{{airfield_other|}}}

| header60 = {{{nrhp|{{{embedded|{{{module|}}}}}}}}}

| belowstyle = text-align: left; background-color: #eee
| below = {{{footnotes|}}}
}}{{<includeonly>safesubst:</includeonly>#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|ignoreblank=y|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox military installation]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"
| embed | name| designations| ensign| ensign_size| ensign_alt| ensign2| ensign2_size| ensign2_alt| native_name| nativename| nativename-a| nativename-r|partof| location| nearest_town| country| image| image_size| image_alt| alt| caption| image2| image2_size| image2_alt| alt2| caption2| map| image_map |map_size| image_mapsize| map_alt| image_map_alt| map_caption| image_map_caption| pushpin_map| map_type| pushpin_label_position| pushpin_label| pushpin_map_alt| pushpin_mark| pushpin_marksize| pushpin_mapsize| pushpin_relief| map_relief| pushpin_image| pushpin_map_caption| coordinates| coordinates_footnotes| gridref| type| code| site_area| height| length| ownership| owner| operator| controlledby| controlled by| controlled_by| open_to_public| condition| status| site_other| website| site_other_label| built| built_for| builder| architect| used| dates |materials| fate| demolished| battles| events| current_commander| past_commanders| garrison| occupants| subcritical_tests| nuclear_tests| thermonuclear_tests| other_tests| remediation| other_tests_label| image3| image3_size| image3_alt| alt3| caption3| r1-number| r1-length| r1-surface| h1-number| h1-length| h1-surface| airfield_other| elevation| IATA| ICAO| FAA| TC| LID| GPS| WMO| r2-number| r2-length| r2-surface| r3-number| r3-length| r3-surface| r4-number| r4-length| r4-surface| r5-number| r5-length| r5-surface| r6-number| r6-length| r6-surface| r7-number| r7-length| r7-surface| r8-number| r8-length| r8-surface| r9-number| r9-length| r9-surface| h2-number| h2-length| h2-surface| h3-number| h3-length| h3-surface| h4-number| h4-length| h4-surface| h5-number| h5-length| h5-surface| h6-number| h6-length| h6-surface| airfield_other_label| |nrhp |embedded |module| footnotes | mapframe | mapframe-area_km2 | mapframe-area_mi2 | mapframe-caption | mapframe-coord | mapframe-coordinates | mapframe-custom | mapframe-frame-coord | mapframe-frame-coordinates | mapframe-frame-height | mapframe-frame-width | mapframe-geomask | mapframe-geomask-fill | mapframe-geomask-fill-opacity | mapframe-geomask-stroke-color | mapframe-geomask-stroke-colour | mapframe-geomask-stroke-width | mapframe-height | mapframe-id | mapframe-length_km | mapframe-length_mi | mapframe-marker | mapframe-marker-color | mapframe-marker-colour | mapframe-point | mapframe-shape | mapframe-shape-fill | mapframe-shape-fill-opacity | mapframe-stroke-color | mapframe-stroke-colour | mapframe-stroke-width | mapframe-switcher | mapframe-width | mapframe-wikidata | mapframe-zoom
}}{{#if:{{#if:{{both|{{{ownership|}}}|{{{owner|}}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{both|{{{condition|}}}|{{{status|}}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{both|{{{used|}}}|{{{dates|}}}}}|1}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with unknown parameters|Δ]]
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|.*
.*|CHECK|plain=false}}|CHECK|[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with unknown parameters|Ε]]
}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}

</noinclude>

Colombia War

2025-05-29T07:17:21Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Colombia War ''Guerra de Colombia'' {{Nobold|({{W|Spanish language|Spanish}})}}
| width =
| partof = [[Latin American Wars]] and the [[Cold War]]
| image = Colombia War collage.png
| caption = '''Clockwise from top left''': Aftermath of the [[Bogotá embassy incident]], a Senderista guerilla inspecting the bodies of civilians after the [[Medellín massacre]], [[Sierran Royal Army|SRA]] combat operations in Panama, the arrival of [[Camilo Velázquez]] in Bogotá, and the Senderistas meeting [[Revolutionary Continental Army|RCA]] troops at the [[Battle of Caracas]]
| date = 14 February 1969 – 23 November 1976 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=14|year1=1969|month2=11|day2=23|year2=1977}})
| place = [[United People's Committees]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Andean victory
*Withdrawal of Sierra's coalition's forces from the Andes
*Marxist forces consolidate power in the Andes
*Start of the [[Andean boat people|boat people]] crisis
| combatant1 = {{Plainlist}}
*'''{{flag|United People's Committees}}'''
<hr>
*[[Andes Liberation Action Party]]
*[[Communist Party of the Andes|Sendero Luminoso]]
*[[Andean People's Army]]
<hr>
*'''{{flag|United Commonwealth}}'''
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics|Iberian Union]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Democratic Republic of Italy|Italy]]
*{{Flagicon|Brazoria|landonist}} [[Brazorian People's Republic|Brazoria]]
*{{flag|Bolivia}}
*{{Flag|Mexico}}
*'''Supported by:'''
*[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22x20px|border]] [[People's Republic of China|China]]
*{{Flag|Egypt}}
*[[File:Flag of the PESA.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Equatorial States]]
*[[File:Flag of Libyan Jamahiriya.png|22x20px|border]] [[Libya]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| combatant2 = {{Plainlist}}
*'''{{W|National Front (Colombia)|National Front}}'''
<hr>
**[[File:Flag of the Gran Colombia.svg|22x20px|border]] [[Gran Colombian Government in Exile]]
**[[File:Bandera del Partido Conservador Colombiano.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Colombian Conservative Party|Conservadores}}
**[[File:Bandera del Partido Liberal Colombiano.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Colombian Liberal Party|Liberales}}
<hr>
*'''{{flag|Kingdom of Sierra}}'''
*{{flag|Antilles}}
*{{flag|Superior}}
*{{flag|Astoria}}
*{{flag|West Indies}}
*{{flag|Manitoba}}
*{{flag|Brazil}} (1969–1974)
*{{flag|South Africa}} (from 1973)
*'''Supported by:'''
*{{flag|Tondo}}
*[[File:Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg|22x20px]] [[United Kingdom]]
*{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Free Portugal]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}The '''Colombia War''' ({{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''Guerra de Colombia''), also known as the '''Andean War''' (Spanish: ''Guerra andina''), and in the United People's Committees as the '''Sierran Intervention in the Andes''' (Spanish: ''Intervención serrana en los Andes'') or the '''War Against Sierran Imperialism''' (Spanish: ''Guerra contra el imperialismo serrano''), was a conflict in the [[United People's Committees]] from 14 February 1969 to 23 November 1977 after Sierran coalition forces withdrew and the National Front surrendered to the Andes Liberation Action Party in Antioquia. The United People's Committees was supported by the [[United Commonwealth]], the [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics|Iberian Union]], [[Italy]], and other Marxist and [[Landonism|Landonist]] allies; the {{W|National Front (Colombia)|National Front}} was supported by the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], [[Superior]], [[Astoria]], and other anti-Marxist and anti-Landonist countries. The war is considered a {{W|proxy war}} of the [[Cold War]] and lasted over 8 years, and is sometimes included with the preceding [[Colombian Civil War]] as part of the larger-scale [[Latin American Wars]].

The conflict originated from the political turmoil and infighting in [[Gran Colombia]], under the National Front, which occurred during the 1960s. In October 1968, a peasant uprising in Ayacucho inspired similar nationwide rebellions, starting the Colombian Civil War. The civil war lasted two years, resulting with the victory of the Andes Liberation Action Party, and the establishment of people's committees throughout the country. Sierra backed regime change in the region and sought to restore control over Gran Colombia under the National Front. Initially, Sierra covertly supported anti-government and reactionary forces in the United People's Committees through [[Royal Intelligence Agency|RIA]] activities. By 1970, Sierra escalated its military involvement from covert spies to military advisors. A {{W|false flag}} attack on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá was used as pretext for Sierra to intervene militarily, which increased its presence to actual troops. Initial troop levels were 15,000, before rising to 50,000 by 1972. Sierra continued to gradually increase its military presence to over 200,000 troops.

Sierra and its coalition forces pursued a military strategy based on conventional, urban-style offensives, and relied {{W|aerial superiority}}, including {{W|airstrike}}s and use of {{W|herbicide}}. The Andes Liberation Action Party engaged in conventional warfare with the opposing forces, while {{W|Sendero Luminoso}} relied on {{W|guerrilla warfare}}, retaining control over the Andes' jungle and rural areas, and evading detection by Sierran search and destroy missions and operations.

The [[Medellín massacre]] and similar events turned public opinion on the Sierran home front increasingly away from supporting the war. As progress stalled, Sierran military advisors' concerns grew that the war would be unwinnable and the growing number of casualties and costs were getting more difficult to justify continued operations. Sierra began working on an exit strategy based on [[Kovrov Stoyanovich]]'s Vietnamization, which would increase training and armament for the Gran Colombian counterinsurgency, while Sierra would decrease its presence in the region. Sierra completely withdrew its forces after the signing of the [[Kingston Accords]] on 2 February 1976, months into the anti-war government of [[Kirk Siskind]]. Following a breakdown in negotiations between the Andean revolutionary government and the counterinsurgency, the revolutionary government recaptured Bogotá, the Colombian highlands, and Peru, ending the war.

==Background==
The racial aspect of the politicized {{W|Casta}} system (incorporated and codified into law regarding voting rights and immigration in 1923) would become even more extreme when the [[Derzhavism|derzhavist]]-leaning military dictator [[Luis Sanchez]] seized power in a coup d'état in 1935. Racial and social segregation would shape the Colombian society until the end of the [[Great War]] in which Colombia gave material support and volunteer forces to the Derzhavist-aligned countries, first and foremost the [[Fourth French Republic]]. Due to the official neutrality of Colombia Sanchez' regime was not immediately deposed, but was forced to give concessions to the liberal opposition which included a reduction of restrictions regarding freedom of speech and economic reforms. The segregationist system however was kept in place, with moderate reforms that increased civil rights for {{W|Mestizos}} with "majority white ancestry", and an official distinction between "civilized Indians" and "uncivilized Indians", the former consisting of people's that ruled over the historic {{W|Inca Empire}}. By 1952 the Sanchez regime was internationally isolated and all exports apart from coffee and oil decreased, causing an economic crisis. Even though Sanchez was not deposed immediately, he eventually resigned in late 1958. During his attempt to flee the country into [[Central America]] he was recognized by partisans with him alongside his family and was executed. The corpses of Sanchez and his wife and sons were hung upside-down at a nearby gas station.

By 1959 the [[Federal Republic of Colombia]] was established and the segregation had been abolished, but the new inexperienced government (primarily made up of politicians of the previously tolerated opposition of the Liberal Party and the reestablished Conservatives) failed to quickly stabilize the economically troubled country. The small scale campaigns by the [[Communist Party of the Andes|communists]] that occurred since 1955 escalated into the [[Colombian Civil War]] starting in 1960. The Civil War overlapped in large parts with the Colombia War (until about 1967 when the federal government went into exile). After the seizure of the vast oil fields in Venezuela and the occupation of tin and copper mines in Peru in 1969 and 1970 respectively, the Colombia Civil War drew the attention of [[Sierra|Sierran]] and [[Brazoria|Brazorian]] investors, who lost their property and began lobbying their governments for an intervention in the Civil War.

This coincided with the general ''Containment'' strategy of Sierran foreign politics which aimed to limit the influence of {{W|Marxism}} and [[Landonism]] on the global scale and a general support of the [[United Commonwealth]] towards the National Action Party, a coalition of various fractured left-wing groups present in the Colombian Parliament after the Second Great War. The NAP would officially break from the National Front in 1964 when victory on the side of the Rebels, most notably the [[Communist Party of the Andes|National Liberation Action]], became more and more apparent.

==Timeline==

===Bogotá embassy incident===
{{Main|Bogotá embassy incident}}
[[File:Beirutembassy.jpg|thumb|250px|Aftermath of the false flag operation on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá]]
On 9 September 1970, the [[Royal Intelligence Agency|RIA]] executed a pseudo-operation raid on the Sierran embassy in Bogotá, which had been heavily fortified and spared from the unrest during the Colombian Civil War. While Sierra continued to recognize the Gran Colombian government-in-exile, it maintained its operations in the Andes to ostensibly establish a working relationship with the new regime. Although the embassy security were informed of the plans, the embassy staff without security clearances were not, including the embassy's chargé d'affaires Chris Wilkens. The RIA recruited local Andean right-wing paramilitary personnel, as well as its own agents to pose as armed partisans from the National Action Party and Sendero Luminoso. They were instructed to stage an attack on the embassy, and blend in with the general populace, by inciting and leading a riot to storm the embassy. More than 100 men were involved in the incident and dozens of more civilians who were coaxed into the act participated. The building was breached and the embassy staff were secretly evacuated, but their disappearance was staged as kidnappings. The embassy was vandalized and partially damaged from explosion and fires due to the use of improvised explosives and burning material.

In 2010, the [[National Communications and Signals Agency|NCSA]] released a declassified report which revealed that the attack was a false flag operation which was orchestrated by the RIA and done with approval by the [[Joint Chiefs of the Defense Staff]], as well as Prime Minister Walter Zhou.

Following the attack, Sierran media covered the event prolifically, while public demonstrations were held outside the former Gran Colombian embassy in Porciúncula, demanding the Andean government apprehend the attackers responsible for the incident and to secure the safety of the Sierran embassy staff. The attack was first portrayed as an act of terrorism by the Zhou government, before it began labeling the incident as an act of war by the Andean government for its apparent delay in condemning the attack and purported responsibility for the attack. Prime Minister Zhou pushed Parliament to declare war on Andes, but was later dissuaded by national security advisors who argued that declaring war could potentially bring the United Commonwealth into the conflict. Policymakers and military intelligence worried that an official entry into war would likely violate the terms of the [[New Orleans Accords]], which Sierra had signed with the United Commonwealth to maintain a tenuous, fragile working relationship since the end of [[Great War I]], and precariously led during [[Great War II]] as two of the leading Allied co-belligerents. The New Orleans Accords forbade the signatory parties from entering wars in the Western Hemisphere, although this was provably ignored once already during the Sierran intervention in the North Mexican insurgency in 1968. Meanwhile, the [[North American Amity Treaty]] was the primary non-aggression pact signed between Sierra and the United Commonwealth specifically, which encouraged parties to resolve disputes diplomatically and discourage engaging in security measures which would "escalate tensions" between them.

Public opinion overwhelmingly favored war in the Andes, and the Royalist government was dominated by war hawks who favored a containment strategy to limit the spread of Marxism and Landonism internationally. In order to avoid the legal implications of a formal declaration of war, Parliament approved the [[Andes Resolution]], which authorized Prime Minister Zhou to use conventional military force in the Andes, including armed forces, to protect the "integrity of Gran Colombia", in pursuance to the 1962 security agreement signed between the two governments. The resolution formed the basis for Sierra's involvement in the Andes and freed up legal barriers Zhou would have faced if he went down the traditional route to war.

===Counterinsurgency in Peru===

Although Peru was a hotbed for revolutionary activity and was the domestic homeland for the Senderistas, large portions of Peru remained under ''de facto'' control by anticommunist forces, including those whose allegiance remained loyal to the Gran Colombian Government in Exile and the National Front. The Senderistas and the Andean revolutionary government were generally popular among the Peruvian peasantry due to resentment towards the policies of the previous regime, but there was a prominent minority which opposed them. Landlords who had their property confiscated were another group of Peruvians who joined the counterinsurgency, in an effort to regain control over their private landholdings. The {{W|Department of Loreto|Loreto Department}} in the Amazon Basin and the {{W|Department of Cuzco|Cuzco Department}} were particularly significant as one of the few remaining holdouts for the Liberales and Conservadores in the southern Andes, prior to Sierra's intervention. Throughout the rest of Peru, infighting continued, including around the Lima area, between the Andean revolutionary government and reactionary counterinsurgents. In addition to the regular forces of the National Force, the {{W|Ronda Campesina|Rondas Campesinas}} and Grupo Colina fought against the Andean government, committing acts of terrorism, sabotage, and guerilla war tactics. Sierran and Anglo-American intelligence activity was comparatively more extensive in Peru than elsewhere, and the Sierran government originally conspired to back a movement for Peruvian independence prior to the Colombian Civil War. During the onset of the Colombia War, this possibility was raised again with serious issue as Sierran military strategists identified Peru as a region of interest to support and base its initial ground operations.

