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<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Summary */</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> sourced from [[Wikipedia:File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg]] due to copyright issues with it being on commons<br /> <br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{Non-commercial user-generated content}}</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon.jpg&diff=594571 2026-08-10T15:14:31Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: sourced from Wikiedpia:File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg due to copyright issues with it being on commons</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> sourced from [[Wikiedpia:File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg]] due to copyright issues with it being on commons<br /> <br /> == Licensing ==<br /> {{Non-commercial user-generated content}}</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Spain_(Red_Dawn_at_Warsaw)&diff=594570 2026-08-10T15:07:56Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Economy */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox ccountry<br /> |conventional_long_name = Spanish Republic<br /> |native_name = ''República Española''<br /> |image_flag = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg<br /> |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg<br /> |symbol_type = Coat of arms<br /> |national_motto =&lt;br&gt;''{{w|Plus ultra}}'' &lt;br&gt; &quot;Further beyond&quot;<br /> |national_anthem =&lt;br&gt;''{{W|Himno de Riego}}'' &lt;br&gt; &quot;Anthem of Riego&quot; &lt;br&gt; [[File:National-Anthem-of-Spain- 1931-1939 -Himno-de-Riego.ogg]]<br /> |royal_anthem = <br /> |other_symbol_type = <br /> |other_symbol = <br /> |image_map = Communities of Spain (Red Dawn at Warsaw).png<br /> |alt_map = <br /> |map_caption = Map of '''Spain''' and its {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}<br /> |image_map2 = <br /> |alt_map2 = <br /> |map_caption2 = <br /> |capital = {{RDaW|Madrid}}<br /> |largest_city = {{RDaW|Madrid}}<br /> |official_languages = {{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}<br /> |membership = <br /> |membership_type = <br /> |demonym = Spaniard{{*}}Spanish<br /> |regional_languages = {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}{{*}}{{w|Basque language|Basque}}{{*}}{{w|Galician language|Galician}}{{*}}{{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}{{*}}{{w|Occitan languages|Occitan}}{{*}}{{w|Asturian language|Asturian}}{{*}}{{w|Leonese language|Leonese}}<br /> |ethnic_groups = <br /> |ethnic_groups_year = <br /> |government_type = {{W|Federalism|Federal}} {{w|semi-presidential republic}}<br /> |leader_title1 = {{RDaW|President of Spain|President}}<br /> |leader_name1 = Rosario Orellana Hernández<br /> |leader_title2 = {{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|President}} <br /> |leader_name2 = Xavier Busquets Llopis ({{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE}}) <br /> |legislature = {{RDaW|Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congress of Deputies}}<br /> |upper_house = <br /> |lower_house = <br /> |sovereignty_type = Formation<br /> |sovereignty_note = <br /> |established_event1 = {{W|Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Dynastic union}}<br /> |established_date1 = 20 January 1479<br /> |established_event2 = {{W|Habsburg Spain|Sole sovereign}}<br /> |established_date2 = 14 March 1516<br /> |established_event3 = {{w|Nueva Planta decrees|Centralization}}<br /> |established_date3 = 9 June 1715<br /> |established_event4 = {{w|Spanish constitution of 1812|Unification}}<br /> |established_date4 = 19 March 1812<br /> |established_event5 = {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|Proclamation of the Republic}}<br /> |established_date5 = 14 April 1931<br /> |established_event6 = {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Establishment of the Third Republic}}<br /> |established_date6 = 14 February 1945<br /> |area = <br /> |area_km2 = 507,492<br /> |area_sq_mi = auto<br /> |area_footnote = <br /> |percent_water = <br /> |area_label = Total<br /> |population_estimate = <br /> |population_estimate_rank = <br /> |population_estimate_year = <br /> |population_census = 51,400,798<br /> |population_census_year = 2020<br /> |population_density_km2 = 101.6<br /> |population_density_sq_mi = auto<br /> |population_density_rank = <br /> |GDP_PPP = <br /> |GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> |GDP_PPP_year = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal = <br /> |GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal_year = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> |Gini = <br /> |Gini_ref = <br /> |Gini_rank =<br /> |Gini_year = <br /> |HDI = <br /> |HDI_ref = <br /> |HDI_rank =<br /> |HDI_year = <br /> |currency = {{RDaW|Spanish peseta}}<br /> |currency_code = ESP<br /> |time_zone = {{w|UTC-01:00}} and {{w|UTC+00:00}} ({{w|Western European Time|WET}})<br /> |utc_offset = <br /> |time_zone_DST = {{w|UTC+00:00}} and {{w|UTC+01:00}} ({{w|Western European Summer Time|WEST}})<br /> |utc_offset_DST = <br /> |DST_note = The {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}} are one hour behind mainland Spain<br /> |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy<br /> |drives_on = right<br /> |cctld = .es<br /> |iso3166code = ES<br /> |official_website = www.spain.es<br /> |calling_code = +34<br /> |footnote_a = <br /> |footnote_b =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Spain'''{{efn|{{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''España''}}, officially the '''Spanish Republic''',{{efn|{{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''República Española''}} is a country in {{W|Southern Europe}}. It lies between the {{W|Mediterranean Sea}} to the south and east, the {{w|Atlantic Ocean}} to the southwest and west, the {{W|Bay of Biscay}} to the north and the {{W|Pyrenees}} to the northeast. It is bordered by {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Andorra}} to the northeast, {{RDaW|Portugal}} to the west and {{RDaW|Morocco}} and the {{RDaW|United Kingdom)|British}} {{RDaW|Overseas territories of the United Kingdom|territory}} of {{RDaW|Gibraltar}} to the south. It has a population of 47,400,798, making it the sixth-most populous country in {{w|Europe}}.<br /> <br /> Modern Spain has been inhabited since before {{W|classical antiquity}} by various Iberian and Celtic tribes. The region came under Roman rule around 200 BCE, and has been referred to as {{W|Hispania}} since then. After the {{w|Fall of the Western Roman Empire|end of the Western Roman Empire}}, the former Roman province was conquered by the {{w|Visigoths}}, whose Kingdom was in turn conquered by the {{w|Umayyad Caliphate}}. This led to a prolonged period of {{w|al-Andalus|Muslim rule in Spain}} which lasted for seven centuries until the end of the {{w|Reconquista}} in 1492. Shortly afterwards, the kingdoms of {{w|Kingdom of Castille|Castille}} and {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} entered a personal union under the {{w|Catholic Monarchs}}, and together began establishing the {{w|Spanish Empire}}, one of the first global empires. However, Spanish imperial power rapidly imploded after the short occupation of the country during the {{w|Napoleonic Wars}}, which saw it losing most of its North American colonies in the early 19th century, and the last of their American holdings during the {{w|Spanish-American War}}. During this period, Spain would undergo rapid changes, eventually resulting in an unstable {{w|constitutional monarchy}} and eventually a {{w|military dictatorship}}. However, after the Republican-won {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Spanish Republic|local elections of 1931}}, King {{RDaW|Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII}} fled the country, and a new {{w|republic}} was proclaimed. This republic remained unstable, eventually leading to a {{RDaW|Spanish coup of 1936|coup}} that marked the start of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}}, which was in the end won by the Republican government. After a {{RDaW|Negrínada|coup attempt}} and subsequent {{RDaW|1944 Spanish counter-coup|counter-coup}}, the basis for a new, {{w|federalism|federal}} Spain was laid in 1945, culminating with the new {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Constitution of 1946}}, which saw heavy devolution to the autonomous communities and the anarchist communes both.<br /> <br /> Spain is a {{w|secularism|secular}}, {{W|Federal state|federal}} {{W|republic}}, consisting of {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities}}, {{RDaW|Autonomous Cities of Spain|three autonomous cities}} and several {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes|autonomous communes}} that possess widespread {{w|autonomy}} from the federal government in {{RDaW|Madrid}}. It is a {{W|developed country}} with an {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economy}} that ranks among the largest in the world. It is the fifth-largest economy in Europe. Considered to be a {{W|democratic socialism|democratic socialist state}}, Spain provides its citizens with universal healthcare, social security and tuition-free higher education amongst other things. Spain is a founding member of the {{RDaW|League of Nations}} and a member of the {{RDaW|European Community}} and {{RDaW|Council of Europe}}.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word Spain (''España'') comes from the term ''{{W|Hispania}}'', which was the official name used by the {{W|Roman people|Romans}} to refer to the {{W|Iberian Peninsula}} and the official classification of the region under both the {{W|Roman Republic}} and the {{W|Roman Empire}}. Ironically the origin of the word ''Hispania'' is currently uncertain. <br /> <br /> The {{W|Phoenicians}} had referred to Iberia as ''I-shphan-im'', possibly meaning 'land of {{W|rabbits}} and {{W|hyraxes}}', 'land of metals', or 'northern island'. This was acknowledged by the Romans themselves with {{W|Roman currency|Roman coins}} that were struck in the region showing a female figure with a rabbit at her feet during the reign of {{W|Roman emperor}} {{W|Hadrian}} while the {{W|Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek}} geographer {{W|Strabo}} referred to Iberia as the &quot;land of rabbits&quot;. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Prehistory and Iberian peoples ===<br /> [[File:2014 Castro de Santa Trega. Galiza-2.jpg|thumb|left|Celtic castro in Galicia]]<br /> Archaeological research at the {{w|Archaeological site of Atapuerca|Atapuerca site}} indicates that the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}} was already populated by {{w|hominid}}s 1.3&amp;nbsp;million years ago.<br /> <br /> {{w|Human|Modern humans}} first arrived in Iberia from the north about 35,000 years ago. The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the {{w|Altamira (cave)|Altamira cave}} of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 {{w|Before Common Era|BCE}} by {{w|Cro-Magnon}}s. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern {{w|Europe}} was repopulated following the end of the {{w|Quaternary glaciation|last ice age}}.<br /> <br /> Before the {{w|Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Roman conquest}}, the major cultures in modern-day Spain were the {{w|Iberians}} along the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} coast, the {{w|Celtiberians|Celts}} in the interior and north-west, the {{w|Lusitanians}} in the west, and the {{w|Tartessos|Tartessians}} in the southwest. The seafaring {{w|Phoenicians}}, {{w|Carthaginians}}, and {{w|Greeks}} successively established trading settlements along the eastern and southern coast. The {{w|paleohispanic script|development of writing in the peninsula}} took place after the arrival of early Phoenician settlers and traders (tentatively dated 9th century BCE or later).<br /> <br /> The south of the peninsula was rich in archaic Phoenician colonies, unmatched by any other region in the central-western Mediterranean. They were small and densely packed settlements. The colony of {{w|Gadir}}—which sustained strong links with its metropolis of {{w|Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre}}—stood out from the rest of the network of colonies, also featuring a more complex sociopolitical organization. {{w|Archaic Greece|Archaic Greeks}} arrived on the Peninsula by the late 7th century BC. They founded {{w|Greek colonies}}, such as {{w|Empúries|Emporion}} (570 BC) and {{w|Roses, Spain|Rhode}} (5th century BCE).<br /> <br /> After the defeat of {{w|Carthage}} in the {{w|First Punic War}}, the Carthaginian general {{w|Hamilcar Barca}} led an expedition to Iberia, where he hoped to gain a new empire for Carthage to compensate for territorial losses. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, Hamilcar secured an extensive territory, covering around half of the Iberian Peninsula. Hamilcar's premature death in battle (228 BC) prevented him from completing the conquest of the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}}.<br /> <br /> === Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom ===<br /> [[File:Teatro de Mérida, España, 2017 18.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Roman Theatre (Mérida)|Roman Theatre}} in {{w|Mérida, Spain|Mérida}}]]<br /> [[File:Leon (San Isidoro, panteón).jpg|thumb|Royal Pantheon of San Isidoro, {{w|Kingdom of León}}]]<br /> <br /> During the {{w|Second Punic War}}, roughly between 210 and 205&amp;nbsp;BCE, the expanding {{w|Roman Republic}} captured {{w|Carthage|Carthaginian}} trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. It took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the {{w|Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula|conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}. They retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the {{w|Roman road}}s built in the area. The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually {{w|Romanization of Hispania|romanized}} (latinized) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.<br /> <br /> ''{{w|Hispania}}'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula, served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported {{w|gold}}, {{w|wool}}, {{w|olive oil}}, and {{w|wine}}. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use to this day. Emperors such as {{w|Hadrian}}, {{w|Trajan}}, and {{w|Theodosius I}}, as well as personalities like the philosopher {{w|Seneca the Younger|Seneca}} and the poets {{w|Martial}} and {{w|Quintilian}}were born in Hispania. {{w|Christianity}} was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century {{w|Common Era|CE}}, and it became widespread in its cities in the 2nd century. Starting in 170 CE, regular incursions of North-African {{w|Mauri}} in the province of {{w|Hispania Baetica}} (modern-day {{RDaW|Andalusia}}) occured.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Germanic peoples|Germanic}} {{w|Suebi}} and {{w|Vandals}}, together with the {{w|Sarmatians|Sarmatian}} {{w|Alans}}, entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the {{w|Western Roman Empire}}'s jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whilst the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula, before crossing over and moving to {{w|North Africa}} in 429. As the empire disintegrated in the west, the social and economic base became greatly simplified. The successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Byzantine Empire}}s established a province, {{w|Spania}}, in the south of {{w|Iberia}}, with the intent of reviving Roman rule throughout the peninsula. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under {{w|Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic rule}}.<br /> <br /> === Muslim era and ''Reconquista'' ===<br /> From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the {{w|Umayyad Caliphate}} which had {{w|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|conquered North Africa}} from the {{w|Byzantine Empire}}, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by {{w|Islam|Muslims}} from across the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The {{w|Kingdom of Asturias|Kingdom of Asturias-León}} consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as {{w|kingdom of Navarre|Navarre}} and {{w|kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the {{w|Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian}} ''{{w|Marca Hispanica}}''. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula lay along the valley of the {{w|Ebro}} and {{w|Douro}}.<br /> <br /> Conversion to {{w|Islam}} proceeded at an increasing pace. The ''{{w|Muwallad|muladíes}}'' (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of what would be called {{w|Al-Andalus}} by the end of the 10th century. Scores of {{w|Vikings|Viking}} incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries. In the 11th century, the {{w|Caliphate of Córdoba}} collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (''{{w|Taifa}}s''), often subject to the payment of a form of {{w|protection racket|protection money}} (''{{w|Parias}}'') to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of {{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}} in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christian kingdoms. The arrival from {{w|North Africa}} of the Islamic ruling dynasties of the {{w|Almoravids}} and the {{w|Almohads}} achieved temporary unity inthe Muslim-ruled territory, through a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains.<br /> <br /> [[File:Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella of Castile (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The {{w|Catholic Monarchs of Spain}}]]<br /> <br /> The {{w|Kingdom of León}} was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in {{w|León (Spain)|León}} (the {{w|Cortes of León}}). The {{w|Kingdom of Castile}}, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as the strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from {{w|feudalism}}.<br /> <br /> Muslim strongholds along the {{w|Guadalquivir}} river such as {{w|Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba}} (1236) and {{w|Seville}} (1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The {{w|County of Barcelona}} and the {{w|Kingdom of Aragon}} entered into a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}}. In 1229, {{w|Mallorca}} was conquered by Aragon, as was {{w|Valencia}} in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North African {{w|Marinids}} established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the {{w|Granada War}}, the {{w|Kingdom of Granada|Nasrid Sultanate of Granada}} (the last Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the {{w|Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs}}, and was integrated in the Crown of Castile.<br /> <br /> === Spanish Empire ===<br /> [[File:La sevilla del sigloXVI.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Late 16th-century {{w|Seville}}, the harbor enjoying the exclusive right to trade with the {{w|New World}}]]<br /> In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, {{w|Isabella I of Castile}} and {{w|Ferdinand II of Aragon}}, respectively. In 1492, as part of the {{w|Spanish Inquisition}}, {{w|Jews}} were forced to choose between conversion to {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism}} or expulsion; as many as 200,000 Jews were {{w|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expelled from Castile and Aragon}}. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of {{w|Christopher Columbus}} in the {{w|New World}}, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the {{w|Caribbean Sea|Caribbean}} islands, marking the beginning of the {{w|European colonization of the Americas|European exploration and conquest of the Americas}}.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Treaty of Granada}} guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims for several years before {{w|Islam}} was outlawed in 1502 in {{w|Kingdom of Castile|Castile}} and 1527 in {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}}, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian ''{{w|Morisco}}s''. About four decades after the {{w|War of the Alpujarras}} (1568–1571), over 300,000 {{w|Expulsion of the Moriscos|''moriscos'' were expelled}}, settling primarily in {{w|North Africa}}.<br /> <br /> [[File:Spanish Empire (diachronic).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A diachronic map of the {{w|Spanish Empire}}]]<br /> The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castlle by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for the {{w|Spanish Empire}} and thus for modern Spain, although each kingdom remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.<br /> <br /> {{w|Habsburg Spain}} was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading {{RDaW|Spanish Navy|maritime power}}. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—{{w|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V/I}} (1516–1556) and {{w|Philip II of Spain|Philip II}} (1556–1598). This period saw the {{w|Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish conquest of the Aztec}} and {{w|Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Inca}} empires, the {{w|Italian Wars}}, the {{w|Schmalkaldic War}}, the {{w|Dutch Revolt}}, the {{w|War of the Portuguese Succession}}, {{w|Ottoman-Habsburg wars|clashes}} with the {{w|Ottoman Empire|Ottomans}}, intervention in the {{w|French Wars of Religion}}, and the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War}}.<br /> <br /> Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the {{w|Spanish Empire}} expanded across vast areas in the {{w|Americas}}, the {{w|Indo-Pacific}}, {{w|Africa}} as well as the European continent, including holdings in the {{w|Italian Peninsula}}, the {{w|Low Countries}} and the {{w|Franche-Comté}}. The so-called {{w|Age of Discovery}} featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new {{w|trade route}}s across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European {{w|colonialism}}. {{w|Precious metal}}s, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. <br /> <br /> [[File:Plaza Mayor de Madrid 06.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The {{w|Plaza Mayor}} of {{RDaW|Madrid}} built in 1619 during the reign of {{w|Philip III of Spain|Philip III}}.]]<br /> The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the {{w|Spanish Golden Age}}. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from {{w|Europe}} devastated {{w|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American indigenous populations}}. The rise of {{w|humanism}}, the {{w|Counter-Reformation}} and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the {{w|School of Salamanca}}, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as {{w|international law}} and {{w|human rights}}.<br /> <br /> Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the {{w|Ottoman Empire}} at the {{w|Battle of Lepanto}} in 1571 and over {{RDaW|Portugal}} at the {{w|Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|Battle of Ponta Delgada}} in 1582, and then after the setback of the {{w|Spanish Armada}} in 1588, in a series of victories against {{w|Kingdom of England}} in the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604}}. In the middle decades of the 17th century, Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the {{w|Dutch Republic}} ({{w|Battle of the Downs}}) and then England in the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)|Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660}}. By the 1660s, Spain was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Protestant Reformation}} increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}}. By the middle decades of a war- and {{w|Great Plague of Seville|plague}}-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed Spain in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained the country of resources and undermined the economy. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the {{w|Holy Roman Empire}} reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces.<br /> <br /> Spain was finally forced to recognize the {{w|Portuguese Restoration War|separation of Portugal}} and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to {{RDaW|France}} in the latter stages of the immensely destructive {{w|Thirty Years' War}}. In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century.<br /> <br /> ====18th century====<br /> [[File:La familia de Felipe V (Van Loo).jpg|thumb|''{{w|The Family of Philip V (1743)|The family of Philip V}}'' by {{w|Louis-Michel van Loo}}. During the {{w|Enlightenment in Spain}} a new royal family reigned, the {{RDaW|House of Bourbon-Anjou}}.]]<br /> The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne, which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The {{w|War of the Spanish Succession}} was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.<br /> <br /> After this war, a new {{RDaW|France|French}} dynasty, the {{RDaW|House of Bourbon-Anjou|Bourbons}}, was installed. The Crowns of {{w|Kingdom of Castile|Castile}} and {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} had been long united only by the monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's {{w|Spanish Inquisition|Holy Office}}. A number of reform policies, the so-called {{w|Bourbon Reforms}}, were thus pursued by the new monarchy with the overarching goal of achieving centralized authority and administrative uniformity. They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws, as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms.<br /> <br /> The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the {{w|Spanish Empire}}. The predominant economic policy was {{w|economic interventionism|interventionist}}, with the state driving infrastructure development, abolishing internal customs, and reducing export tariffs. Projects of agricultural colonization with new settlements were undertaken in the south of mainland Spain as well, all the while {{w|Enlightenment in Spain|Enlightenment}} ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.<br /> <br /> ===Liberalism and nation-state===<br /> [[File:Monumento a la Constitución de 1812, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 80.JPG|thumb|The {{w|Monument to the Constitution of 1812}} in {{w|Cádiz}}]]<br /> [[File:Fusilamiento de Torrijos (Gisbert).jpg|thumb|{{w|Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga|Execution of Torrijos and his men}} in 1831, {{w|Málaga}}. {{w|Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII}} took {{w|Ominous Decade|repressive measures}} against the liberal forces in his country.]]<br /> [[File:01 eibar.jpg|thumb|Women voting in {{w|Eibar}} in 1933, after {{w|women's suffrage}} was approved. Deputy {{RDaW|Clara Campoamor}} was a key figure for the right to be granted.]]<br /> <br /> In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new {{w|First French Republic|French Republic}} as a member of {{w|War of the First Coalition|the first Coalition}}. The subsequent {{w|War of the Pyrenees}} polarized the country in a reaction against the {{w|Francization|gallicized}} elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the {{w|Peace of Basel}} in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of {{w|Hispaniola}}. In 1807, a secret treaty between {{w|Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte}} and the unpopular prime minister {{w|Manuel Godoy}} led to a new declaration of war against {{RDaW|United Kingdom|Britain}} and {{RDaW|Portugal}}. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king {{w|Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII}} abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the {{w|French Empire}} was installed with {{w|Joseph Bonaparte}}, the brother of Napoleon, as king.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Dos de Mayo Uprising|2 May 1808 revolt}} was one of the many uprisings across the country against the French occupation. These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating {{w|Peninsular War|war of independence}} against the Napoleonic regime, which resulted in an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Spanish dead. Further military action by Spanish armies, {{w|guerrilla}} warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with {{w|Napoleon's Invasion of Russia|Napoleon's failure on the Russian front}}, led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the {{w|Iberian Peninsula in 1814}}, and the return of Ferdinand VII.<br /> <br /> During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the {{w|Cortes of Cádiz}}, was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution. It met as one body, and its members represented the entire {{w|Spanish Empire}}. In 1812, a {{w|Spanish Constitution of 1812|constitution}} for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the {{w|Cortes Generales}}, set on ruling as an {{w|Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch}}.<br /> <br /> The French occupation of mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas {{w|Criollo people|''criollo''}} elites who resented the privilege towards {{w|Peninsulars|Peninsular elites}} and demanded {{w|retroversion of the sovereignty to the people}}. Starting in 1809, the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the {{w|Spanish American Wars of Independence}} that put an end to the metropole's grip over the {{w|Spanish Main}}. {{w|Reconquista (Spanish America)|Attempts to re-assert control}} proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian Peninsula, and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were {{w|Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba}} and {{w|Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico}}. The Napoleonic Wars left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, {{w|Carlism}} (a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen {{w|Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II}}'s dynastic rights in the {{w|Carlist Wars}}. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between {{w|Progressive Party (Spain)|''progressives''}} and {{w|Moderate Party (Spain)|''moderates''}} ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868 {{w|Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution}} was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive ''{{w|Sexenio Democrático}}'' (including the short-lived {{w|First Spanish Republic}}), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the {{w|Restoration (Spain)|Restoration}} from 1875 onwards.<br /> <br /> In the late 19th century, nationalist movements arose in the {{RDaW|Philippines}} and {{RDaW|Cuba}}. In 1895 and 1896 the {{w|Cuban War of Independence}} and the {{w|Philippine Revolution}} broke out, and eventually the {{RDaW|United States}} became involved. The {{w|Spanish–American War}} was fought from April to August 1898, and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa. ''El Desastre'' (the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the {{w|Generation of '98}}. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the {{w|scramble for Africa}}, and remained neutral {{w|Spain during World War I|during the Great War}}. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern {{RDaW|Morocco}} against {{w|Riffians|Riffian}} forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy.<br /> <br /> Industrialization, the development of railways and incipient capitalism grew in several areas of the country, particularly in {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, as well as {{w|labour movement}}s and socialist and anarchist ideas. The {{w|1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress}} and the {{w|1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition}} provide good examples of this. In 1879, the {{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}} was founded. A trade union linked to this party, the ''{{RDaW|Unión General de Trabajadores}}'', was founded in 1888. In the {{w|anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist}} trend of the labor movement in Spain, the {{RDaW|Confederación Nacional del Trabajo}} was founded in 1910 and {{RDaW|Federación Anarquista Ibérica}} in 1927. {{w|Catalan nationalism|Catalanism}} and {{w|Basque nationalism|Vasquism}}, alongside other nationalist and regionalist currents, arose in that period: the {{RDaW|Basque Nationalist Party}} formed in 1895 and the {{RDaW|Regionalist League of Catalonia}} in 1901. Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy and the existing two-party system. The July 1909 {{w|Tragic Week (Spain)|Tragic Week}} events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time. The {{w|La Canadiense strike}} in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.<br /> <br /> After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the {{RDaW|1931 Spanish local elections|12 April 1931 municipal elections}}. These gave a resounding victory to the combined {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans|Republican}}-{{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist}} candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. King {{RDaW|Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII}} left the country and the {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed}} on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government. A {{RDaW|Spanish Constitution of 1931|constitution}} for the country was passed in October 1931 following the {{RDaW|1931 Spanish general election|June 1931 Constituent general election}}, and a series of cabinets presided by {{RDaW|Radical Republican Party|Radical Republican}} {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña}} supported by Republican parties and the PSOE followed. In the {{RDaW|1933 Spanish general election|election held in 1933}} the political right triumphed, and in 1936, the left. During the {{RDaW|Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic}} there was great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalization of both the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the {{RDaW|Sanjurjada|1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo}}, the {{RDaW|Revolution of 1934}} and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, {{RDaW|Federalism in Spain|political decentralization}} and {{w|Women's suffrage|women's right to vote}}.<br /> <br /> === Civil War and coup attempt===<br /> [[File:Reemplazo republicano.jpg|thumb|Republican volunteers at {{w|Teruel}}, 1936]]<br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military {{RDaW|Spanish coup of July 1936|carried out a coup d'état}} that triumphed in only parts of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans|under the authority of the Republican government}}, that counted on outside support from nations such as {{RDaW|Germany}}, {{RDaW|France}}, the {{RDaW|Soviet Union}} and {{RDaW|Mexico}} (and from {{RDaW|Spanish International Brigades|International Brigades}}), and the other controlled by the putschists (the {{RDaW|Spanish Nationalists|Nationalist or Rebel faction}}), most critically supported by {{RDaW|Fascism|Fascist}} {{RDaW|Italy}}. Initially, the Republic was not universally supported by the Western powers due to fears of a {{RDaW|Communism|Communist}} revolution. General {{RDaW|José Sanjurjo}} was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial {{RDaW|Spanish Revolution of 1936|social revolution}} also ensued.<br /> <br /> The civil war was viciously fought and there were many {{RDaW|Atrocities of the Spanish Civil War|atrocities}} committed by all sides. The conflict claimed the lives of over 350,000 people. Due to ongoing tensions between the fledgling Franco-German alliance and Italy, the former two began monetarily assisting the Republican government, despite their reluctance, and by 1939, {{RDaW|Spanish Nationalists|Nationalist}} control was limited to {{RDaW|Spanish Africa}} and the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, with support from {{RDaW|Benito Mussolini|Mussolini}}'s Italy, and small pockets of resistance left in {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, {{RDaW|Old Castile}} and the Spanish-speaking areas of the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}. After the beginning of the {{RDaW|Italo-Yugoslav War}} and the subsequent Western intervention in it, {{RDaW|France|French}} naval and military troops intervened, helping the {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans)|Republicans}} by {{RDaW|French intervention in Spanish Morocco|sending troops to Spanish Morocco}} and defeating the remaining nationalists. The {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, last stronghold of the Nationalists, surrendered to the Republican {{RDaW|Spanish Navy}} in April 1942, thus ending the Spanish Civil War. In the aftermath, Spain ceded its protectorate in {{RDaW|Spanish Morocco}} to French control, only keeping {{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and the other ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' (administered as part of Spain proper), and their interests in the {{RDaW|Tangier International Zone}}. Despite fierce debate on whether colonialism should be abandoned altogether, the Spanish government kept its colonies at {{RDaW|Ifni}}, {{RDaW|Spanish Sahara}} and {{RDaW|Spanish Guinea}}. <br /> <br /> With only {{RDaW|Spanish maquis|pockets of Nationalist resistance}} left, the Republican government tried to rebuild, but in the fractured and polarized political atmosphere of the post-war, no agreement could be hashed out for the new type of republic the nation should become. Disquieting many of the other factions, {{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister}} {{RDaW|Juan Negrín}} grew closer and closer to the {{RDaW|Communist Party of Spain}}, and soon started supporting radical reforms in the vein of the {{RDaW|Soviet Union}}. After discovering a planned {{RDaW|Negrínada|coup attempt backed by Soviet agents}}, {{RDaW|Spanish Army|army cadres}} loyal to {{RDaW|President of Spain|President}} {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña|Azaña}} and with the collaboration of the {{RDaW|Anarchism|anarchist}} cadres of the {{RDaW|Confederación Natcional del Trabajo}}, moved to remove Negrín from office and {{RDaW|1944 Spanish counter-coup|purge Communist loyalists in the Armed Forces}}. After the defeat of the Communists and their supporters, Azaña and new prime minister {{RDaW|Indalecio Prieto}} led the effort towards {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|constitutional reform}}. At the end of that, Spain became a highly {{w|Decentralization|decentralized}} {{w|Federalism|federal}} republic, with states that can largely implement their own laws, but also granted and made official the status of the anarchist communes that appeared during the Civil War in the form of the self-ruled {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}} in {{RDaW|Catalonia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}, who were granted widespread autonomy and allowed to essentially run themselves.<br /> <br /> ===Third Republic===<br /> [[File:Benidorm, playa de Poniente.jpg|thumb|left|{{w|Benidorm}} is one of the many resorts on the {{w|Mediterranean Sea}} that have grown and flourished since the {{w|tourism}} boom of the 1960s.]]<br /> After the end of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War|civil war}}, the new Spain was in a dire state. The country was in ruins, {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economy}} was in tatters, the army had just been purged of {{RDaW|Communist Party of Spain|communist}} cadres and there was still the issue of {{RDaW|Spanish maquis|Nationalist insurgents}} (primarily {{RDaW|Carlism|Carlist}} in nature) in the north, recently emboldened by the instability of the early Third Republic. The latter was a particularly thorny problem: {{RDaW|Red Terror (Spain)|anti-clerical attacks}} on churches and members of {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic}} clergy, as well as the newly-implemented strict {{RDaW|Secularism in Spain|disestablishment of religious education}} allowed {{w|Monarchism|monarchist}} rebels to thrive in the northern countryside of {{RDaW|Old Castile}}, {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} and the provinces of {{RDaW|Province of Navarre|Navarre}} and {{RDaW|Province of Araba|Araba}} in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}. These groups were funded and armed by sympathetic groups from abroad, and were aided by the regime of {{RDaW|António de Oliveira Salazar}} in {{RDaW|Portugal}}. Tensions sparked up between the {{w|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} government in {{RDaW|Madrid}} and Salazar's {{w|corporatism|corporatist}} {{RDaW|Estado Novo}} in {{w|Lisbon}}, leading to the {{w|border skirmish|border skirmishes}} and diplomatic disputes between the {{RDaW|European Community}} and {{RDaW|British Commonwealth}} better known as the {{RDaW|Olivenza crisis}} (named after {{w|Olivenza|the eponymous small territory}} disputed between the two countries and controlled by Spain). This dispute would continue dominating bilateral relations until Salazar's dismissal on health grounds by Portuguese {{RDaW|President of Portugal|president}} {{RDaW|Américo Tomás}} in 1967, and only truly disappeared after the fall of the {{RDaW|Estado Novo}} in 1974.<br /> <br /> To help the Spanish economy recover, the member-nations of the {{RDaW|European Community}}, especially {{RDaW|Germany}}, {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Czechoslovakia}} greatly aided in the rebuilding of the Spanish economy through the so-called {{RDaW|Biarritz Plan}}. This led to economic development and growth to pick up massively in the 1950s and {{RDaW|Spanish miracle|explode in the 1960s}}, propelled by industrialization, a mass internal migration from rural areas to {{RDaW|Madrid}}, {{RDaW|Barcelona}} and the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, improvements in the agricultural sector (particularly in {{RDaW|Andalusia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}) and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Spain soon exploded into a tourism hotspot as {{w|commercial air liner}}s became cheaper and flying became available to middle-class Europeans. This ultimately led to Spain joining the European Community in 1964, alongside {{RDaW|Poland}}, {{RDaW|Romania}} and {{RDaW|Lithuania}}.<br /> <br /> Ultimately, a landmark court case brought before the {{RDaW|European Court of Human Rights}} established that protections for religious minorities needed to be given, which ended a long period of unofficial persecution of {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholic}} lay organizations in 1983. This facilitated a subsequent religious revival in the {{RDaW|Spanish Bible Belt}} of northern Spain. Despite this, the country remained a refuge and a model for European {{w|atheism|atheist}} thinkers, {{w|democratic socialism|democratic socialists}} and {{w|anarchism|anarchists}}, which made the country a hub for the {{RDaW|Counter-culture movement|counter-culture movement}} in Europe. The {{RDaW|1975 oil crisis}} deeply affected the Spanish economy, which exacerbated the already-present stagnation in the Spanish economy, and continued into the 1980s. In this period, the Spanish colonies of {{RDaW|Western Sahara}} and {{RDaW|Equatorial Guinea}} gained independence in 1985 and 1987, but kept close relationships with Spain. <br /> <br /> The country briefly became a flashpoint in international tensions during the {{RDaW|Hong Kong crisis}}, during which the Spanish government of {{RDaW|Vladimir García Bernal}} pressed its claim to the {{RDaW|United Kingdom|British}} {{RDaW|British Overseas Territories|overseas territory}} of {{RDaW|Gibraltar}}, in solidarity with {{RDaW|China}} against the British and Portuguese refusal to transfer the territories after the expiration of the leases. Despite the great blustering, the threat was only diplomatic, and normal relations were soon restored, culminating in the {{RDaW|2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum}}, in which Gibraltarians decisively voted to remain part of the United Kingdom.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> At {{convert|507492|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, Spain is the world's {{RDaW|List of countries dependencies by area|TBD-largest country}} and {{RDaW|List of European countries by area|Europe's fourth-largest country}}. At {{convert|3715|m|abbr=on}}, Mount {{w|Teide}} ({{w|Tenerife}}) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a {{RDaW|List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country}}, having territory in both {{w|Europe}} and {{w|Africa}}.<br /> <br /> In the west, Spain is bordered by {{RDaW|Portugal}}; on the south, it is bordered by {{RDaW|Gibraltar}} and {{RDaW|Morocco}}, through its {{w|exclave}}s in North Africa ({{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}}, and the peninsula of {{w|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera|de Vélez de la Gomera}}). On the northeast, along the {{w|Pyrenees}} mountain range, it is bordered by {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Andorra}}. Along the Pyrenees in {{RDaW|Territorial collectivities of Catalonia|Cerdanya}}, a small exclave town called {{RDaW|Llívia}} is surrounded by France.<br /> <br /> ===Islands===<br /> [[File:View of the bay at Calo des Moro, Mallorca (Spain) (23899506181).jpg|thumb|Caló d'es Moro, {{w|Mallorca}}]]<br /> <br /> Spain also includes the {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea}}, the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}, known as ''{{lang|es|{{w|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' (&quot;places of sovereignty&quot;, or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the {{w|Chafarinas Islands}} and {{w|Peñón de Alhucemas|Alhucemas}}. The peninsula of {{w|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera|de Vélez de la Gomera}} is also regarded as a ''plaza de soberanía''. The isle of {{w|Alboran Island|Alborán}}, located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of {{w|Almería}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}. The little {{w|Pheasant Island}} in the {{w|Bidasoa}} River is a Spanish-French {{w|condominium (international law)|condominium}}.<br /> <br /> There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies ({{w|Cabildo insular|Cabildos insulares}} in the Canaries, Consells insulars in the Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the {{w|Pityusic Islands|Pityusic islands}}, part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include {{w|Tenerife}}, {{w|Gran Canaria}}, {{w|Lanzarote}}, {{w|Fuerteventura}}, {{w|La Palma}}, {{w|La Gomera}} and {{w|El Hierro}} in the Canarian archipelago, and {{w|Mallorca}}, {{w|Ibiza}}, {{w|Menorca}} and {{w|Formentera}} in the Balearic archipelago.<br /> <br /> ===Mountains and rivers=== <br /> Mainland Spain is a rather {{w|mountain}}ous landmass, dominated by high {{w|plateau}}s and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the {{w|Cantabrian Mountains|Cordillera Cantábrica}} (Cantabrian Range), {{w|Sistema Ibérico}} (Iberian System), {{w|Sistema Central}} (Central System), {{w|Montes de Toledo}}, {{w|Sierra Morena}} and the {{w|Sistema Bético}} (Baetic System) whose highest peak, the {{convert|3478|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high}} {{w|Mulhacén}}, located in {{w|Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada}}, is the highest elevation in the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}}. The highest point in Spain is the {{w|Teide}}, a {{convert|3718|m|ft|adj=on}} active {{w|volcano}} in the Canary Islands. The {{w|Meseta Central}} (often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central.<br /> <br /> There are several major {{w|List of rivers of Spain|rivers in Spain}} such as the {{w|Tagus}} (''{{lang|es|Tajo}}''), {{w|Ebro}}, {{w|Guadiana River|Guadiana}}, {{w|Douro}} (''{{lang|es|Duero}}''), {{w|Guadalquivir}}, {{w|Júcar River|Júcar}}, {{w|Segura (river)|Segura}}, {{w|Turia River|Turia}} and {{w|Minho River|Minho}} (''{{lang|es|Miño}}''). {{w|Alluvial plain}}s are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in {{RDaW|Andalusia}}.<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> [[File:Spain Köppen.svg|thumb|{{w|Köppen climate classification}} map of Spain]]<br /> [[File:Urriellu desde el Pozo de La Oracion.jpg|thumb|Urriellu peak ({{w|Naranjo de Bulnes}}) from Pozo de La Oracion, {{w|Picos de Europa}}]]<br /> Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and {{w|orography|orographic}} conditions:<br /> * The {{w|Mediterranean climate}} is characterized by warm or hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties: ''Csa'' and ''Csb,'' according to the {{w|Köppen climate classification}}.<br /> ** The ''Csa'' zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}, {{RDaW|Andalusia}}, {{RDaW|Extremadura}} and much of the center of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of {{RDaW|New Castile}}, Extremadura, Madrid and some parts of Andalusia and Granada, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters.<br /> ** The ''Csb'' zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, western {{RDaW|Old Castile}}, northeastern New Castile and northern Madrid) and into much rainier areas (notably {{RDaW|Galicia}}).<br /> * The {{w|semi-arid climate}} (''BSk'', ''BSh'') is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the {{RDaW|Region of Murcia}}, southern and central-eastern {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, Granada, various areas of New Castile, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the {{w|Ebro}} valley, which crosses the southern {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, central {{RDaW|Aragon}} and western {{RDaW|Catalonia}}. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Old Castile. Precipitation is limited with the dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depending on altitude and latitude.<br /> * The {{w|oceanic climate}} (''Cfb'') is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region ({{RDaW|Basque Country}}, {{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Asturias}}, and partly Galicia and León). It is also found in most highlands areas along the {{w|Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System}} and in the {{w|Pyrenees|Pyrenean}} valleys, where a humid subtropical variant (''Cfa'') also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.<br /> <br /> Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the {{w|alpine climate}} in areas with very high altitude, the {{w|humid subtropical climate}} in areas of northeastern Spain and the {{w|continental climate}}s (''Dfc'', ''Dfb'' / ''Dsc'', ''Dsb'') in the {{w|Pyrenees}} as well as parts of the {{w|Cordillera Cantábrica|Cantabrian Range}}, the {{w|Sistema Central|Central System}}, {{w|Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada}} and the {{w|Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System}}, and a typical {{w|desert climate}} (''BWk'', ''BWh'') in the zone of {{w|Almería}}, {{RDaW|Region of Murcia|Murcia}} and the eastern {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above {{convert|18.0|C|1}} during their coolest month, thus having influences of {{w|tropical climate}}, although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate.<br /> <br /> Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by {{RDaW|Climate change in Spain|climate change}} in Europe. In Spain, which already has a hot and dry climate, extreme events such as {{w|Heat wave|heatwaves}} are becoming increasingly frequent. The country is also experiencing more episodes of drought and increased severity of these episodes. {{w|Water resources}} will be severely affected in various {{RDaW|Climate change|climate change}} scenarios. To mitigate the {{RDaW|Effects of climate change|effects of climate change}}, Spain is promoting an {{w|energy transition}} to {{w|renewable energy|renewable energies}}, such as {{w|Solar power|solar}}, {{w|Wind energy|wind}} and {{w|nuclear energy}}.<br /> <br /> ===Fauna and flora===<br /> The {{w|fauna}} presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and {{w|Eurasia}}, and the great diversity of habitats and {{w|biotopes}}, the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions.<br /> <br /> The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and {{w|latitude}}. Spain includes different {{w|phytogeographic}} regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and {{w|Biotic component|biotic}} factors. The country had a 2014 {{w|Forest Landscape Integrity Index}} mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 134th globally out of 172 countries.<br /> <br /> Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.<br /> <br /> In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.<br /> <br /> ==Government and politics==<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | align = right<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image1 = Rosa Aguilar 2015 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image2 = Jordi Sánchez (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption1 = {{RDaW|Rosario Orellana Fernández}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{RDaW|President of Spain|President}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | caption2 = {{RDaW|Xavier Busquets Llopis}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | alt2 = <br /> }}<br /> Since the {{RDaW|Spanish constitutional reforms of 1945}} and the proclamation of the {{RDaW|Third Spanish Republic}}, Spain is a {{w|federal republic|federal}}, {{w|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential}}, {{w|representative democracy|representative democratic}} republic. Federal {{w|legislative power}} is vested in the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congreso de los Diputados}}}}'' (Congress of Deputies), the {{w|unicameralism|unicameral}} parliament of the country. The ''{{lang|es|Congreso}}'' is elected through {{w|direct election}}s using the {{w|mixed-member proportional representation}} system. <br /> <br /> The Spanish political system operates under a framework laid out in the {{RDaW|Spanish Constitution of 1946}}, though constitutional scholars argue whether the constitution should be considered an amendment of the {{RDaW|Spanish constitution of 1931|constitution of the Second Spanish Republic}}. Amendments generally require a {{w|two-thirds majority}} of the ''{{lang|es|Congreso de los Diputados}}''; the fundamental principles of the constitution are the separation of powers, the federal structure, and {{w|rule of law}}.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|President of Spain|The president}}, who has been {{RDaW|Rosario Orellana Fernández}} since 2023, is the {{w|head of state}} and invested with representative responsibilities and powers, although he retains limited powers to convene and dismiss the ''{{lang|es|Congreso}}''. He is elected by the legislature to a six-year term, and can only serve two non-consecutive terms. The second-highest official in the {{RDaW|Spanish order of precedence}} and the {{w|head of government}} is the ''{{lang|de|Presidente del Consejo de Ministros}}'' ({{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Council of Minister}}), more commonly known as the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the ''{{lang|de|Presidente de la República}}'' after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the ''{{lang|de|Congreso de los Diputados}}''. The Prime Minister, who has been {{RDaW|Xavier Busquets Llopis}} since 2019, is the head of government and exercises {{w|executive (government)|executive power}} through {{RDaW|Council of Ministers of Spain|his Council of Ministers}}.<br /> <br /> Since 1919, the party system has been dominated by the center-left to left-wing {{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}, the centrist {{RDaW|Republican Union of Spain|Republican Union}} and the center-right {{RDaW|New Radical Party}}. However, smaller and regionalist parties such as the {{RDaW|Christian Democratic Bloc of Spain|Christian Democratic Bloc}}, {{RDaW|Syndicalist Representative Collective}}, {{RDaW|Basque National Party}} and {{RDaW|Galicianist Party}} have also been junior partners in {{w|coalition government}}s. <br /> ===Constituent autonomous communities===<br /> The Spanish Republic is administratively organized into 17 constituent {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}. Each community is a democracy with an elected state parliament and a head of government, usually called the Minister-President. The many of these are based on historic boundaries of the constituent regions of the crowns of {{w|Crown of Castile|Castile}} and {{w|Crown of Aragon|Aragon}}, while others were based on the groupings of provinces into regions by the {{w|1833 territorial divisions of Spain|1833 administrative reform}} organized by interior minister {{w|Javier de Burgos}}. The borders of states can in some rare cases be non-contiguous, often based on historical divisions inherited from the {{w|Middle Ages}}. During the 20th century, the communities, previously solely ceremonial in nature, gained self-rule and autonomy, starting with {{RDaW|Catalonia}} in 1931, and gained full autonomy and devolution during the {{RDaW|1945 Spanish constitutional reform}}. The last three ({{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} and {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}}), were established after referendums as their own {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}} in 1946, bringing the number up to the modern 17. The majority of communities are subdivided into {{RDaW|Provinces of Spain|provinces}}, which retain some small administrative function; {{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Asturias}} and {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}} act as both one province and autonomous community. In addition, the island regions of the {{RDaW|Balearic Islands|Balearic}} and {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} were granted the right to establish island councils to represent each island in regional matters; these have largely superseded the authority of the provinces in the latter and become ''{{w|de facto}}'' subdivisions of the two communities.<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Bandera Andalucía Libre.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Andalusia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Seville}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Bandera de Aragón (1977).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Aragon}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Zaragoza}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Andecha Astur.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Asturias}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Oviedo}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Palma}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Basque Country}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Pamplona|Iruña}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Canary Islands (simple).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santa Cruz de Tenerife}}/{{w|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Cantabria (Red Dawn at Warsaw).jpg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Cantabria}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santander}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Estelada roja.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Catalonia}} &lt;small&gt;({{RDaW|Barcelona}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Extremadura, Spain.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Extremadura}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Mérida, Spain|Mérida}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Galicia (civil).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Galicia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santiago de Compostela}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:La Granada de Rio-Tinto Spain.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Granada}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Bandera del País Leonés.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|León, Spain|León}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}} &lt;small&gt;({{RDaW|Madrid}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Region of Murcia|Murcia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Murcia}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Castile-La Mancha.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|New Castile}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Castile (purple).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Old Castile}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Burgos}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Senyera d'Esquerra Valenciana (1931).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Valencia}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ====Autonomous cities====<br /> The three last three Spanish possessions in {{w|Africa}}, though nominally belonging to autonomous communities ({{RDaW|Andalusia}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} and the {{RDaW|Canary Isles}}), in practice act independently of them, due to having been granted a special status in the {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Spanish constitution}}. For all intents and purposes, these {{RDaW|Autonomous cities of Spain|autonomous cities}} act like autonomous communities in their own right, and possess the ability to receive such status. The status of these three possessions has led to continued tensions between Spain and {{RDaW|Morocco}}, who claims all three of them, as well as the ''{{lang|es|{{w|Plazas de soberanía}}}}'' as part of their integral territory. The Spanish government officially refutes this, due to the long-standing belonging to the Spanish state in the cases of {{RDaW|Ceuta}} and {{RDaW|Melilla}}, and due to not being part of the {{RDaW|Spanish Morocco|Spanish protectorate of Morocco}} in the case of {{RDaW|Ifni}}. Consistent polling shows that the vast majority of citizens of the three autonomous cities would prefer remaining part of Spain. <br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Ceuta.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Ceuta}}<br /> *[[File:Ifni-Sahara Maritime Province Registration Ensign (1946-1975).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Ifni}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Melilla.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Melilla}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ====Anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist autonomous communes====<br /> In the states of {{RDaW|Catalonia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}, the historic {{RDaW|Teruel Compromise}} allowed for the continuation of the {{w|anarchism|anarchist}} and {{w|anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist}} communes throughout the two regions, limiting the effective jurisdiction of the two autonomous communities they are comprised of. In these areas, the federal authorities are required to ask for permission from the anarchist leadership to intervene, and widespread juridical and legislative autonomy is devolved to them. These communes, including {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, the second-largest city of Spain, have become hubs for anarchist and leftist activists and idealsts throughout {{w|Europe}}. Though independent of each other, the vast majority of communes have associated together into the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}} ({{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''{{lang|es|Confederación Autónoma de Comunas Anarquistas y Anarcosindicalistas}}''; {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}: ''{{lang|ca|Confederació Autònoma de Comunes Anarquistes i Anarcosindicalistes}}''; {{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}: ''{{lang|an|Confederazión Autonoma de Comunas Anarquistas e Anarcosendicalistas}}''), which acts as a loose oversight body. The CACAA, as it is commonly abbreviated to, promotes {{w|workplace democracy}}, {{w|agricultural collective}}s, {{w|worker cooperative}}s and {{w|direct democracy}} in its territory.