===Capture of Galápagos Islands and Salinas landings===
[[File:A4D-2_Skyhawks_of_VA-34_in_flight_over_USS_Essex_(CVS-9)_during_the_Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion_in_April_1961.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Overstars S-9 Phoenixes from HRMS ''Glencoe'' flying sorties over the Galápagos and heading towards the Andean mainland]]
On 2 November 1970, 2,500 K.S. [[Sierran Royal Marines|Royal Marines]] landed on the Galápagos Islands, off the coast of the Ecuadorian Andes. This marked the beginning of Sierran ground involvement and the islands were captured with almost no resistance due to the sparse civilian population and virtual lack of military presence. The Sierran Crown Armed Forces made plans to convert the islands into the center of base operations, which would include the [[Sierran Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] and the [[Sierran Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] stationing there. Within an hour of the landing on the Galápagos, the Sierran Royal Army and Marines made their first mainland landing on a beachhead near {{W|Salinas, Ecuador|Salinas}}.

The initial objectives for Sierran ground deployment and invasion in Ecuador and Peru was to defend key areas where the counterinsurgency was the strongest. Sierran military commanders intended to secure major cities including Quito and Lima, and to restore Gran Colombia's governmental control in the region. Although Sierran commanders and troops were seasoned with coastal land operations and naval engagements, there were less experienced in sustained inland operations. The mountainous and forested terrain of the southern Andes proved difficult to navigate and was the first indication of trouble for the Sierran forces. Relying on superior airpower from the Sierran Royal Air Force and Brazorian Air Force, more than 200 distinct locations were targeted and bombed. Significant bombardment, which had begun prior to Sierran landing, was particularly heavy in the region between Quito and Guayaquil where many of the Andean People's Army bases were stationed. There were initial concerns by General
[[Justin K. Hawley]] that attacking the densely populated cities would cripple the Andean civilian infrastructure, thereby bolstering Andean public support for the Andean government, but it was ultimately pursued.

===Invasion of Panama===

Sierran troops landed in Panama, a region which was separated from the rest of the Andes by the {{W|Darién Gap}}. It was viewed as an important location for Sierra to neutralize, as control over the Panamanian isthmus included control over the {{W|Panama Canal}}. The canal itself was originally constructed and maintained by the United Commonwealth and the [[Northeast Union]], but Continental control discontinued following the [[Continental Revolutionary War]], and Northeastern presence was effectively removed following the [[Northeastern Revolution]]. Interest in Sierran control over international trade between the Pacific and the Atlantic spurned Sierra to construct the [[Nicaragua Canal]] while the Panama Canal was being excavated.

===Battle in the Highlands===
The Battle in the Highlands (also known as the Highland front) was the first counterattack of the Andean government and the Sendero Luminoso militias against the Peruvian counter insurgency in 1970, mostly taking place in the southern Cuzco Department and the {{W|Department of Puno}}. Though called ''battle'' colloquially the highland campaign consisted of a series of raids and advancements towards the anti-government stronghold in Cusco that lasted until the city was captured in early 1972. The Senderista militias used their stronghold in Ayacucho as their headquarters and rallied support from the locals to fight against the National Front and the anti-Landonist vigilant groups without direct connection to the Government in Exile called ''Fuerzas Autodefensas Colombianas'' (Colombian Self-Defense Forces, FAC) which were formed by the well situated farmers and the urban middle class, particularly by those of white and/or Hispanic descent as well as remainders of the [[National Salvation Party|Partido del Salvataje Nacional]] the ruling party of the former [[Derzhavism|Derzhavist]] regime between 1935 to 1966.
The first attack started in May of 1970 when Senderista and People's Army troops left Ayacucho and overwhelmed the National Front in {{W|Calca, Peru|Calca}}. Casualties were comparatively heavy during the first stage of the highland front, with at least 300 losses on the side of the pro-government forces, the National losses are unknown but estimated to range from 100 to 150. The city was seized by Senderista militias within two days. Further air raids by the Sierran and Brazorian Air Forces proved to be difficult, as the Senderista headquarters were either hidden in civilian buildings or at places high in the mountains which were difficult to reach for both air and land troops that weren't used to this environment. Guerrilla tactics caused heavy casualties on both sides and many civilian victims. The highland campaign saw one of the first large war crimes of the war, when the then commander of the Sendero Luminoso in Peru, [[Rafael Guzmán|Commandante Gonzalo]] ordered the arrest and execution of land owners, often including some of the plantation overseers as well.

==War crimes==

==Aftermath==

==In popular culture==

==See also==
*[[Opposition to Sierran involvement in the Colombia War]]
*[[Sino-Tajik War]]

{{Cold War}}
{{Sierran Crown Armed Forces}}
[[Category:Colombia War]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United People's Committees]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Wars involving Manitoba]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Wars involving Spain]]
[[Category:Wars involving Italy]]
[[Category:Wars involving Brazoria]]
[[Category:Wars involving Superior]]
[[Category:Wars involving Astoria]]
[[Category:Wars involving Brazil]]
[[Category:Wars involving South Africa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Antilles]]
[[Category:1960s conflicts]]
[[Category:1970s conflicts]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Premiership of Earl Warren]]
[[Category:Premiership of Kovrov Stoyanovich]]
[[Category:Premiership of Walter Zhou]]
[[Category:Premiership of Kirk Siskind]]

Template:Country data South Africa

2025-05-29T07:14:58Z

Deleted user:

{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}}
| alias = South Africa
| flag alias = Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg
| flag alias-otl = Flag of South Africa.svg
| flag alias-1795 = Flag of Great Britain (1707–1800).svg
| flag alias-1801 = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag alias-1857 = Flag of Transvaal.svg
| flag alias-1875 = Flag of the Natal Colony (1875–1910).svg
| flag alias-1876 = Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg
| flag alias-1902 = Flag of Orange River Colony.svg
| flag alias-1910 = South Africa Flag 1910-1912.svg
| flag alias-1912 = Red Ensign of South Africa (1912-1951).svg
| flag alias-1928 = Flag of South Africa (1928–1994).svg
| flag alias-1982 = Flag of South Africa (1982–1994).svg
| flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of South Africa.svg
| flag alias-naval-1922 = Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg
| flag alias-naval-1946 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1946-1951).svg
| flag alias-naval-1951 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1951-1952).svg
| flag alias-naval-1952 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1952-1981).svg
| flag alias-naval-1981 = Naval Ensign of South Africa (1981-1994).svg
| flag alias-marines=Naval Ensign of South Africa.svg
| link alias-marines=South African Maritime Reaction Squadron
| link alias-naval = South African Navy
| flag alias-air force = Ensign of the South African Air Force.svg
| flag alias-air force-1940 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1940-1951.svg
| flag alias-air force-1951 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1951-1958.svg
| flag alias-air force-1958 = Ensign of the South African Air Force (1958-1967, 1970-1981).svg
| flag alias-air force-1967 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1967-1970.svg
| flag alias-air force-1981 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1981-1982.svg
| flag alias-air force-1982 = Ensign of the South African Air Force (1982-1994).svg
| flag alias-air force-1994 = Ensign of the South African Air Force 1994-2003.svg
| link alias-air force = South African Air Force
| flag alias-army = Flag of the South African Army.svg
| flag alias-army-1951 = Flag of the South African Army (1951–1966).png
| flag alias-army-1966 = Flag of the South African Army (1966–1973).png
| flag alias-army-1973 = Flag of the South African Army (1973–1994).svg
| flag alias-army-1981 = Ensign of the South African Defence Force (1981-1994).svg
| flag alias-army-1994 = Flag of the South African Army (1994–2002).svg
| flag alias-army-2002 = Flag of the South African Army (2002–2003).svg
| link alias-army = South African Army
| flag alias-military = Flag of the South African National Defence Force.svg
| link alias-military = South African National Defence Force
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
<noinclude>
| var1= 1795
| var2= 1801
| var3= 1857
| var4= 1875
| var5= 1876
| var6 = 1902
| var7 = 1910
| var8 = 1912
| var9 = 1928
| var10 = 1982
| var11 = naval-1922
| var12 = naval-1946
| var13 = naval-1952
| var14 = naval-1981
| var15 = air force-1940
| var16 = air force-1951
| var17 = air force-1958
| var18 = air force-1967
| var19 = air force-1981
| var20 = air force-1982
| var21 = air force-1994
| var22 = army-1951
| var23 = army-1966
| var24 = army-1973
| var25 = army-1981
| var26 = army-1994
| var27 = army-2002
| redir1 = ZAF
| redir2 = RSA
| related1 = South African Republic
| related2 = Union of South Africa
| related3 = Cape Colony
</noinclude>
}}

Template:Country data AV2 South Africa

2025-05-29T07:14:02Z

Deleted user: Redirected page to Template:Country data South Africa

#REDIRECT [[Template:Country data South Africa]]

Template:Country data AV2 South Africa

2025-05-29T07:09:51Z

Deleted user: Created page with "{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = AV2 South Africa | flag alias = Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg | flag alias-1857 = Flag of Transvaal.svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1857 </noinclude> }}"

{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}}
| alias = AV2 South Africa
| flag alias = Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg
| flag alias-1857 = Flag of Transvaal.svg
| size = {{{size|}}}
| name = {{{name|}}}
| altlink = {{{altlink|}}}
| variant = {{{variant|}}}
<noinclude>
| var1 = 1857
</noinclude>
}}

File:Flag of South Africa (AV2).svg

2025-05-29T07:09:15Z

Deleted user:

== Licensing ==
{{self|cc-zero}}

South African Marines

2025-05-23T20:31:23Z

Deleted user:

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = South African Marines
| native_name =
| image = 1 Mrd Bde Crest Official HighRes.png
| image_size = 150
| alt =
| caption = Badge of the South African Marines
| dates = 11 August 1923-4 September 1950 (South African Corps of Marines) 
----
26 November 1971-Present
| disbanded = ''Seetroepies'' (Sea troops) ''Die Marinierskorps''' (The Marine Corps) ''Maritiemekommando's'' (Maritime commandos)
| country = [[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = {{w|Marines}}
| role = {{w|Amphibious warfare}}
| size = 70,550
* 54,650 active
* 15,900 reserve
| command_structure =
| garrison = {{w|Strandfontein}}, {{w|Cape province|Cape of Good Hope}}
| garrison_label =
| nickname = ''Die Mariniers'' (The Marines) ''Maritieme kommando's'' (Maritime commandos) ''Troepies op see'' (Troops at sea)
| patron =
| motto = ''Niemand is veilig van die Suid-Afrikaanse maritieme kommando's nie!'' (No one is safe from the South African maritime commandos!")
| colours = {{unbulleted list
|{{color box|#800000}} {{w|Maroon}}
|{{color box|#00BFFF}} {{w|Sky blue}}
}}
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = 26 February
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{bulleted list
|[[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]]
|[[Orange Rebellion]]
|[[Katanga Conflict]]
|[[Portuguese Colonial War]]
|[[Angolan Border War]]
|[[Colombia War]]
|[[South African Invasion of Seychelles]]

|[[Insurgency in German New Guinea|Papuan Emergency]]
}}
| battles_label = Engagements
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| website = [http://www.navy.mil.za mariniers.mil.za]
| commander1 = [[Tsakane Makhubela]]
| commander1_label = [[President of South Africa|President]]
| commander2 = [[Patrick Tsolakoglou]]
| commander2_label = [[Secretary of Military Affairs (South Africa)|Secretary of Military Affairs]]
| commander3 = [[I. P. van der Linde]]
| commander3_label = [[Commandant-General of the South African Armed Forces|Commandant-General SAGM]]
| commander4 = [[Admiral (South Africa)|Admiral]] [[William Sterzel]]
| commander4_label = [[Inspector of the Navy General Staff]]
| commander5 = [[General (South Africa)|General]] [[Thabo Motaung]]
| commander5_label = [[Commandant of the South African Marines|Commandant of SAM]]
| commander6 = [[Warrant Officer (South Africa)|WO1]] [[Kenny van Tonder]]
| commander6_label = [[Senior Enlisted Advisor to the South African General Staff#Marines|Senior Enlisted Marines Advisor]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:MarineBreastBadge.jpg|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Breast badge and beret insignia
}}

The '''South African Marines''' ('''SAM'''; {{w|Afrikaans language|Afrikaans}}: ''Suid-Afrikaanse Mariniers'') is the {{w|amphibious warfare arm}} of the [[South African Armed Forces]]. It is responsible for protecting South Africa's ports and naval facilities, serving as a {{w|rapid response force}} for [[South African Overseas Territory|South Africa's island territories]], and conducting {{w|expeditionary warfare|expeditionary operations}} mainly throughout the {{w|Asia-Pacific}}, fielding their own {{w|artillery}}, {{w|airborne forces|aerial}}, and {{w|special operations}} forces.

Originally formed in 1923 under the [[South African Navy]] from the Coast Garrison Force, in 1975 the South African Marines was made a separate {{w|arm of service}}. Today the South African Marines consist of 54,650 active personnel, organized into five divisions, and 15,900 reserve personnel, along with about 250 helicopters and 400 artillery guns. The South African Marines also consist of the [[South African Marines Band]] and [[Marine Special Operations Forces]] and the [[Naval Special Forces Training Centre]].

The South African Marines' motto, ''Niemand is veilig van die Suid-Afrikaanse maritieme kommando's nie!'' (No one is safe from the South African maritime commandos!"), grew out of their elite perception and actions during the [[Colombia War]] between 1973 and 1976. They also maintain a close relationship with the {{w|Royal Marines}} and the {{w|Netherlands Marine Corps}}.
==History==
===Origins and Great War===
The South African Marines can trace their origin to the Coast Garrison Force, formed in 1912 consisting of the South African Garrison Artillery and the South African Coast Defence Corps. A proper marines unit however was not established until 1923, when the '''South African Marine Corps''' ('''SAMC''') was formed as an arm of the [[South African Navy]].

SAMC would first see action during the [[Madagascar Campaign]], spearheading the assault along with British forces on the port of {{w|Antsiranana|Diego-Suarez}} in [[French State]]-controlled {{w|Madagascar}}. As the defending French Forces were poorly armed, there was virtually no resistance, and the South African and British forces would easily capture the French naval base of Antisarane. However, with Allied forces in north Madagascar, French forces mobilised 15,000 troops, about 12,000 of which were {{w|colonial troops}}, and began fortifying the island. On 21 July, the South African Marine Corps would perform a landing on {{w|Tulear}} in the south Madagascar. With mainly British forces in the north and South African forces in the south, French State forces surrendered on 29 November and the island was placed under allied control. In the end, the South Africans sustained about 1,000 casualties, 430 of which were marines.

Upon their success in Madagascar, Colonel {{w|Pieter de Waal}} advocated for the expansion of the SAMC. This was achieved with the establishment of the 1st and 2nd Marine Brigades, with De Waal promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and commanding SAMC. The next year, two more brigades were established.

The typical composition of an SAMC brigade at the time was:
* HQ Company
* Four marine battalions
* One light artillery battalion
* Two light anti-aircraft batteries
* One logistics Company

Throughout the 1950s, the SAMC conducted exercises with the {{w|Royal Marines}}, as part of De Waal's objective to train the SAMC to the same standards as those of the latter.
===Colombia War===
Alongside De Waal's goals of a well-trained {{w|amphibious warfare}} force, president [[F. J. Pienaar]] as part of his military aspirations for South Africa sought to continue building up the SAMC. In 1971, the [[Separation of the Maritime Forces Act]] was passed, establishing the South African Marines as its own {{w|arm of service}}.

That same year, South African Congress approved intervening in the [[Colombia War]] on 14 October 1973, in honour of the [[SURCA|SURCA alliance]] with Portugal. Two battalions from the 1st Marine Brigade were deployed to [[Gran Colombia]] alongside the 26 Squadron SAAF in their first combat mission as an independent branch. Prior to that, South African presence in [[Gran Colombia]] was in the form of [[Central Intelligence Organisation|CIO]] agents who have been operating in the country since 1968. While South Africa's impact on the war was arguably miniscule in comparison to [[Sierra|Sierra's]], it was the Colombia War where the South African Marines would gain their reputation as an elite fighting force after the [[Siege of Jenaro Herrera]], when South African Marines defeated 6,000 Andean soldiers while sustaining only fourteen casualties.
===South African Invasion of Seychelles===
On 13 July 1983, a coalition consisting of 800 marines and 150 from [[Madagascar]] invaded Seychelles to depose the government of [[Pierre Bergier-Le Blanc]] and restore the rule of [[Michel Prea]]. Bergier-Le Blanc, who seized power in a bloodless coup in 1979, quickly militarised Seychelles by merging the guerrillas of the [[Seychelles People's Democratic Social Movement]] (SPDSM) with the [[Seychelles Security Force|Seychelles National Defence Force]] (SNDF), forming the Seychelle People's Armed Forces (SPAF) and forming relations with the [[United Commonwealth]] and the [[United People's Committees]], whose soldiers and officers were trained in those countries.

To counter the Malagasy-South African assault, the SPAF mobilized 2,000 men, supplemented by 585 militia forces and a detachment of 266 Andean soldiers, of whom 31 were military advisors. The South African Marines landed on Pointe Au Sel, who faced off the SPAF in mostly {{w|urban warfare|urban terrain}} with low resistance due in part to the training of SPAF soldiers. Within 10 days, Prea's government was restored. The marines however maintained a presence on Seychelles until 1985, retraining the Seychellois military and reforming it as the Seychelles Security Forces.
===Current===
On 11 February 2009, South African Forces deployed to {{w|German New Guinea}} to assist German forces in fighting the [[Papua Liberation Army]]. The [[1st Division SAM]] is given responsibility for the {{w|Bismarck archipelago}}, while the Army assists German forces on the island of {{w|New Guinea}}.
==Organisation==
The South African Marines is organized into five divisions under the South African Marines Headquarters. The position of Commandant of SAM is held by a four-star general, while a position of Deputy Commandant is typically held by a three-star general. As with the rest of the [[South African Armed Forces]], the South African Marines rely on the [[South African Military Health Service]] for its medics.
==Equipment==
South African Marines are equipped the {{w|FN FAL|AG-1}} rifles as used by the [[South African Army]].
[[Category:South African Marines]]
[[Category:South African Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1923]]

List of equipment of the South African Army

2025-05-21T04:16:07Z

Deleted user: Created page with "This a list of equipment in service with the South African Army. ==Small arms== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name!! scope="col" width="350px" |Image!! scope="col" width="100em" |Country of origin!! scope="col" width="100em" |Type!! scope="col" width="80em" |Calibre!!Details |- ! colspan="6" |Handguns |- |'''{{w|CZ 75}}''' |350px |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{w|Semi-automatic pistol}} |{{w|9x23mm Steyr}} |Standard issue since 1979...."

This a list of equipment in service with the [[South African Army]].

==Small arms==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!! scope="col" width="350px" |Image!! scope="col" width="100em" |Country of origin!! scope="col" width="100em" |Type!! scope="col" width="80em" |Calibre!!Details
|-
! colspan="6" |Handguns
|-
|'''{{w|CZ 75}}'''
|[[File:CZ SP-O1 Shadow Line pistol.jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{w|Semi-automatic pistol}}
|{{w|9x23mm Steyr}}
|Standard issue since 1979.
|-
! colspan="6" |Submachine guns
|-
|'''{{w|Milkor BXP|Milkor BXS}}'''
|[[File:Milkorbxp firearm.png|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Submachine gun}}
|{{w|9x23mm Steyr}}
|Issued to rear-echelon or non-combat troops.
|-
|'''{{w|Sterling gun}}'''
|[[File:Sterling SMG.JPG|350px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{w|Submachine gun}}
|{{w|9x23mm Steyr}}
|Mainly used by military police units. In process of being replaced by the MP5 submachine gun
|-
|'''{{w|Heckler & Koch MP5}}'''
|[[File:Heckler & Koch MP5-1.jpg|350px]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|{{w|Submachine gun}}
|{{w|9x23mm Steyr}}
|Used by {{w|South African Special Forces|Recces}} and military police in MP5A4, MP5A5, and MP5SD3 variants feeding from 30 or 40-round magazines.
|-
! colspan="6" |Assault rifles and battle rifles
|-
|'''{{w|FN FAL|LSR5}}'''
|[[File:Vektor_R4.png|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Assault rifle}}
|{{w|5.56×45mm NATO|.230 British}}
|First introduced in 1980, standard issue {{w|service rifle}} since 1986. Used with 35 or 50-round magazines.
While intended to replace the LSR1, in terms of numbers the LSR5 was never issued on the same scale as the LSR1, the latter being preferred by the Army due to better range and its more powerful cartridge. Most LSR5s however are in use with the [[South African Air Force|Air Force]] and the [[South African Navy|Navy]].
|-
|'''{{w|FN FAL|LSR6}}'''
|[[File:Vektor LM5 Feb 2008.jpg|350x350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Carbine rifle}}
|{{w|5.56×45mm NATO|.230 British}}
|Carbine variant of the LSR5. Used by mechanised airborne troops.
|-
|'''{{w|FN FAL|LSR1}}'''
|[[File:FN FAL in Botswana Defence Force.jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} [[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Battle rifle}}
|{{w|.303 British|.303 Rimless}}
|South African derivative of the British {{w|FN FAL|RARDE Rifle}}.
Adopted in 1954, former service rifle of the South African Army. Largely in use by the Army including a designated marksman rifle role and by units stationed outside South Africa, particularly throughout {{w|Africa}} and the {{w|Indo-Pacific}} regions.

A variant designated the LSR2 features a foldable skeleton stock and is used by airborne units.
|-
|'''{{w|Heckler & Koch G3|CEPTA Model 58}}'''
|[[File:Automatic rifle AG-3 right.jpg|350px]]
|{{Flag|Portugal|name=Free Portugal}}
|{{w|Battle rifle}}
|{{w|.303 British|.303 Rimless}}
|Used as a {{w|designated marksman rifle}} and by overseas forces stationed in {{w|South America}}, designated as the LSR4.
|-
|'''{{w|Lee-Enfield}}'''
|[[File:Lee-Enfield Mk III (No 1 Mk 3) - AM.032056 (LHS).jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{w|Bolt action rifle}}
|{{w|.303 British}}
|SMLE No. 1 Mk III variant, used by the {{w|Cape Town Highlanders}} in ceremonial functions
|-
! colspan="6" |Machine guns
|-
|'''{{w|FN MAG|Rieder MG1}}'''
|[[File:FN MAG 58 Avalon 2025 side view (1).jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|General-purpose machine gun}}
|{{w|.303 British|.303 Rimless}}
|In service since 1962. South African derivative of the Dutch Machinegeweer M. 58, produced under license by [[Rieder Armaments Corporation]].
Supplanted by the Coetsel LOW, but is sometimes still used as a vehicle-mounted weapon or in the {{w|medium machine gun}} role.
|-
|'''{{w|Vektor SS-77|Coetsel LOW}}'''
|[[File:24- Saudi Border Guards Machine Gun (My Trip To Al-Jenadriyah 32).jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Light machine gun}}
|{{w|5.56×45mm NATO|.230 British}}
|In service since 1979.
Main automatic weapon of infantry sections. It is used with 100-round pouches or 200-round boxes from a disintegrating or non-disintegrating belt.
|-
|'''{{w|M1919 Browning|Browning MG4}}'''
|[[File:Red Baron Model M1919 - Aviation Nation 2019.jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{w|General-purpose machine gun}}
|{{w|.303 British|.303 Rimless}}
|Variant of the M1919A4 native to South Africa. A large majority of MG4s are new specimens produced by [[Sandfontein Wapenfabriek]] rather than conversions of existing M1919A4s.
Often fitted on light utility vehicles helicopters as secondary or tertiary armament. In use alongside the Rieder MG1
|-
|'''{{w|M2 Browning}}'''
|[[File:Browning-M2-batey-haosef-2-1.jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Heavy machine gun}}
|{{w|.50 BMG}}
|Produced under license by [[Coetsel]] and [[Sandfontein Wapenfabriek]].
|-
! colspan="6" |Precision rifles
|-
|'''{{w|Heckler & Koch G3|CEPTA Model 58}}'''
|[[File:HK G41 (2).jpg|350px]]
|{{Flag|Portugal|name=Free Portugal}}
|{{w|Designated marksman rifle}}
|{{w|.303 British|.303 Rimless}}
|Issued with a {{w|Hensoldt}} ZF 3.5-8×42 {{w|Telescopic sight|scope}}.
|-
|'''{{w|Accuracy International AW50}}'''
|[[File:AW 50.jpg|350px]]
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{w|Bolt action rifle}}
|{{w|.50 BMG}}
|Adopted 1997, used as both a {{w|sniper rifle}} and {{w|anti-materiel rifle}}.
|-
|'''{{w|Denel NTW-20|Coetsel AMG}}'''
|[[File:NTW-20 rifle.jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Bolt action}} {{w|anti-materiel rifle}}
|{{w|20 mm caliber|20x84mm}}{{w|20 mm caliber|20x110mm}}
|Anti-material rifle. Fed from 3-round magazine for 20x84mm and single-shot for 20x110mm.
|-
! colspan="6" |Shotguns
|-
|'''{{w|Beretta RS-202|Musgrave P100}}'''
|[[File:RS202P algerian made shotgun.jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Pump-action|Pump-action shotgun}}
|{{w|Gauge (firearms)|12 gauge}}
|Used by military police. Fitted with synthetic black furniture and an extension tube holding a total of 8 rounds.
|-
! colspan="6" |Grenade launchers
|-
|'''{{w|Milkor MGL}}'''
|[[File:40 mm granatrevolver 04.jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Grenade launcher}}
|{{w|40 mm grenade|40x46mm}}
|6-round revolving multiple grenade launcher.
|-
|'''{{w|Denel Y3 AGL|Coetsel AGL}}'''
|[[File:Y3 AGL.JPG|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Automatic grenade launcher}}
|{{w|40 mm grenade|40x56mm}}
|Belt-fed high velocity automatic grenade launcher that fires between 360 and 450 rounds per minute. Fed from a 20-round or 40-round belt.
|-
! colspan="6" |Anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapons
|-
|'''{{w|Denel FT5|Rieder MANVAT}}'''
|''No image available''
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Anti-tank rocket launcher}}
|105mm
|An anti-tank rocket launcher designed to destroy {{w|main battle tanks}}, bunkers, and {{w|fortifications}}.
MANVAT is an acronym from Afrikaans expression ''Man-draagbare, skouer-vuur, anti-tenk toestel'' (Man-portable shoulder-fired anti-tank device)
|-
|'''{{w|Type 87 Chu-MAT|Type 87 anti-tank missile}}'''
|[[File:JGSDF Type87 ATM.jpg|350px]]
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|Laser guided {{w|anti-tank missile}}
|110mm
|
|-
|'''{{w|Type 01 LMAT}}'''
|[[File:01式軽対戦車誘導弾 (8465113148).jpg|350px]]
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|{{w|Anti-tank guided missile}}
|140mm
|
|}

==Vehicles==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!! scope="col" width="350px" |Image!! scope="col" width="100em" |Country of origin!! scope="col" width="100em" |Type!! scope="col" width="80em" |Quantity!!Details
|-
! colspan="6" |Tanks
|-
|'''{{w|Challenger 2|Swartrenoster}}'''
|[[File:Challenger II.jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Main battle tank}}
|'''369''' (Active)
'''208''' (Reserve)
|The first indigenous main battle tank of South Africa. It is equipped with a L29A 127mm gun, capable of going {{convert|40|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on-road and {{convert|28|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} off-road.
In 2025, the South African Army ordered 400 new Swartrenoster tanks to equip the [[2nd (SA) Armoured Division|2nd]] and [[3rd (SA) Armoured Division|3rd Armoured Divisions]].
|-
|'''{{w|AMX-30|Seekoei}}'''
|[[File:AMX-30.JPG|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Main battle tank}}
|'''687''' (Active)
'''1,033''' (Reserve)
|A heavily modified French {{w|AMX-30}}. First commissioned in 1975, the Seekoei has been produced in four variants: '''MK1A''', '''MK1B''', '''MK2''', and '''MK3'''. In 2022, the Army began upgrading the remaining fleet of MK2s in active service to the MK3 variant.
The Seekoei tanks currently equip the 4th, 5th, and 7th Armoured Divisions.
|-
! colspan="6" |Tank destroyers
|-
|'''{{W|Rooikat}}'''
|[[File:Rooikat.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rooikat.png|350x350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{W|Reconnaissance vehicle|Armoured reconnaissance}} {{W|tank destroyer}}
|'''600'''
|The '''Rooikat''' is used for reconnaissance, aggressive search-and-destroy, anti-armour operations, combat patrols, raids, day and night hot pursuit operations.
|-
! colspan="6" |Infantry fighting vehicles
|-
|'''{{W|Ratel IFV}}'''
|[[File:Ratel 90 armyrecognition South-Africa 008 (cropped).jpg|350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{W|Infantry fighting vehicle}}
|'''1,026'''
|Primary armoured fighting vehicle in service with mechanised infantry units.
Armament:

*'''Ratel 20''' (20 mm GI-2 autocannon, MG4 coaxial)
*'''Ratel 25''' (25 mm TRT-25 RCWS autocannon, MG4 coaxial)
*'''Ratel 60''' (60 mm breech-loading mortar gun, MG4 coaxial)
*'''Ratel 81''' (81 mm long range mortar gun, MG4 coaxial)
*'''Ratel 90''' (90 mm GT-2 low-velocity anti-tank cannon, MG4 coaxial)
|-
! colspan="6" |Armoured personnel carriers
|-
|'''{{W|Mamba APC|Mamba}}'''
|[[File:370th_Engineer_Company_situational_training_exercise_121111-A-UZ726-001.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:370th_Engineer_Company_situational_training_exercise_121111-A-UZ726-001.jpg|350x350px]]
|[[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
|{{w|Armoured personnel carrier}}
|'''836'''
|Mine-resistant APC with significant protection against anti-tank mines and small arms fire.
'''MK2''' and '''MK3''' variants are both armed with the M2 Browning .50 Cal MG and 40 mm Coetsel AGL.
|}

{{En-WP attribution notice}}

[[Category:Military equipment of South Africa]]
[[Category:South African Army]]
[[Category:Lists of armies (land forces) equipment]]

Structure of the South African Army

2025-05-18T07:42:20Z

Deleted user: /* Infantry */

The following list of current formations active in the [[South African Army]]. This does not include militia units.