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign policy===<br /> [[File:Valencia, palazzo de marchese di Dos Aigües, esterno 01.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Palace of the Marquis of Dos Aguas}} in {{w|Valencia}}, headquarters of the {{RDaW|Mediterranean Co-Operation Organization}}]]<br /> <br /> As a member of {{RDaW|European Community}} since 1964, Spain has established itself as an active participant in the multilateral project. Spain's EC membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. On a wide range of issues, Spain often prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EC partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms. In addition to being represented via EC membership, Spain is a permanently invited guest to all {{RDaW|London Club}} summits.<br /> <br /> Spain has maintained its special relations with {{w|Hispanic America}} and the {{w|Philippines}}. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an {{w|Ibero-America}}n community, essentially the renewal of the concept of ''&quot;{{w|Hispanidad}}&quot;'' or ''&quot;{{w|Hispanism}}o&quot;'', as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally &quot;based on shared values and the recovery of democracy.&quot;<br /> <br /> Spain is involved in a number of {{RDaW|Foreign relations of Spain#Disputes|territorial disputes}}. {{RDaW|Status of Gibraltar|Spain claims Gibraltar}}, an {{RDaW|British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom}}, in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. Another dispute surrounds the {{w|Savage Islands}}; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese {{RDaW|Exclusive Economic Zone}} (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands. Spain claims sovereignty over the {{w|Perejil Island}}, a small, uninhabited rocky {{w|islet}} located off the southern shore of the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}. It was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 1993. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of {{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}}, as well as the ''{{lang|es|{{w|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' islets off the northern coast of Africa. {{RDaW|Portugal}} does not recognize Spain's sovereignty over the territory of {{w|Olivenza}}, which has led to several {{RDaW|Olivenza crisis|confrontations}} in the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ===Military===<br /> The {{RDaW|Spanish Armed Forces}} are divided into three branches: {{RDaW|Spanish Army|Army}} (''{{lang|es|Ejército de Tierra}}''); {{RDaW|Spanish Navy|Navy}} (''{{lang|es|Armada}}''); and {{RDaW|Spanish Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force}} (''{{lang|es|Ejército del Aire y del Espacio}}''). The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (''{{lang|es|Fuerzas Armadas Españolas}}''). Their {{w|commander-in-chief}} is the President of Spain, The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense. The fourth military authority of the State is the {{RDaW|Chief of the Central High Command of the Armed Forces (Spain)|Chief of the Central High Command of the Armed Forces}} (JEMCE). The {{RDaW|Central High Command of the Armed Forces of Spain|Central High Command of the Armed Forces}} (''{{lang|es|Estado Mayor Central del Ejército}}'') assists the JEMCE as auxiliary body.<br /> <br /> The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2014 of 119,342 active personnel and 10,747 reserve personnel. Spain also has the 50,000 strong {{RDaW|National Republican Guard}} which comes under the control of the Ministry of Defence in times of a national emergency. In 2019, the Spanish defense budget was TBD billion pesetas, with a 1% increase. The increase comes because of security concerns. Military conscription ended in 1994; however, as part of the {{RDaW|Teruel Agreements}}, the citizens of the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes|CACAA}} anarchist communes have long been exempt.<br /> <br /> According to the 2025 {{RDaW|Global Peace Index}}, Spain is the 19th most peaceful country in the world.<br /> <br /> ===Law===<br /> [[File:Sede del Tribunal Supremo de España (Madrid) 01b.jpg|left|thumb|The {{w|es:Palacio de Justicia de Madrid|Palace of Justice}} building in {{RDaW|Madrid}}, seat of the {{RDaW|Supreme Court of Spain}}]]<br /> Spain has a {{w|civil law (legal system)|civil law system}} based on {{w|Roman law}} and the {{w|Napoleonic Code}}. The ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Court of Constitutional Guarantees|Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales}}}}'' (Court of Constitutional Guarantees) is the Spanish supreme court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of {{w|judicial review}}. Spain's {{RDaW|Supreme Court of Spain|Supreme Court}} is partially modelled on the {{RDaW|Germany|German}} specialized supreme court system, and thus divided into several sections; these include the First Section for civil matters; the Second Section for criminal cases; the Third Section for {{w|labor law|labor disputes}}; the Fourth Section for {{w|administrative law|administrative matters}}; the Fifth Section for {{w|social law|social matters}}; the Sixth Section for {{w|fiscal law|fiscal matters}}; and the Seventh Section for {{w|military law|military judicial matters}}. Both the Supreme Court and the Court of Constitutional Guarantees are headquartered in {{RDaW|Madrid}}; the former is headquartered in the {{w|es:Palacio de Justicia de Madrid|Palace of Justice}}, whilst the latter is located in the {{w|Palace of Parcent}}. <br /> <br /> Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Civil Code of Spain|Código Civil de España}}}}'' (Civil Code of Spain) and the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Criminal Law Code of Spain|Código Penal de España}}}}'' (Criminal Law Code of Spain) respectively. The Spanish penal system seeks the {{w|Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation of the criminal}} and the protection of the public. With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated either by {{w|bench trial|a professional judge}} or by {{w|jury trial|a jury of citizens}}.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Same-sex marriage in Spain}} has been allowed since 2000, the second country to legalize it after {{RDaW|Germany}}, and {{RDaW|LGBT rights in Spain|LGBT rights in the country}} are well-protected.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Gran Vía (Madrid) 41.jpg|thumb|250px|{{w|Gran Via}} in {{RDaW|Madrid}}, considered the heart of Spain's economy]]<br /> Spain has an eclectic {{w|mixed economy}} that {{w|Social market economy|combines elements}} of {{w|Free-market capitalist|free-market capitalism}}, {{w|market socialism}}, {{w|Welfare spending|social welfare}} and {{w|Market intervention|state intervention}}. It is one of {{RDaW|Trillion dollar club|21 countries}} with a {{w|Nominal GDP|nominal}} {{w|gross domestic product}} (GDP) exceeding $1 {{w|Trillion (short scale)|trillion}} per year, ranking {{RDaW|List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th largest}} worldwide and {{RDaW|List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|fourth largest}} both in the {{RDaW|European Community}} and within the {{RDaW|European Currency Conversion Zone}}. Spain is classified as a {{w|World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy}} by the {{RDaW|League of Nations}}' {{RDaW|League of Nations Statistics Bureau|Statistics Bureau}}. <br /> <br /> Spain began {{w|Industrialization|industrializing}} in the late 18th century, albeit more gradually and unevenly than other European countries; industry was limited mostly to {{RDaW|Catalonia}} (primarily textile manufacturing) and the {{RDaW|Basque Country}} (iron and steel production). Overall economic growth was slower than in most major western European countries, and Spain remained relatively underdeveloped by the early 20th century. The {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} had destroyed large parts of the country, leaving the economy of the new Republic in ruins. Economic aid sent by the nascent {{RDaW|European Community}} through the {{RDaW|Biarritz Plan}} and mass industrialization led to a rapid reversal of fortunes, prompting the {{RDaW|Spanish miracle|Spanish economic miracle}}, a period of rapid growth from 1953 until 1975, during which Spain's economy grew an average of 6.2 percent per year, exceeding every country except {{RDaW|China}} and {{RDaW|Japan}}. In 1964, the country joined the European Community.<br /> <br /> Since the 1980s, several Spanish companies have reached multinational status; they maintain a strong and leading presence in {{w|Latin America}}— where Spain is the second largest foreign investor after the {{RDaW|United States}}—but have also expanded into Asia. As of 2025, Spain was home to {{RDaW|List of largest Spanish companies|eight of the 500 largest companies}} in the world by annual revenue, according to the ''Fortune Global 500;'' these include {{RDaW|Banco Santander}}, one of the {{RDaW|List of largest banks|largest banking institutions}} in the world; {{w|electric utility}} {{RDaW|Hidrola}}, the world's largest renewable energy operator; and {{RDaW|Telefónica}}, {{RDaW|List of telephone operating companies|one of the largest telephone operators}} and {{RDaW|List of mobile network operators|mobile network providers}}. Almost uniquely amongst developed nations, several of Spain's largest companies are {{w|worker cooperative|worker-owned cooperatives}}, such as the leading automotive producer in Spain, {{RDaW|CAB}}. <br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Automotive industry in Spain|automotive industry}} is one of the largest employers in the country and a major contributor to economic growth, accounting for one-tenth of {{w|gross domestic product}} and 18 percent of total exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). In 2024, Spain produced 2.64 million automobiles—of which over 2 million were exported abroad—ranking ninth in the world and second in Europe (after {{RDaW|Germany}}) by total number. In total, 89 percent of vehicles and 60% of auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2024; the total external trade surplus of vehicles alone reached PtsTBDbn in 2024. Overall, the automotive industry supports nearly 2 million jobs, or 9 percent of the labor force.<br /> <br /> ===Tourism ===<br /> In 2025, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind {{RDaW|France}}, recording 95 million tourists. The international tourist expenditure in 2025 was around TBD billion pesetas. The headquarters of the {{RDaW|League of Nations Tourism Organization}} are located in Madrid.<br /> <br /> Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. {{RDaW|Tourism in Spain}} is a major contributor to national economic life, with foreign and domestic tourism contributing to 14.1% of Spain's {{w|GDP}} in 2024.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} and {{RDaW|Old Castille}} are the Spanish leaders in {{w|rural tourism}} linked to its environmental and architectural heritage, which it has kept since 2019.<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> [[File:PS20andPS10.jpg|thumb|The {{RDaW|Sol de Andalucía Complex}}, with the SA10 solar power plant in the foreground and the SA20 in the background]]<br /> <br /> In 2011 Spain became the {{RDaW|Solar power in Spain|solar power}} world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called the {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña Complex}}, near {{w|Badajoz}}. Spain is also one of Europe's main producers of wind energy. In 2011 its wind turbines generated 14.6% of all electrical energy produced in Spain.<br /> <br /> In December 2012, wind power reached a historic peak, covering 51% of mainland electricity demand and generating 14.2 GW of power, equivalent to that of 14 {{w|nuclear reactor}}s. Other renewable energies used in Spain are {{w|hydroelectric power plant|hydroelectric}}, {{w|gasification of biomass|biomass}} and {{w|marine energy|marine}}.<br /> <br /> Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are {{w|nuclear power plant|nuclear}} (11 operative reactors), {{w|natural gas power plant|gas}}, {{w|oil power plant|oil}}, and {{w|coal power plant|coal}}. Fossil fuels together generated 38% of Spain's electricity in 2008. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each.<br /> <br /> ===Science and technology===<br /> The ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas}}}}'' (JAEIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 7th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2019 SCImago Institutions Rankings. Spain was ranked 27th in the {{RDaW|World Innovation Index}} in 2025.<br /> <br /> Higher education institutions perform about 73% of the basic research in the country. Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&amp;D expenditures is much lower than in other EC countries.<br /> <br /> === Transport ===<br /> The Spanish road system is mainly centralized, with six highways connecting {{RDaW|Madrid}} to the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, {{RDaW|Catalonia}}, {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, {{RDaW|Andalusia}}, Extremadura and {{RDaW|Galicia}}. There are highways along the Atlantic ({{w|Ferrol}} to {{w|Vigo}}), Cantabrian ({{w|Oviedo}} to {{w|San Sebastián|Donostia}}) and {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} ({{w|Girona}} to {{w|Cádiz}}) coasts. Spain aims to put three million {{w|electric car}}s on the road by 2030 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost {{w|Efficient energy use|energy efficiency}}. <br /> <br /> As of March 2026, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the third-longest HSR network in Europe with {{convert|3,751|km|mi|abbr=on} and the {{RDaW|List of high-speed railway lines|second longest in the world}}, after {{RDaW|China}}'s, {{RDaW|Germany}}'s and {{RDaW|France}}'s. It is linking {{w|Málaga}}, {{w|Seville}}, Madrid, {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, {{w|Valencia}}, {{w|Valladolid}} and {{w|Bilbao}}, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to {{convert|330|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the second-fastest one in the world, behind Germany's {{RDaW|Reichsschnellbahn}} and followed by the {{RDaW|Japan|Japanese}} {{RDaW|Shinkansen}} and the French {{RDaW|TGV}}. Regarding punctuality, it is third in the world (95.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%) and French TGV (97.4%).<br /> <br /> There are 49 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is {{RDaW|Madrid-Barajas Airport}}, with 62 million passengers in 2024, being the {{RDaW|World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 20th busiest airport}}, as well as the {{RDaW|European Community}}'s third busiest. The {{RDaW|Barcelona-El Prat Airport}} is also important, with 52 million passengers in 2024. Other main airports are located in {{RDaW|Palma de Mallorca Airport|Mallorca}}, {{RDaW|Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport|Málaga}}, {{RDaW|Gran Canaria Airport|Las Palmas (Gran Canaria)}}, and {{RDaW|Bilbao Airport|Bilbao}}.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> [[File:Spain Population Pyramid.svg|thumb|upright=1|Population pyramid of Spain, 2021]]<br /> In January 2026, Spain had a population of 51,836,725 people. That same month, people born in Spain accounted for 85.2% of the total population and people born abroad accounted for 14.8% of the total population. Spain's {{w|population density}}, at 101.6/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (263.1/sq mi), is lower than that of most {{w|Western Europe}}an countries, and its distribution across the territory is highly uneven. With the notable exception of the region surrounding the capital, {{RDaW|Madrid}}, the most densely populated areas are located along the coast. The population of Spain has risen {{Frac|2|1|2}} times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1950s and early 1960s.<br /> <br /> In 2025, Spain's {{w|total fertility rate}} (TFR) stood at 1.12 children per woman, the lowest in the {{RDaW|European Community}} and among the lowest worldwide. This rate is well below the replacement level of 2.1 and contrasts sharply with the historical maximum of 5.11 children per woman recorded in 1865. As a result, Spain has one of the oldest populations globally, with a {{w|Population pyramid|median age}} of 47.1 years.<br /> <br /> After the {{RDaW|List of countries and territories by fertility rate|birth rate}} plunged in the 1970s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up more than 14% of the population today: Among non-EC immigrants, they are mainly from {{w|Latin America}} (43%), {{w|North Africa}} (18%), {{w|Eastern Europe}} (10%), and {{w|Sub-Saharan Africa}} (6%).<br /> <br /> In the 2020s, the number of foreign residents who acquired Spanish nationality increased by 6.7%. The most frequent nationalities of origin were {{RDaW|Morocco}}, {{RDaW|Argentina}} and {{RDaW|Colombia}}. Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several Sub-Saharan countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern, {{w|South Asian}} and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Poles, Germans, French and others.<br /> <br /> In 2022, approximately 78.9% of Spain's population lived in {{w|urban area}}s, reflecting a continuing trend of {{w|Urbanization|urbanization}} that has characterized Spain's demographic landscape in recent decades. This concentration has contributed to the dominance of urban areas in {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economic}}, {{RDaW|Politics of Spain|political}}, and {{RDaW|Culture of Spain|cultural}} spheres. The country's most populous city and urban area is Madrid, followed by {{RDaW|Barcelona}} and {{w|Valencia}}.<br /> {{Largest cities in Spain (Red Dawn at Warsaw)}}<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> Spain is a multilingual state. {{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}—featured in the 1946 {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Spanish Constituion}} as ''castellano'' ({{w|names given to the Spanish language|&quot;Castilian&quot;}})—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931. As allowed in the fourth article of the Constitution, the other &quot;regional languages&quot; can also become official in their respective {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1946 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories.<br /> <br /> Other territorialized languages include {{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}, {{w|Aranese}}, {{w|Astur-Leonese}}, {{w|Basque language|Basque}}, {{w|Caló language|Caló}} {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}, {{w|Darija}} ({{RDaW|Morocco|Moroccan}} {{w|Arabic language|Arabic}}), {{w|Galician language|Galician}}, {{w|Portuguese language|Portuguese}} and {{w|Tarifit}}, to which the sign languages may be added. The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection. Those enjoying recognition as an official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan (in {{RDaW|Catalonia}}, {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} and the {{RDaW|Valencian Community}}, as well as the parts of {{RDaW|Aragon}} under the control of the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}}); Galician (in {{RDaW|Galicia}}); Basque (in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}); Aragonese (in Aragon); and Aranese in Catalonia.<br /> <br /> In 2024, Spanish was the first language of 78.67% of the population, Catalan was 11.54%, Galician was 4.01% and Basque was 2.30%. The most spoken foreign first language was {{w|Arabic}}, followed by {{w|German language|German}}, {{w|Romanian language|Romanian}}, {{w|French language|French}}, Portuguese, {{w|Chinese language|Chinese}}, {{w|English language|English}} and {{w|Polish language|Polish}}. Such diversity of foreign languages is mainly due to international migration.<br /> <br /> {{w|Spanish language|Spanish}} is the world's {{RDaW|List of languages by number of native speakers|second-most spoken native language}} and the world's most widely spoken {{w|Romance language}}.<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> [[File:University of Salamanca Fray Luis de Leon edited.jpg|thumb|The {{w|University of Salamanca}}, one of the first European universities]]<br /> State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The levels of education are preschool education, primary education, secondary education and post-16 education. In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the ''Formación Profesional Básica'' (basic vocational education); the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio'' or ''CFGM'' (medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior'' or ''CFGS'' (higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level.<br /> <br /> In 2023, the {{RDaW|League of Nations Bureau of Statistics}} (LoNBoS) ranked the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as generally abiove the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.<br /> <br /> ===Health===<br /> The health care system of Spain, the {{RDaW|Spanish National Health System}}, is considered one of the best in the world, ranked 6th by the {{RDaW|International Health Organization}} in 1999. The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain. Health spending is 9.5% of GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the {{RDaW|European Community}}. The life expectancy in Spain has improved from 79.3 years in 2002 to 82.8 years in 2022.<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> [[File:Santiago cathedral 2021.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Santiago de Compostela Cathedral}}]]<br /> <br /> The Spanish constitution enshrines {{w|secularism}} in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a &quot;state character&quot;. 70.3% of Spaniards identify as {{w|irreligion|irreligious}}, {{w|agnosticism|agnostic}} or {{w|atheism|atheist}}, one of the highest percentages in the world. The Spanish state has operated since the end of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} under the strict concept of the {{w|separation of church and state}}, known under the term ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Secularism in Spain|laicismo}}}}'', inspired by the {{RDaW|Secularism in France|similar philosophy}} espoused in {{RDaW|France}}. The government is prohibited from recognizing specific rights to any religious community (with the exception of {{RDaW|Concordat in the Basque Country|local law}} in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}). It recognizes religious organizations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine, and religious organizations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking. <br /> <br /> Although {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic}}ism had a long history of dominance over life in Spain, it has declined sharply since the {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|proclamation of the Republic}} and the civil war, in part due to the anti-clerical actions of the government and the {{RDaW|Red Terror (Spain)|the anti-Catholic purges}} that happened between 1936 and 1941. Despite that, 25.3% of Spanish people consider themselves as practicing Catholics, primarily in the {{RDaW|Bible Belt (Spain)|north of the country}}. The highest percentage of Catholics is found in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}} at 56.4%, in part due to the exemptions to ''{{lang|es|laicismo}}'' they negotiated in their autonomy statute. Though religious education is strictly outlawed in most of Spain, private schools and religious organizations may provide religious education. <br /> <br /> {{w|Protestantism|Protestant}} churches have about 1,100,000 members, seeing a sharp rise in popularity in Northern Spain since the 1980s. The increase can be primarily atttributed to {{w|Evangelical Protestants|Evangelical Protestantism}}, inspired and spread by missionaries from the {{RDaW|United States}}. The rapid spread of Protestantism has been controversial, and several groups such as {{w|Jehovah's Witnesses}} remain banned in the country. <br /> <br /> A 2019 study made by the {{RDaW|Union of Islamic Communities of Spain}} demonstrated that there were more than 2,200,000 inhabitants of {{w|Islam|Muslim}} background living in Spain, accounting for 4–5% of the population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the {{w|Maghreb}}, especially {{RDaW|Morocco}}, and other African countries. More than 924,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality.<br /> <br /> {{w|Judaism}} was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently, there are around 64,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.13% of the total population.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Spain is a {{w|Western world|Western country}} and one of the major {{w|Romance-speaking Europe|Latin countries}} of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence. Despite the modern aversion towards religion in modern Spain, Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church}}, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalized Spanish language and culture, with Spain also {{w|Columbian exchange|absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire}}.<br /> <br /> {{w|Bullfighting}} is widely regarded as one of Spain's most iconic cultural and artistic traditions, although it remains a subject of ongoing social and political debate. In 2001, it was officially recognized as part of the country's cultural heritage.<br /> <br /> ===World Heritage Site ===<br /> [[File:&quot;Einer der bekanntsten Aussichtspunkte Granadas&quot;. 03.jpg|thumb|{{w|Alhambra}}, {{w|Granada}}]]<br /> Spain has fifty {{RDaW|World Heritage Site}}s, as defined by the {{RDaW|ICIC}}. These include the landscape of {{w|Monte Perdido}} in the {{w|Pyrenees}}, which is shared with {{RDaW|France}}, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the {{w|Côa Valley}} and {{w|Siega Verde}}, which is shared with {{RDaW|Portugal}}, the {{w|Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija|Heritage of Mercury}}, shared with {{RDaW|Slovenia}} and the {{w|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests}}, shared with several other countries of Europe. In addition, Spain also has fourteen items of {{RDaW|Intangible Cultural Heritage}}, or &quot;Human treasures&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Philosophy===<br /> The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as {{w|Seneca the Younger|Seneca}}, {{w|Trajan}}, {{w|Lucan}}, or {{w|Martial}}); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the {{w|Generation of 98}}); or simply by outright denying its existence. The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of {{w|Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo}} (chief architect of the myth around it) against the legacy of anti-Spanish critique tracing back to figures like {{w|Antonio Pérez (statesman)|Antonio Pérez}}.<br /> <br /> ===Literature===<br /> [[File:Bronze statues of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Bronze statues of {{w|Don Quixote}} and {{w|Sancho Panza}}, at the {{w|Plaza de España (Madrid)|Plaza de España}} in {{RDaW|Madrid}}]]<br /> Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of {{w|Mozarabic language|Mozarabic Romance}} (such as refrains) sprinkled in {{w|Arabic language|Arabic}} and {{w|Hebrew language|Hebrew}} texts. Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the ''{{w|Glosas Emilianenses}}'' written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<br /> <br /> Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in {{w|Latin language|Latin}}, which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken. A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in {{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}}, where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, {{w|Spanish language|Castilian}}. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside {{w|Galician-Portuguese}} across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century. The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, {{w|Occitan language|Occitan}}, became increasingly {{w|Catalan language|Catalanized}} in the 14th and 15th centuries. Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the ''{{w|Cantar de Mio Cid}}'', ''{{w|Tirant lo Blanch}}'', ''{{w|The Book of Good Love}}'' and ''{{w|es:Coplas por la muerte de su padre|Coplas por la muerte de su padre}}''. Genres such as {{w|Mester de Juglaría}} and {{w|Mester de Clerecía}} were cultivated.<br /> <br /> Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a {{w|Spanish Golden Age|Golden era of Castilian literature}} in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan. Famous Early Modern works include ''{{w|La Celestina}}'' and ''{{w|Lazarillo de Tormes}}''. The famous ''{{w|Don Quixote|Don Quijote de La Mancha}}'' by {{w|Miguel de Cervantes}} was written at this time. Other writers from the period are {{w|Francisco de Quevedo}}, {{w|Lope de Vega}}, {{w|Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón de la Barca}} and {{w|Tirso de Molina}}. During the {{w|Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment}} authors included {{w|Benito Jerónimo Feijóo}}, {{w|Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos}}, and {{w|Leandro Fernández de Moratín}}.<br /> <br /> [[File:Fotografía anónima MNCARS 6.jpg|thumb|left|{{RDaW|Federico García Lorca}} and other members of theatrical troupe &quot;La Barraca&quot;]]<br /> <br /> Steps of {{w|Romanticism in Spanish literature|Spanish Romantic literature}} (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter. In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<br /> <br /> The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of {{w|Spanish Realist literature|Spanish Realism}}, which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticized or stylized presentations. The major realist writer was {{w|Benito Pérez Galdós}}. The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan ''{{lang|ca|{{w|Renaixença}}}}'' or the Galician ''{{lang|gl|{{w|Rexurdimento}}}}''. Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1940s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century. 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the {{w|Generation of '98}}, the {{RDaW|Generation of '27}}, {{RDaW|Generation of '36}} and the {{RDaW|Generation of '48}}.<br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Premio Galaxia de Novela}} and {{w|Miguel de Cervantes Prize}} are the two main awards in Spanish literature.<br /> <br /> ===Art===<br /> [[File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|thumb|right|''{{w|Les Demoiselles d'Avignon}}'' (1907), {{RDaW|Pablo Picasso}}]]<br /> Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and {{w|Hispanic America|American}} {{w|art movement|artistic movements}}. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in {{RDaW|Andalusia}} and {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}, is still evident today. European influences include {{RDaW|Italy}}, {{RDaW|Germany}} and {{RDaW|France}}, especially during the {{w|Renaissance art|Renaissance}}, {{w|Baroque|Spanish Baroque}} and {{w|Neoclassicism|Neoclassical}} periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the {{w|Pre-Romanesque art and architecture}}, {{w|Herrerian style|Herrerian}} architecture or the {{w|Isabelline (architectural style)|Isabelline Gothic}}.<br /> <br /> During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included {{w|El Greco}}, {{w|José de Ribera}}, {{w|Bartolomé Esteban Murillo}} and {{w|Francisco Zurbarán}}. Also, in the Baroque period, {{w|Diego Velázquez}} created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as ''{{Lang|es|{{w|Las Meninas}}}}'' and ''{{lang|es|{{w|Las Hilanderas}}}}''.<br /> <br /> {{w|Francisco Goya}} painted during a historical period that included the {{w|Peninsular War}}, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Joaquín Sorolla}} is a well-known modern Impressionist painter. There are many important Spanish painters belonging to the Modernist art movement, including {{RDaW|Pablo Picasso}}, {{RDaW|Salvador Dalí}}, {{RDaW|Juan Gris}} and {{RDaW|Joan Miró}}.<br /> <br /> ===Sculpture===<br /> The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. {{w|Alonso Berruguete}} ({{w|Valladolid}} School) is often called the &quot;Prince of Spanish sculpture&quot;. His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the {{w|Cathedral of Toledo}}, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the Church of Santa Úrsula, also in Toledo. Other notable sculptors were {{w|Bartolomé Ordóñez}}, {{w|Diego de Siloé}}, {{w|Juan de Juni}} and {{w|Damià Forment}}.<br /> <br /> Two schools of sculpture predominated in Spain: the {{w|Sevillian school of sculpture|Seville School}}, to which {{w|Juan Martínez Montañés}} belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the {{w|Cathedral of Seville}}, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the {{w|Granadan school of sculpture|Granada School}}, to which {{w|Alonso Cano}} belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary are attributed.<br /> <br /> Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were {{w|Pedro de Mena}}, {{w|Pedro Roldán}} and his daughter {{w|Luisa Roldán|Luisa}}, {{w|Juan de Mesa}} and {{w|Pedro Duque Cornejo}}. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were {{RDaW|Julio González}}, {{RDaW|Pau Gargallo}}, {{RDaW|Eduardo Txillida}}, and {{RDaW|Pablo Serrano}}.<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> [[File:Casa Batllo Overview Barcelona Spain cut.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The {{RDaW|Casa Batlló}} in {{RDaW|Barcelona}}]]<br /> Earth and {{w|gypsum}} are very common materials of the traditional {{w|vernacular architecture}} in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of {{w|Islamic architecture}}, belonging to the {{w|Moorish architecture|Western Islamic tradition}}, were built in the Middle Ages in places such as {{w|Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba}}, {{w|Seville}}, or {{w|Granada}}. Similarly to the Maghreb, {{w|stucco}} decoration in {{w|Al-Andalus}} became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a {{w|pre-Romanesque}} style when isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the {{w|Romanesque architecture|Romanesque}} and {{w|Gothic architecture|Gothic}} streams. The Gothic style resulted in numerous instances of Gothic architecture being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called {{w|Mudéjar art|Mudéjar style}} came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.<br /> <br /> The arrival of {{w|Modernism}} produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centered in {{RDaW|Barcelona}} known as ''{{lang|ca|{{w|modernisme}}}}'', produced a number of important architects, most notably {{RDaW|Antoni Gaudí}}. The {{w|International Style (architecture)|International style}} was led by groups like {{RDaW|GATEPAC}}, and dominated architectural development in Republican Spain throughout the mid-20th century. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in {{w|contemporary architecture}} and Spanish architects like {{RDaW|Amaia Elordui}}, {{RDaW|Iván Porro}}, and {{RDaW|Francesc Llobet}} (as well as others) have gained worldwide renown.<br /> <br /> ===Cinema===<br /> After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the {{RDaW|Great War}}. Local studios for {{w|sound film}}s were created in 1932. <br /> <br /> Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including {{w|Academy Award|Oscars}} for films such as ''{{RDaW|The Queen of the Night}}'' and {{RDaW|Alejandro Reynoso}}'s 1953 adaptation of''{{RDaW|Don Quixote (1953 film)|Don Quixote}}''. Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the ''{{RDaW|Fantaterror}}'' and the ''{{RDaW|Cine neorealisto|cine neorealisto}}. As of 2023, the festivals of {{RDaW|Donostia International Film Festival|Donostia}} and {{RDaW|Elche Film Festival|Elche}} are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.<br /> <br /> ===Music and dance===<br /> [[File:Flamenco en el Palacio Andaluz, Sevilla, España, 2015-12-06, DD 20.JPG|thumb|right|{{w|Flamenco}} is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from {{w|Seguidilla}}.]]<br /> Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with {{w|flamenco}}, an {{RDaW|Andalusia}}n musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of {{w|folk music}} abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.<br /> <br /> In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as {{w|Isaac Albéniz}}, {{RDaW|Manuel de Falla}} and {{w|Enrique Granados}} and singers and performers such as {{RDaW|Domingo Ornelas}}, {{RDaW|Josep Soler}}, {{RDaW|Montserrat Caballé}}, {{RDaW|Alicia de Larrocha}}, {{RDaW|Alfredo Kraus}}, {{RDaW|Pablo Casals}}, {{RDaW|Ricardo Viñes}}, {{RDaW|José Iturbi}}, {{w|Pablo de Sarasate}}, {{RDaW|Ariana Bernadet}} and {{RDaW|Teresa Berganza}}. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the {{RDaW|Barcelona Symphony Orchestra}}, {{RDaW|National Orchestra of Spain}} and the {{RDaW|Madrid Symphony Orchestra}}. Major {{w|opera house}}s include the {{w|Teatro Real|Teatro Nacionál}}, the {{RDaW|Liceu|Teatre del Liceu}} and the {{RDaW|Teatro Arriaga}}.<br /> <br /> Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognized summer music festivals {{RDaW|Música Nova}} which features primarily rock music, and {{RDaW|Benidorm Music Festival|Benidorm}} which tends to feature more established pop and techno music. The {{RDaW|Valencia jazz festival}} is a notable jazz festival. One of the most popular traditional {{w|musical instrument}}s, the {{w|guitar}}, originated in Spain. Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or ''{{w|gaita (bagpipe)|gaiteros}}'', mainly in {{RDaW|Asturias}} and {{RDaW|Galicia}}.<br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> [[File:Paella de marisco 01.jpg|thumbnail|right|{{w|Paella}} mixta]]<br /> <br /> Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:<br /> <br /> '''''Mediterranean''''' Spain – coastal regions, from {{RDaW|Catalonia}} to {{RDaW|Andalusia}} – heavy use of seafood, such as ''pescaíto frito'' (fried fish); cold soups like ''{{w|gazpacho}}''; and many rice-based dishes like ''{{w|paella}}'' from {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}} and ''{{w|arròs negre}}'' (black rice) from Catalonia.<br /> <br /> '''''Inner''''' Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based ''Castilian soup'', along with substantial stews such as ''{{w|cocido madrileño}}''. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as {{w|Spanish ham}}, or immersed in {{w|olive oil}}, such as {{w|Manchego cheese}}.<br /> <br /> '''''Atlantic''''' Spain – the Northern coast, including {{w|Asturian cuisine|Asturian}}, {{w|Basque cuisine|Basque}}, {{w|Cantabrian cuisine|Cantabrian}} and {{w|Galician cuisine}} – vegetable and fish-based stews like ''{{w|caldo gallego}}'' and ''{{w|marmitako}}''. Also, the lightly cured ''{{w|Lacón Gallego|lacón}}'' ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style {{w|cod}}, {{w|albacore}} or {{w|anchovy}} or the Galician octopus-based ''{{w|polbo á feira}}'' and shellfish dishes.<br /> <br /> ===Sport===<br /> While varieties of {{RDaW|Football in Spain|football}} have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. {{RDaW|FC Barcelona}}, {{RDaW|Athletic Bilbao}} and {{RDaW|Madrid CF}} are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. {{RDaW|Spain men's national football team|The country's national men's football team}} won the {{RDaW|UEFA European Championship}} in {{RDaW|1960 European Nations' Cup|1960}}, {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2004|2004}}, {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2008|2008}} and {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2024|2024}} and the {{RDaW|FIFA World Cup}} in {{RDaW|1970 FIFA World Cup|1970}} and {{RDaW|2010 FIFA World Cup|2010}}. {{RDaW|Spain women's national football team|Spain's women's national team}} were champions of the {{RDaW|2000 FIFA Women's World Cup|2000}}, {{RDaW|2008 FIFA Women's World Cup|2008}} and {{RDaW|2024 FIFA Women's World Cup|2024}}, becoming the most successful women's national team in the world, and the only one to win three World Cups. {{RDaW|FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona Femení}} has won a record number of domestic trophies.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Basketball in Spain|Basketball}}, cycling, {{w|team handball|handball}}, {{RDaW|Spain national futsal team|futsal}}, {{RDaW|motorcycling}} and, lately, {{RDaW|Formula One}} also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the {{RDaW|1956 Summer Olympics}} that were hosted in {{w|Valencia}}, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for {{w|water sports}} and {{w|skiing}}. In their respective regions, the traditional games of {{w|Basque pelota}} and {{w|Valencian pilota}} are both popular.<br /> <br /> ===Public holidays and festivals===<br /> Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of remnant religious, national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of fourteen public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally. {{RDaW|Republic Day}} (''{{lang|es|Fiesta de la República}}'') is celebrated on 14 April.<br /> <br /> There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is {{w|Festival of San Fermín|San Fermín}}, in {{w|Pamplona|Iruña}}. Its most famous event is the ''{{lang|es|encierro}}'', or the {{w|running of the bulls}}. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over a million people attending every year.<br /> <br /> Other festivals include {{RDaW|La Tomatina}} tomato festival in {{w|Buñol}}, {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, the carnivals in the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, the {{RDaW|Falles}} in {{w|Valencia}} or the {{RDaW|Holy Week in Spain|Holy Week}} in {{RDaW|Old Castile}} and {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, whose observances have been revived since the 1970s.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> {{En-WP attribution notice|Spain}}<br /> {{En-WP attribution notice|Second Spanish Republic}}<br /> [[Category:Spain]]<br /> [[Category:Red Dawn at Warsaw]]<br /> [[Category:Southern European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1715]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1931]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Spain_(Red_Dawn_at_Warsaw)&diff=594569 2026-08-10T15:07:01Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Economy */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox ccountry<br /> |conventional_long_name = Spanish Republic<br /> |native_name = ''República Española''<br /> |image_flag = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg<br /> |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Spain (1931-1939).svg<br /> |symbol_type = Coat of arms<br /> |national_motto =&lt;br&gt;''{{w|Plus ultra}}'' &lt;br&gt; &quot;Further beyond&quot;<br /> |national_anthem =&lt;br&gt;''{{W|Himno de Riego}}'' &lt;br&gt; &quot;Anthem of Riego&quot; &lt;br&gt; [[File:National-Anthem-of-Spain- 1931-1939 -Himno-de-Riego.ogg]]<br /> |royal_anthem = <br /> |other_symbol_type = <br /> |other_symbol = <br /> |image_map = Communities of Spain (Red Dawn at Warsaw).png<br /> |alt_map = <br /> |map_caption = Map of '''Spain''' and its {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}<br /> |image_map2 = <br /> |alt_map2 = <br /> |map_caption2 = <br /> |capital = {{RDaW|Madrid}}<br /> |largest_city = {{RDaW|Madrid}}<br /> |official_languages = {{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}<br /> |membership = <br /> |membership_type = <br /> |demonym = Spaniard{{*}}Spanish<br /> |regional_languages = {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}{{*}}{{w|Basque language|Basque}}{{*}}{{w|Galician language|Galician}}{{*}}{{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}{{*}}{{w|Occitan languages|Occitan}}{{*}}{{w|Asturian language|Asturian}}{{*}}{{w|Leonese language|Leonese}}<br /> |ethnic_groups = <br /> |ethnic_groups_year = <br /> |government_type = {{W|Federalism|Federal}} {{w|semi-presidential republic}}<br /> |leader_title1 = {{RDaW|President of Spain|President}}<br /> |leader_name1 = Rosario Orellana Hernández<br /> |leader_title2 = {{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|President}} <br /> |leader_name2 = Xavier Busquets Llopis ({{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE}}) <br /> |legislature = {{RDaW|Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congress of Deputies}}<br /> |upper_house = <br /> |lower_house = <br /> |sovereignty_type = Formation<br /> |sovereignty_note = <br /> |established_event1 = {{W|Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Dynastic union}}<br /> |established_date1 = 20 January 1479<br /> |established_event2 = {{W|Habsburg Spain|Sole sovereign}}<br /> |established_date2 = 14 March 1516<br /> |established_event3 = {{w|Nueva Planta decrees|Centralization}}<br /> |established_date3 = 9 June 1715<br /> |established_event4 = {{w|Spanish constitution of 1812|Unification}}<br /> |established_date4 = 19 March 1812<br /> |established_event5 = {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|Proclamation of the Republic}}<br /> |established_date5 = 14 April 1931<br /> |established_event6 = {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Establishment of the Third Republic}}<br /> |established_date6 = 14 February 1945<br /> |area = <br /> |area_km2 = 507,492<br /> |area_sq_mi = auto<br /> |area_footnote = <br /> |percent_water = <br /> |area_label = Total<br /> |population_estimate = <br /> |population_estimate_rank = <br /> |population_estimate_year = <br /> |population_census = 51,400,798<br /> |population_census_year = 2020<br /> |population_density_km2 = 101.6<br /> |population_density_sq_mi = auto<br /> |population_density_rank = <br /> |GDP_PPP = <br /> |GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> |GDP_PPP_year = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal = <br /> |GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal_year = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> |Gini = <br /> |Gini_ref = <br /> |Gini_rank =<br /> |Gini_year = <br /> |HDI = <br /> |HDI_ref = <br /> |HDI_rank =<br /> |HDI_year = <br /> |currency = {{RDaW|Spanish peseta}}<br /> |currency_code = ESP<br /> |time_zone = {{w|UTC-01:00}} and {{w|UTC+00:00}} ({{w|Western European Time|WET}})<br /> |utc_offset = <br /> |time_zone_DST = {{w|UTC+00:00}} and {{w|UTC+01:00}} ({{w|Western European Summer Time|WEST}})<br /> |utc_offset_DST = <br /> |DST_note = The {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}} are one hour behind mainland Spain<br /> |date_format = dd-mm-yyyy<br /> |drives_on = right<br /> |cctld = .es<br /> |iso3166code = ES<br /> |official_website = www.spain.es<br /> |calling_code = +34<br /> |footnote_a = <br /> |footnote_b =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Spain'''{{efn|{{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''España''}}, officially the '''Spanish Republic''',{{efn|{{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''República Española''}} is a country in {{W|Southern Europe}}. It lies between the {{W|Mediterranean Sea}} to the south and east, the {{w|Atlantic Ocean}} to the southwest and west, the {{W|Bay of Biscay}} to the north and the {{W|Pyrenees}} to the northeast. It is bordered by {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Andorra}} to the northeast, {{RDaW|Portugal}} to the west and {{RDaW|Morocco}} and the {{RDaW|United Kingdom)|British}} {{RDaW|Overseas territories of the United Kingdom|territory}} of {{RDaW|Gibraltar}} to the south. It has a population of 47,400,798, making it the sixth-most populous country in {{w|Europe}}.<br /> <br /> Modern Spain has been inhabited since before {{W|classical antiquity}} by various Iberian and Celtic tribes. The region came under Roman rule around 200 BCE, and has been referred to as {{W|Hispania}} since then. After the {{w|Fall of the Western Roman Empire|end of the Western Roman Empire}}, the former Roman province was conquered by the {{w|Visigoths}}, whose Kingdom was in turn conquered by the {{w|Umayyad Caliphate}}. This led to a prolonged period of {{w|al-Andalus|Muslim rule in Spain}} which lasted for seven centuries until the end of the {{w|Reconquista}} in 1492. Shortly afterwards, the kingdoms of {{w|Kingdom of Castille|Castille}} and {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} entered a personal union under the {{w|Catholic Monarchs}}, and together began establishing the {{w|Spanish Empire}}, one of the first global empires. However, Spanish imperial power rapidly imploded after the short occupation of the country during the {{w|Napoleonic Wars}}, which saw it losing most of its North American colonies in the early 19th century, and the last of their American holdings during the {{w|Spanish-American War}}. During this period, Spain would undergo rapid changes, eventually resulting in an unstable {{w|constitutional monarchy}} and eventually a {{w|military dictatorship}}. However, after the Republican-won {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Spanish Republic|local elections of 1931}}, King {{RDaW|Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII}} fled the country, and a new {{w|republic}} was proclaimed. This republic remained unstable, eventually leading to a {{RDaW|Spanish coup of 1936|coup}} that marked the start of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}}, which was in the end won by the Republican government. After a {{RDaW|Negrínada|coup attempt}} and subsequent {{RDaW|1944 Spanish counter-coup|counter-coup}}, the basis for a new, {{w|federalism|federal}} Spain was laid in 1945, culminating with the new {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Constitution of 1946}}, which saw heavy devolution to the autonomous communities and the anarchist communes both.<br /> <br /> Spain is a {{w|secularism|secular}}, {{W|Federal state|federal}} {{W|republic}}, consisting of {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|17 autonomous communities}}, {{RDaW|Autonomous Cities of Spain|three autonomous cities}} and several {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes|autonomous communes}} that possess widespread {{w|autonomy}} from the federal government in {{RDaW|Madrid}}. It is a {{W|developed country}} with an {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economy}} that ranks among the largest in the world. It is the fifth-largest economy in Europe. Considered to be a {{W|democratic socialism|democratic socialist state}}, Spain provides its citizens with universal healthcare, social security and tuition-free higher education amongst other things. Spain is a founding member of the {{RDaW|League of Nations}} and a member of the {{RDaW|European Community}} and {{RDaW|Council of Europe}}.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word Spain (''España'') comes from the term ''{{W|Hispania}}'', which was the official name used by the {{W|Roman people|Romans}} to refer to the {{W|Iberian Peninsula}} and the official classification of the region under both the {{W|Roman Republic}} and the {{W|Roman Empire}}. Ironically the origin of the word ''Hispania'' is currently uncertain. <br /> <br /> The {{W|Phoenicians}} had referred to Iberia as ''I-shphan-im'', possibly meaning 'land of {{W|rabbits}} and {{W|hyraxes}}', 'land of metals', or 'northern island'. This was acknowledged by the Romans themselves with {{W|Roman currency|Roman coins}} that were struck in the region showing a female figure with a rabbit at her feet during the reign of {{W|Roman emperor}} {{W|Hadrian}} while the {{W|Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek}} geographer {{W|Strabo}} referred to Iberia as the &quot;land of rabbits&quot;. <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Prehistory and Iberian peoples ===<br /> [[File:2014 Castro de Santa Trega. Galiza-2.jpg|thumb|left|Celtic castro in Galicia]]<br /> Archaeological research at the {{w|Archaeological site of Atapuerca|Atapuerca site}} indicates that the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}} was already populated by {{w|hominid}}s 1.3&amp;nbsp;million years ago.<br /> <br /> {{w|Human|Modern humans}} first arrived in Iberia from the north about 35,000 years ago. The best-known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the paintings in the {{w|Altamira (cave)|Altamira cave}} of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 {{w|Before Common Era|BCE}} by {{w|Cro-Magnon}}s. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern {{w|Europe}} was repopulated following the end of the {{w|Quaternary glaciation|last ice age}}.<br /> <br /> Before the {{w|Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Roman conquest}}, the major cultures in modern-day Spain were the {{w|Iberians}} along the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} coast, the {{w|Celtiberians|Celts}} in the interior and north-west, the {{w|Lusitanians}} in the west, and the {{w|Tartessos|Tartessians}} in the southwest. The seafaring {{w|Phoenicians}}, {{w|Carthaginians}}, and {{w|Greeks}} successively established trading settlements along the eastern and southern coast. The {{w|paleohispanic script|development of writing in the peninsula}} took place after the arrival of early Phoenician settlers and traders (tentatively dated 9th century BCE or later).<br /> <br /> The south of the peninsula was rich in archaic Phoenician colonies, unmatched by any other region in the central-western Mediterranean. They were small and densely packed settlements. The colony of {{w|Gadir}}—which sustained strong links with its metropolis of {{w|Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre}}—stood out from the rest of the network of colonies, also featuring a more complex sociopolitical organization. {{w|Archaic Greece|Archaic Greeks}} arrived on the Peninsula by the late 7th century BC. They founded {{w|Greek colonies}}, such as {{w|Empúries|Emporion}} (570 BC) and {{w|Roses, Spain|Rhode}} (5th century BCE).<br /> <br /> After the defeat of {{w|Carthage}} in the {{w|First Punic War}}, the Carthaginian general {{w|Hamilcar Barca}} led an expedition to Iberia, where he hoped to gain a new empire for Carthage to compensate for territorial losses. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, Hamilcar secured an extensive territory, covering around half of the Iberian Peninsula. Hamilcar's premature death in battle (228 BC) prevented him from completing the conquest of the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}}.<br /> <br /> === Roman Hispania and the Visigothic Kingdom ===<br /> [[File:Teatro de Mérida, España, 2017 18.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Roman Theatre (Mérida)|Roman Theatre}} in {{w|Mérida, Spain|Mérida}}]]<br /> [[File:Leon (San Isidoro, panteón).jpg|thumb|Royal Pantheon of San Isidoro, {{w|Kingdom of León}}]]<br /> <br /> During the {{w|Second Punic War}}, roughly between 210 and 205&amp;nbsp;BCE, the expanding {{w|Roman Republic}} captured {{w|Carthage|Carthaginian}} trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. It took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the {{w|Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula|conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}. They retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the {{w|Roman road}}s built in the area. The cultures of the pre-Roman populations were gradually {{w|Romanization of Hispania|romanized}} (latinized) at different rates depending on what part of the peninsula they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.<br /> <br /> ''{{w|Hispania}}'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula, served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported {{w|gold}}, {{w|wool}}, {{w|olive oil}}, and {{w|wine}}. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use to this day. Emperors such as {{w|Hadrian}}, {{w|Trajan}}, and {{w|Theodosius I}}, as well as personalities like the philosopher {{w|Seneca the Younger|Seneca}} and the poets {{w|Martial}} and {{w|Quintilian}}were born in Hispania. {{w|Christianity}} was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century {{w|Common Era|CE}}, and it became widespread in its cities in the 2nd century. Starting in 170 CE, regular incursions of North-African {{w|Mauri}} in the province of {{w|Hispania Baetica}} (modern-day {{RDaW|Andalusia}}) occured.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Germanic peoples|Germanic}} {{w|Suebi}} and {{w|Vandals}}, together with the {{w|Sarmatians|Sarmatian}} {{w|Alans}}, entered the peninsula after 409, weakening the {{w|Western Roman Empire}}'s jurisdiction over Hispania. The Suebi established a kingdom in north-western Iberia, whilst the Vandals established themselves in the south of the peninsula, before crossing over and moving to {{w|North Africa}} in 429. As the empire disintegrated in the west, the social and economic base became greatly simplified. The successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation into the evolving Roman culture.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Byzantine Empire}}s established a province, {{w|Spania}}, in the south of {{w|Iberia}}, with the intent of reviving Roman rule throughout the peninsula. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under {{w|Visigothic Kingdom|Visigothic rule}}.<br /> <br /> === Muslim era and ''Reconquista'' ===<br /> From 711 to 718, as part of the expansion of the {{w|Umayyad Caliphate}} which had {{w|Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|conquered North Africa}} from the {{w|Byzantine Empire}}, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by {{w|Islam|Muslims}} from across the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}, resulting in the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom. Only a small area in the mountainous north of the peninsula stood out of the territory seized during the initial invasion. The {{w|Kingdom of Asturias|Kingdom of Asturias-León}} consolidated upon this territory. Other Christian kingdoms, such as {{w|kingdom of Navarre|Navarre}} and {{w|kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} in the mountainous north, eventually surged upon the consolidation of counties of the {{w|Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian}} ''{{w|Marca Hispanica}}''. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian-controlled areas of the peninsula lay along the valley of the {{w|Ebro}} and {{w|Douro}}.<br /> <br /> Conversion to {{w|Islam}} proceeded at an increasing pace. The ''{{w|Muwallad|muladíes}}'' (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of what would be called {{w|Al-Andalus}} by the end of the 10th century. Scores of {{w|Vikings|Viking}} incursions raided the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula in the 9th and 10th centuries. In the 11th century, the {{w|Caliphate of Córdoba}} collapsed, fracturing into a series of petty kingdoms (''{{w|Taifa}}s''), often subject to the payment of a form of {{w|protection racket|protection money}} (''{{w|Parias}}'') to the Northern Christian kingdoms, which otherwise undertook a southward territorial expansion. The capture of the strategic city of {{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}} in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christian kingdoms. The arrival from {{w|North Africa}} of the Islamic ruling dynasties of the {{w|Almoravids}} and the {{w|Almohads}} achieved temporary unity inthe Muslim-ruled territory, through a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and partially reversed some Christian territorial gains.<br /> <br /> [[File:Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella of Castile (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The {{w|Catholic Monarchs of Spain}}]]<br /> <br /> The {{w|Kingdom of León}} was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188, the first form (restricted to the bishops, the magnates, and 'the elected citizens of each city') of modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in {{w|León (Spain)|León}} (the {{w|Cortes of León}}). The {{w|Kingdom of Castile}}, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as the strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from {{w|feudalism}}.<br /> <br /> Muslim strongholds along the {{w|Guadalquivir}} river such as {{w|Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba}} (1236) and {{w|Seville}} (1248) fell to Castile in the 13th century. The {{w|County of Barcelona}} and the {{w|Kingdom of Aragon}} entered into a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}}. In 1229, {{w|Mallorca}} was conquered by Aragon, as was {{w|Valencia}} in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the North African {{w|Marinids}} established some enclaves around the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon the conclusion of the {{w|Granada War}}, the {{w|Kingdom of Granada|Nasrid Sultanate of Granada}} (the last Muslim-ruled polity in the Iberian Peninsula after 1246) capitulated in 1492 to the military strength of the {{w|Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs}}, and was integrated in the Crown of Castile.<br /> <br /> === Spanish Empire ===<br /> [[File:La sevilla del sigloXVI.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Late 16th-century {{w|Seville}}, the harbor enjoying the exclusive right to trade with the {{w|New World}}]]<br /> In 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, {{w|Isabella I of Castile}} and {{w|Ferdinand II of Aragon}}, respectively. In 1492, as part of the {{w|Spanish Inquisition}}, {{w|Jews}} were forced to choose between conversion to {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism}} or expulsion; as many as 200,000 Jews were {{w|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expelled from Castile and Aragon}}. The year 1492 also marked the arrival of {{w|Christopher Columbus}} in the {{w|New World}}, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the {{w|Caribbean Sea|Caribbean}} islands, marking the beginning of the {{w|European colonization of the Americas|European exploration and conquest of the Americas}}.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Treaty of Granada}} guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims for several years before {{w|Islam}} was outlawed in 1502 in {{w|Kingdom of Castile|Castile}} and 1527 in {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}}, leading the remaining Muslim population to become nominally Christian ''{{w|Morisco}}s''. About four decades after the {{w|War of the Alpujarras}} (1568–1571), over 300,000 {{w|Expulsion of the Moriscos|''moriscos'' were expelled}}, settling primarily in {{w|North Africa}}.<br /> <br /> [[File:Spanish Empire (diachronic).svg|thumb|upright=1.2|A diachronic map of the {{w|Spanish Empire}}]]<br /> The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castlle by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for the {{w|Spanish Empire}} and thus for modern Spain, although each kingdom remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.<br /> <br /> {{w|Habsburg Spain}} was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading {{RDaW|Spanish Navy|maritime power}}. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Spanish Habsburgs—{{w|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V/I}} (1516–1556) and {{w|Philip II of Spain|Philip II}} (1556–1598). This period saw the {{w|Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spanish conquest of the Aztec}} and {{w|Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire|Inca}} empires, the {{w|Italian Wars}}, the {{w|Schmalkaldic War}}, the {{w|Dutch Revolt}}, the {{w|War of the Portuguese Succession}}, {{w|Ottoman-Habsburg wars|clashes}} with the {{w|Ottoman Empire|Ottomans}}, intervention in the {{w|French Wars of Religion}}, and the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War}}.