As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 47 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 12 {{w|corps}} and 6 {{w|Field Army|field Armies}}
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
[[File:X Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''' - [[Cape Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Cape Town}}

[[File:IV Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[Second Army (South Africa)|Second South African Army]]''' - [[Northern Command]] Field Army headquartered at {{w|Johannesburg}}

[[File:II Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''' - [[Western Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Luderitz}}

[[File:XIV Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fourth Army (South Africa)|Fourth South African Army]]''' - [[Eastern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Gaborone}}

[[File:3rd Army WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''' - [[Southern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Durban}}

[[File:XVII Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth South African Army]]''' - [[Overseas Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Addis Ababa|Town}}
===Corps===
*I Corps
*I Airborne Corps
*II Expeditionary Corps
*III Corps
*IV Armoured Corps
*V Corps
*VI Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XI Expeditionary Corps
*XXIV Corps
===Divisions===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Armoured Division|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Armoured Division|2nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Armoured Division|5th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Armoured Division|10th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[12th (SA) Armoured Division|12th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Armoured Division|17th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[20th (SA) Armoured Division|20th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Armoured Division|22nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Infantry Division|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd (SA) Infantry Division|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[4th (SA) Infantry Division|4th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Infantry Division|5th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th (SA) Infantry Division|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Infantry Division|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th (SA) Infantry Division|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th (SA) Infantry Division|16th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Infantry Division|17th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Infantry Division|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd (SA) Infantry Division|23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[24th (SA) Infantry Division|24th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th (SA) Infantry Division|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th (SA) Infantry Division|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th (SA) Infantry Division|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[34th (SA) Infantry Division|34th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[35th (SA) Infantry Division|35th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[37th (SA) Infantry Division|37th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[40th (SA) Infantry Division|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[41st (SA) Infantry Division|41st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th (SA) Infantry Division|45th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st (SA) Infantry Division|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[52nd (SA) Infantry Division|52nd Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[54th (SA) Infantry Division|54th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[59th (SA) Infantry Division|59th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[60th (SA) Infantry Division|60th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[62nd (SA) Infantry Division|62nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[68th (SA) Infantry Division|68th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[70th (SA) Infantry Division|70th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[74th (SA) Infantry Division|74th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[76th (SA) Infantry Division|76th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[80th (SA) Infantry Division|80th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[84th (SA) Infantry Division|84th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[91st (SA) Infantry Division|91st Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[94th (SA) Infantry Division|94th Infantry Division]]'''
}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]

==Structure==
{{tree list}}
South African Army HQ
*[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth Army]] ([[South African Overseas Command Far East]])
**[[XI Expeditionary Corps]] (Okinawa)
***11th Infantry Division (Taipak)
***58th Airborne Division (Nagoya)
***136th Airborne Brigade (Madang)
*[[I Airborne Corps]]
**26th Airborne Division
**44th Airborne Division
**76th Infantry Division
**135th Airborne Brigade
{{tree list/end}}

Structure of the South African Army

2025-05-18T07:41:54Z

Deleted user: /* Armoured */

The following list of current formations active in the [[South African Army]]. This does not include militia units.

As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 47 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 12 {{w|corps}} and 6 {{w|Field Army|field Armies}}
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
[[File:X Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''' - [[Cape Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Cape Town}}

[[File:IV Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[Second Army (South Africa)|Second South African Army]]''' - [[Northern Command]] Field Army headquartered at {{w|Johannesburg}}

[[File:II Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''' - [[Western Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Luderitz}}

[[File:XIV Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fourth Army (South Africa)|Fourth South African Army]]''' - [[Eastern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Gaborone}}

[[File:3rd Army WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''' - [[Southern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Durban}}

[[File:XVII Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth South African Army]]''' - [[Overseas Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Addis Ababa|Town}}
===Corps===
*I Corps
*I Airborne Corps
*II Expeditionary Corps
*III Corps
*IV Armoured Corps
*V Corps
*VI Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XI Expeditionary Corps
*XXIV Corps
===Divisions===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Armoured Division|1st Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Armoured Division|2nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Armoured Division|5th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Armoured Division|10th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[12th (SA) Armoured Division|12th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Armoured Division|17th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[20th (SA) Armoured Division|20th Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Armoured Division|22nd Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}

====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Infantry Division|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd (SA) Infantry Division|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[4th (SA) Infantry Division|4th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Infantry Division|5th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th (SA) Infantry Division|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Infantry Division|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th (SA) Infantry Division|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th (SA) Infantry Division|16th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Infantry Division|17th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Infantry Division|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd (SA) Infantry Division|23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[24th (SA) Infantry Division|24th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th (SA) Infantry Division|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th (SA) Infantry Division|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th (SA) Infantry Division|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[34th (SA) Infantry Division|34th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[35th (SA) Infantry Division|35th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[37th (SA) Infantry Division|37th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[40th (SA) Infantry Division|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[41st (SA) Infantry Division|41st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th (SA) Infantry Division|45th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st (SA) Infantry Division|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[52nd (SA) Infantry Division|52nd Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[54th (SA) Infantry Division|54th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[59th (SA) Infantry Division|59th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[60th (SA) Infantry Division|60th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[62nd (SA) Infantry Division|62nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[68th (SA) Infantry Division|68th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[70th (SA) Infantry Division|70th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[74th (SA) Infantry Division|74th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[76th (SA) Infantry Division|76th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[80th (SA) Infantry Division|80th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[84th (SA) Infantry Division|84th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[91st (SA) Infantry Division|91st Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[94th (SA) Infantry Division|94th Infantry Division]]'''
====Combined arms divisions====
}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
==Structure==
{{tree list}}
South African Army HQ
*[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth Army]] ([[South African Overseas Command Far East]])
**[[XI Expeditionary Corps]] (Okinawa)
***11th Infantry Division (Taipak)
***58th Airborne Division (Nagoya)
***136th Airborne Brigade (Madang)
*[[I Airborne Corps]]
**26th Airborne Division
**44th Airborne Division
**76th Infantry Division
**135th Airborne Brigade
{{tree list/end}}

Structure of the South African Army

2025-05-18T07:41:12Z

Deleted user:

The following list of current formations active in the [[South African Army]]. This does not include militia units.

As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 47 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} and 10 independent {{w|Brigade (military)|brigades}} across 12 {{w|corps}} and 6 {{w|Field Army|field Armies}}
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
[[File:X Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''' - [[Cape Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Cape Town}}

[[File:IV Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[Second Army (South Africa)|Second South African Army]]''' - [[Northern Command]] Field Army headquartered at {{w|Johannesburg}}

[[File:II Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''' - [[Western Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Luderitz}}

[[File:XIV Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fourth Army (South Africa)|Fourth South African Army]]''' - [[Eastern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Gaborone}}

[[File:3rd Army WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''' - [[Southern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Durban}}

[[File:XVII Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth South African Army]]''' - [[Overseas Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Addis Ababa|Town}}
===Corps===
*I Corps
*I Airborne Corps
*II Expeditionary Corps
*III Corps
*IV Armoured Corps
*V Corps
*VI Corps
*VII Corps
*VIII Corps
*XI Expeditionary Corps
*XXIV Corps
===Divisions===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[18th Airborne Division (South Africa)|18th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[26th Airborne Division (South Africa)|26th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Airborne Division (South Africa)|44th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[134th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|134th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[135th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|135th Airborne Brigade]]'''
|'''[[136th Airborne Brigade (South Africa)|136th Airborne Brigade]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[12th (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[20th (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Armoured Division| Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[61st Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|61st Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[62nd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|62nd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
|'''[[63rd Mechanised Brigade (South Africa)|63rd Mechanised Brigade]]'''
}}
====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st (SA) Infantry Division|1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd (SA) Infantry Division|2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd (SA) Infantry Division|3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[4th (SA) Infantry Division|4th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[5th (SA) Infantry Division|5th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th (SA) Infantry Division|8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th (SA) Infantry Division|10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[11th (SA) Infantry Division|11th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[16th (SA) Infantry Division|16th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[17th (SA) Infantry Division|17th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[22nd (SA) Infantry Division|22nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd (SA) Infantry Division|23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[24th (SA) Infantry Division|24th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[25th (SA) Infantry Division|25th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[28th (SA) Infantry Division|28th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[29th (SA) Infantry Division|29th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[34th (SA) Infantry Division|34th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[35th (SA) Infantry Division|35th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[37th (SA) Infantry Division|37th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[40th (SA) Infantry Division|40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[41st (SA) Infantry Division|41st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[45th (SA) Infantry Division|45th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[51st (SA) Infantry Division|51st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[52nd (SA) Infantry Division|52nd Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[54th (SA) Infantry Division|54th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[59th (SA) Infantry Division|59th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[60th (SA) Infantry Division|60th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[62nd (SA) Infantry Division|62nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[68th (SA) Infantry Division|68th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[70th (SA) Infantry Division|70th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[74th (SA) Infantry Division|74th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[76th (SA) Infantry Division|76th Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[80th (SA) Infantry Division|80th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[84th (SA) Infantry Division|84th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[91st (SA) Infantry Division|91st Infantry Division (Light)]]'''
|'''[[94th (SA) Infantry Division|94th Infantry Division]]'''
====Combined arms divisions====
}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
==Structure==
{{tree list}}
South African Army HQ
*[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth Army]] ([[South African Overseas Command Far East]])
**[[XI Expeditionary Corps]] (Okinawa)
***11th Infantry Division (Taipak)
***58th Airborne Division (Nagoya)
***136th Airborne Brigade (Madang)
*[[I Airborne Corps]]
**26th Airborne Division
**44th Airborne Division
**76th Infantry Division
**135th Airborne Brigade
{{tree list/end}}

South African Marines

2025-05-17T07:35:36Z

Deleted user: Created page with " {{Infobox military unit | unit_name = South African Marines | native_name = | image = 1 Mrd Bde Crest Official HighRes.png | image_size = 150 | alt = | caption = Badge of the South African Marines | dates = 11 August 1923-4 September 1950 (South African Corps of Marines) ---- 26 February 1974-Present | disbanded = ''Seetroepies'' (Sea troops) ''Die Marinierskorps''' (The Marine Corps) ''Maritiemekommando's'' (Maritime commandos..."

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = South African Marines
| native_name =
| image = 1 Mrd Bde Crest Official HighRes.png
| image_size = 150
| alt =
| caption = Badge of the South African Marines
| dates = 11 August 1923-4 September 1950 (South African Corps of Marines) 
----
26 February 1974-Present
| disbanded = ''Seetroepies'' (Sea troops) ''Die Marinierskorps''' (The Marine Corps) ''Maritiemekommando's'' (Maritime commandos)
| country = [[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type = {{w|Marines}}
| role = {{w|Amphibious warfare}}
| size = 70,550
* 54,650 active
* 15,900 reserve
| command_structure =
| garrison = {{w|Strandfontein}}, {{w|Cape province|Cape of Good Hope}}
| garrison_label =
| nickname = ''Die Mariniers'' (The Marines) ''Maritieme kommando's'' (Maritime commandos) ''Troepies op see'' (Troops at sea)
| patron =
| motto = ''Niemand is veilig van die Suid-Afrikaanse maritieme kommando's nie!'' (No one is safe from the South African maritime commandos!")
| colours = {{unbulleted list
|{{color box|#800000}} {{w|Maroon}}
|{{color box|#00BFFF}} {{w|Sky blue}}
}}
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = 26 February
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{bulleted list
|[[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]]
|[[Orange Rebellion]]
|[[Katanga Conflict]]
|Portuguese Colonial War
|[[Angolan Border War]]
|[[Colombia War]]
|[[South African Invasion of Seychelles]]

|[[Insurgency in German New Guinea|Papuan Emergency]]
}}
| battles_label = Engagements
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| website = [http://www.navy.mil.za mariniers.mil.za]
| commander1 = [[Tsakane Makhubela]]
| commander1_label = [[President of South Africa|President]]
| commander2 = [[Patrick Tsolakoglou]]
| commander2_label = [[Secretary of Military Affairs (South Africa)|Secretary of Military Affairs]]
| commander3 = [[I. P. van der Linde]]
| commander3_label = [[Commandant-General of the South African Armed Forces|Commandant-General SAGM]]
| commander4 = [[Admiral (South Africa)|Admiral]] [[William Sterzel]]
| commander4_label = [[Inspector of the Navy General Staff]]
| commander5 = [[General (South Africa)|General]] [[Thabo Motaung]]
| commander5_label = [[Commandant of the South African Marines|Commandant of SAM]]
| commander6 = [[Warrant Officer (South Africa)|WO1]] [[Kenny van Tonder]]
| commander6_label = [[Senior Enlisted Advisor to the South African General Staff#Marines|Senior Enlisted Marines Advisor]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:MarineBreastBadge.jpg|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Breast badge and beret insignia
}}

The '''South African Marines''' ('''SAM'''; {{w|Afrikaans language|Afrikaans}}: ''Suid-Afrikaanse Mariniers'') is the {{w|amphibious warfare arm}} of the [[South African Armed Forces]]. It is responsible for protecting South Africa's ports and naval facilities, serving as a {{w|rapid response force}} for [[South African Overseas Territory|South Africa's island territories]], and conducting {{w|expeditionary warfare|expeditionary operations}} mainly throughout the {{w|Asia-Pacific}}, fielding their own {{w|artillery}}, {{w|airborne forces|aerial}}, and {{w|special operations}} forces.

Originally formed in 1923 under the [[South African Navy]] from the Coast Garrison Force, in 1975 the South African Marines was made a separate {{w|arm of service}}. Today the South African Marines consist of 54,650 active personnel, organized into five divisions, and 15,900 reserve personnel, along with about 250 helicopters and 400 artillery guns. The South African Marines also consist of the [[South African Marines Band]] and [[Marine Special Operations Forces]] and the [[Naval Special Forces Training Centre]].

The South African Marines' motto, ''Niemand is veilig van die Suid-Afrikaanse maritieme kommando's nie!'' (No one is safe from the South African maritime commandos!"), grew out of their elite perception and actions during the [[Colombia War]] between 1974 and 1976. They also maintain a close relationship with the {{w|Royal Marines}} and the {{w|Netherlands Marine Corps}}.
==History==
===Origins and Great War===
The South African Marines can trace their origin to the Coast Garrison Force, formed in 1912 consisting of the South African Garrison Artillery and the South African Coast Defence Corps. A proper marines unit however was not established until 1923, when the '''South African Marine Corps''' ('''SAMC''') was formed as an arm of the [[South African Navy]].

SAMC would first see action during the [[Madagascar Campaign]], spearheading the assault along with British forces on the port of {{w|Antsiranana|Diego-Suarez}} in [[French State]]-controlled {{w|Madagascar}}. As the defending French Forces were poorly armed, there was virtually no resistance, and the South African and British forces would easily capture the French naval base of Antisarane. However, with Allied forces in north Madagascar, French forces mobilised 15,000 troops, about 12,000 of which were {{w|colonial troops}}, and began fortifying the island. On 21 July, the South African Marine Corps would perform a landing on {{w|Tulear}} in the south Madagascar. With mainly British forces in the north and South African forces in the south, French State forces surrendered on 29 November and the island was placed under allied control. In the end, the South Africans sustained about 1,000 casualties, 430 of which were marines.

Upon their success in Madagascar, Colonel {{w|Pieter de Waal}} advocated for the expansion of the SAMC. This was achieved with the establishment of the 1st and 2nd Marine Brigades, with De Waal promoted to the rank of Brigadier General and commanding SAMC. The next year, two more brigades were established.

The typical composition of an SAMC brigade at the time was:
* HQ Company
* Four marine battalions
* One light artillery battalion
* Two light anti-aircraft batteries
* One logistics Company

Throughout the 1950s, the SAMC conducted exercises with the {{w|Royal Marines}}, as part of De Waal's objective to train the SAMC to the same standards as those of the latter.
===Colombia War===
Alongside De Waal's goals of a well-trained {{w|amphibious warfare}} force, president [[F. J. Pienaar]] as part of his military aspirations for South Africa sought to continue building up the SAMC. In 1974, the [[Separation of the Navy and the Marines Act]] was passed, establishing the South African Marines as its own {{w|arm of service}}.

That same year, South African Congress approved intervening in the [[Colombia War]] on 29 April 1974, in honour of the [[SURCA|SURCA alliance]] with Portugal. Two battalions from the 1st Marine Brigade were deployed to [[Gran Colombia]] alongside the 26 Squadron SAAF in their first combat mission as an independent branch. Prior to that, South African presence in [[Gran Colombia]] was in the form of [[Central Intelligence Organisation|CIO]] agents who have been operating in the country since 1968. While South Africa's impact on the war was arguably miniscule in comparison to [[Sierra|Sierra's]], it was the Colombia War where the South African Marines would gain their reputation as an elite fighting force after the [[Siege of Jenaro Herrera]], when South African Marines defeated 6,000 Andean soldiers while sustaining only fourteen casualties.
===South African Invasion of Seychelles===
On 13 July 1983, a coalition consisting of 800 marines and 150 from [[Madagascar]] invaded Seychelles to depose the government of [[Pierre Bergier-Le Blanc]] and restore the rule of [[Michel Prea]]. Bergier-Le Blanc, who seized power in a bloodless coup in 1979, quickly militarised Seychelles by merging the guerrillas of the [[Seychelles People's Democratic Social Movement]] (SPDSM) with the [[Seychelles Security Force|Seychelles National Defence Force]] (SNDF), forming the Seychelle People's Armed Forces (SPAF) and forming relations with the [[United Commonwealth]] and the [[United People's Committees]], whose soldiers and officers were trained in those countries.