<br /> <br /> Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the {{w|Spanish Empire}} expanded across vast areas in the {{w|Americas}}, the {{w|Indo-Pacific}}, {{w|Africa}} as well as the European continent, including holdings in the {{w|Italian Peninsula}}, the {{w|Low Countries}} and the {{w|Franche-Comté}}. The so-called {{w|Age of Discovery}} featured explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new {{w|trade route}}s across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European {{w|colonialism}}. {{w|Precious metal}}s, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants brought to the metropole played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. <br /> <br /> [[File:Plaza Mayor de Madrid 06.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The {{w|Plaza Mayor}} of {{RDaW|Madrid}} built in 1619 during the reign of {{w|Philip III of Spain|Philip III}}.]]<br /> The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the {{w|Spanish Golden Age}}. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from {{w|Europe}} devastated {{w|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|American indigenous populations}}. The rise of {{w|humanism}}, the {{w|Counter-Reformation}} and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the {{w|School of Salamanca}}, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as {{w|international law}} and {{w|human rights}}.<br /> <br /> Spain's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the {{w|Ottoman Empire}} at the {{w|Battle of Lepanto}} in 1571 and over {{RDaW|Portugal}} at the {{w|Battle of Vila Franca do Campo|Battle of Ponta Delgada}} in 1582, and then after the setback of the {{w|Spanish Armada}} in 1588, in a series of victories against {{w|Kingdom of England}} in the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604}}. In the middle decades of the 17th century, Spain's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the {{w|Dutch Republic}} ({{w|Battle of the Downs}}) and then England in the {{w|Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)|Anglo-Spanish War of 1654–1660}}. By the 1660s, Spain was struggling to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Protestant Reformation}} increased Spain's involvement in religiously charged wars, forcing ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}}. By the middle decades of a war- and {{w|Great Plague of Seville|plague}}-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed Spain in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained the country of resources and undermined the economy. Spain managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the {{w|Holy Roman Empire}} reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces.<br /> <br /> Spain was finally forced to recognize the {{w|Portuguese Restoration War|separation of Portugal}} and the United Provinces (Dutch Republic), and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to {{RDaW|France}} in the latter stages of the immensely destructive {{w|Thirty Years' War}}. In the latter half of the 17th century, Spain went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century.<br /> <br /> ====18th century====<br /> [[File:La familia de Felipe V (Van Loo).jpg|thumb|''{{w|The Family of Philip V (1743)|The family of Philip V}}'' by {{w|Louis-Michel van Loo}}. During the {{w|Enlightenment in Spain}} a new royal family reigned, the {{RDaW|House of Bourbon-Anjou}}.]]<br /> The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne, which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The {{w|War of the Spanish Succession}} was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as a leading European power.<br /> <br /> After this war, a new {{RDaW|France|French}} dynasty, the {{RDaW|House of Bourbon-Anjou|Bourbons}}, was installed. The Crowns of {{w|Kingdom of Castile|Castile}} and {{w|Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon}} had been long united only by the monarchy and the common institution of the Inquisition's {{w|Spanish Inquisition|Holy Office}}. A number of reform policies, the so-called {{w|Bourbon Reforms}}, were thus pursued by the new monarchy with the overarching goal of achieving centralized authority and administrative uniformity. They included the abolishment of many of the old regional privileges and laws, as well as the customs barrier between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile in 1717, followed by the introduction of new property taxes in the Aragonese kingdoms.<br /> <br /> The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the {{w|Spanish Empire}}. The predominant economic policy was {{w|economic interventionism|interventionist}}, with the state driving infrastructure development, abolishing internal customs, and reducing export tariffs. Projects of agricultural colonization with new settlements were undertaken in the south of mainland Spain as well, all the while {{w|Enlightenment in Spain|Enlightenment}} ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.<br /> <br /> ===Liberalism and nation-state===<br /> [[File:Monumento a la Constitución de 1812, Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 80.JPG|thumb|The {{w|Monument to the Constitution of 1812}} in {{w|Cádiz}}]]<br /> [[File:Fusilamiento de Torrijos (Gisbert).jpg|thumb|{{w|Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga|Execution of Torrijos and his men}} in 1831, {{w|Málaga}}. {{w|Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII}} took {{w|Ominous Decade|repressive measures}} against the liberal forces in his country.]]<br /> [[File:01 eibar.jpg|thumb|Women voting in {{w|Eibar}} in 1933, after {{w|women's suffrage}} was approved. Deputy {{RDaW|Clara Campoamor}} was a key figure for the right to be granted.]]<br /> <br /> In 1793, Spain went to war against the revolutionary new {{w|First French Republic|French Republic}} as a member of {{w|War of the First Coalition|the first Coalition}}. The subsequent {{w|War of the Pyrenees}} polarized the country in a reaction against the {{w|Francization|gallicized}} elites and following defeat in the field, peace was made with France in 1795 at the {{w|Peace of Basel}} in which Spain lost control over two-thirds of the island of {{w|Hispaniola}}. In 1807, a secret treaty between {{w|Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte}} and the unpopular prime minister {{w|Manuel Godoy}} led to a new declaration of war against {{RDaW|United Kingdom|Britain}} and {{RDaW|Portugal}}. French troops entered the country to invade Portugal but instead occupied Spain's major fortresses. The Spanish king {{w|Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII}} abdicated and a puppet kingdom satellite to the {{w|French Empire}} was installed with {{w|Joseph Bonaparte}}, the brother of Napoleon, as king.<br /> <br /> The {{w|Dos de Mayo Uprising|2 May 1808 revolt}} was one of the many uprisings across the country against the French occupation. These revolts marked the beginning of a devastating {{w|Peninsular War|war of independence}} against the Napoleonic regime, which resulted in an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Spanish dead. Further military action by Spanish armies, {{w|guerrilla}} warfare and an Anglo-Portuguese allied army, combined with {{w|Napoleon's Invasion of Russia|Napoleon's failure on the Russian front}}, led to the retreat of French imperial armies from the {{w|Iberian Peninsula in 1814}}, and the return of Ferdinand VII.<br /> <br /> During the war, in 1810, a revolutionary body, the {{w|Cortes of Cádiz}}, was assembled to coordinate the effort against the Bonapartist regime and to prepare a constitution. It met as one body, and its members represented the entire {{w|Spanish Empire}}. In 1812, a {{w|Spanish Constitution of 1812|constitution}} for universal representation under a constitutional monarchy was declared, but after the fall of the Bonapartist regime, the Spanish king dismissed the {{w|Cortes Generales}}, set on ruling as an {{w|Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch}}.<br /> <br /> The French occupation of mainland Spain created an opportunity for overseas {{w|Criollo people|''criollo''}} elites who resented the privilege towards {{w|Peninsulars|Peninsular elites}} and demanded {{w|retroversion of the sovereignty to the people}}. Starting in 1809, the American colonies began a series of revolutions and declared independence, leading to the {{w|Spanish American Wars of Independence}} that put an end to the metropole's grip over the {{w|Spanish Main}}. {{w|Reconquista (Spanish America)|Attempts to re-assert control}} proved futile with opposition not only in the colonies but also in the Iberian Peninsula, and army revolts followed. By the end of 1826, the only American colonies Spain held were {{w|Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba}} and {{w|Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico}}. The Napoleonic Wars left Spain economically ruined, deeply divided and politically unstable. In the 1830s and 1840s, {{w|Carlism}} (a reactionary legitimist movement supportive of an alternative Bourbon branch), fought against the government forces supportive of Queen {{w|Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II}}'s dynastic rights in the {{w|Carlist Wars}}. Government forces prevailed, but the conflict between {{w|Progressive Party (Spain)|''progressives''}} and {{w|Moderate Party (Spain)|''moderates''}} ended in a weak early constitutional period. The 1868 {{w|Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution}} was followed by the 1868–1874 progressive ''{{w|Sexenio Democrático}}'' (including the short-lived {{w|First Spanish Republic}}), which yielded to a stable monarchic period, the {{w|Restoration (Spain)|Restoration}} from 1875 onwards.<br /> <br /> In the late 19th century, nationalist movements arose in the {{RDaW|Philippines}} and {{RDaW|Cuba}}. In 1895 and 1896 the {{w|Cuban War of Independence}} and the {{w|Philippine Revolution}} broke out, and eventually the {{RDaW|United States}} became involved. The {{w|Spanish–American War}} was fought from April to August 1898, and resulted in Spain losing the last of its once vast colonial empire outside of North Africa. ''El Desastre'' (the Disaster), as the war became known in Spain, gave added impetus to the {{w|Generation of '98}}. Although the period around the turn of the century was one of increasing prosperity, the 20th century brought little social peace. Spain played a minor part in the {{w|scramble for Africa}}, and remained neutral {{w|Spain during World War I|during the Great War}}. The heavy losses suffered by the colonial troops in conflicts in northern {{RDaW|Morocco}} against {{w|Riffians|Riffian}} forces brought discredit to the government and undermined the monarchy.<br /> <br /> Industrialization, the development of railways and incipient capitalism grew in several areas of the country, particularly in {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, as well as {{w|labour movement}}s and socialist and anarchist ideas. The {{w|1870 Barcelona Workers' Congress}} and the {{w|1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition}} provide good examples of this. In 1879, the {{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}} was founded. A trade union linked to this party, the ''{{RDaW|Unión General de Trabajadores}}'', was founded in 1888. In the {{w|anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist}} trend of the labor movement in Spain, the {{RDaW|Confederación Nacional del Trabajo}} was founded in 1910 and {{RDaW|Federación Anarquista Ibérica}} in 1927. {{w|Catalan nationalism|Catalanism}} and {{w|Basque nationalism|Vasquism}}, alongside other nationalist and regionalist currents, arose in that period: the {{RDaW|Basque Nationalist Party}} formed in 1895 and the {{RDaW|Regionalist League of Catalonia}} in 1901. Political corruption and repression weakened the democratic system of the constitutional monarchy and the existing two-party system. The July 1909 {{w|Tragic Week (Spain)|Tragic Week}} events and repression exemplified the social instability of the time. The {{w|La Canadiense strike}} in 1919 led to the first law limiting the working day to eight hours.<br /> <br /> After a period of Crown-supported dictatorship from 1923 to 1931, the first elections since 1923, largely understood as a plebiscite on Monarchy, took place: the {{RDaW|1931 Spanish local elections|12 April 1931 municipal elections}}. These gave a resounding victory to the combined {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans|Republican}}-{{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|Socialist}} candidacies in large cities and provincial capitals, with a majority of monarchist councilors in rural areas. King {{RDaW|Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII}} left the country and the {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed}} on 14 April ensued, with the formation of a provisional government. A {{RDaW|Spanish Constitution of 1931|constitution}} for the country was passed in October 1931 following the {{RDaW|1931 Spanish general election|June 1931 Constituent general election}}, and a series of cabinets presided by {{RDaW|Radical Republican Party|Radical Republican}} {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña}} supported by Republican parties and the PSOE followed. In the {{RDaW|1933 Spanish general election|election held in 1933}} the political right triumphed, and in 1936, the left. During the {{RDaW|Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic}} there was great political and social upheaval, marked by a sharp radicalization of both the left and the right. Instances of political violence during this period included the burning of churches, the {{RDaW|Sanjurjada|1932 failed coup d'état led by José Sanjurjo}}, the {{RDaW|Revolution of 1934}} and numerous attacks against rival political leaders. On the other hand, it is also during the Second Republic when important reforms to modernize the country were initiated: a democratic constitution, agrarian reform, restructuring of the army, {{RDaW|Federalism in Spain|political decentralization}} and {{w|Women's suffrage|women's right to vote}}.<br /> <br /> === Civil War and coup attempt===<br /> [[File:Reemplazo republicano.jpg|thumb|Republican volunteers at {{w|Teruel}}, 1936]]<br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} broke out in 1936: on 17 and 18 July, part of the military {{RDaW|Spanish coup of July 1936|carried out a coup d'état}} that triumphed in only parts of the country. The situation led to a civil war, in which the territory was divided into two zones: one {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans|under the authority of the Republican government}}, that counted on outside support from nations such as {{RDaW|Germany}}, {{RDaW|France}}, the {{RDaW|Soviet Union}} and {{RDaW|Mexico}} (and from {{RDaW|Spanish International Brigades|International Brigades}}), and the other controlled by the putschists (the {{RDaW|Spanish Nationalists|Nationalist or Rebel faction}}), most critically supported by {{RDaW|Fascism|Fascist}} {{RDaW|Italy}}. Initially, the Republic was not universally supported by the Western powers due to fears of a {{RDaW|Communism|Communist}} revolution. General {{RDaW|José Sanjurjo}} was sworn in as the supreme leader of the rebels on 1 October 1936. An uneasy relationship between the Republican government and the grassroots anarchists who had initiated a partial {{RDaW|Spanish Revolution of 1936|social revolution}} also ensued.<br /> <br /> The civil war was viciously fought and there were many {{RDaW|Atrocities of the Spanish Civil War|atrocities}} committed by all sides. The conflict claimed the lives of over 350,000 people. Due to ongoing tensions between the fledgling Franco-German alliance and Italy, the former two began monetarily assisting the Republican government, despite their reluctance, and by 1939, {{RDaW|Spanish Nationalists|Nationalist}} control was limited to {{RDaW|Spanish Africa}} and the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, with support from {{RDaW|Benito Mussolini|Mussolini}}'s Italy, and small pockets of resistance left in {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, {{RDaW|Old Castile}} and the Spanish-speaking areas of the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}. After the beginning of the {{RDaW|Italo-Yugoslav War}} and the subsequent Western intervention in it, {{RDaW|France|French}} naval and military troops intervened, helping the {{RDaW|Spanish Republicans)|Republicans}} by {{RDaW|French intervention in Spanish Morocco|sending troops to Spanish Morocco}} and defeating the remaining nationalists. The {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, last stronghold of the Nationalists, surrendered to the Republican {{RDaW|Spanish Navy}} in April 1942, thus ending the Spanish Civil War. In the aftermath, Spain ceded its protectorate in {{RDaW|Spanish Morocco}} to French control, only keeping {{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and the other ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' (administered as part of Spain proper), and their interests in the {{RDaW|Tangier International Zone}}. Despite fierce debate on whether colonialism should be abandoned altogether, the Spanish government kept its colonies at {{RDaW|Ifni}}, {{RDaW|Spanish Sahara}} and {{RDaW|Spanish Guinea}}. <br /> <br /> With only {{RDaW|Spanish maquis|pockets of Nationalist resistance}} left, the Republican government tried to rebuild, but in the fractured and polarized political atmosphere of the post-war, no agreement could be hashed out for the new type of republic the nation should become. Disquieting many of the other factions, {{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister}} {{RDaW|Juan Negrín}} grew closer and closer to the {{RDaW|Communist Party of Spain}}, and soon started supporting radical reforms in the vein of the {{RDaW|Soviet Union}}. After discovering a planned {{RDaW|Negrínada|coup attempt backed by Soviet agents}}, {{RDaW|Spanish Army|army cadres}} loyal to {{RDaW|President of Spain|President}} {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña|Azaña}} and with the collaboration of the {{RDaW|Anarchism|anarchist}} cadres of the {{RDaW|Confederación Natcional del Trabajo}}, moved to remove Negrín from office and {{RDaW|1944 Spanish counter-coup|purge Communist loyalists in the Armed Forces}}. After the defeat of the Communists and their supporters, Azaña and new prime minister {{RDaW|Indalecio Prieto}} led the effort towards {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|constitutional reform}}. At the end of that, Spain became a highly {{w|Decentralization|decentralized}} {{w|Federalism|federal}} republic, with states that can largely implement their own laws, but also granted and made official the status of the anarchist communes that appeared during the Civil War in the form of the self-ruled {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}} in {{RDaW|Catalonia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}, who were granted widespread autonomy and allowed to essentially run themselves.<br /> <br /> ===Third Republic===<br /> [[File:Benidorm, playa de Poniente.jpg|thumb|left|{{w|Benidorm}} is one of the many resorts on the {{w|Mediterranean Sea}} that have grown and flourished since the {{w|tourism}} boom of the 1960s.]]<br /> After the end of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War|civil war}}, the new Spain was in a dire state. The country was in ruins, {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economy}} was in tatters, the army had just been purged of {{RDaW|Communist Party of Spain|communist}} cadres and there was still the issue of {{RDaW|Spanish maquis|Nationalist insurgents}} (primarily {{RDaW|Carlism|Carlist}} in nature) in the north, recently emboldened by the instability of the early Third Republic. The latter was a particularly thorny problem: {{RDaW|Red Terror (Spain)|anti-clerical attacks}} on churches and members of {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic}} clergy, as well as the newly-implemented strict {{RDaW|Secularism in Spain|disestablishment of religious education}} allowed {{w|Monarchism|monarchist}} rebels to thrive in the northern countryside of {{RDaW|Old Castile}}, {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} and the provinces of {{RDaW|Province of Navarre|Navarre}} and {{RDaW|Province of Araba|Araba}} in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}. These groups were funded and armed by sympathetic groups from abroad, and were aided by the regime of {{RDaW|António de Oliveira Salazar}} in {{RDaW|Portugal}}. Tensions sparked up between the {{w|democratic socialism|democratic socialist}} government in {{RDaW|Madrid}} and Salazar's {{w|corporatism|corporatist}} {{RDaW|Estado Novo}} in {{w|Lisbon}}, leading to the {{w|border skirmish|border skirmishes}} and diplomatic disputes between the {{RDaW|European Community}} and {{RDaW|British Commonwealth}} better known as the {{RDaW|Olivenza crisis}} (named after {{w|Olivenza|the eponymous small territory}} disputed between the two countries and controlled by Spain). This dispute would continue dominating bilateral relations until Salazar's dismissal on health grounds by Portuguese {{RDaW|President of Portugal|president}} {{RDaW|Américo Tomás}} in 1967, and only truly disappeared after the fall of the {{RDaW|Estado Novo}} in 1974.<br /> <br /> To help the Spanish economy recover, the member-nations of the {{RDaW|European Community}}, especially {{RDaW|Germany}}, {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Czechoslovakia}} greatly aided in the rebuilding of the Spanish economy through the so-called {{RDaW|Biarritz Plan}}. This led to economic development and growth to pick up massively in the 1950s and {{RDaW|Spanish miracle|explode in the 1960s}}, propelled by industrialization, a mass internal migration from rural areas to {{RDaW|Madrid}}, {{RDaW|Barcelona}} and the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, improvements in the agricultural sector (particularly in {{RDaW|Andalusia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}) and the creation of a mass tourism industry. Spain soon exploded into a tourism hotspot as {{w|commercial air liner}}s became cheaper and flying became available to middle-class Europeans. This ultimately led to Spain joining the European Community in 1964, alongside {{RDaW|Poland}}, {{RDaW|Romania}} and {{RDaW|Lithuania}}.<br /> <br /> Ultimately, a landmark court case brought before the {{RDaW|European Court of Human Rights}} established that protections for religious minorities needed to be given, which ended a long period of unofficial persecution of {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholic}} lay organizations in 1983. This facilitated a subsequent religious revival in the {{RDaW|Spanish Bible Belt}} of northern Spain. Despite this, the country remained a refuge and a model for European {{w|atheism|atheist}} thinkers, {{w|democratic socialism|democratic socialists}} and {{w|anarchism|anarchists}}, which made the country a hub for the {{RDaW|Counter-culture movement|counter-culture movement}} in Europe. The {{RDaW|1975 oil crisis}} deeply affected the Spanish economy, which exacerbated the already-present stagnation in the Spanish economy, and continued into the 1980s. In this period, the Spanish colonies of {{RDaW|Western Sahara}} and {{RDaW|Equatorial Guinea}} gained independence in 1985 and 1987, but kept close relationships with Spain. <br /> <br /> The country briefly became a flashpoint in international tensions during the {{RDaW|Hong Kong crisis}}, during which the Spanish government of {{RDaW|Vladimir García Bernal}} pressed its claim to the {{RDaW|United Kingdom|British}} {{RDaW|British Overseas Territories|overseas territory}} of {{RDaW|Gibraltar}}, in solidarity with {{RDaW|China}} against the British and Portuguese refusal to transfer the territories after the expiration of the leases. Despite the great blustering, the threat was only diplomatic, and normal relations were soon restored, culminating in the {{RDaW|2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum}}, in which Gibraltarians decisively voted to remain part of the United Kingdom.<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> At {{convert|507492|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, Spain is the world's {{RDaW|List of countries dependencies by area|TBD-largest country}} and {{RDaW|List of European countries by area|Europe's fourth-largest country}}. At {{convert|3715|m|abbr=on}}, Mount {{w|Teide}} ({{w|Tenerife}}) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a {{RDaW|List of transcontinental countries|transcontinental country}}, having territory in both {{w|Europe}} and {{w|Africa}}.<br /> <br /> In the west, Spain is bordered by {{RDaW|Portugal}}; on the south, it is bordered by {{RDaW|Gibraltar}} and {{RDaW|Morocco}}, through its {{w|exclave}}s in North Africa ({{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}}, and the peninsula of {{w|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera|de Vélez de la Gomera}}). On the northeast, along the {{w|Pyrenees}} mountain range, it is bordered by {{RDaW|France}} and {{RDaW|Andorra}}. Along the Pyrenees in {{RDaW|Territorial collectivities of Catalonia|Cerdanya}}, a small exclave town called {{RDaW|Llívia}} is surrounded by France.<br /> <br /> ===Islands===<br /> [[File:View of the bay at Calo des Moro, Mallorca (Spain) (23899506181).jpg|thumb|Caló d'es Moro, {{w|Mallorca}}]]<br /> <br /> Spain also includes the {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} in the {{w|Mediterranean Sea}}, the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} in the Atlantic Ocean and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}, known as ''{{lang|es|{{w|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' (&quot;places of sovereignty&quot;, or territories under Spanish sovereignty), such as the {{w|Chafarinas Islands}} and {{w|Peñón de Alhucemas|Alhucemas}}. The peninsula of {{w|Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera|de Vélez de la Gomera}} is also regarded as a ''plaza de soberanía''. The isle of {{w|Alboran Island|Alborán}}, located in the Mediterranean between Spain and North Africa, is also administered by Spain, specifically by the municipality of {{w|Almería}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}. The little {{w|Pheasant Island}} in the {{w|Bidasoa}} River is a Spanish-French {{w|condominium (international law)|condominium}}.<br /> <br /> There are 11 major islands in Spain, all of them having their own governing bodies ({{w|Cabildo insular|Cabildos insulares}} in the Canaries, Consells insulars in the Baleares). These islands are specifically mentioned by the Spanish Constitution, when fixing its Senatorial representation (Ibiza and Formentera are grouped, as they together form the {{w|Pityusic Islands|Pityusic islands}}, part of the Balearic archipelago). These islands include {{w|Tenerife}}, {{w|Gran Canaria}}, {{w|Lanzarote}}, {{w|Fuerteventura}}, {{w|La Palma}}, {{w|La Gomera}} and {{w|El Hierro}} in the Canarian archipelago, and {{w|Mallorca}}, {{w|Ibiza}}, {{w|Menorca}} and {{w|Formentera}} in the Balearic archipelago.<br /> <br /> ===Mountains and rivers=== <br /> Mainland Spain is a rather {{w|mountain}}ous landmass, dominated by high {{w|plateau}}s and mountain chains. After the Pyrenees, the main mountain ranges are the {{w|Cantabrian Mountains|Cordillera Cantábrica}} (Cantabrian Range), {{w|Sistema Ibérico}} (Iberian System), {{w|Sistema Central}} (Central System), {{w|Montes de Toledo}}, {{w|Sierra Morena}} and the {{w|Sistema Bético}} (Baetic System) whose highest peak, the {{convert|3478|m|ft|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high}} {{w|Mulhacén}}, located in {{w|Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada}}, is the highest elevation in the {{w|Iberian Peninsula}}. The highest point in Spain is the {{w|Teide}}, a {{convert|3718|m|ft|adj=on}} active {{w|volcano}} in the Canary Islands. The {{w|Meseta Central}} (often translated as 'Inner Plateau') is a vast plateau in the heart of peninsular Spain split in two by the Sistema Central.<br /> <br /> There are several major {{w|List of rivers of Spain|rivers in Spain}} such as the {{w|Tagus}} (''{{lang|es|Tajo}}''), {{w|Ebro}}, {{w|Guadiana River|Guadiana}}, {{w|Douro}} (''{{lang|es|Duero}}''), {{w|Guadalquivir}}, {{w|Júcar River|Júcar}}, {{w|Segura (river)|Segura}}, {{w|Turia River|Turia}} and {{w|Minho River|Minho}} (''{{lang|es|Miño}}''). {{w|Alluvial plain}}s are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in {{RDaW|Andalusia}}.<br /> <br /> ===Climate===<br /> [[File:Spain Köppen.svg|thumb|{{w|Köppen climate classification}} map of Spain]]<br /> [[File:Urriellu desde el Pozo de La Oracion.jpg|thumb|Urriellu peak ({{w|Naranjo de Bulnes}}) from Pozo de La Oracion, {{w|Picos de Europa}}]]<br /> Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and {{w|orography|orographic}} conditions:<br /> * The {{w|Mediterranean climate}} is characterized by warm or hot and dry summers and is the predominant climate in the country. It has two varieties: ''Csa'' and ''Csb,'' according to the {{w|Köppen climate classification}}.<br /> ** The ''Csa'' zone is associated with areas with hot summers. It is predominant in the Southern Mediterranean (except southeastern) and Southern Atlantic coast and inland throughout {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}, {{RDaW|Andalusia}}, {{RDaW|Extremadura}} and much of the center of the country. Some areas of Csa, mainly those inland, such as some areas of {{RDaW|New Castile}}, Extremadura, Madrid and some parts of Andalusia and Granada, have cool winters with some continental influences, while the regions with a Mediterranean climate close to the sea have mild winters.<br /> ** The ''Csb'' zone has warm rather than hot summers, and extends to additional cool-winter areas not typically associated with a Mediterranean climate, such as much of central and northern-central of Spain (e.g. {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, western {{RDaW|Old Castile}}, northeastern New Castile and northern Madrid) and into much rainier areas (notably {{RDaW|Galicia}}).<br /> * The {{w|semi-arid climate}} (''BSk'', ''BSh'') is predominant in the southeastern quarter of the country, but is also widespread in other areas of Spain. It covers most of the {{RDaW|Region of Murcia}}, southern and central-eastern {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, Granada, various areas of New Castile, Madrid and some areas of Extremadura. Further to the north, it is predominant in the upper and mid reaches of the {{w|Ebro}} valley, which crosses the southern {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, central {{RDaW|Aragon}} and western {{RDaW|Catalonia}}. It is also found in a small area in northern Andalusia and in a small area in central Old Castile. Precipitation is limited with the dry season extending beyond the summer and average temperature depending on altitude and latitude.<br /> * The {{w|oceanic climate}} (''Cfb'') is located in the northern quarter of the country, especially in the Atlantic region ({{RDaW|Basque Country}}, {{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Asturias}}, and partly Galicia and León). It is also found in most highlands areas along the {{w|Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System}} and in the {{w|Pyrenees|Pyrenean}} valleys, where a humid subtropical variant (''Cfa'') also occurs. Winter and summer temperatures are influenced by the ocean, and have no seasonal drought.<br /> <br /> Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the {{w|alpine climate}} in areas with very high altitude, the {{w|humid subtropical climate}} in areas of northeastern Spain and the {{w|continental climate}}s (''Dfc'', ''Dfb'' / ''Dsc'', ''Dsb'') in the {{w|Pyrenees}} as well as parts of the {{w|Cordillera Cantábrica|Cantabrian Range}}, the {{w|Sistema Central|Central System}}, {{w|Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada}} and the {{w|Sistema Ibérico|Iberian System}}, and a typical {{w|desert climate}} (''BWk'', ''BWh'') in the zone of {{w|Almería}}, {{RDaW|Region of Murcia|Murcia}} and the eastern {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}. Low-lying areas of the Canary Islands average above {{convert|18.0|C|1}} during their coolest month, thus having influences of {{w|tropical climate}}, although they cannot properly be classified as tropical climates, as according to AEMET, their aridity is high, thus belonging to an arid or semi-arid climate.