To counter the Malagasy-South African assault, the SPAF mobilized 2,000 men, supplemented by 585 militia forces and a detachment of 266 Andean soldiers, of whom 31 were military advisors. The South African Marines landed on Pointe Au Sel, who faced off the SPAF in mostly {{w|urban warfare|urban terrain}} with low resistance due in part to the training of SPAF soldiers. Within 10 days, Prea's government was restored. The marines however maintained a presence on Seychelles until 1985, retraining the Seychellois military and reforming it as the Seychelles Security Forces.
===Current===
On 11 February 2009, South African Forces deployed to {{w|German New Guinea}} to assist German forces in fighting the [[Papua Liberation Army]]. The [[1st Division SAM]] is given responsibility for the {{w|Bismarck archipelago}}, while the Army assists German forces on the island of {{w|New Guinea}}.
==Organisation==
The South African Marines is organized into five divisions under the South African Marines Headquarters. The position of Commandant of SAM is held by a four-star general, while a position of Deputy Commandant is typically held by a three-star general. As with the rest of the [[South African Armed Forces]], the South African Marines rely on the [[South African Military Health Service]] for its medics.
==Equipment==
South African Marines are equipped the {{w|FN FAL|AG-1}} rifles as used by the [[South African Army]].
[[Category:South African Marines]]
[[Category:South African Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1923]]

II Expeditionary Corps

2025-05-10T20:24:18Z

Deleted user: Created page with "{{Infobox military unit | unit_name = II Expeditionary Corps | native_name = II Ekspedisiekorps | image = File:I_AA_corps.svg | image_size = 150px | alt = | caption = Emblem of the II Expeditionary Corps | dates = 1936-1939 1979-Present | disbanded = | country = 23px South Africa | allegiance = | branch = South African Army | type = Infantry and airborne | role = | size = {{w|Corps (military)|Corps}} (3 divisions) |..."

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = II Expeditionary Corps
| native_name = II Ekspedisiekorps
| image = File:I_AA_corps.svg
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption = Emblem of the II Expeditionary Corps
| dates = 1936-1939 1979-Present
| disbanded =
| country = [[File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg|23px]] [[South Africa]]
| allegiance =
| branch = [[South African Army]]
| type = Infantry and airborne
| role =
| size = {{w|Corps (military)|Corps}} (3 divisions)
| command_structure =
| garrison = {{w|Okinawa (city)|Okinawa}}
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| battles_label =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| flying_hours =
| website =

| current_commander =
| commander1 = General
| commander1_label = General Officer Commanding
| commander2 = Lieutenant General Roy Whittaker
| commander2_label = Chief of Staff
| commander3 = Brigadier General J. W. de Villiers
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| commander5 =
| commander5_label =
| commander6 =
| commander6_label =
| commander7 =
| commander7_label =
| commander8 =
| commander8_label =
| commander9 =
| commander9_label =
| notable_commanders =
}}
'''II Expeditionary Corps''' is a large military formation of the [[South African Army]] headquartered in {{w|Okinawa (city)|Okinawa}}.
==History==
The II Corps was created in 1936 controlling the 1st, 4th, 5th and 8th infantry divisions fighting against French forces in Africa and was deactivated in 1939. The II Expeditionary Corps would be reactivated 40 years later in response to the growing number of divisions resulting from South Africa's military expansion. In 1986, the II Corps was redesignated as the II Expeditionary Corps controlling South Africa's divisions in Madagascar. In 2002, the II Expeditionary Corps would be relocated to [[Japan]] and placed under command the [[Tenth South African Army]].
==Organisation==
===[[58th Airborne Division (South Africa)|58th Airborne Division]]===
Headquarters ({{w|Nagoya}}
* 17th Airborne Brigade ({{w|Nagoya}})
** 4th Battalion, {{w|The Parachute Regiment}} (Airborne Infantry)
** 5th Battalion, {{w|The Parachute Regiment}} (Airborne Infantry)
** 2nd Battalion, {{W|Natal Carbineers}} (Air Assault Infantry)
* 2nd Air Assault Brigade ({{w|Itami}})
** 1st Battalion, {{W|Buffalo Volunteer Rifles}}
** 4th Battalion, {{W|Kimberley Regiment}}
** 5th Battalion, {{W|Witwatersrand Rifles}}
* 3rd Air Assault Brigade ({{w|Kasuga}})
** 5th Battalion, {{W|Rand Light Infantry}}
** 5th Battalion, {{w|Natal Carbineers}}
** 7th Battalion, {{W|Witwatersrand Rifles}}
* 7th Parachute Regiment, {{w|Transvaal Horse Artillery}}
* 3rd Engineer Brigade
* 108 Operational Sustainment Brigade
* 58th Pathfinder Company
* 4th MI Battalion, [[South African Intelligence Corps|Intelligence Corps]]
* 8th Signal Regiment, [[South African Signal Corps|Signal Corps]]
* 10 Air Assault Support Regiment, [[South African Logistics Corps|Logistics Corps]]
===[[11th Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]===
Headquarters ({{w|Taipei|Taipak}}
* 1st Infantry Brigade
* 10th Infantry Brigade
* 22nd Infantry Brigade
===[[31st Infantry Division (South Africa)|11th Infantry Division]]===
Headquarters ({{w|Madang}}
* 4th Infantry Brigade
* 6th Infantry Brigade
* 28th Infantry Brigade
===[[South African Artillery Corps]]===
* 6th Natal Artillery Regiment
* 4th Heavy Regiment
* 8th Heavy Regiment
* 32nd Cape Anti-Air Regiment
* 56th Natal Anti-Air Regiment
* 1st Survey Regiment
[[Category: Army units and formations of South Africa]]
[[Category: Military units and formations established in 1936]]

Structure of the South African Army

2025-05-10T19:38:53Z

Deleted user:

The following list of current formations active in the [[South African Army]]. This does not include militia units.

As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 25 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} across 8 {{w|corps}} and 6 {{w|Field Army|field Armies}}
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
[[File:X Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''' - [[Cape Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Cape Town}}

[[File:IV Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[Second Army (South Africa)|Second South African Army]]''' - [[Northern Command]] Field Army headquartered at {{w|Johannesburg}}

[[File:II Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''' - [[Western Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Luderitz}}

[[File:XIV Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fourth Army (South Africa)|Fourth South African Army]]''' - [[Eastern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Gaborone}}

[[File:3rd Army WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''' - [[Southern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Durban}}

[[File:XVII Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth South African Army]]''' - [[Overseas Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Addis Ababa|Town}}
===Corps===
[[File:83rd Infantry Division SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[I Corps (South Africa)|I Corps]]'''

[[File:51 INF DIV SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[I Airborne Corps|I Airborne Corps]]'''

[[File:65th Infantry Division SVG.svg|45px]] '''[[II Expeditionary Corps (South Africa)|II Expeditionary Corps]]'''

[[File:63rd_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[II Corps (South Africa)|II Corps]]'''

[[File:40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg|45px]] '''[[IV Corps (South Africa)|IV Corps]]'''

[[File:96th Infantry Division SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[V Corps (South Africa)|V Corps]]'''

[[File:US 11th Infantry Division.svg|45px]] '''[[VIII Corps (South Africa)|VIII Corps]]'''

[[File:43rd Infantry Division CSIB.svg|45px]] '''[[XI Corps (South Africa)|XI Expeditionary Corps]]'''
===Divisions===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[5th South African Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[11th South African Air Assault Division]]'''
|'''[[28th South African Airborne Division]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st South African Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd South African Armoured Division]]'''
}}
====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[4th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[5th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[17th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[35th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[41st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[47th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[54th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[65th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[74th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[81st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[94th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[108th Infantry Division]]'''
}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
==Structure==
{{tree list}}
South African Army HQ
*[[South African Overseas Command]]
**[[XVII Corps (South Africa)|XVIII Airborne Corps]]
***Headquarters
***[[11th South African Air Assault Division|11th Air Assault Division]]
***[[28th South African Airborne Division|28th Airborne Division]]
***[[18th Artillery Brigade]]
***[[21st Military Police Brigade]]
***[[34th Engineer Brigade]]
***[[18th Signal Brigade]]
***[[3rd Intelligence Regiment]]
***[[7th SAHMS Medical Detachment]]
**[[South African Army Forces Ethiopia]]
***Headquarters
***84th Air Assault Brigade
***2nd Engineer Battalion, [[Orange Engineers Regiment]]
***3rd Engineer Battalion, [[Orange Engineers Regiment]]
***6th Medical Task Group (From [[South African Military Health Service|SAMHS]])
{{tree list/end}}

Category:Counter-revolution

2025-05-10T18:23:29Z

Deleted user: Created blank page

Category:1970s in South Africa

2025-05-10T18:23:23Z

Deleted user: Created blank page

Category:1960s in South Africa

2025-05-10T18:23:14Z

Deleted user: Created blank page

Structure of the South African Army

2025-05-09T03:13:01Z

Deleted user:

The following list of current formations active in the [[South African Army]]. This does not include militia units.

As of July 2023 the [[South African Army]] fields 25 {{w|Division (military)|divisions}} across 8 {{w|corps}} and 6 {{w|Field Army|field Armies}}
==Formations==
===Field Armies===
[[File:X Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[First Army (South Africa)|First South African Army]]''' - [[Cape Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Cape Town}}

[[File:IV Corps WW1.svg|40px]] '''[[Second Army (South Africa)|Second South African Army]]''' - [[Northern Command]] Field Army headquartered at {{w|Johannesburg}}

[[File:II Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Third Army (South Africa)|Third South African Army]]''' - [[Western Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Luderitz}}

[[File:XIV Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fourth Army (South Africa)|Fourth South African Army]]''' - [[Eastern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Gaborone}}

[[File:3rd Army WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Fifth Army (South Africa)|Fifth South African Army]]''' - [[Southern Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Durban}}

[[File:XVII Corps WW1.svg|45px]] '''[[Tenth Army (South Africa)|Tenth South African Army]]''' - [[Overseas Command]] Field Army headquarted at {{w|Addis Ababa|Town}}
===Corps===
[[File:83rd Infantry Division SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[I Corps (South Africa)|I Corps]]'''

[[File:51 INF DIV SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[I Expeditionary Corps|I Expeditionary Corps]]'''

[[File:65th Infantry Division SVG.svg|45px]] '''[[II Corps (South Africa)|II Corps]]'''

[[File:63rd_Infantry_Division_SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[II Airborne Corps (South Africa)|II Airborne Corps]]'''

[[File:40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg|45px]] '''[[IV Corps (South Africa)|IV Corps]]'''

[[File:96th Infantry Division SSI.svg|45px]] '''[[V Corps (South Africa)|V Corps]]'''

[[File:US 11th Infantry Division.svg|45px]] '''[[VIII Corps (South Africa)|VIII Corps]]'''

[[File:43rd Infantry Division CSIB.svg|45px]] '''[[XI Corps (South Africa)|XI Expeditionary Corps]]'''
===Divisions===
====Airborne====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[5th South African Airborne Division]]'''
|'''[[11th South African Air Assault Division]]'''
|'''[[28th South African Airborne Division]]'''
}}
====Armoured====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st South African Armoured Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd South African Armoured Division]]'''
}}
====Infantry====
{{Unbulleted list
|'''[[1st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[2nd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[3rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[4th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[5th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[8th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[10th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[17th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[23rd Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[35th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[40th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[41st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[44th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[47th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[54th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[65th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[74th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[81st Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[94th Infantry Division]]'''
|'''[[108th Infantry Division]]'''
}}
[[Category:Military units and formations of the South African Army]]
==Structure==
{{tree list}}
South African Army HQ
*[[South African Overseas Command]]
**[[XVII Corps (South Africa)|XVIII Airborne Corps]]
***Headquarters
***[[11th South African Air Assault Division|11th Air Assault Division]]
***[[28th South African Airborne Division|28th Airborne Division]]
***[[18th Artillery Brigade]]
***[[21st Military Police Brigade]]
***[[34th Engineer Brigade]]
***[[18th Signal Brigade]]
***[[3rd Intelligence Regiment]]
***[[7th SAHMS Medical Detachment]]
**[[South African Army Forces Ethiopia]]
***Headquarters
***84th Air Assault Brigade
***2nd Engineer Battalion, [[Orange Engineers Regiment]]
***3rd Engineer Battalion, [[Orange Engineers Regiment]]
***6th Medical Task Group (From [[South African Military Health Service|SAMHS]])
{{tree list/end}}

File:South African Flag Proposal 2.svg

2025-05-08T21:49:47Z

Deleted user:

== Licensing ==
{{self|cc-zero}}

List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel (Altverse II)

2025-05-06T00:32:50Z

Deleted user:

{{Update}}
This is a '''list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel'''. It includes any government-sponsored soldiers used to further the domestic and foreign policies of their respective government. The term "{{w|country}}" is used in its most common use, in the sense of {{w|State (polity)|state}} which exercises {{w|sovereignty}} or has limited {{w|Diplomatic recognition|recognition}}.
==List by sovereign states by military personnel==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! class=unsortable | Flag
! data-sort-type="text" | Country
! data-sort-type="number" | Active military
! data-sort-type="number" | Reserve military
! data-sort-type="number" | Paramilitary
! data-sort-type="number" | Total
! data-sort-type="number" | Per 1,000 capita (total)
! data-sort-type="number" | Per 1,000 capita (active)
|-
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Africa| military=South African Armed Forces| active=1550000| reserve=1290000| paramilitary=298500| population=94110547}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United People's Committees| military=Bolivarian People's Liberation Army of the Andes | active=1304900| reserve=1000000| paramilitary=0| population=130569055}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United Commonwealth| military=Continental Armed Forces| active=719000| reserve=1281000| paramilitary=0| population=250759875}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sierra| military=Sierran Crown Armed Forces| active=603327| reserve=538000| paramilitary=0| population=59603611}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Vietnam| military=Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces| active=535000| reserve=3710000| paramilitary=0| population=38962681}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Germany| military=Reichswehr| active=424782| reserve=790000| paramilitary=0| population=116759741}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=France| military=French Armed Forces| active=379881| reserve=900000| paramilitary=0| population=70413000}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Brazoria| military=Brazorian Armed Forces| active=245157| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=49528570}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Manchuria| military=Manchu National Armed Forces| active=416800| reserve=871500| paramilitary=0| population=409520844}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of countries by military expenditures (Altverse II)|List of countries by military expenditures]]
*[[List of countries by military expenditure per capita (Altverse II)|List of countries by military expenditure per capita]]
*[[List of militaries by country (Altverse II)|List of militaries by country]]
*[[List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers (Altverse II)|List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers]]

[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Military comparisons lists of countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries and territories (Altverse)]]

List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel (Altverse II)

2025-05-05T21:49:33Z

Deleted user:

{{Update}}
This is a '''list of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel'''. It includes any government-sponsored soldiers used to further the domestic and foreign policies of their respective government. The term "{{w|country}}" is used in its most common use, in the sense of {{w|State (polity)|state}} which exercises {{w|sovereignty}} or has limited {{w|Diplomatic recognition|recognition}}.
==List by sovereign states by military personnel==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! class=unsortable | Flag
! data-sort-type="text" | Country
! data-sort-type="number" | Active military
! data-sort-type="number" | Reserve military
! data-sort-type="number" | Paramilitary
! data-sort-type="number" | Total
! data-sort-type="number" | Per 1,000 capita (total)
! data-sort-type="number" | Per 1,000 capita (active)
|-
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Africa| military=South African Armed Forces| active=1550000| reserve=1290000| paramilitary=298500| population=94110547}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United People's Committees| military=Bolivarian People's Liberation Army of the Andes | active=1304900| reserve=1000000| paramilitary=0| population=130569055}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=United Commonwealth| military=Continental Armed Forces| active=719000| reserve=1281000| paramilitary=0| population=250759875}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Sierra| military=Sierran Crown Armed Forces| active=603327| reserve=538000| paramilitary=0| population=59603611}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=South Vietnam| military=Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces| active=535000| reserve=3710000| paramilitary=0| population=38962681}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Germany| military=Reichswehr| active=424782| reserve=790000| paramilitary=0| population=116759741}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=France| military=French Armed Forces| active=379881| reserve=900000| paramilitary=0| population=70413000}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Brazoria| military=Brazorian Armed Forces| active=245157| reserve=0| paramilitary=0| population=49528570}}
{{Number of soldiers| country=Manchuria| military=Manchu National Armed Forces| active=416800| reserve=871500| paramilitary=0| population=409520844}}
|}

==See also==
[[List of countries by military expenditures (Altverse II)|List of countries by military expenditures]]
[[List of countries by military expenditure per capita (Altverse II)|List of countries by military expenditure per capita]]
[[List of militaries by country (Altverse II)|List of militaries by country]]
[[List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers (Altverse II)|List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers]]

[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Military comparisons lists of countries]]
[[Category:Lists of countries and territories (Altverse)]]

Paramilitary forces of South Africa

2025-05-04T21:37:11Z

Deleted user: Created page with "The '''paramilitary forces of South Africa''' are the internal security units acting as auxiliaries to the South African military. South Africa has eight paramilitary forces: the Northern Border Security Force (''Noordelike Grensveiligheidsmag''), Rural Protection Force (''Landelike Beskermingsmag''), Matabele Askaris, Special Reconnaissance Team (''Spesiale Verkenningspan''), Cape Provincial Security Force (''Kaapse Provinsiale Vei..."