<br /> <br /> Spain is one of the countries that is most affected by {{RDaW|Climate change in Spain|climate change}} in Europe. In Spain, which already has a hot and dry climate, extreme events such as {{w|Heat wave|heatwaves}} are becoming increasingly frequent. The country is also experiencing more episodes of drought and increased severity of these episodes. {{w|Water resources}} will be severely affected in various {{RDaW|Climate change|climate change}} scenarios. To mitigate the {{RDaW|Effects of climate change|effects of climate change}}, Spain is promoting an {{w|energy transition}} to {{w|renewable energy|renewable energies}}, such as {{w|Solar power|solar}}, {{w|Wind energy|wind}} and {{w|nuclear energy}}.<br /> <br /> ===Fauna and flora===<br /> The {{w|fauna}} presents a wide diversity that is due in large part to the geographical position of the Iberian peninsula between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean and between Africa and {{w|Eurasia}}, and the great diversity of habitats and {{w|biotopes}}, the result of a considerable variety of climates and well differentiated regions.<br /> <br /> The vegetation of Spain is varied due to several factors including the diversity of the terrain, the climate and {{w|latitude}}. Spain includes different {{w|phytogeographic}} regions, each with its own floral characteristics resulting largely from the interaction of climate, topography, soil type and fire, and {{w|Biotic component|biotic}} factors. The country had a 2014 {{w|Forest Landscape Integrity Index}} mean score of 4.23/10, ranking it 134th globally out of 172 countries.<br /> <br /> Within the European territory, Spain has the largest number of plant species (7,600 vascular plants) of all European countries.<br /> <br /> In Spain there are 17.804 billion trees and an average of 284 million more grow each year.<br /> <br /> ==Government and politics==<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | align = right<br /> | caption_align = center<br /> | total_width = 300<br /> | image1 = Rosa Aguilar 2015 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image2 = Jordi Sánchez (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption1 = {{RDaW|Rosario Orellana Fernández}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{RDaW|President of Spain|President}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | caption2 = {{RDaW|Xavier Busquets Llopis}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|Prime Minister}}&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | alt2 = <br /> }}<br /> Since the {{RDaW|Spanish constitutional reforms of 1945}} and the proclamation of the {{RDaW|Third Spanish Republic}}, Spain is a {{w|federal republic|federal}}, {{w|semi-presidential system|semi-presidential}}, {{w|representative democracy|representative democratic}} republic. Federal {{w|legislative power}} is vested in the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Congress of Deputies of Spain|Congreso de los Diputados}}}}'' (Congress of Deputies), the {{w|unicameralism|unicameral}} parliament of the country. The ''{{lang|es|Congreso}}'' is elected through {{w|direct election}}s using the {{w|mixed-member proportional representation}} system. <br /> <br /> The Spanish political system operates under a framework laid out in the {{RDaW|Spanish Constitution of 1946}}, though constitutional scholars argue whether the constitution should be considered an amendment of the {{RDaW|Spanish constitution of 1931|constitution of the Second Spanish Republic}}. Amendments generally require a {{w|two-thirds majority}} of the ''{{lang|es|Congreso de los Diputados}}''; the fundamental principles of the constitution are the separation of powers, the federal structure, and {{w|rule of law}}.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|President of Spain|The president}}, who has been {{RDaW|Rosario Orellana Fernández}} since 2023, is the {{w|head of state}} and invested with representative responsibilities and powers, although he retains limited powers to convene and dismiss the ''{{lang|es|Congreso}}''. He is elected by the legislature to a six-year term, and can only serve two non-consecutive terms. The second-highest official in the {{RDaW|Spanish order of precedence}} and the {{w|head of government}} is the ''{{lang|de|Presidente del Consejo de Ministros}}'' ({{RDaW|Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Council of Minister}}), more commonly known as the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the ''{{lang|de|Presidente de la República}}'' after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the ''{{lang|de|Congreso de los Diputados}}''. The Prime Minister, who has been {{RDaW|Xavier Busquets Llopis}} since 2019, is the head of government and exercises {{w|executive (government)|executive power}} through {{RDaW|Council of Ministers of Spain|his Council of Ministers}}.<br /> <br /> Since 1919, the party system has been dominated by the center-left to left-wing {{RDaW|Spanish Socialist Workers' Party}}, the centrist {{RDaW|Republican Union of Spain|Republican Union}} and the center-right {{RDaW|New Radical Party}}. However, smaller and regionalist parties such as the {{RDaW|Christian Democratic Bloc of Spain|Christian Democratic Bloc}}, {{RDaW|Syndicalist Representative Collective}}, {{RDaW|Basque National Party}} and {{RDaW|Galicianist Party}} have also been junior partners in {{w|coalition government}}s. <br /> ===Constituent autonomous communities===<br /> The Spanish Republic is administratively organized into 17 constituent {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}. Each community is a democracy with an elected state parliament and a head of government, usually called the Minister-President. The many of these are based on historic boundaries of the constituent regions of the crowns of {{w|Crown of Castile|Castile}} and {{w|Crown of Aragon|Aragon}}, while others were based on the groupings of provinces into regions by the {{w|1833 territorial divisions of Spain|1833 administrative reform}} organized by interior minister {{w|Javier de Burgos}}. The borders of states can in some rare cases be non-contiguous, often based on historical divisions inherited from the {{w|Middle Ages}}. During the 20th century, the communities, previously solely ceremonial in nature, gained self-rule and autonomy, starting with {{RDaW|Catalonia}} in 1931, and gained full autonomy and devolution during the {{RDaW|1945 Spanish constitutional reform}}. The last three ({{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} and {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}}), were established after referendums as their own {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}} in 1946, bringing the number up to the modern 17. The majority of communities are subdivided into {{RDaW|Provinces of Spain|provinces}}, which retain some small administrative function; {{RDaW|Cantabria}}, {{RDaW|Asturias}} and {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}} act as both one province and autonomous community. In addition, the island regions of the {{RDaW|Balearic Islands|Balearic}} and {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} were granted the right to establish island councils to represent each island in regional matters; these have largely superseded the authority of the provinces in the latter and become ''{{w|de facto}}'' subdivisions of the two communities.<br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Bandera Andalucía Libre.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Andalusia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Seville}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Bandera de Aragón (1977).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Aragon}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Zaragoza}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Andecha Astur.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Asturias}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Oviedo}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Balearic Islands.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Palma}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Basque Country.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Basque Country}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Pamplona|Iruña}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Canary Islands (simple).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Canary Islands}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santa Cruz de Tenerife}}/{{w|Las Palmas de Gran Canaria}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Cantabria (Red Dawn at Warsaw).jpg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Cantabria}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santander}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Estelada roja.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Catalonia}} &lt;small&gt;({{RDaW|Barcelona}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Extremadura, Spain.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Extremadura}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Mérida, Spain|Mérida}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Galicia (civil).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Galicia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Santiago de Compostela}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:La Granada de Rio-Tinto Spain.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Granada}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Bandera del País Leonés.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|León, Spain|León}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Community of Madrid|Madrid}} &lt;small&gt;({{RDaW|Madrid}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Region of Murcia|Murcia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Murcia}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Flag of Castile-La Mancha.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|New Castile}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Castile (purple).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Old Castile}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Burgos}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[[File:Senyera d'Esquerra Valenciana (1931).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}} &lt;small&gt;({{w|Valencia}})&lt;/small&gt;<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ====Autonomous cities====<br /> The three last three Spanish possessions in {{w|Africa}}, though nominally belonging to autonomous communities ({{RDaW|Andalusia}}, {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}} and the {{RDaW|Canary Isles}}), in practice act independently of them, due to having been granted a special status in the {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Spanish constitution}}. For all intents and purposes, these {{RDaW|Autonomous cities of Spain|autonomous cities}} act like autonomous communities in their own right, and possess the ability to receive such status. The status of these three possessions has led to continued tensions between Spain and {{RDaW|Morocco}}, who claims all three of them, as well as the ''{{lang|es|{{w|Plazas de soberanía}}}}'' as part of their integral territory. The Spanish government officially refutes this, due to the long-standing belonging to the Spanish state in the cases of {{RDaW|Ceuta}} and {{RDaW|Melilla}}, and due to not being part of the {{RDaW|Spanish Morocco|Spanish protectorate of Morocco}} in the case of {{RDaW|Ifni}}. Consistent polling shows that the vast majority of citizens of the three autonomous cities would prefer remaining part of Spain. <br /> <br /> {{col-begin}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Ceuta.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Ceuta}}<br /> *[[File:Ifni-Sahara Maritime Province Registration Ensign (1946-1975).svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Ifni}}<br /> *[[File:Flag of Melilla.svg|30px|border]] {{RDaW|Melilla}}<br /> {{col-break}}<br /> {{col-end}}<br /> <br /> ====Anarchist and anarcho-syndicalist autonomous communes====<br /> In the states of {{RDaW|Catalonia}} and {{RDaW|Aragon}}, the historic {{RDaW|Teruel Compromise}} allowed for the continuation of the {{w|anarchism|anarchist}} and {{w|anarcho-syndicalism|anarcho-syndicalist}} communes throughout the two regions, limiting the effective jurisdiction of the two autonomous communities they are comprised of. In these areas, the federal authorities are required to ask for permission from the anarchist leadership to intervene, and widespread juridical and legislative autonomy is devolved to them. These communes, including {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, the second-largest city of Spain, have become hubs for anarchist and leftist activists and idealsts throughout {{w|Europe}}. Though independent of each other, the vast majority of communes have associated together into the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}} ({{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''{{lang|es|Confederación Autónoma de Comunas Anarquistas y Anarcosindicalistas}}''; {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}: ''{{lang|ca|Confederació Autònoma de Comunes Anarquistes i Anarcosindicalistes}}''; {{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}: ''{{lang|an|Confederazión Autonoma de Comunas Anarquistas e Anarcosendicalistas}}''), which acts as a loose oversight body. The CACAA, as it is commonly abbreviated to, promotes {{w|workplace democracy}}, {{w|agricultural collective}}s, {{w|worker cooperative}}s and {{w|direct democracy}} in its territory.<br /> <br /> ===Foreign policy===<br /> [[File:Valencia, palazzo de marchese di Dos Aigües, esterno 01.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Palace of the Marquis of Dos Aguas}} in {{w|Valencia}}, headquarters of the {{RDaW|Mediterranean Co-Operation Organization}}]]<br /> <br /> As a member of {{RDaW|European Community}} since 1964, Spain has established itself as an active participant in the multilateral project. Spain's EC membership represents an important part of its foreign policy. On a wide range of issues, Spain often prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EC partners through the European political cooperation mechanisms. In addition to being represented via EC membership, Spain is a permanently invited guest to all {{RDaW|London Club}} summits.<br /> <br /> Spain has maintained its special relations with {{w|Hispanic America}} and the {{w|Philippines}}. Its policy emphasizes the concept of an {{w|Ibero-America}}n community, essentially the renewal of the concept of ''&quot;{{w|Hispanidad}}&quot;'' or ''&quot;{{w|Hispanism}}o&quot;'', as it is often referred to in English, which has sought to link the Iberian Peninsula with Hispanic America through language, commerce, history and culture. It is fundamentally &quot;based on shared values and the recovery of democracy.&quot;<br /> <br /> Spain is involved in a number of {{RDaW|Foreign relations of Spain#Disputes|territorial disputes}}. {{RDaW|Status of Gibraltar|Spain claims Gibraltar}}, an {{RDaW|British Overseas Territories|Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom}}, in the southernmost part of the Iberian Peninsula. Another dispute surrounds the {{w|Savage Islands}}; Spain claims that they are rocks rather than islands, and therefore does not accept the Portuguese {{RDaW|Exclusive Economic Zone}} (200 nautical miles) generated by the islands. Spain claims sovereignty over the {{w|Perejil Island}}, a small, uninhabited rocky {{w|islet}} located off the southern shore of the {{w|Strait of Gibraltar}}. It was the subject of an armed incident between Spain and Morocco in 1993. Morocco claims the Spanish cities of {{RDaW|Ceuta}}, {{RDaW|Melilla}} and {{RDaW|Ifni}}, as well as the ''{{lang|es|{{w|plazas de soberanía}}}}'' islets off the northern coast of Africa. {{RDaW|Portugal}} does not recognize Spain's sovereignty over the territory of {{w|Olivenza}}, which has led to several {{RDaW|Olivenza crisis|confrontations}} in the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ===Military===<br /> The {{RDaW|Spanish Armed Forces}} are divided into three branches: {{RDaW|Spanish Army|Army}} (''{{lang|es|Ejército de Tierra}}''); {{RDaW|Spanish Navy|Navy}} (''{{lang|es|Armada}}''); and {{RDaW|Spanish Air and Space Force|Air and Space Force}} (''{{lang|es|Ejército del Aire y del Espacio}}''). The armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (''{{lang|es|Fuerzas Armadas Españolas}}''). Their {{w|commander-in-chief}} is the President of Spain, The next military authorities in line are the Prime Minister and the Minister of Defense. The fourth military authority of the State is the {{RDaW|Chief of the Central High Command of the Armed Forces (Spain)|Chief of the Central High Command of the Armed Forces}} (JEMCE). The {{RDaW|Central High Command of the Armed Forces of Spain|Central High Command of the Armed Forces}} (''{{lang|es|Estado Mayor Central del Ejército}}'') assists the JEMCE as auxiliary body.<br /> <br /> The Spanish armed forces are a professional force with a strength in 2014 of 119,342 active personnel and 10,747 reserve personnel. Spain also has the 50,000 strong {{RDaW|National Republican Guard}} which comes under the control of the Ministry of Defence in times of a national emergency. In 2019, the Spanish defense budget was TBD billion pesetas, with a 1% increase. The increase comes because of security concerns. Military conscription ended in 1994; however, as part of the {{RDaW|Teruel Agreements}}, the citizens of the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes|CACAA}} anarchist communes have long been exempt.<br /> <br /> According to the 2025 {{RDaW|Global Peace Index}}, Spain is the 19th most peaceful country in the world.<br /> <br /> ===Law===<br /> [[File:Sede del Tribunal Supremo de España (Madrid) 01b.jpg|left|thumb|The {{w|es:Palacio de Justicia de Madrid|Palace of Justice}} building in {{RDaW|Madrid}}, seat of the {{RDaW|Supreme Court of Spain}}]]<br /> Spain has a {{w|civil law (legal system)|civil law system}} based on {{w|Roman law}} and the {{w|Napoleonic Code}}. The ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Court of Constitutional Guarantees|Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales}}}}'' (Court of Constitutional Guarantees) is the Spanish supreme court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of {{w|judicial review}}. Spain's {{RDaW|Supreme Court of Spain|Supreme Court}} is partially modelled on the {{RDaW|Germany|German}} specialized supreme court system, and thus divided into several sections; these include the First Section for civil matters; the Second Section for criminal cases; the Third Section for {{w|labor law|labor disputes}}; the Fourth Section for {{w|administrative law|administrative matters}}; the Fifth Section for {{w|social law|social matters}}; the Sixth Section for {{w|fiscal law|fiscal matters}}; and the Seventh Section for {{w|military law|military judicial matters}}. Both the Supreme Court and the Court of Constitutional Guarantees are headquartered in {{RDaW|Madrid}}; the former is headquartered in the {{w|es:Palacio de Justicia de Madrid|Palace of Justice}}, whilst the latter is located in the {{w|Palace of Parcent}}. <br /> <br /> Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Civil Code of Spain|Código Civil de España}}}}'' (Civil Code of Spain) and the ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Criminal Law Code of Spain|Código Penal de España}}}}'' (Criminal Law Code of Spain) respectively. The Spanish penal system seeks the {{w|Rehabilitation (penology)|rehabilitation of the criminal}} and the protection of the public. With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated either by {{w|bench trial|a professional judge}} or by {{w|jury trial|a jury of citizens}}.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Same-sex marriage in Spain}} has been allowed since 2000, the second country to legalize it after {{RDaW|Germany}}, and {{RDaW|LGBT rights in Spain|LGBT rights in the country}} are well-protected.<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> [[File:Gran Vía (Madrid) 41.jpg|thumb|250px|{{w|Gran Via}} in {{RDaW|Madrid}}, considered the heart of Spain's economy]]<br /> Spain has an eclectic {{w|mixed economy}} that {{w|Social market economy|combines elements}} of {{w|Free-market capitalist|free-market capitalism}}, {{w|market socialism}}, {{w|Welfare spending|social welfare}} and {{w|Market intervention|state intervention}}. It is one of {{RDaW|Trillion dollar club|21 countries}} with a {{w|Nominal GDP|nominal}} {{w|gross domestic product}} (GDP) exceeding $1 {{w|Trillion (short scale)|trillion}} per year, ranking {{RDaW|List of countries by GDP (nominal)|15th largest}} worldwide and {{RDaW|List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|fourth largest}} both in the {{RDaW|European Community}} and within the {{RDaW|European Currency Conversion Zone}}. Spain is classified as a {{w|World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy}} by the {{RDaW|League of Nations}}' {{RDaW|League of Nations Statistics Bureau|Statistics Bureau}}. <br /> <br /> Spain began {{w|Industrialization|industrializing}} in the late 18th century, albeit more gradually and unevenly than other European countries; industry was limited mostly to {{RDaW|Catalonia}} (primarily textile manufacturing) and the {{RDaW|Basque Country}} (iron and steel production). Overall economic growth was slower than in most major western European countries, and Spain remained relatively underdeveloped by the early 20th century. The {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} had destroyed large parts of the country, leaving the economy of the new Republic in ruins. Economic aid sent by the nascent {{RDaW|European Community}} through the {{RDaW|Biarritz Plan}} and mass industrialization led to a rapid reversal of fortunes, prompting the {{RDaW|Spanish miracle|Spanish economic miracle}}, a period of rapid growth from 1953 until 1975, during which Spain's economy grew an average of 6.2 percent per year, exceeding every country except {{RDaW|China}} and {{RDaW|Japan}}. In 1964, the country joined the European Community.<br /> <br /> Since the 1980s, several Spanish companies have reached multinational status; they maintain a strong and leading presence in {{w|Latin America}}— where Spain is the second largest foreign investor after the {{RDaW|United States}}—but have also expanded into Asia. As of 2025, Spain was home to {{RDaW|List of largest Spanish companies|eight of the 500 largest companies}} in the world by annual revenue, according to the ''Fortune Global 500;'' these include {{RDaW|Banco Santander}}, one of the {{RDaW|List of largest banks|largest banking institutions}} in the world; {{w|electric utility}} {{RDaW|Hidrola}}, the world's largest renewable energy operator; and {{RDaW|Telefónica}}, {{RDaW|List of telephone operating companies|one of the largest telephone operators}} and {{RDaW|List of mobile network operators|mobile network providers}}. Almost uniquely amongst developed nations, several of Spain's largest companies are {{w|worker cooperative|worker-owned cooperatives}}, such as the leading automotive producer in Spain, {{RDaW|CAB}}. <br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Automotive industry in Spain|automotive industry}} is one of the largest employers in the country and a major contributor to economic growth, accounting for one-tenth of {{w|gross domestic product}} and 18 percent of total exports (including vehicles and auto-parts). In 2024, Spain produced 2.64 million automobiles—of which over 2 million were exported abroad—ranking ninth in the world and second in Europe (after {{RDaW|Germany}}) by total number. In total, 89 percent of vehicles and 60% of auto-parts manufactured in Spain were exported worldwide in 2024; the total external trade surplus of vehicles alone reached PtsTBDbn in 2024. Overall, the automotive industry supports nearly 2 million jobs, or 9 percent of the labor force.<br /> <br /> ===Tourism ===<br /> In 2025, Spain was the second most visited country in the world only behind {{RDaW|France}}, recording 95 million tourists. The international tourist expenditure in 2025 was around TBD billion pesetas. The headquarters of the {{RDaW|League of Nations Tourism Organization}} are located in Madrid.<br /> <br /> Spain's geographic location, popular coastlines, diverse landscapes, historical legacy, vibrant culture, and excellent infrastructure have made the country's international tourist industry among the largest in the world. {{RDaW|Tourism in Spain}} is a major contributor to national economic life, with foreign and domestic tourism contributing to 14.1% of Spain's {{w|GDP}} in 2024.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}} and {{RDaW|Old Castille}} are the Spanish leaders in {{w|rural tourism}} linked to its environmental and architectural heritage, which it has kept since 2019.<br /> <br /> ===Energy===<br /> [[File:PS20andPS10.jpg|thumb|The {{RDaW|Sol de Andalucía Complex}}, with the SA10 solar power plant in the foreground and the SA20 in the background]]<br /> <br /> In 2011 Spain became the {{RDaW|Solar power in Spain|solar power}} world leader when it overtook the United States with a massive power station plant called the {{RDaW|Manuel Azaña Complex}}, near {{w|Badajoz}}. Spain is also one of Europe's main producers of wind energy. In 2011 its wind turbines generated 14.6% of all electrical energy produced in Spain.<br /> <br /> In December 2012, wind power reached a historic peak, covering 51% of mainland electricity demand and generating 14.2 GW of power, equivalent to that of 14 {{w|nuclear reactor}}s. Other renewable energies used in Spain are {{w|hydroelectric power plant|hydroelectric}}, {{w|gasification of biomass|biomass}} and {{w|marine energy|marine}}.<br /> <br /> Non-renewable energy sources used in Spain are {{w|nuclear power plant|nuclear}} (11 operative reactors), {{w|natural gas power plant|gas}}, {{w|oil power plant|oil}}, and {{w|coal power plant|coal}}. Fossil fuels together generated 38% of Spain's electricity in 2008. Nuclear power generated another 19%, and wind and hydro about 12% each.<br /> <br /> ===Science and technology===<br /> The ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas}}}}'' (JAEIC) is the leading public agency dedicated to scientific research in the country. It ranked as the 7th top governmental scientific institution worldwide (and 32nd overall) in the 2019 SCImago Institutions Rankings. Spain was ranked 27th in the {{RDaW|World Innovation Index}} in 2025.<br /> <br /> Higher education institutions perform about 73% of the basic research in the country. Likewise, the contribution of the private sector to R&amp;D expenditures is much lower than in other EC countries.<br /> <br /> === Transport ===<br /> The Spanish road system is mainly centralized, with six highways connecting {{RDaW|Madrid}} to the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}, {{RDaW|Catalonia}}, {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, {{RDaW|Andalusia}}, Extremadura and {{RDaW|Galicia}}. There are highways along the Atlantic ({{w|Ferrol}} to {{w|Vigo}}), Cantabrian ({{w|Oviedo}} to {{w|San Sebastián|Donostia}}) and {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} ({{w|Girona}} to {{w|Cádiz}}) coasts. Spain aims to put three million {{w|electric car}}s on the road by 2030 as part of the government's plan to save energy and boost {{w|Efficient energy use|energy efficiency}}. <br /> <br /> As of March 2026, the Spanish high-speed rail network is the third-longest HSR network in Europe with {{convert|3,751|km|mi|abbr=on} and the {{RDaW|List of high-speed railway lines|second longest in the world}}, after {{RDaW|China}}'s, {{RDaW|Germany}}'s and {{RDaW|France}}'s. It is linking {{w|Málaga}}, {{w|Seville}}, Madrid, {{RDaW|Barcelona}}, {{w|Valencia}}, {{w|Valladolid}} and {{w|Bilbao}}, with the trains operated at commercial speeds up to {{convert|330|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. On average, the Spanish high-speed train is the second-fastest one in the world, behind Germany's {{RDaW|Reichsschnellbahn}} and followed by the {{RDaW|Japan|Japanese}} {{RDaW|Shinkansen}} and the French {{RDaW|TGV}}. Regarding punctuality, it is third in the world (95.5% on-time arrival) after the Japanese Shinkansen (99%) and French TGV (97.4%).<br /> <br /> There are 49 public airports in Spain. The busiest one is {{RDaW|Madrid-Barajas Airport}}, with 62 million passengers in 2024, being the {{RDaW|World's busiest airports by passenger traffic|world's 20th busiest airport}}, as well as the {{RDaW|European Community}}'s third busiest. The {{RDaW|Barcelona-El Prat Airport}} is also important, with 52 million passengers in 2024. Other main airports are located in {{RDaW|Palma de Mallorca Airport|Mallorca}}, {{RDaW|Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport|Málaga}}, {{RDaW|Gran Canaria Airport|Las Palmas (Gran Canaria)}}, and {{RDaW|Bilbao Airport|Bilbao}}.<br /> <br /> &lt;!--test--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> [[File:Spain Population Pyramid.svg|thumb|upright=1|Population pyramid of Spain, 2021]]<br /> In January 2026, Spain had a population of 51,836,725 people. That same month, people born in Spain accounted for 85.2% of the total population and people born abroad accounted for 14.8% of the total population. Spain's {{w|population density}}, at 101.6/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (263.1/sq mi), is lower than that of most {{w|Western Europe}}an countries, and its distribution across the territory is highly uneven. With the notable exception of the region surrounding the capital, {{RDaW|Madrid}}, the most densely populated areas are located along the coast. The population of Spain has risen {{Frac|2|1|2}} times since 1900, when it stood at 18.6 million, principally due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1950s and early 1960s.<br /> <br /> In 2025, Spain's {{w|total fertility rate}} (TFR) stood at 1.12 children per woman, the lowest in the {{RDaW|European Community}} and among the lowest worldwide. This rate is well below the replacement level of 2.1 and contrasts sharply with the historical maximum of 5.11 children per woman recorded in 1865. As a result, Spain has one of the oldest populations globally, with a {{w|Population pyramid|median age}} of 47.1 years.<br /> <br /> After the {{RDaW|List of countries and territories by fertility rate|birth rate}} plunged in the 1970s and Spain's population growth rate dropped, the population again trended upward, fuelled by large numbers of immigrants who make up more than 14% of the population today: Among non-EC immigrants, they are mainly from {{w|Latin America}} (43%), {{w|North Africa}} (18%), {{w|Eastern Europe}} (10%), and {{w|Sub-Saharan Africa}} (6%).<br /> <br /> In the 2020s, the number of foreign residents who acquired Spanish nationality increased by 6.7%. The most frequent nationalities of origin were {{RDaW|Morocco}}, {{RDaW|Argentina}} and {{RDaW|Colombia}}. Spain has a number of descendants of populations from former colonies, especially Latin America and North Africa. Smaller numbers of immigrants from several Sub-Saharan countries have recently been settling in Spain. There are also sizeable numbers of Asian immigrants, most of whom are of Middle Eastern, {{w|South Asian}} and Chinese origin. The single largest group of immigrants are European; represented by large numbers of Romanians, Poles, Germans, French and others.<br /> <br /> In 2022, approximately 78.9% of Spain's population lived in {{w|urban area}}s, reflecting a continuing trend of {{w|Urbanization|urbanization}} that has characterized Spain's demographic landscape in recent decades. This concentration has contributed to the dominance of urban areas in {{RDaW|Economy of Spain|economic}}, {{RDaW|Politics of Spain|political}}, and {{RDaW|Culture of Spain|cultural}} spheres. The country's most populous city and urban area is Madrid, followed by {{RDaW|Barcelona}} and {{w|Valencia}}.