The '''[[paramilitary forces]] of South Africa''' are the internal security units acting as auxiliaries to the [[South African Armed Forces|South African military]]. South Africa has eight paramilitary forces: the [[Northern Border Security Force]] (''Noordelike Grensveiligheidsmag''), Rural Protection Force (''Landelike Beskermingsmag''), Matabele Askaris, Special Reconnaissance Team (''Spesiale Verkenningspan''), Cape Provincial Security Force (''Kaapse Provinsiale Veiligheidsmag''), South African Police (Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie), South African Railways Police (Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie), and South African Coast Guard (''Suid-Afrikaanse Kuswag''). These forces are generally administered by the [[Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Home Affairs]], though in the case of the police forces they are under the [[Department of Police (South Africa)|Department of Police]].

As the {{w|Commando System}} is part of the [[South African Army]], they are not considered a paramilitary force.
==List of paramilitary forces==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" style="align: center" |Paramilitary Forces
|-
!Name
!Strength
!Governing Body
! scope="col" width="80" |Headquarters
! scope="col" width="150" |Operational area
! scope="col" width="150" |Role
|-
|[[Northern Border Security Force]] ''Noordelike Grensveiligheidsmag''
|85,000
| rowspan="4" |[[Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)|Department of Home Affairs]]
|{{w|Windhoek}}
|South African-Angolan border
|{{w|Border guard}}
|-
|[[Matabele Askaris]] ''Matabele Askaris''
|10,000
|{{w|Francistown}}
|{{w|Matabeleland|Matabele Territory}} and Rhodesian border
|{{w|Border guard}}
|-
|[[Rural Protection Force]] ''Landelike Beskermingsmag''
|21,000
|{{W|Kroonstad}}
|Rural areas in South Africa
|Protection of rural areas and villages prone to insurgent attacks
|-
|[[Cape Provincial Security Force]] ''Kaapse Provinsiale Veiligheidsmag''
|4,000
|{{W|Stellenbosch}}
|{{w|Cape province}}
|{{W|Counterinsurgency}} and {{W|anti-terrorism}} in the Cape province
|-
|[[South African Police]]
|149,000
| rowspan="3" |[[Department of Police (South Africa)|Department of Police]]
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|All of [[South Africa]]
|{{W|Paramilitary police}}
|-
|[[South African Railways Police]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Spoorwegpolisie''
|7,500
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African railways and airports
|{{W|Railroad police}}
|-
|[[South African Coast Guard]] ''Suid-Afrikaanse Kuswag''
|22,000
|{{W|Pretoria}}
|South African coastal waters and {{W|Exclusive economic zone|EEZ}}
|{{W|Coast guard}}
|-
|[[Special Reconnaissance Team]] ''Spesiale Verkenningspan''
|''Classified''
|[[Central Intelligence Organisation]]
|{{W|Johannesburg}}
|
|{{w|Covert operations}}
|}
==Ranks==
===Officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]'''and '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-9 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-6 (Brigadier) 1961-1995.gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-5 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OF-2 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:South African Police OF-1b (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[General]] ''Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant general]] ''Luitenant-Generaal''
| colspan=2| [[Major general]] ''Generaal-Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier]] ''Brigadier''
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]] ''Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]] ''Luitenant-Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=12|
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-9_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-8_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-7_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-6_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-5_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-4_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-3_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-2_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1b_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Netherlands-AirForce-OF-1a_(Sleeve).svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=2| [[Admiral]] ''Admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Vice admiral]] ''Vise-admiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Rear admiral]] ''Skoutadmiraal''
| colspan=2| [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] ''Kommodoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=2| [[Commander]] ''Kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant commander]] ''Luitenant-kommandeur''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant (navy)|Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Sub-lieutenant]] ''Onderluitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Ensign (rank)|Ensign]] ''Vaandrig''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[Special Reconnaissance Team]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=2 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=8| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:11. Guinea-Bissau COL.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:10. Guinea-Bissau LTC.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:09. Guinea-Bissau MAJ.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:08. Guinea-Bissau CAPT.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:07. Guinea-Bissau 1LT.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:06. Guinea-Bissau 2LT.svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=8|
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]] ''Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]] ''Luitenant-Kolonel''
| colspan=2| [[Major (rank)|Major]] ''Majoor''
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] ''Kaptein''
| colspan=3| [[Lieutenant]] ''Luitenant''
| colspan=3| [[Second Lieutenant]] ''Tweede Luitenant''
<noinclude>
|}

===Other ranks===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Template:Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
</noinclude>
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=2| '''[[South African Police]]''' and '''[[South African Railways Police]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
| colspan=6| [[File:South African Police OR-8 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-7 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:South African Police OR-6 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=4| [[File:South African Police OR-4 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:South African Police OR-3 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:South African Police OR-1 (1961-1995).gif|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6| [[Warrant Officer]] ''Adjudant-Offisier''
| colspan=2| [[Sergeant]] ''Sersant''
| colspan=12| [[Lance Sergeant]] ''Ondersersant''
| colspan=4| [[Corporal]] ''Korporaal''
| colspan=2| [[Lance Corporal]] ''Onderkorporaal''
| colspan=8| [[Constable]] ''Konstabel''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| rowspan=3| '''[[South African Coast Guard]]''' {{navbar|Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank|mini=y|brackets=y}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=2 rowspan=3|
| colspan=2| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=12| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
| colspan=8| [[File:Blank.svg|60px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 1]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas I''
| colspan=3| [[Warrant officer|Warrant officer class 2]] ''Adjudant-offisier klas II''
| colspan=2| [[Chief petty officer]] ''Eerste bootsman''
| colspan=12| [[Petty officer]] ''Bootsman
| colspan=6| [[Leading seaman]] ''Baasseeman''
| colspan=8| [[Able seaman]] ''Bevare seeman''
<noinclude>
|}

Template:End

2025-05-03T18:36:26Z

Deleted user:

<includeonly>
{{#if:{{{html|}}}|</table>|{{!}}} }}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using end template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:End]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| html | 1 }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>
<noinclude>==Notes==
{{En-WP attribution notice}}</noinclude>

Template:End

2025-05-03T18:36:08Z

Deleted user:

<includeonly>
{{#if:{{{html|}}}|</table>|{{!}}} }}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using end template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:End]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| html | 1 }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

<noinclude>==Notes==
{{En-WP attribution notice}}</noinclude>

Template:End

2025-05-03T18:35:18Z

Deleted user:

<includeonly>
{{#if:{{{html|}}}|</table>|{{!}}} }}</includeonly>{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using end template with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:End]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| html | 1 }}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>

==Notes==
<noinclude>{{En-WP attribution notice}}</noinclude>

Template:Post-member

2025-05-03T18:31:12Z

Deleted user: Created page with "|- style="text-align: center;" | {{date|{{{from-date|01 01 1900}}}}} | {{{post-incumbent|Post Vacant}}} | {{date|{{{to-date|01 01 1900}}}}}<noinclude>"

|- style="text-align: center;"
| {{date|{{{from-date|01 01 1900}}}}}
| {{{post-incumbent|Post Vacant}}}
| {{date|{{{to-date|01 01 1900}}}}}<noinclude>

Template:Post-header

2025-05-03T18:30:51Z

Deleted user: Created page with "|-style="border-top: 5px solid {{{color|#CF9C65}}};" |style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''From''' |style="width: 60%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''{{{post-name|No Post Name}}}''' |style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''To'''<noinclude>"

|-style="border-top: 5px solid {{{color|#CF9C65}}};"
|style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''From'''
|style="width: 60%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''{{{post-name|No Post Name}}}'''
|style="width: 20%; text-align: center; background: lightgrey;"| '''To'''<noinclude>

Template:South African Armed Forces sidebar

2025-05-02T06:38:55Z

Deleted user: Created page with "{{Sidebar with collapsible lists | title = South African Armed Forces | image = 150px | name = United States Armed Forces sidebar | headingstyle = background:#728639; color:#f9f9f9; | contentstyle = text-align:left; | contentclass = plainlist | heading1= Executive departments | content1 = * Department of Military Affairs | heading2 = Milita..."

{{Sidebar with collapsible lists
| title = [[South African Armed Forces|South African Armed Forces]]
| image = [[File:Nion Defence Force emblem (Crownless).svg|150px]]
| name = United States Armed Forces sidebar
| headingstyle = background:#728639; color:#f9f9f9;
| contentstyle = text-align:left;
| contentclass = plainlist

| heading1= Executive departments
| content1 =
* [[South African Department of Military Affairs|Department of Military Affairs]]

| heading2 = Military services
| content2 =
* [[South African Army]]
* [[South African Navy]]
* [[South African Air Force]]
* [[South African Military Health Service]]
* [[South African Special Forces Brigade]]
* {{w|Commando system (South Africa)}}

| heading3 = Command structure
| content3 =
* [[Cape Command (South Africa)|Cape Command]]
* [[Northern Command (South Africa)|Northern Command]]
* [[Southern Command (South Africa)|Southern Command]]
* [[Eastern Command (South Africa)|Eastern Command]]
* [[Overseas Command (South Africa)|Overseas Command]]

}}<noinclude>
[[Category:South Africa sidebar templates| ]]
[[Category:Military sidebar templates| ]]

Antonios Eleftheroudakis

2025-04-27T18:34:37Z

Deleted user: Squog moved page Atticus Eleftheroudakis to Antonios Eleftheroudakis: Name change

{{Icons|Altverse II|Television}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = 
| image_upright =
| caption = Antonios, mid-late 1970s
| native_name = Αντώνιος Ελευθερουδάκης
| native_name_lang = el
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|6|29}}
| birth_place = {{W|Palaiochora}}, {{W|Cretes}}, {{W|Greece}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 1964–Present
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|
| {{W|broadcaster}}
| presenter
| media personality
| businessman
}}
| height =
| spouse = {{Marriage|Medea Kargadouri|1964|2018|reason=died}} 
| children = 2
| awards =
| website =
| module =
| module2 =
| module3 =
| module4 =
| module5 =
| module6 =
| signature =
| signature_type =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Short description|Greek-South African broadcaster and media mogul (born 1933)}}
Antonios Ioannou Eleftheroudakis ({{W|Greek language|Greek}}: ''Αντώνιος Ιωάννου Ελευθερουδάκης'', romanised as Antónios Ioánnou Eleftheroudákis; born 29 June 1933), is a Greek-born South African broadcaster. He is best known for his contributions to the Greek community in [[South Africa]]

Eleftheroudakis is a Greek immigrant who arrived in South Africa in 1948, formerly having worked for the {{w|SABC|South African Broadcasting Service}} as a news presenter early in the 1960s. With a career spanning six decades, his notable filmography includes ''[[The Many Olympians]]'' and its sequel ''[[Pandora's Unopened Box]]'', ''[[Wonders of the Mediterranean]]'' and ''[[The Lovers of Wisdom]]''. In 2016, he was nominated for an {{W|Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator|Emmy Award for Outstanding Narrator}}. In addition to his work as a broadcaster and presenter, Eleftheroudakis hosted the ApolloFM radio station as South Africa's first Greek-language radio station. He is also the co-founder of the [[HI Media Group]].
==Early life==
In 1948, Antonios and his family emigrated to [[South Africa]] as a refugee during the [[Greek Civil War]]. Antonios and his three siblings grew up raised by their mother.
==Career==
In 1964, the 31-year-old Eleftheroudakis was hired as a broadcaster for the {{w|SABC|South African Broadcasting Service}} (SABS). While working for the SABS, Eleftheroudakis noticed the lack of Greek-language media despite the size of the Greek community in {{w|Johannesburg}}. Wanting to fix this issue, Eleftheroudakis began to set out to obtain the necessary licenses for operating a radio station and the infrastructure required to do so. On 2 July 1971, he began broadcasting the [[ApolloFM]] station at a frequency of 94.9 MHz, where he would work part-time. Shortly after he began broadcasting, Eleftheroudakis left his job at the SABS.
==Personal life==
Eleftheroudakis married his wife Medea in 1964, where they would have two children. Medea died in 1997 at the age of 60.

Although identifying as a Greek Orthodox Christian, he is not a practicing Christian
==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|1990
|''[[The Many Olympians]]''
|Narrator
|-
|1993
|''[[Pandora's Unopened Box]]''
|Narrator
|-
|2004-2016
|''[[Wonders of the Mediterranean]]''
| rowspan="2" |Narrator
|-
|2015-2019
|''[[The Lovers of Wisdom]]''
|-
|}

[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:20th-century South African historians]]
[[Category:21st-century South African historians]]
[[Category:Audiobook narrators]]
[[Category:Greek-South African culture]]
[[Category:South African of Greek Descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:HI Media Group]]

Antonios Eleftheroudakis

2025-04-27T18:34:12Z

Deleted user: Redoing this article

Detailed Timeline (Altverse II)

2025-04-27T17:59:36Z

Deleted user:

{{Icons|Start|Altverse II}}
{{Meta}}
{{AV2H|Detailed Timeline}}

This is a '''detailed timeline''' of ''[[Altverse II]]'' which provides a list of all events pertaining to the project, starting from the mid-19th century to the present day. For more details, see the individual centuries: [[19th century|19th]], [[20th century|20th]], and [[21st century|21st]], as well as their respective years. All events and dates shown in the aforementioned pages are canonical within the ''Altverse II'' timeline unless denoted with a parenthetical citation (indicating that it is an event belonging to a separate project or timeline). There's an [[Overview Timeline (Altverse II)|overview of the timeline]] too.

When creating new events, have in mind that adding it to this list can help other users being consistant, as it keeps the project realistic.

''Italicized events'' are events that need to be either confirmed or modified to be accurate. Decanonized events are put (between parenthesis).

==19th century==

===1810s===
*'''''1811''': [[John Jacob Astor]] establishes the first American settlement in Oregon Country at [[Fort Astoria]].''
===1830s===

==== 1830 ====

* '''August 25, 1930''': The Wallonian population of the Southern [[Netherlands]] rebells, starting the [[Wallonian Insurrection]].
* '''July 21, 1831''': The [[Treaty of Ghent]] is signed on 21 July 1831 after intense diplomatic pressure from both [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[France]], forcing {{W|William I of the Netherlands|William I}} to cede [[Wallonia]] to France. Wallonia becomes the [[Province of Meuse-Ardennes]], while the Netherlands retain [[Flanders]] and [[Luxembourg]].

==== 1837 ====
*'''''1837''': [[Kier Astor]], son of John Jacob Astor, is born in New York City.''
===1840s ===
*'''''1841''': The [[Constitution of Canada]] is adopted, transitioning the Provisional Republic to the contemporary Federal Republic.''
*'''July 5, 1843''': American and French Canadians ratify the {{W|Organic Laws of Oregon}}, establishing the foundations for local government in the Pacific Northwest.
*'''1846''': British Ambassador to the United States {{W|Richard Pakenham}} and United States Secretary of State {{W|James Buchanan}} fail to reach a settlement over the disputed territories in the Pacific Northwest.
*'''April 25, 1846''': American forces crossed the Mexican border, starting the [[Mexican-American War]].
*'''February 2,''' '''1848''': The [[Mexican-American War]] ends with the [[Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo]], formalizing the independence of [[Brazoria]] and the [[California Republic]].
===1850s===
*'''January 4, 1855''': The Second Sacramento National Capitol in [[Sacramento]], [[Tahoe]] houses the [[Californian National Congress]], becoming the last seat of government for the [[California Republic]] until November 27, 1858, when the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] is founded and [[San Francisco City]] becomes the capital.
*'''1856''': [[Kier Astor]] inherits the entirety of his fathers wealth in 1856 at the age of 19. The {{W|Sacking of Lawrence}} and reports of [[Charles I of Sierra|Charles Miller Smith]] success in {{W|Alta California}} persuades Astor to move his family to the Fort Astoria.
*'''1858''': The [[1857 Constitutional Convention]] results in the adoption of the [[Constitution of Sierra|1858 Constitution]], which reorganizes the California Republic as the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], with [[Charles I of Sierra]] as its first monarch.
*'''1859''': Border disputes in the Pacific Northwest with the United Kingdom causes the United States Congress to reject the admission of [[Oregon]] into the union.
*'''January 1, 1859''': The [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]] is established and organized by an act of Parliament. The [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Ministry of Defense]] is also established.
===1860s===
*'''1860''': [[Peru]] is annexed to [[Colombia]].
*'''1861''': France [[Second French intervention in Mexico|intervenes]] in Mexico, installing [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian von Habsburg]] as Emperor of Mexico, beginning half a century of foreign rule in Mexico.
*'''1866''': The [[War of Contingency]] begins after the [[assassination of Abraham Lincoln]] and a subsequent attempted coup by the [[Knights of the Golden Circle]] leads to a power struggle, the [[Confederate Uprising]], and the collapse of the United States government. The U.S. government is reorganized as the [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|United Commonwealth of America]] and several U.S. states secede as their own breakaway states: [[Republic of Acadiana|Acadiana]] (Louisiana), [[Astoria]] (Oregon Territory), [[Kingdom of Florida|Florida]], the [[Northeast Union]] (New York and the New England states), [[Superior]] (the American Midwest), and [[Tournesol]] (Kansas) breaking away from the former United States.
*'''1866''': [[Canada]] attempts to annex [[Astoria]] amid the [[War of Contingency]] chaos. [[Kingdom of Sierra|Sierra]] intervenes on behalf of Astoria. The conflict becomes known as the [[Eugene War]] and results in Astorian-Sierran victory, securing Astoria's independence.
*'''''1869''': The [[War of Contingency]] ends, after [[Sierra]] and [[Brazoria]] intervene on behalf of the breakaway states. The [[Treaty of Salinas]] is signed, with the [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|United Commonwealth]] recognizing the sovereignties of the breakaway states.''
*'''January 2, 1869''': The [[Parliament of Superior]] is established.
===1870s===
*'''1874''': The [[Sierran Civil War]] erupts between [[Republicanism in Sierra|Republicans]] and [[Monarchism in Sierra|Monarchists]] in Sierra.
*'''1877''': The Sierran Civil War ends in a Monarchist victory and the capitulation of [[Isaiah Landon]] and the Republicans.
===1880s ===

*'''January 1, 1881''': King [[Louis I of Sierra]] delivers the first [[King's Speech]] to the houses of [[Parliament of Sierra|Parliament]].

===1890s===

==== 1893 ====

* '''1893''': The [[First Formosan War]] breaks out between the [[Netherlands]] and [[Japan]].

==== 1894 ====

* '''1894''': The [[First Formosan War]] ends, the [[Netherlands]] cedes the island of [[Formosa]] to [[Japan]].

==== 1898 ====
*'''1898''': The [[Spanish–American War]] breaks out after the explosion of a Brazorian warship in Havana. [[Spain]] is defeated by a coalition of Anglo-American countries in the [[Antilles]] of the Caribbean as well as in [[Tondo]] and the Spanish Pacific islands, being forced to cede several territories to [[Kingdom of Sierra|Sierra]] and the [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|United Commonwealth]].

==== 1899 ====
*'''1899''': The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] breaks out over tensions between the Qing dynasty and [[Japan]] in [[Korea]].
==20th century==
===1900s===

==== 1900 ====
*'''1900''': [[Japan]] annexes [[Korea]].

==== 1901 ====
*'''1901''': The [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] begins in Sierra, marking a significant shift in the socio-cultural composition and customs of the nation.
===1910s===

==== 1911 ====
*'''1911''': The [[Xinhai Revolution]] breaks out in [[China]], resulting in the successful overthrow of the Qing Empire. The Beiyang government obtains control, beginning what becomes known as the [[History of China since 1911#Beiyang government (1912%E2%80%931927)|Warlord Era]].

==== 1912 ====

===== January 1912 =====
*'''January 1, 1912''': The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] is established.

==== 1917 ====

===== January 1917 =====
*'''January 18,''' '''1917''': The [[Continental Revolutionary War]] begins in the United Commonwealth. The [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]] seeks to usurp power from the [[Federalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Federalist Party]] after a series of violent responses to public demonstrations.
===1920s===

==== 1921 ====

===== January 1921 =====

* '''January 3, 1921''': ''The [[Great Retreat]] begins as remnants of the Federalist-led government of [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|United Commonwealth of America]] flees to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico to establish the [[Antilles]].'' A [[Greenland|Greenlandic]] loyalist army reaches {{W|Sisimiut|Holsteinborg}} after an arduous overland trek, aiming to drive [[Landonism|Landonist]] forces from the city.

==== 1922 ====

===== February 1922 =====
*'''February 28, 1922''': [[Egypt]] gains independence from the [[United Kingdom]].

===== May 1922 =====
*'''''May 20, 1922''': The [[Continental Revolutionary War]] comes to an end with the collapse of the Federalist Party and the establishment of the Continetalist States. The Federalist government [[Retreat of the government of the United Commonwealth to the Antilles|retreats]] to the islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, establishing the [[Antilles]].''

==== 1923 ====
*'''''1923''': The [[Russian Revolution]] breaks out in several cities of the Russian Empire, and spreads throughout the country. Emperor Nicholas II resigns under pressure and a Russian Republic is proclaimed, but it is plagued by instability. The [[Russian Civil War]] breaks out after a failed Bolshevik coup attempt.''

==== 1925 ====
*'''''1925''': The Russian Civil War ends as the White Army succeeded in putting down various rebellions, though [[Poland]], [[Finland]], and the Baltic states gained their independence from Russia. A Russian military dictatorship is established.''

==== 1927 ====
*'''''1927''': The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] begins after the Japanese {{W|Kwantung Army}} intervenes in China during the Warlord Era struggle. Various Chinese warlord factions unite against the Japanese intervention. The conflict eventually becomes part of the broader Great War during the 1930s.''

===== November 1927 =====
*'''November 15, 1927''': [[Japan]] joins the [[Pact of Steel]] alongside [[France]] and [[Russia]].

==== 1929 ====

===== August 1929 =====
*'''August 9, 1929''': The [[Formosan War]] between [[Japan]] and Formosan nationalists begins after the [[Taipak North Gate incident]].
===1930s===

==== 1932 ====

==== March 1932 ====
*'''''March 1, 1932''': [[France]] [[Invasion of Germany|invades]] [[Germany]]. The conflict results in the beginning of [[Great War]], which becomes a four-sided conflict between the [[Triple Alliance]] (led by the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[China]]), the [[Landonist International]] (led by the [[United Commonwealth]], [[Italy]], and [[Spain]]), the [[American Coalition]] (led by the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], [[Superior]], [[Astoria]] and the [[Antilles]]), and the [[Entente Impériale]] (led by France, [[Russia]] and [[Japan]])''

==== 1934 ====
*'''1934''': [[Benito Mussolini]] pressures [[Pope Pius XI]] to adopt pro-Landonist theology within the Church. Pius XI issues a papal bull extolling Italians to support Landonism. In protest, a third of the College of Cardinals, mostly church conservatives, declare themselves as the legal continuation of the Catholic Church. The [[Council of Avignon]] results in the establishment of the [[Catholic Church – Avignon]], a split in what becomes known as the [[Second Western Schism]]. The Archbishop of Avignon becomes an {{W|antipope}}. The church in Rome becomes distinguished from the Avignonese church as "[[Catholic Church – Rome]]".

==== 1935 ====

===== January 1935 =====
*'''''January 9, 1935''': Gran Colombian army general Luis Sanchez stages a coup against the democratic nationalist government of Colombia, installing a derzhavist and segregationist dictatorship that would last until 1958.''

==== 1938 ====
*'''''1938''': The [[Chinese Civil War]] sees fighting between the [[Nationalist Party of China|Kuomintang]] and the [[Chinese Commmunist Party]] in the aftermath of the Second Sino-Japanese War.''

===== September 1938 =====
*'''September 29, 1938''': The [[Formosan War]] ends, leading [[Formosa]] to declare its independence from [[Japan]].

==== October 1938 ====
*'''October 25, 1938''': [[Russia]] [[Russian Instrument of Surrender|surrenders]] to the [[Triple Alliance]], the [[American Coalition]] and the [[Landonist International]], bringing an end to the [[Great War]].
===1940s===

==== 1941 ====

===== August 1941 =====
* '''August 22, 1941''': The British mandate ends, establishing [[Waynakhia]] as an independent country.

==== 1942 ====

===== October 1942 =====
* '''October 9, 1942''': The [[Osmanthus Coup]] brings [[Emperor Hirohito]]'s rule to an end.

==== 1945 ====

===== November 1945 =====
*'''November 18, 1945''': [[Aäron Liao Chien-hung]] becomes the second [[President of the Republic of Formosa]].

==== 1947 ====

===== June 1947 =====

* '''June 16, 1947''': The adoption of the [[Charter for the United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] establishes the relationship between the two constituent countries (the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Netherlands Antilles]]) that form the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].

===1950s===

==== 1950 ====

===== June 1950 =====
*'''June 23, 1950''': King [[Louis III of Sierra|Louis III]] promulgates the [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra]], establishing and regulating the relationship between the three [[Countries of the Kingdom of Sierra|constituent countries]] (the [[Deseret]], [[Hawaii]], and [[Sierra]]) that form the Kingdom.

==== 1951 ====

===== January 1951 =====
*'''January 1, 1951''': [[India]] becomes an independent republic.

==== 1953 ====

===== April 1953 =====
*'''''April 3, 1953''': The [[Cuban insurgency]] starts in the [[Antilles]] after a number of anti-Antilles and separatist groups, led by the recently-formed [[La Libertad (Cuba)|La Libertad]], beginning an armed revolt against the Antillean government.''

==== 1958 ====
*'''''1958''': Colombian dictator Luis Sanchez resigns and attempts to flee the country. He and his family are discovered by communist partisans near the Costa Rican border and executed.''

==== December 1958 ====
*'''''December 3, 1958''': After Sanchez' death the Federal Republic of Colombia is founded, which follows a western style democratic system.''

==== 1959 ====

===== January 1959 =====
*'''January 2, 1959''': [[Kazakhstan]] is admitted to the [[League of Nations]].
===1960s===

==== 1969 ====

===== February 1969 =====
*'''February 14, 1969''': The [[Colombia War]] begins as the Sierran-backed [[National Front (Colombia)|National Front]] launches an insurgency against the Marxist–Maoist government of the [[United People's Committees]].
===1970s===

====1970====

=====September 1970=====
*'''September 9,''' '''1970''': The [[Colombia War]] escalates as the [[Bogotá embassy incident]] pushes the [[Kingdom of Sierra|Kingdom of Sier]][[Kingdom of Sierra|ra]]<nowiki/> into the conflict and the [[United Commonwealth]] joins on behalf of the Andean government.

====1971====
==== February 1971 ====
*'''26 February 1971''' - [[F.J.]] Pienaar is elected president of [[South Africa]], marking the beginning
====1972====

=====January 1972=====
*'''January 3, 1972''': [[Daniel Muir]] begins his first term as a U.C. Representative from [[Michigan]]. He would serve<nowiki/> until 2008 and later became the [[General Secretary of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|General Secretary of the Continentalist Party]] and [[President of the United Commonwealth]].

=====1973=====

=====1974=====
=====1975=====

=====1976=====
=====1977=====

=====1978=====
===== November 1978 =====
*'''24 November 1978''' - The [[People's Democratic Social Movement]], led by [[Pierre Bergier-Le Blanc]], seizes power in [[Seychelles]]
=====1979=====

===1980s===

====1980====

====1981====

====1982====

====1983====
===== June 1983 =====
*'''7 June 1983''' - [[1983 South African invasion of Seychelles|South African forces invade Seychelles]]
*'''20 June 1983''' - South African forces withdraw Seychelles, [[Pierre Bergier-Le Blanc]] is overthrown
====1984====

====1985====

===== April 1985 =====
*'''17 April 1985''' - [[South African Forces Japan]] is established after South Africa opens a listening post on {{w|Tsushima Island}}
* '''April 20, 1985''': The [[Solidarity Party of the Falklands]] is founded in the [[Falkland Islands]], [[Patagonia]].

====1986====

====1987====

====1988====

====1989====

===1990s===

====1990====

=====May 1990=====
*'''May 25, 1990''': Korean nationalists attempt to assassinate [[Emperor Naruhito]], leading to the [[Korean Question]].

====1991====

===== January 1991=====
*'''January 1, 1991''': The [[Civic Democratic Party of the United Commonwealth]] is founded in the [[Antilles]].

====1992====

==== 1993====

===== January 1993=====
*'''January 3, 1993''': K.S. Associate Justice [[Sherry Delano]] is appointed by the Crown to serve in the [[Supreme Court of Sierra|Supreme Court]] based upon the nomination of Prime Minister [[Melinda Peters]].

====1994====

=====December 1994=====
*'''December 24, 1994''': The [[Kumamoto Agreements]] put an end to the [[the Troubles|Korean Question]] and grant independence to [[Korea]].

====1995====

====1996====

====1997====

====1998====

====1999====

==21st century==
{{Main|21st century}}
===2000s===

====2000====

====2001====

====2002====

====2003====

=====February 2003=====

*'''February 1, 2003''': [[Faisal IV of Hashemite Arabia|Faisal IV]] is crowned [[King of Hashemite Arabia]].

====2004====

====2005====

=====January 2005 =====

*'''January 2, 2005''': The [[2005 Court Representation and Choice Act]], authored by [[Daniel McComb]] ([[San Joaquin|SJ]]-[[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]]), is passed in the [[Parliament of Sierra|Sierran Parliament]], explicitly requiring law enforcement agencies to provide defendants the opportunity to find other pro bono attorneys to represent them if the initial appointee is not satisfactory.

====2006 ====

=====January 2006=====
*'''January 4, 2006''': [[Charles, Duke of Cabo|Charles II of Sierra]] is coronated as [[Monarchy of Sierra|King]]. His wife, [[Evelyn, Duchess of Cabo|Evelyn]], is coronated {{W|queen consort}}.

====2007====

====2008====

====2009====

===2010s===

====2010====

====2011====

====2012====

==== 2013====

=====January 2013=====

* '''January 2, 2013''': [[ZuWop]] and his tour bus entourage are attacked in [[Bernheim, San Joaquin]], resulting in the death of [[Kiante Floyd]], ZuWop's tour manager, and four injuries.