<br /> {{Largest cities in Spain (Red Dawn at Warsaw)}}<br /> <br /> ===Languages===<br /> Spain is a multilingual state. {{w|Spanish language|Spanish}}—featured in the 1946 {{RDaW|Constitution of Spain|Spanish Constituion}} as ''castellano'' ({{w|names given to the Spanish language|&quot;Castilian&quot;}})—has effectively been the official language of the entire country since 1931. As allowed in the fourth article of the Constitution, the other &quot;regional languages&quot; can also become official in their respective {{RDaW|Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities}}. The territoriality created by the form of co-officiality codified in the 1946 Constitution creates an asymmetry, in which Spanish speakers' rights apply to the entire territory whereas vis-à-vis the rest of co-official languages, their speakers' rights only apply in their territories.<br /> <br /> Other territorialized languages include {{w|Aragonese language|Aragonese}}, {{w|Aranese}}, {{w|Astur-Leonese}}, {{w|Basque language|Basque}}, {{w|Caló language|Caló}} {{w|Catalan language|Catalan}}, {{w|Darija}} ({{RDaW|Morocco|Moroccan}} {{w|Arabic language|Arabic}}), {{w|Galician language|Galician}}, {{w|Portuguese language|Portuguese}} and {{w|Tarifit}}, to which the sign languages may be added. The number of speakers varies widely and their legal recognition is uneven, with some of the most vulnerable languages lacking any sort of effective protection. Those enjoying recognition as an official language in some autonomous communities include Catalan (in {{RDaW|Catalonia}}, {{RDaW|Balearic Islands}} and the {{RDaW|Valencian Community}}, as well as the parts of {{RDaW|Aragon}} under the control of the {{RDaW|Autonomous Confederation of Anarchist and Anarcho-Syndicalist Communes}}); Galician (in {{RDaW|Galicia}}); Basque (in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}); Aragonese (in Aragon); and Aranese in Catalonia.<br /> <br /> In 2024, Spanish was the first language of 78.67% of the population, Catalan was 11.54%, Galician was 4.01% and Basque was 2.30%. The most spoken foreign first language was {{w|Arabic}}, followed by {{w|German language|German}}, {{w|Romanian language|Romanian}}, {{w|French language|French}}, Portuguese, {{w|Chinese language|Chinese}}, {{w|English language|English}} and {{w|Polish language|Polish}}. Such diversity of foreign languages is mainly due to international migration.<br /> <br /> {{w|Spanish language|Spanish}} is the world's {{RDaW|List of languages by number of native speakers|second-most spoken native language}} and the world's most widely spoken {{w|Romance language}}.<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> [[File:University of Salamanca Fray Luis de Leon edited.jpg|thumb|The {{w|University of Salamanca}}, one of the first European universities]]<br /> State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The levels of education are preschool education, primary education, secondary education and post-16 education. In regards to the professional development education or the vocational education, there are three levels besides the university degrees: the ''Formación Profesional Básica'' (basic vocational education); the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Medio'' or ''CFGM'' (medium level vocation education) which can be studied after studying the secondary education, and the ''Ciclo Formativo de Grado Superior'' or ''CFGS'' (higher level vocational education), which can be studied after studying the post-16 education level.<br /> <br /> In 2023, the {{RDaW|League of Nations Bureau of Statistics}} (LoNBoS) ranked the overall knowledge and skills of Spanish 15-year-olds as generally abiove the OECD average of 493 in reading literacy, mathematics, and science.<br /> <br /> ===Health===<br /> The health care system of Spain, the {{RDaW|Spanish National Health System}}, is considered one of the best in the world, ranked 6th by the {{RDaW|International Health Organization}} in 1999. The health care is public, universal and free for any legal citizen of Spain. Health spending is 9.5% of GDP, slightly above the average of 9.3% of the {{RDaW|European Community}}. The life expectancy in Spain has improved from 79.3 years in 2002 to 82.8 years in 2022.<br /> <br /> ===Religion===<br /> [[File:Santiago cathedral 2021.jpg|thumb|The {{w|Santiago de Compostela Cathedral}}]]<br /> <br /> The Spanish constitution enshrines {{w|secularism}} in governance, as well as freedom of religion or belief for all, saying that no religion should have a &quot;state character&quot;. 70.3% of Spaniards identify as {{w|irreligion|irreligious}}, {{w|agnosticism|agnostic}} or {{w|atheism|atheist}}, one of the highest percentages in the world. The Spanish state has operated since the end of the {{RDaW|Spanish Civil War}} under the strict concept of the {{w|separation of church and state}}, known under the term ''{{lang|es|{{RDaW|Secularism in Spain|laicismo}}}}'', inspired by the {{RDaW|Secularism in France|similar philosophy}} espoused in {{RDaW|France}}. The government is prohibited from recognizing specific rights to any religious community (with the exception of {{RDaW|Concordat in the Basque Country|local law}} in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}}). It recognizes religious organizations according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine, and religious organizations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking. <br /> <br /> Although {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic}}ism had a long history of dominance over life in Spain, it has declined sharply since the {{RDaW|Proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic|proclamation of the Republic}} and the civil war, in part due to the anti-clerical actions of the government and the {{RDaW|Red Terror (Spain)|the anti-Catholic purges}} that happened between 1936 and 1941. Despite that, 25.3% of Spanish people consider themselves as practicing Catholics, primarily in the {{RDaW|Bible Belt (Spain)|north of the country}}. The highest percentage of Catholics is found in the {{RDaW|Basque Country}} at 56.4%, in part due to the exemptions to ''{{lang|es|laicismo}}'' they negotiated in their autonomy statute. Though religious education is strictly outlawed in most of Spain, private schools and religious organizations may provide religious education. <br /> <br /> {{w|Protestantism|Protestant}} churches have about 1,100,000 members, seeing a sharp rise in popularity in Northern Spain since the 1980s. The increase can be primarily atttributed to {{w|Evangelical Protestants|Evangelical Protestantism}}, inspired and spread by missionaries from the {{RDaW|United States}}. The rapid spread of Protestantism has been controversial, and several groups such as {{w|Jehovah's Witnesses}} remain banned in the country. <br /> <br /> A 2019 study made by the {{RDaW|Union of Islamic Communities of Spain}} demonstrated that there were more than 2,200,000 inhabitants of {{w|Islam|Muslim}} background living in Spain, accounting for 4–5% of the population of Spain. The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from the {{w|Maghreb}}, especially {{RDaW|Morocco}}, and other African countries. More than 924,000 (42%) of them had Spanish nationality.<br /> <br /> {{w|Judaism}} was practically non-existent in Spain from the 1492 expulsion until the 19th century, when Jews were again permitted to enter the country. Currently, there are around 64,000 Jews in Spain, or 0.13% of the total population.<br /> <br /> ==Culture==<br /> Spain is a {{w|Western world|Western country}} and one of the major {{w|Romance-speaking Europe|Latin countries}} of Europe, and has been noted for its international cultural influence. Despite the modern aversion towards religion in modern Spain, Spanish culture is marked by strong historic ties to the {{RDaW|Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church}}, which played a pivotal role in the country's formation and subsequent identity. Spanish art, architecture, cuisine, and music have been shaped by successive waves of foreign invaders, as well as by the country's Mediterranean climate and geography. The centuries-long colonial era globalized Spanish language and culture, with Spain also {{w|Columbian exchange|absorbing the cultural and commercial products of its diverse empire}}.<br /> <br /> {{w|Bullfighting}} is widely regarded as one of Spain's most iconic cultural and artistic traditions, although it remains a subject of ongoing social and political debate. In 2001, it was officially recognized as part of the country's cultural heritage.<br /> <br /> ===World Heritage Site ===<br /> [[File:&quot;Einer der bekanntsten Aussichtspunkte Granadas&quot;. 03.jpg|thumb|{{w|Alhambra}}, {{w|Granada}}]]<br /> Spain has fifty {{RDaW|World Heritage Site}}s, as defined by the {{RDaW|ICIC}}. These include the landscape of {{w|Monte Perdido}} in the {{w|Pyrenees}}, which is shared with {{RDaW|France}}, the Prehistoric Rock Art Sites of the {{w|Côa Valley}} and {{w|Siega Verde}}, which is shared with {{RDaW|Portugal}}, the {{w|Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija|Heritage of Mercury}}, shared with {{RDaW|Slovenia}} and the {{w|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests}}, shared with several other countries of Europe. In addition, Spain also has fourteen items of {{RDaW|Intangible Cultural Heritage}}, or &quot;Human treasures&quot;.<br /> <br /> ===Philosophy===<br /> The construct pertaining a distinctive Spanish philosophical thought has been variously approached by academia, either by diachronically tracing its development throughout the centuries from the Roman conquest of Hispania on (with early representatives such as {{w|Seneca the Younger|Seneca}}, {{w|Trajan}}, {{w|Lucan}}, or {{w|Martial}}); by pinpointing its origins to the late 19th century (associated to the {{w|Generation of 98}}); or simply by outright denying its existence. The crux around the existence of a Spanish philosophy pitted the likes of {{w|Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo}} (chief architect of the myth around it) against the legacy of anti-Spanish critique tracing back to figures like {{w|Antonio Pérez (statesman)|Antonio Pérez}}.<br /> <br /> ===Literature===<br /> [[File:Bronze statues of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Bronze statues of {{w|Don Quixote}} and {{w|Sancho Panza}}, at the {{w|Plaza de España (Madrid)|Plaza de España}} in {{RDaW|Madrid}}]]<br /> Some early examples of vernacular Romance-based literature include short snippets of {{w|Mozarabic language|Mozarabic Romance}} (such as refrains) sprinkled in {{w|Arabic language|Arabic}} and {{w|Hebrew language|Hebrew}} texts. Other examples of early Iberian Romance include the ''{{w|Glosas Emilianenses}}'' written in Latin, Basque and Romance.<br /> <br /> Early Medieval literature in Christian Iberia was written in {{w|Latin language|Latin}}, which remained as the standard literary language up until the mid-13th century, whereas Ibero-Romance vernaculars and Basque were spoken. A decisive development ensued in the 13th century in {{w|Toledo, Spain|Toledo}}, where Arabic scholarship was translated to the local vernacular, {{w|Spanish language|Castilian}}. In the scope of lyric poetry Castilian co-existed alongside {{w|Galician-Portuguese}} across the Crown of Castile up until the 16th century. The Romance variety preferred in Eastern Iberia for lyrical poetry, {{w|Occitan language|Occitan}}, became increasingly {{w|Catalan language|Catalanized}} in the 14th and 15th centuries. Major literary works from the Middle Ages include the ''{{w|Cantar de Mio Cid}}'', ''{{w|Tirant lo Blanch}}'', ''{{w|The Book of Good Love}}'' and ''{{w|es:Coplas por la muerte de su padre|Coplas por la muerte de su padre}}''. Genres such as {{w|Mester de Juglaría}} and {{w|Mester de Clerecía}} were cultivated.<br /> <br /> Promoted by the monarchs in the late Middle Ages and even codified in the late 15th century, Castilian (thought to be widespread known as 'Spanish' from the 16th century on) progressively became the language of the elites in the Iberian Peninsula, which ushered in a {{w|Spanish Golden Age|Golden era of Castilian literature}} in the 16th and 17th centuries, also in the science domain, eclipsing Galician and Catalan. Famous Early Modern works include ''{{w|La Celestina}}'' and ''{{w|Lazarillo de Tormes}}''. The famous ''{{w|Don Quixote|Don Quijote de La Mancha}}'' by {{w|Miguel de Cervantes}} was written at this time. Other writers from the period are {{w|Francisco de Quevedo}}, {{w|Lope de Vega}}, {{w|Pedro Calderón de la Barca|Calderón de la Barca}} and {{w|Tirso de Molina}}. During the {{w|Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment}} authors included {{w|Benito Jerónimo Feijóo}}, {{w|Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos}}, and {{w|Leandro Fernández de Moratín}}.<br /> <br /> [[File:Fotografía anónima MNCARS 6.jpg|thumb|left|{{RDaW|Federico García Lorca}} and other members of theatrical troupe &quot;La Barraca&quot;]]<br /> <br /> Steps of {{w|Romanticism in Spanish literature|Spanish Romantic literature}} (initially a rebellion against French classicism) have been traced back to the last quarter of the 18th century, even if the movement had its heyday between 1835 and 1850, waning thereafter. In a broader definition encompassing the period from 1868 or 1874 to 1936, the so-called Silver Age of Spanish Culture ensued.<br /> <br /> The waning of Romantic literature was followed by the development of {{w|Spanish Realist literature|Spanish Realism}}, which offered depictions of contemporary life and society 'as they were', rather than romanticized or stylized presentations. The major realist writer was {{w|Benito Pérez Galdós}}. The second half of the 19th century also saw the resurgence of the literary use of local languages other than Spanish under cultural movements inspired by Romanticism such as the Catalan ''{{lang|ca|{{w|Renaixença}}}}'' or the Galician ''{{lang|gl|{{w|Rexurdimento}}}}''. Rarely used before in a written medium, the true fostering of the literary use of the Basque language had to wait until the 1940s, even if some interest towards the language had developed in the late 19th century. 20th-century authors were classified in loose literary generations such as the {{w|Generation of '98}}, the {{RDaW|Generation of '27}}, {{RDaW|Generation of '36}} and the {{RDaW|Generation of '48}}.<br /> <br /> The {{RDaW|Premio Galaxia de Novela}} and {{w|Miguel de Cervantes Prize}} are the two main awards in Spanish literature.<br /> <br /> ===Art===<br /> [[File:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.jpg|thumb|right|''{{w|Les Demoiselles d'Avignon}}'' (1907), {{RDaW|Pablo Picasso}}]]<br /> Artists from Spain have been highly influential in the development of various European and {{w|Hispanic America|American}} {{w|art movement|artistic movements}}. Due to historical, geographical and generational diversity, Spanish art has known a great number of influences. The Mediterranean heritage with Greco-Roman and some Moorish influences in Spain, especially in {{RDaW|Andalusia}} and {{RDaW|Region of Granada|Granada}}, is still evident today. European influences include {{RDaW|Italy}}, {{RDaW|Germany}} and {{RDaW|France}}, especially during the {{w|Renaissance art|Renaissance}}, {{w|Baroque|Spanish Baroque}} and {{w|Neoclassicism|Neoclassical}} periods. There are many other autochthonous styles such as the {{w|Pre-Romanesque art and architecture}}, {{w|Herrerian style|Herrerian}} architecture or the {{w|Isabelline (architectural style)|Isabelline Gothic}}.<br /> <br /> During the Golden Age painters working in Spain included {{w|El Greco}}, {{w|José de Ribera}}, {{w|Bartolomé Esteban Murillo}} and {{w|Francisco Zurbarán}}. Also, in the Baroque period, {{w|Diego Velázquez}} created some of the most famous Spanish portraits, such as ''{{Lang|es|{{w|Las Meninas}}}}'' and ''{{lang|es|{{w|Las Hilanderas}}}}''.<br /> <br /> {{w|Francisco Goya}} painted during a historical period that included the {{w|Peninsular War}}, the fights between liberals and absolutists, and the rise of contemporary nations-states.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Joaquín Sorolla}} is a well-known modern Impressionist painter. There are many important Spanish painters belonging to the Modernist art movement, including {{RDaW|Pablo Picasso}}, {{RDaW|Salvador Dalí}}, {{RDaW|Juan Gris}} and {{RDaW|Joan Miró}}.<br /> <br /> ===Sculpture===<br /> The Plateresque style extended from beginnings of the 16th century until the last third of the century and its stylistic influence pervaded the works of all great Spanish artists of the time. {{w|Alonso Berruguete}} ({{w|Valladolid}} School) is often called the &quot;Prince of Spanish sculpture&quot;. His main works were the upper stalls of the choir of the {{w|Cathedral of Toledo}}, the tomb of Cardinal Tavera in the same Cathedral, and the altarpiece of the Visitation in the Church of Santa Úrsula, also in Toledo. Other notable sculptors were {{w|Bartolomé Ordóñez}}, {{w|Diego de Siloé}}, {{w|Juan de Juni}} and {{w|Damià Forment}}.<br /> <br /> Two schools of sculpture predominated in Spain: the {{w|Sevillian school of sculpture|Seville School}}, to which {{w|Juan Martínez Montañés}} belonged, whose most celebrated works are the Crucifix in the {{w|Cathedral of Seville}}, another in Vergara, and a Saint John; and the {{w|Granadan school of sculpture|Granada School}}, to which {{w|Alonso Cano}} belonged, to whom an Immaculate Conception and a Virgin of Rosary are attributed.<br /> <br /> Other notable Andalusian Baroque sculptors were {{w|Pedro de Mena}}, {{w|Pedro Roldán}} and his daughter {{w|Luisa Roldán|Luisa}}, {{w|Juan de Mesa}} and {{w|Pedro Duque Cornejo}}. In the 20th century the most important Spanish sculptors were {{RDaW|Julio González}}, {{RDaW|Pau Gargallo}}, {{RDaW|Eduardo Txillida}}, and {{RDaW|Pablo Serrano}}.<br /> <br /> ===Architecture===<br /> [[File:Casa Batllo Overview Barcelona Spain cut.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The {{RDaW|Casa Batlló}} in {{RDaW|Barcelona}}]]<br /> Earth and {{w|gypsum}} are very common materials of the traditional {{w|vernacular architecture}} in Spain (particularly in the East of the country, where most of the deposits of gypsum are located). Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences. Fine examples of {{w|Islamic architecture}}, belonging to the {{w|Moorish architecture|Western Islamic tradition}}, were built in the Middle Ages in places such as {{w|Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba}}, {{w|Seville}}, or {{w|Granada}}. Similarly to the Maghreb, {{w|stucco}} decoration in {{w|Al-Andalus}} became an architectural stylemark in the high Middle Ages.<br /> <br /> Simultaneously, the Christian kingdoms also developed their own styles; developing a {{w|pre-Romanesque}} style when isolated from contemporary mainstream European architectural influences during the earlier Middle Ages, they later integrated the {{w|Romanesque architecture|Romanesque}} and {{w|Gothic architecture|Gothic}} streams. The Gothic style resulted in numerous instances of Gothic architecture being built throughout the entire territory. The so-called {{w|Mudéjar art|Mudéjar style}} came to designate works by Muslims, Christians and Jews in lands conquered from Muslims.<br /> <br /> The arrival of {{w|Modernism}} produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centered in {{RDaW|Barcelona}} known as ''{{lang|ca|{{w|modernisme}}}}'', produced a number of important architects, most notably {{RDaW|Antoni Gaudí}}. The {{w|International Style (architecture)|International style}} was led by groups like {{RDaW|GATEPAC}}, and dominated architectural development in Republican Spain throughout the mid-20th century. Spain is currently experiencing a revolution in {{w|contemporary architecture}} and Spanish architects like {{RDaW|Amaia Elordui}}, {{RDaW|Iván Porro}}, and {{RDaW|Francesc Llobet}} (as well as others) have gained worldwide renown.<br /> <br /> ===Cinema===<br /> After the first projection of a cinematographer in Spain by 1896, cinema developed in the following years, with Barcelona becoming the largest production hub in the country (as well as a major European hub) on the eve of the {{RDaW|Great War}}. Local studios for {{w|sound film}}s were created in 1932. <br /> <br /> Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including {{w|Academy Award|Oscars}} for films such as ''{{RDaW|The Queen of the Night}}'' and {{RDaW|Alejandro Reynoso}}'s 1953 adaptation of''{{RDaW|Don Quixote (1953 film)|Don Quixote}}''. Distinct exploitation genres that flourished in the second half of the 20th century include the ''{{RDaW|Fantaterror}}'' and the ''{{RDaW|Cine neorealisto|cine neorealisto}}. As of 2023, the festivals of {{RDaW|Donostia International Film Festival|Donostia}} and {{RDaW|Elche Film Festival|Elche}} are ranked among the top cultural initiatives in the country.<br /> <br /> ===Music and dance===<br /> [[File:Flamenco en el Palacio Andaluz, Sevilla, España, 2015-12-06, DD 20.JPG|thumb|right|{{w|Flamenco}} is an Andalusian artistic form that evolved from {{w|Seguidilla}}.]]<br /> Spanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with {{w|flamenco}}, an {{RDaW|Andalusia}}n musical genre, which is not widespread outside that region. Various regional styles of {{w|folk music}} abound. Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.<br /> <br /> In the field of classical music, Spain has produced a number of noted composers such as {{w|Isaac Albéniz}}, {{RDaW|Manuel de Falla}} and {{w|Enrique Granados}} and singers and performers such as {{RDaW|Domingo Ornelas}}, {{RDaW|Josep Soler}}, {{RDaW|Montserrat Caballé}}, {{RDaW|Alicia de Larrocha}}, {{RDaW|Alfredo Kraus}}, {{RDaW|Pablo Casals}}, {{RDaW|Ricardo Viñes}}, {{RDaW|José Iturbi}}, {{w|Pablo de Sarasate}}, {{RDaW|Ariana Bernadet}} and {{RDaW|Teresa Berganza}}. In Spain there are over forty professional orchestras, including the {{RDaW|Barcelona Symphony Orchestra}}, {{RDaW|National Orchestra of Spain}} and the {{RDaW|Madrid Symphony Orchestra}}. Major {{w|opera house}}s include the {{w|Teatro Real|Teatro Nacionál}}, the {{RDaW|Liceu|Teatre del Liceu}} and the {{RDaW|Teatro Arriaga}}.<br /> <br /> Thousands of music fans also travel to Spain each year for internationally recognized summer music festivals {{RDaW|Música Nova}} which features primarily rock music, and {{RDaW|Benidorm Music Festival|Benidorm}} which tends to feature more established pop and techno music. The {{RDaW|Valencia jazz festival}} is a notable jazz festival. One of the most popular traditional {{w|musical instrument}}s, the {{w|guitar}}, originated in Spain. Typical of the north are the traditional bag pipers or ''{{w|gaita (bagpipe)|gaiteros}}'', mainly in {{RDaW|Asturias}} and {{RDaW|Galicia}}.<br /> <br /> ===Cuisine===<br /> [[File:Paella de marisco 01.jpg|thumbnail|right|{{w|Paella}} mixta]]<br /> <br /> Spanish cuisine consists of a great variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep {{w|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:<br /> <br /> '''''Mediterranean''''' Spain – coastal regions, from {{RDaW|Catalonia}} to {{RDaW|Andalusia}} – heavy use of seafood, such as ''pescaíto frito'' (fried fish); cold soups like ''{{w|gazpacho}}''; and many rice-based dishes like ''{{w|paella}}'' from {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}} and ''{{w|arròs negre}}'' (black rice) from Catalonia.<br /> <br /> '''''Inner''''' Spain – Castile – hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based ''Castilian soup'', along with substantial stews such as ''{{w|cocido madrileño}}''. Food is traditionally preserved by salting, such as {{w|Spanish ham}}, or immersed in {{w|olive oil}}, such as {{w|Manchego cheese}}.<br /> <br /> '''''Atlantic''''' Spain – the Northern coast, including {{w|Asturian cuisine|Asturian}}, {{w|Basque cuisine|Basque}}, {{w|Cantabrian cuisine|Cantabrian}} and {{w|Galician cuisine}} – vegetable and fish-based stews like ''{{w|caldo gallego}}'' and ''{{w|marmitako}}''. Also, the lightly cured ''{{w|Lacón Gallego|lacón}}'' ham. The best known cuisine of the northern countries often rely on ocean seafood, as in the Basque-style {{w|cod}}, {{w|albacore}} or {{w|anchovy}} or the Galician octopus-based ''{{w|polbo á feira}}'' and shellfish dishes.<br /> <br /> ===Sport===<br /> While varieties of {{RDaW|Football in Spain|football}} have been played in Spain as far back as Roman times, sport in Spain has been dominated by football since the early 20th century. {{RDaW|FC Barcelona}}, {{RDaW|Athletic Bilbao}} and {{RDaW|Madrid CF}} are two of the most successful football clubs in the world. {{RDaW|Spain men's national football team|The country's national men's football team}} won the {{RDaW|UEFA European Championship}} in {{RDaW|1960 European Nations' Cup|1960}}, {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2004|2004}}, {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2008|2008}} and {{RDaW|UEFA Euro 2024|2024}} and the {{RDaW|FIFA World Cup}} in {{RDaW|1970 FIFA World Cup|1970}} and {{RDaW|2010 FIFA World Cup|2010}}. {{RDaW|Spain women's national football team|Spain's women's national team}} were champions of the {{RDaW|2000 FIFA Women's World Cup|2000}}, {{RDaW|2008 FIFA Women's World Cup|2008}} and {{RDaW|2024 FIFA Women's World Cup|2024}}, becoming the most successful women's national team in the world, and the only one to win three World Cups. {{RDaW|FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona Femení}} has won a record number of domestic trophies.<br /> <br /> {{RDaW|Basketball in Spain|Basketball}}, cycling, {{w|team handball|handball}}, {{RDaW|Spain national futsal team|futsal}}, {{RDaW|motorcycling}} and, lately, {{RDaW|Formula One}} also can boast of Spanish champions. Today, Spain is a major world sports powerhouse, especially since the {{RDaW|1956 Summer Olympics}} that were hosted in {{w|Valencia}}, which stimulated a great deal of interest in sports in the country. The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for {{w|water sports}} and {{w|skiing}}. In their respective regions, the traditional games of {{w|Basque pelota}} and {{w|Valencian pilota}} are both popular.<br /> <br /> ===Public holidays and festivals===<br /> Public holidays celebrated in Spain include a mix of remnant religious, national and local observances. Each municipality is allowed to declare a maximum of fourteen public holidays per year; up to nine of these are chosen by the national government and at least two are chosen locally. {{RDaW|Republic Day}} (''{{lang|es|Fiesta de la República}}'') is celebrated on 14 April.<br /> <br /> There are many festivals and festivities in Spain. One of the most famous is {{w|Festival of San Fermín|San Fermín}}, in {{w|Pamplona|Iruña}}. Its most famous event is the ''{{lang|es|encierro}}'', or the {{w|running of the bulls}}. It has become one of the most internationally renowned fiestas in Spain, with over a million people attending every year.<br /> <br /> Other festivals include {{RDaW|La Tomatina}} tomato festival in {{w|Buñol}}, {{RDaW|Valencian Community|Valencia}}, the carnivals in the {{RDaW|Canary Islands}}, the {{RDaW|Falles}} in {{w|Valencia}} or the {{RDaW|Holy Week in Spain|Holy Week}} in {{RDaW|Old Castile}} and {{RDaW|Leonese Country|León}}, whose observances have been revived since the 1970s.<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> {{En-WP attribution notice|Spain}}<br /> {{En-WP attribution notice|Second Spanish Republic}}<br /> [[Category:Spain]]<br /> [[Category:Red Dawn at Warsaw]]<br /> [[Category:Southern European countries]]<br /> [[Category:Countries in Europe]]<br /> [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1715]]<br /> [[Category:States and territories established in 1931]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593557 2026-07-30T19:23:45Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Undo revision 593556 by Fizzyflapjack (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous supporters!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> {{Patron box}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. 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Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593556 2026-07-30T19:23:10Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous supporters!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> {{Patron box}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593555 2026-07-30T19:19:51Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593554 2026-07-30T19:18:18Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593553 2026-07-30T19:18:07Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:Independent_Wiki_Federation&diff=593467 2026-07-30T01:28:20Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Members */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Icons|CWA}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Independent Wiki Federation<br /> | logo = Independent Wiki Federation logo.png<br /> | logo_size = 150px<br /> | logo_caption = IWF logo<br /> | abbreviation = IWF<br /> | founder = M3W<br /> | type = Interwiki alliance<br /> | purpose = Fostering community between independently operated wikis focused on lifestyle, gaming, and entertainment<br /> | membership = <br /> {{Collapsible list<br /> | title = 20 (active); {{Small|1 (''former'')}}<br /> | hlist = on<br /> | Fallout Wiki<br /> | Final Fantasy Wiki<br /> | Kingdom Hearts Database Wiki<br /> | Metal Gear Wiki<br /> | Sanrio &amp; Hello Kitty Wiki<br /> | Sonic Archive Wiki<br /> | Amazing Wikis<br /> | ''Hypoverse''<br /> | Telepedia<br /> | Hollow Knights Wiki<br /> | Star Trek Online Wiki<br /> | Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> | Jadusable Wiki<br /> | Wizardry Wiki<br /> | Tom Clancy Wiki<br /> | 100% Orange Juice Wiki<br /> | The Wandering Inn Wiki<br /> | The World Ends With You Wiki<br /> | Tolkien Gateway<br /> | World Trigger Wiki<br /> | Saints Row Wiki<br /> }}<br /> | leader_title = Directors<br /> | leader_name = M3W&lt;br&gt;kate aces<br /> | affiliations = <br /> | website = {{url|https://indiewikifederation.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Independent Wiki Federation''' ('''IWF''') is an interwiki alliance comprising likeminded, independently operated wikis and wiki farms. Founded in 2023, the IWF was founded to create a thriving community of independent wikis and to develop a network for high-expertise, technical support, free exchange of information, collaboration, and innovation. <br /> <br /> The Constructed Worlds Wiki joined as the IWF's 12th member on December 17, 2023. {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} is Conworlds' official representative to the IWF.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{quote|The IWF vision is to build a thriving community of independent wikis by providing the access, support, resources, and the expertise needed to maintain high-quality, self-sufficient, and independent wiki communities. We believe an expansive, diverse network of independent groups will empower each other’s communities to share knowledge and information freely. We believe that providing access to centralized, comprehensive libraries of supporting resources is essential to realizing our vision. Therefore, the IWF strives to be a vibrant hub for collaboration, innovation, and learning; that is supported by a united and resilient alliance of wikis. We are confident this creates a more open, transparent, and accessible world of knowledge free of corporate control.|author=[https://indiewikifederation.org/about About – Independent Wiki Federation]}}<br /> <br /> ===Timeline===<br /> ''From the IWF About page:''<br /> *The IWF was created on March 23, 2023 by M3w, Kate Aces, Theroyalrabite, Evalprime, and Vipzer.<br /> *The IWF formally launches on September 5, 2023.<br /> **Founding Org wiki members are Fallout Wiki, Final Fantasy Wiki, Kingdom Hearts Database Wiki, Sonic Archive, and Metal Gear Database.<br /> **Founding Org wikifarm members are Amazing Wikis, Hypoverse, and Telepedia.<br /> *WikiForge was removed from IWF membership on June 12, 2023 by unanimous vote.<br /> *Hollow Knight Wiki joined on November 16, 2023.<br /> *The Backrooms wiki moved to Telepedia on November 23, 2023 and gained automatic org membership.<br /> *Staff members Vipzer and Rabite resigned on November 27, 2023.