=====2014=====

====2015====

===== January 2015=====

*'''January 2, 2015''': The reissued deluxe version of Sierran rapper Wonderkidd's debut album ''[[Stain Mixx (mixtape)|Stain Mixx]]'' is released.

===== July 2015=====

*'''July 21, 2015''': King [[Charles II]] [[Abdication of Charles II|abdicates]], transferring power to his heiress [[Elizabeth II of Sierra|Elisa]] who becomes Elizabeth II of Sierra.

====2016====

=====August 2016=====

*'''August 12, 2016''': [[Steven Hong]], the 22nd [[Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sierra]], is shot and fatally wounded by [[Dylan Coulter]].

====2017====

====2018 ====

====2019 ====

===== November 2019 =====
*'''November 17, 2019''': The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] starts in {{w|Wuhan}}, [[China]] and cases of the virus have been confirmed all around the world, with every country recognized by the League of Nations having at least one case of infection throughout the duration of the pandemic.

===2020s===

====2020====

=====January 2020=====
*'''January 3, 2020''': Sierran rapper [[Blaxkface Killer]] releases the single "{{W|Crazy Story (song)|Wild Story}}".

====2021====

=====March 2021=====
* '''March 6, 2021''': [[Kingdom of Sierra|Sierra]] recognizes [[Bajaría]] as the Kingdom's fourth country and updates the [[Charter for the Kingdom of Sierra]].

====2022====

===== January 2022=====
*'''January 3, 2022''': The [[2022 Superian federal election]] is held, with [[Isaac Dillon]] of the [[United Conservative Party of Superior|United Conservative Party]] securing a plurality of seats.
*'''January 7, 2022''': [[Isaac Dillon]] of the [[United Conservative Party of Superior|United Conservative Party]] is sworn in as the 19th [[President of Superior]].
*'''''January 15, 2022''': A large eruption of Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai, a submarine volcano in Tonga, triggers tsunami warnings across the Pacific.''

===== February 2022=====
*'''[[February 1|F]]<nowiki/>ebruary 1, 2022:''' The [[2022 Sierran Senate elections]] are held.
*'''February 9, 2022''': Approximately over 200 people are killed in the [[2022 North American attacks]] in [[Astoria]], [[Kingdom of Sierra|Sierra]], and [[Superior]], the largest terrorist attacks in North America since [[9/11]].
*'''''February 21, 2022''': Approximately TBD people are killed in the [[2022 Mumbai attacks]] in {{w|Mumbai}}, [[India]]''
*'''February 28, 2022''': The [[2022 Liberal Democratic Party of Superior leadership election]] begins.

=====March 2022=====
*'''March 2, 2022''':The [[Caribbean Sea incident]] occurs between the [[Continental Navy]] and the [[Caribbean merchant fleet]].
*'''March 6, 2022''': The [[2022 Channel Islands gubernatorial election]] is held and [[Claire Porcher]] is elected [[Governor of the Channel Islands]]. The [[2022 Liberal Democratic Party of Superior leadership election]] ends with the last primary in [[Helena]].
*'''March 20, 2022''': The [[2022 Central American presidential election]] begins; [[Maria Magaña]] of the [[Democratic Alliance of Central America|Democratic Alliance]] and [[Victoria Carazo]] of the [[Unity Party of Central America|Unity Party]] advance to the second round.

=====April 2022=====
*'''''April 14, 2022''': The [[China|Chinese]] warship [[Chinese destroyer Beijing|Beijing]] catches fire during naval exercises in the {{W|Bohai Sea}}, sustaining damage but remaining afloat. Approximately 30 crew members are injured as a result. China's government blames [[Manchuria]], rekindling [[Sino-Manchurian conflict|tensions]] between the two states.''
*'''April 20, 2022''': Maria Magaña wins the secound round of the 2022 Central American presidential election over Victoria Carazo.

=====May 2022=====
*'''May 8, 2022''': The [[2022 Inner Saint Anthony special election]] occurs, resulting in no candidate securing a majority of the vote.
*'''May 28, 2022:''' The second round of the [[2022 Inner Saint Anthony special election]] occurs, resulting in the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Superior|Liberal Democrats]] retaining the seat.

=====June 2022=====
*'''June 25, 2022''': The [[Supreme Court of the Kingdom of Sierra]] rules in favor of ''[[Boulangier v. the Deseret]]'', overturning ''[[Doggart v. Cray]]'' and eliminating general constitutional exemptions given to the [[Deseret]]. [[2022 protests against Boulangier v. the Deseret]] begin. The [[2022 Green Party of Superior leadership election]] occurs, resulting in no candidate securing a majority of the vote.
*'''June 28, 2022:''' The [[Occupation of the Vernal Court House]] begins.
*'''June 30, 2022:''' The second round of the [[2022 Green Party of Superior leadership election]] occurs, resulting in [[Howard Hawkins]] being elected leader of the [[Green Party of Superior|Green Party]].

=====July 2022=====

*'''July 9, 2022''': The [[Occupation of Vernal Court House]] ends. Sixteen militants, including notable anti-government activist [[Robert Peterson]], are arrested and charged. All eight hostages are safe and accounted for.

=====August 2022 =====

=====September 2022=====

*'''September 3, 2022:''' The [[2022 Astorian presidential election]] is held.

=====October 2022=====

=====November 2022=====

=====December 2022=====

*'''December 31, 2022''': [[Brendan Shepard]] is sworn into a second term as [[President of Astoria]].
==See also==

{{Altverse II}}
[[Category:Altverse II]]
[[Category:Timelines (Altverse II)]]
[[Category:Overview timelines]]

South African Naval Air Arm

2025-04-25T07:07:55Z

Deleted user: Created page with "{{Infobox military unit | unit_name = South African Naval Air Arm | native_name = Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot Lugmag | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | start_date = {{Start date and age|1928|4|17|df=yes}} (As the South African Naval Aviations Group) {{Start date and age|1971|7|13|df=yes}} (Transferred to the South African Navy) | country = South Africa | allegiance = | branch = South African Navy | type = {{w|Naval aviation}} | role = {{unbulle..."

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = South African Naval Air Arm
| native_name = Suid-Afrikaanse Vloot Lugmag
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| start_date = {{Start date and age|1928|4|17|df=yes}} (As the South African Naval Aviations Group) {{Start date and age|1971|7|13|df=yes}} (Transferred to the [[South African Navy]])
| country = [[South Africa]]
| allegiance =
| branch = [[South African Navy]]
| type = {{w|Naval aviation}}
| role = {{unbulleted list
|{{w|Aerial reconnaissance}}
|{{w|Air-to-air combat}}
|{{w|Amphibious warfare}}
|{{w|Anti-submarine warfare}}
|{{w|Anti-surface warfare}}
|{{w|Maritime interdiction}}
|{{w|Airlift|Materiel and troop transport}}
|{{w|Minesweeping}}
|{{w|Search and rescue}}
|{{w|Vertiical replenishment}}
}}
| size = 8,000 personnel 400 aircraft
| command_structure =
| garrison =
| garrison_label =
| nickname =
| patron =
| motto =
| colours = {{colour box|#ff8400}} {{colour box|#003884}} {{w|Orange}} and {{w|blue}}
| colors_label = 
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = 13 July
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{unbulleted list
|[[Great War]]
|[[South African invasion of Seychelles]]
}}
| battles_label =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| flying_hours =
| website =

| current_commander =
| commander1 = [[Commodore (South Africa)|Commodore]] Frikkie du Toit
| commander1_label = Commandant of SANAIR
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| commander4 =
| commander4_label =
| commander5 =
| commander5_label =
| commander6 =
| commander6_label =
| commander7 =
| commander7_label =
| commander8 =
| commander8_label =
| commander9 =
| commander9_label =
| notable_commanders =

| identification_symbol = [[File:Roundel of South Africa - Type D.svg|60px|Roundel]] [[File:Roundel of South Africa - Type B.svg|60px|Low visibility roundel]]
| identification_symbol_label = Roundel
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Fin_Flash_of_South_Africa_–_Type_C.svg|60px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Fin flash
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
| identification_symbol_5 =
| identification_symbol_5_label =
| identification_symbol_6 =
| identification_symbol_6_label =

| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter = {{w|Dassault Mirage F1|Atlas F2-C}}, {{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}, {{w|Grumman F-14 Tomcat|Atlas F28-C}}
| aircraft_helicopter = {{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
| aircraft_helicopter_attack =
| aircraft_helicopter_cargo =
| aircraft_helicopter_multirole =
| aircraft_helicopter_observation =
| aircraft_helicopter_trainer =
| aircraft_helicopter_utility =
| aircraft_interceptor =
| aircraft_patrol = {{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}, {{w|Kawasaki P-1}}
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport = {{w|EADS CASA C-295|Atlas C1}}
| aircraft_tanker =
| aircraft_general =
|dates=}}

'''South African Naval Air Arm''' ('''SANAIR''', {{w|Afrikaans}}: ''Suid-Afrikaanse Vlootlugwapen'' {{Lit.}} South African Navy Air Weapon) is the {{w|naval aviation|aviation}} component of the [[South African Navy]] tasked with providing aircraft carrier-based strike capabilities, maritime reconnaissance, and anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare.

While naval aviation in South Africa began in the 1920s, the modern Naval Air Arm was the result of F.J. Pienaar's presidency in the 1970s. Pienaar, recognising the importance of navies in power projection, sought to boost the naval capabilities of South Africa, which included creating a formidable naval aviation force. Today, South Africa operates five aircraft carriers, making them the African nation to do so.
==History==
In the early 1920s, the [[South African Navy]] (SAN) expressed interest in forming a {{w|naval aviation}} unit, and in 1928 formed the '''South African Naval Air Force''', modelled off the {{W|Royal Naval Air Service}} and its successor the {{W|Fleet Air Arm}}. This move however was opposed by the [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF), who felt that all land and sea-based aviation should be under their control to ensure maximum combat effective. prompted the cabinet to disband the organisation in 1931. The SAAF then assumed responsibility for naval aviation afterwards with the '''Naval Aviation Group''', inheriting the aircraft of the South African Navy. During the [[Great War]], the SAAF flew the {{W|Fairey Flycatcher}} and {{W|Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish}} from a force of three cruisers while supporting British carrier operations. South Africa would receive their first aircraft carrier, the {{W|HMS Eagle (1918)|SAS Eagle}}, from the Royal Navy in 1936, further expanding the SAAF's naval aviation capabilities. By this point, the successes of naval aviation during the Great War has caused the SAN to re-express interest in re-establishing a naval aviation component under their control, however the war ended before this idea was realized. It was not until 1971 that control of naval aviation was finally transferred from the SAAF to the SAN, thirty-five years later.

South African naval aviation would reach a state of dormancy following the end of the Great War. The Naval Aviation Group's primary function during this time were maritime patrols. During the [[South African Civil War]], the SAAF used naval aircraft to intercept smugglers, and early on were also used to carried out strike missions against Afrikaner militants. While victorious, the war destroyed much of South Africa and their economy, causing them to go through a period of reconstruction throughout the 1960s. This changed beginning in the late 1960s however, as communism began taking hold over the African continent.

[[File:IAC-1_Vikrant_out_in_the_sea_during_its_maiden_sea_trials.jpg|left|thumb|''[[SANS King Shaka]]'', an ''Eksekuteur''-class aircraft carrier]]

Fear that it would spread to South Africa and send the country into another war was only intensified in 1971, when [[F.J. Pienaar]], who was known for his hawkish anti-communist stance, was elected president. That same year, the Naval Aviation Group was transferred to the SAN and renamed the Naval Air Arm as South Africa embarked on an aggressive rearmament programme. Through this programme in 1974 South Africa acquired three aircraft carriers from the [[United Kingdom]]: {{w|HMAS Sydney (R17)|''HMS Terrible''}}, {{w|HMCS Bonaventure|''HMS Powerful''}}, and {{w|HMS Hermes (R12)|HMS Hermes}}. Bringing along with them were {{w|Royal Navy}} and {{w|Fleet Air Arm}} advisors. These ships, ''HMS Hermes'' of the {{w|Centaur-class aircraft carrier|''Centaur''-class}} served as the basis for the ''Herlewing''-class aircraft carriers. In 1979, the ''Oorheersing'' was laid down, launched on 25 June 1983 and commissioned on 21 April 1985.

In 2002, South Africa launched its first carrier of indigenous design, the ''[[SANS King Shaka]]'' of the ''Eksekuteur''-class. Today, SANAIR fields 41 squadrons, 15 of them in 5 Carrier Air Groups (CAGs).

==Squadrons==
Fighter and helicopter squadrons typically consist of 12-14 aircraft, 26 officers, and 208 enlisted personnel. Larger aircraft, such as the {{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}} used in maritime patrol squadrons, have 6-8 aircraft.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Squadrons of SANAIR
!Squadron
!Type
!Nickname
!Aircraft
!Station
!Fleet
!Tail code
|-
|4 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Grumman F-14 Tomcat|Atlas F28-C}}
|{{w|Naval Base Durban}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NDX
|-
|5 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Grumman F-14 Tomcat|Atlas F28-C}}
|{{w|Naval Base Durban}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NBA
|-
|7 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|Naval Air Station Walvis Bay
|Atlantic Fleet
|NDL
|-
|8 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|Air Force Base Maputo
|East Indies Fleet
|NPT
|-
|12 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|Air Force Base Maputo
|East Indies Fleet
|NLC
|-
|15 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|{{w|Naval Base Durban}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NKP
|-
|16 Naval Air Squadron
|Transport
|
|{{w|EADS CASA C-295|Atlas C1}}
|{{w|Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport|Plaisance Airport}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NBV
|-
|17 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|Naval Air Station Walvis Bay
|Atlantic Fleet
|NXA
|-
|18 Naval Air Squadron
|Aerial patrol
|
|{{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}
|{{w|Besalampy Airport}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NME
|-
|20 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|{{w|Kadena Air Base|Joint Air Force Base Kadena}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NCA
|-
|22 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|Naval Air Station Walvis Bay
|Atlantic Fleet
|NGF
|-
|24 Naval Air Squadron
|Aerial patrol
|
|{{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}
|{{w|Koggala Airport}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NPO
|-
|25 Naval Air Squadron
|Aerial patrol
|
|{{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}
|Air Force Base Oranjemund
|Atlantic Fleet
|NWR
|-
|28 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|{{w|Roland Garros Airport|Gillot Airport}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NOZ
|-
|31 Naval Air Squadron
|Fighter
|
|{{w|Dassault Mirage 2000|Atlas FA10}}
|{{w|Kadena Air Base|Joint Air Force Base Kadena}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NJP
|-
|32 Naval Air Squadron
|Training
|
|
|Air Force Base Durban
|
|NKJ
|-
|33 Naval Air Squadron
|Aerial patrol
|
|{{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}
|{{w|Kadena Air Base|Joint Air Force Base Kadena}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NHD
|-
|34 Naval Air Squadron
|Training
|
|
|Air Force Base Durban
|
|NRS
|-
|35 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|{{w|Velena International Airport}}
|East Indies Fleet
|NMC
|-
|36 Naval Air Squadron
|Transport
|
|{{w|EADS CASA C-295|Atlas C1}}
|Naval Air Station Port Elizabeth
|Antarctic Fleet
|NSM
|-
|51 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|Air Force Base Ysterplaat
|Atlantic Fleet
|NYW
|-
|55 Naval Air Squadron
|Aerial patrol
|
|{{w|Lockheed P-3 Orion}}
|Naval Air Station Walvis Bay
|Atlantic Fleet
|NYK
|-
|56 Naval Air Squadron
|Helicopter
|
|{{w|Bell UH-1N Twin Huey|SAF Aerospace HM-1}}
|Air Force Base Ysterplaat
|Atlantic Fleet
|NYS
|}

[[File:Mirage_F1CZ.jpg|right|thumb|An Atlas F2 in flight, 1970s. This a non-naval variant used by the [[South African Air Force]].]]

[[Category:South African Navy]]
[[Category:South African naval aviation]]