<br /> *Constructed Worlds Wiki (Conworlds) joined on December 17, 2023.<br /> *Jadusable Wiki joined on Febuary 3, 2024.<br /> *The Backrooms wiki from Telepedia informally resigned membership on March 14, 2024.<br /> *Wizardry Wiki joined on March 24, 2024.<br /> *Founding Wikifarm member Hypoverse announced their shutdown on April 16, 2024.<br /> *Tom Clancy Wiki joined on May 28, 2024.<br /> *100% Orange Juice joined on June 4, 2024.<br /> *The Wandering Inn Wiki joined on July 17, 2024.<br /> *Tolkien Gateway joined on July 22, 2024.<br /> *The World Ends With You Wiki joined on September 7, 2024.<br /> *World Trigger Wiki joined on March 3, 2025.<br /> *The Saints Row Wiki joined on May 20, 2025.<br /> <br /> ==Members==<br /> <br /> ===Founding===<br /> *[https://fallout.wiki/wiki/Fallout_Wiki Independent Fallout Wiki]<br /> *[https://finalfantasywiki.com/wiki/Main_Page Final Fantasy Wiki]<br /> *[https://www.khdatabase.com/ Kingdom Hearts Database Wiki]<br /> *[https://www.metalgear.wiki/ Metal Gear Wiki]<br /> *[https://sanriowiki.com/wiki/Sanrio_Wiki Sanrio &amp; Hello Kitty Wiki]<br /> *[https://www.sonicarchive.com/ Sonic Archive Wiki]<br /> *[https://amazingwikis.org/ Amazing Wikis] (wiki farm)<br /> *[https://telepedia.net/ Telepedia] (wiki farm)<br /> <br /> ===Regular===<br /> *[https://hollowknight.wiki/w/Hollow_Knight_Wiki Hollow Knight Wiki]<br /> *[https://saintsrow.wiki/wiki/Saints_Row_Wiki Saints Row Wiki]<br /> *[https://stowiki.net/wiki/Main_Page Star Trek Online Wiki]<br /> *[https://wiki.conworld.org/w/Main_Page Constructed Worlds Wiki]<br /> *[https://jadusable.withinhubris.com/Main_Page Jadusable Wiki]<br /> *[https://wizardry.wiki.gg/wiki/Wizardry_Wiki Wizardry Wiki]<br /> *[https://tomclancy.wiki.gg/wiki/Tom_Clancy_Wiki Tom Clancy Wiki]<br /> *[https://orangejuice.wiki/wiki/100%25_Orange_Juice_Wiki Official 100% Orange Juice Wiki]<br /> *[https://wiki.wanderinginn.com/The_Wandering_Inn_Wiki The Wandering Inn Wiki]<br /> *[https://twewy.wiki/wiki/The_World_Ends_with_You_Wiki The World Ends With You Wiki]<br /> *[https://tolkiengateway.net/ Tolkien Gateway]<br /> *[https://worldtriggerwiki.com/ World Trigger Wiki]<br /> ===Former===<br /> <br /> *Backrooms Wiki (''part of the member Telepedia Wiki Farm, informally disaffiliated from IWF'')<br /> *Hypoverse (''discontinued service on April 16, 2024'')<br /> <br /> ==Links==<br /> <br /> *[https://indiewikifederation.org Main website]<br /> *[https://discord.gg/xCSrWuaSwn Discord server]<br /> <br /> {{IWF}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> [[Category:Independent Wiki Federation]]<br /> [[Category:Constructed Worlds administration]]<br /> [[Category:Constructed Worlds culture]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:IWF&diff=593466 2026-07-30T01:27:14Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Navbox<br /> | name = IWF<br /> | state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}<br /> | bodyclass = hlist<br /> | title = [[Conworlds:Independent Wiki Federation|Independent Wiki Federation]]<br /> | titlestyle = background-color:turquoise;<br /> | imagestyle = padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;<br /> | image = [[File:Independent Wiki Federation logo.png|75px]]<br /> | above = <br /> | abovestyle = <br /> <br /> | group1 = Member wikis<br /> | groupstyle = background-color:aquamarine;<br /> | list1 =<br /> *[[Main Page|Constructed Worlds Wiki]]<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://fallout.wiki/wiki/Fallout_Wiki Independent Fallout Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://finalfantasywiki.com/wiki/Main_Page Final Fantasy Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sanriowiki.com/wiki/Sanrio_Wiki Hello Kitty + Sanrio Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://hollowknight.wiki/w/Hollow_Knight_Wiki Hollow Knight Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://jadusable.withinhubris.com/Main_Page Jadusable Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.khdatabase.com/ Kingdom Hearts Database]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://metalgear.wiki/index.php/Metal_Gear_Wiki Metal Gear Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://orangejuice.wiki/wiki/100%25_Orange_Juice_Wiki Official 100% Orange Juice Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://saintsrow.wiki/wiki/Saints_Row_Wiki Saints Row Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.sonicarchive.com/ Sonic Archive]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://stowiki.net/wiki/STOWiki:The_New_Star_Trek_Online_Wiki Star Trek Online Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://wiki.wanderinginn.com/The_Wandering_Inn_Wiki The Wandering Inn Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://twewy.wiki/wiki/The_World_Ends_with_You_Wiki The World Ends With You Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://tolkiengateway.net/ Tolkien Gateway]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://tomclancy.wiki.gg/wiki/Tom_Clancy_Wiki Tom Clancy Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://wizardry.wiki.gg/wiki/Wizardry_Wiki Wizardry Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://worldtriggerwiki.com/ World Trigger Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://lophocmatngu.wiki/ Zodiac Classroom Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://liquipedia.net/dota2/Main_Page Dota 2 Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://www.bloonswiki.com/ Blooncyclopedia]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://spyrowiki.com/wiki/Main_Page Spyro Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://skylanderswiki.com/wiki/Main_Page Skylanders Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://wiki.klonoa.network/wiki/Main_Page Klonoa Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://discoelysium.wiki.gg/ Disco Elysium Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://otherkin.wiki/wiki/Main_Page Otherkin Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://siivagunner.wiki/wiki/SiIvaGunner_Wiki SilvaGunner Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://cookierun.wiki/w/Cookie_Run_Wiki Cookie Run Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://starfieldwiki.net/wiki/Home Starfield Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://en.uesp.net/wiki/Main_Page Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://combineoverwiki.net/wiki/Main_Page Combine Overwiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> | group2 = Member wikifarms<br /> | list2 =<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://amazingwikis.org/ Amazing Wikis]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://telepedia.net/ Telepedia]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> *&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://nexawiki.com/ Nexa Wiki]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> <br /> | below = The Constructed Worlds Wiki is a proud member of the '''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://indiewikifederation.org/ Independent Wiki Federation]&lt;/span&gt;'''<br /> | belowstyle = background-color:turquoise;<br /> }}&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> [[Category:Navigational boxes]]<br /> [[Category:Templates]]<br /> [[Category:Independent Wiki Federation]]<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593465 2026-07-30T00:47:00Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Undo revision 593464 by Fizzyflapjack (talk)</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593464 2026-07-30T00:46:44Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593463 2026-07-30T00:23:43Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593462 2026-07-30T00:23:35Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Patrons'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:Patreon&diff=593460 2026-07-30T00:21:10Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Changed redirect target from Conworlds:Donate to Conworlds:Support us</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Conworlds:Support us]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:Donate&diff=593459 2026-07-30T00:20:44Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Fizzyflapjack moved page Conworlds:Donate to Conworlds:Support us</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Conworlds:Support us]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:Support_us&diff=593458 2026-07-30T00:20:44Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Fizzyflapjack moved page Conworlds:Donate to Conworlds:Support us</p> <hr /> <div>{{Icons|CWA}}<br /> [[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki paypal donation QR code.png|right|150px|link=https://www.paypal.com/donate/?business=K4NQ7J97W9CZQ&amp;no_recurring=1&amp;item_name=Help+fund+the+Constructed+Worlds+Wiki%21&amp;currency_code=CAD]]<br /> The Constructed Worlds Wiki uses '''[https://patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]''' and '''[https://www.paypal.com/donate/?business=K4NQ7J97W9CZQ&amp;no_recurring=1&amp;item_name=Help+fund+the+Constructed+Worlds+Wiki%21&amp;currency_code=CAD Paypal]''' to source funding from its users to help pay for the '''[[Conworlds:Finances|costs of hosting the website]]'''. As a free-to-use service using copyleft, open source [[mw:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] software, the Constructed Worlds Wiki is partly founded on an underlying principle of collaboration. Supporting the Constructed Worlds Wiki by subscribing to the Patreon is the best way to show your support for our community and our website. One time donations via Paypal are also greatly appreciated.<br /> <br /> Since September 2023, the price for subscription to the Patreon as a standard Patron has been set at 4.20 {{W|United States dollar|USD}}, which is roughly equivalent to about 4% of the monthly hosting costs of the website. Conworlds is independently hosted on {{W|AWS}}; the price is non-trivial but the quality of service and computing resources provided by AWS is well worth the price. An average day of hosting costs around 3.50 USD. To that extent, one standard Patron pays for about a day and a half worth of Conworlds' existence per month.<br /> <br /> Although Conworlds is not, nor ever will be, a &quot;{{W|freemium}}&quot; service, we want to offer our generous donors and patrons the recognition they deserve. Subscription to the Patreon or a one-time donation comes with three potential benefits:<br /> #The username of a Patreon subscriber at any tier or a one-time donor is put on the [[Main Page]] of the website forever, even if they only subscribe for one month!<br /> #A subscribed Patron or higher tier giving more than can select any article from the wiki to promote on the Main Page on a monthly rotational basis.<br /> #A subscribed Patron or higher tier gets the Patron role on our [[Conworlds:Discord|community Discord server]] for added recognition.<br /> <br /> ==List of donors==<br /> ===Active Patrons===<br /> Subscribed patrons make active payments towards the cost of hosting the website, either directly or through Patreon.<br /> #{{U|Eviltoast05}} – Direct payments to AWS since June 2023.<br /> #{{U|Fizzyflapjack}} – Direct payments to AWS since June 2023.<br /> #{{U|Centrist16}} – Patron since 2 September 2023; Super Patron since 23 November 2023.<br /> #{{U|Dawnstar}} – Patron since 5 September 2023; Super Patron since 23 November 2023.<br /> #{{U|Yuutarou}} – Patron since 24 March 2024.<br /> #{{u|Solaris2019}} – Donor since 6 September 2024.<br /> #{{U|Solace}} – Patron from 12 October 2023 to 12 December 2023; resubscribed 8 September 2024.<br /> #{{U|Javants}} – Donor since 11 September 2024.<br /> #{{U|Wisky}} – Patron since 8 November 2024.<br /> #{{U|EmperorAlexander99}} – Super Patron from 2 March 2024 to 6 October 202; resubscribed as Patron 7 March 2025.<br /> <br /> ===Former Patrons===<br /> Former patrons have their names memorialized on the front page of the wiki for the kindness of offering their support.<br /> #{{U|F0rsaken}} – Patron from 23 November 2023 to 23 December 2023.<br /> #{{U|Mythopoeia}} – Patron from 2 September 2023 to 24 August 2024.<br /> #{{u|Robballgamer2009}} – Patron from 6 September 2024 to 5 November 2024.<br /> #{{U|Isabella Claudia}} – Patron from 13 December 2024 to 12 January 2025.<br /> <br /> ===Per Basis Donors===<br /> #{{u|Symposium}} – Donated 6 September 2024.<br /> <br /> ==Patron Article of the Month==<br /> Once it is their month to choose, subscribed patrons can promote any article from the wiki on the Main Page. The rotational list is first-come first-serve, but if a new subscriber to the Patreon is added on the last month of rotation, they still get to choose an article for the following month.<br /> <br /> ====2023====<br /> *September: ''[[Tabulon]]'' by {{U|Litia von Lucerna}}, selected by {{u|Eviltoast05}}<br /> *October: ''[[Vehicle registration plates of Kalșeri]]'' by {{u|DatMaster001}}, selected by {{u|Centrist16}}<br /> *November: ''[[Brendan Shepard]]'' by {{u|Andy Irons}}, selected by {{U|Mythopoeia}}<br /> *December: Choice of {{U|Dawnstar}}<br /> <br /> ====2024====<br /> *January: ''[[Rock Saga Evolution]]'' by {{u|Solace}}, selected by {{u|Solace}}<br /> *February: ''[[Greater Poland (Alternatively)]]'' by {{u|F0rsaken}}, selected by {{u|F0rsaken}}<br /> *March: Choice of Dawnstar (granted by Fizzyflapjack)<br /> *April: Choice of EmperorAlexander99<br /> *May: ''[[List of political parties in Kalșeri]]'' by {{u|Symposium}}, selected by {{u|Yuutarou}}<br /> *June: ''[[2059 Atlantic hurricane season]]'' by {{u|Soilaf}}, selected by {{u|Eviltoast05}}<br /> *July: ''[[Black Mesa Research Facility]]'' by {{u|F0rsaken}}, selected by {{u|Centrist16}}<br /> *August: ''[[Nathaniel Cannon]]'' by {{u|Mythopoeia}}, selected by {{U|Mythopoeia}}<br /> *September: Choice of {{U|Dawnstar}}<br /> *October: Choice of {{u|EmperorAlexander99}}<br /> *November: ''[[Levantine Commune]]'' by {{u|Jaevibing}}, selected by {{u|Yuutarou}}<br /> *December: ''[[Damage Inc.]]'' by {{u|Solace}}, selected by {{u|Robballgamer2009}}<br /> <br /> ====2025====<br /> *January: ''[[Book:Robballgamer2009]]'' by {{u|Robballgamer2009}} and edited by {{u|T0oxi22}}, selected by {{u|Solace}}<br /> *February: ''[[1995 Khraelyi constitutional crisis]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}, selected by {{u|Wisky}}<br /> *March: Choice of {{u|Isabella Claudia}}<br /> *April: ''[[Ocean City (server)|Ocean City]]'' by the Conworlds Community, selected by {{U|Eviltoast05}}<br /> *June: ''[[American harpast]]'' by {{u|Hitcho11}}, selected by {{U|Centrist16}}<br /> *July: Choice of {{u|Dawnstar}}<br /> *August: ''[[Manchuria]]'' by {{u|WorldMaker18}} and {{u|Yuutarou}}, selected by {{u|Yuutarou}}<br /> *September: Choice of {{U|Solace}}<br /> *October: '''''[[Vasyl Yezhov]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}, selected by {{u|Wisky}}'''<br /> *November: Choice of {{U|EmperorAlexander99}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Conworlds:Finances]]<br /> <br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> [[Category:Constructed Worlds administration]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593457 2026-07-30T00:20:09Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous supporters!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> {{Patron box}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593456 2026-07-30T00:05:14Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{#tag:div|<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |class=patronbox-panels}}<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593455 2026-07-30T00:01:33Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-default&quot;&gt;[[File:Him (cat).jpeg|center|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/styles.css&diff=593453 2026-07-29T23:53:43Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>.pa-panel {<br /> display: none;<br /> }<br /> .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> }<br /> .pa-panel:target ~ .pa-default {<br /> display: none;<br /> }</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/styles.css&diff=593452 2026-07-29T23:51:19Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>.pa-panel {<br /> background: #f00;<br /> }<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> margin-top: 1em;<br /> }<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> }<br /> /* Once any patron is selected, hide the default panel */<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target ~ .pa-default {<br /> display: none;<br /> }</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/styles.css&diff=593451 2026-07-29T23:50:57Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>.patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> margin-top: 1em;<br /> }<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> }<br /> /* Once any patron is selected, hide the default panel */<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target ~ .pa-default {<br /> display: none;<br /> }<br /> .pa-panel {<br /> background: #f00;<br /> }</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593450 2026-07-29T23:46:03Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> &lt;big&gt;'''Donors'''&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593449 2026-07-29T23:45:32Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> '''Donors'''&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593448 2026-07-29T22:13:58Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/Yuutarou&diff=593446 2026-07-29T21:39:35Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;Example patron box&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Example patron box</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/Dawnstar&diff=593445 2026-07-29T21:39:24Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;Example patron box&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Example patron box</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/Centrist16&diff=593444 2026-07-29T21:39:12Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;Example patron box&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Example patron box</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/Eviltoast05&diff=593443 2026-07-29T21:38:51Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;Example patron box&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Example patron box</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593442 2026-07-29T21:37:41Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593441 2026-07-29T21:36:48Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> {{Patron box}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593440 2026-07-29T21:35:54Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Patron box}}<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box&diff=593439 2026-07-29T21:35:07Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;center&gt; '''Donors'''&lt;br&gt; {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Patron box/styles.css&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> '''Donors'''&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr/&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-names&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;<br /> '''Patrons'''&lt;br&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''[[#pa-eviltoast05|Eviltoast05]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-centrist16|Centrist16]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[#pa-dawnstar|Dawnstar]]'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''[[#pa-yuutarou|Yuutarou]]'''}} <br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;patronbox-panels&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-eviltoast05&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Eviltoast05}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-centrist16&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Centrist16}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-dawnstar&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Dawnstar}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;pa-panel&quot; id=&quot;pa-yuutarou&quot;&gt;{{Patron box/Yuutarou}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to add your name? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Template:Patron_box/styles.css&diff=593437 2026-07-29T21:21:58Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;.patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target { display: block; margin-top: 1em; } .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target { display: block; } /* Once any patron is selected, hide the default panel */ .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target ~ .pa-default { display: none; }&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>.patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> margin-top: 1em;<br /> }<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target {<br /> display: block;<br /> }<br /> /* Once any patron is selected, hide the default panel */<br /> .patronbox-panels .pa-panel:target ~ .pa-default {<br /> display: none;<br /> }</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page/Sandbox&diff=593436 2026-07-29T21:14:50Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! 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style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;left&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''{{u|Eviltoast05}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Centrist16}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Dawnstar}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> [[File:YezhovInauguralPortrait_1992.png|150px|right]]<br /> '''Patron Article of the Month – ''[[Vasyl Yezhov]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}'''<br /> <br /> '''Vasyl Ruslanovych Yezhov''' (born 15 August 1947) is a former Khraelyi politician who served as the eighteenth [[President of Khraelyia|president of Khraelyia]] from 1992 to 1995. Yezhov was {{W|impeachment|impeached}} by the [[Congress of Khraelyia]] in 1995, after inciting the [[1995 Khraelyi constitutional crisis|1995 constitutional crisis]], by instituting martial law and attempting to subdue Congress. <br /> <br /> Before entering national politics, Yezhov was and still is the current {{W|Chief commercial officer|CCO}} of the [[Mahnoliya Petrol|Mahnoliya Petrol (MP)]] oil company, which is the ninth-largest company in Khraelyia.<br /> <br /> Yezhov [[Vasyl Yezhov 1992 presidential campaign|ran for president]] of Khraelyia in 1992, where he was the outside choice compared to incumbent [[Yaroslav Stetsko]], and [[Farmer-Labour Party (Khraelyia)|Farmer-Labour Party (FLP)]] politician [[Volodymyr Biletskyi]]. Despite the numerous odds, Yezhov beat both Biletskyi and Stetsko in the [[1992 Khraelyi presidential election]], with 41% of the vote compared to Stetsko's 24%, and Biletskyi's 35%. All three campaigns received accusations of {{W|electoral fraud|voter fraud}}, however Yezhov received the most, with his [[Lidiya Davydenka|campaign manager]] being convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Fraud in 1996.<br /> <br /> Yezhov argued in favour of {{W|anti-corruption}}, small government, and took a [[Khraelyia First (policy|Khraelyia first]] stance, often disregarding Khraelyia's allies, and questioning Khraelyia's foreign involvement when funds could've been better used for the citizens. He was also very critical of the government of Khraelyia, critiquing their inaction during numerous events, including the [[1990 Kirkassag–Goriyar border crisis]]. (''[[Vasyl Yezhov|Read more]]...'')<br /> <br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to see your favourite article here? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Commonwealth&diff=593364 2026-07-28T17:58:44Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Origins of the Continenalist Party */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Icons|FA|Altverse II}}<br /> {{Construction}}<br /> {{History of the Continental States}}<br /> The '''history of the United Commonwealth''' was preceded by the arrival of {{W|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans}} in North America around 15,000 BCE. Prior to the arrival of {{W|Christopher Columbus}} in 1492, numerous indigenous cultures formed. After Columbus, {{W|European colonization of the Americas}} began, leading to the creation of several British colonies on what would become the eastern coast of the United Commonwealth. By the 1760s, several of these colonies would be united into the {{W|Thirteen Colonies}}, which contained an estimated 2.5 million people, stretching from the {{W|Atlantic Coast}} to the {{W|Appalachian Mountains}}. After the defeat of France in the {{W|French and Indian Wars}}, the British government imposed a series of taxes on the colonial population, such as the {{W|Stamp Act of 1765}}, and rejected the constitutional arguments of the colonists that new taxes needed their approval. Resistance to these taxes intensified, such as in the {{W|Boston Tea Party}} of 1773, leading to the {{W|Parliament of the United Kingdom}} instituting {{W|Intolerable Acts|punitive laws}} designed to end the self-governance of the colonies. This would spark armed conflict in 1775, beginning the {{W|American Revolution}}.<br /> <br /> In 1776 at the {{W|Second Continental Congress}} in {{W|Philadelphia}}, the delegates {{W|United States Declaration of Independence|declared the independence}} of the colonies as the “[[United States (Altverse II)|United States]]”. Under the leadership of {{W|George Washington}}, the American colonists successfully won the {{W|American Revolutionary War}}, establishing the borders of the new nation in the 1783 {{W|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris}}. The {{W|Articles of Confederation}} served as the first foundational document of the new nation’s government, but it proved ineffective at providing stability or providing the government the means of collecting taxes and addressing crises, leading to a new {{W|Constitutional Convention (United States)|convention}} which wrote a {{W|Constitution of the United States|new constitution}}. This would be adopted in 1789, while the {{W|Bill of Rights}} was added to the constitution in 1791 to guarantee {{W|Natural rights and legal rights|inalienable rights}}. Under the leadership of Washington as the country’s first president, as well as the aid of {{W|Alexander Hamilton}} as its chief advisor, a strong central government was created. <br /> <br /> The {{W|Louisiana Purchase|purchase of the Louisiana Territory}} from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. Encouraged by the notion of {{W|Manifest Destiny}}, the country expanded towards the {{W|West Coast of the United States|North American West Coast}}. The population of the country would grow rapidly from an estimated 4 million in 1790, spurred on by immigration from Europe and elsewhere. Western expansion was driven by the quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners. The expansion of slavery within the nation was increasingly contoversial and fueled political division and constitutional battles in government. Slavery was abolished in the states north of the {{W|Mason–Dixon line}} by 1804, while the South continued the institution, mostly for the production of cotton and cash crops. After {{W|Abraham Lincoln}} was {{W|1860 United States presidential election|elected president in 1860}} on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery, the southern slave states rebelled and created the {{W|Confederate States of America}}, beginning the {{W|American Civil War}} after the 1861 {{W|Battle of Fort Sumter}}. The defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 led to the {{W|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|abolition of slavery}}, however, the assassination of Lincoln and continued division within the country led to the [[War of Contingency]] in 1866. <br /> <br /> The war divided the former United States into several countries, the primary successor to the nation being the [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|United Commonwealth]]. During the subsequent decades preceding the rise of [[Landonism]] within the country, the nation’s efforts to extend legal and voting rights to freed slaves was largely reversed, leading to the passing of {{W|Jim Crow laws}} to maintain white supremacy, as well as new state constitutions which largely disenfranchised African Americans and many poor whites from voting. The United Commonwealth became one of the world’s leading industrial powers by the turn of the 20th century, aided by the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers, and rapid entrepreneurship and technological advancement. Mass dissatisfaction with corruption, inefficiency, and traditional politics stimulated the rise of socialism within the country.<br /> <br /> In 1917 the [[Continental Revolutionary War]] began, as the culmination of dissatisfaction with the [[Federalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Federalist]] government. Led by [[Aeneas Warren]] and [[Zhou Xinyue]] of the [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]], the [[United Commonwealth (1866–1921)|Federalist Commonwealth]] was overthrown, leading to the creation of the world’s first [[socialist republic|socialist state]]. On 1 May 1921, at the [[2nd National People's Congress]], the [[Union Treaty]] established the contemporary United Commonwealth via unification with [[Okaloosa]] and the [[Congregationalist States]]. The new country was governed under the [[Government of Aeneas Warren|leadership of Warren]] over a year, until his untimely death in 1922. After which, a brief power struggle ensued within the leadership of the Continentalist Party, during which [[Seamus Callahan]] rose to become [[List of leaders of the United Commonwealth|paramount leader]] of the nation after 1924. Under [[History of the United Commonwealth (1922–1947)|his leadership]] the country experienced a period of rapid industrialization, collectivization, and Landonist reeducation—the latter known as the [[Continental Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]]. At its inception the United Commonwealth was organized to include a number of autonomous republics within the union, including the Congregationalist States and Okaloosa. The creation of Okaloosa sought to address the &quot;[[History of the United Commonwealth#Southern Revolution and the Black Question|Black Question]]&quot;, and the country's historic struggle in regards to race and the legacy of slavery. During Callahan's tenure the United Commonwealth achieved partial victory in the [[Great War]], allowing it to establish a series of buffer states with Landonist ideology across North America, known as the [[Chattanooga Pact]], beginning the [[Cold War]] against its ideological rival [[Sierra]], who to the United Commonwealth was an embodiment of the capitalist west. <br /> <br /> After the death of Callahan in 1947, the nation entered a period of political turmoil and fierce debate between the supporters of [[Callahanism]] – effectively an embrace of autocratism, centralism, and strict government planning – and proponents of democratization, liberalization, and racial integration. Under the [[Second Triumvirate]] which succeeded Callahan, a period of [[Decallahanization]] was implemented, in which leadership was collectivized and decentralized to a greater degree, and elections became less restrictive in the leadup to the [[1948 United Commonwealth legislative election|1948 election]]. Under the waning leadership of Okaloosan paramount [[Harry Haywood]], a new cultural revolution took place in the south that sought to challenge the traditional hierarchies of southern culture, which influenced the rise of a rebellious faction in the election. Coined the [[Dixiecraft Revolution]], this movement was suppressed by the government with military force, allowing for the discrediting of the Triumvirate and the rise of [[Amelia Fowler Crawford]], a neo-Callahanist. Promoting a stricter stance against the West during her tenure, in 1953 the country teetered on the brink of nuclear war in the [[Irish Missile Crisis]], an event which led to her withdraw from politics. Her successor [[Lysander Hughes]] promoted advancement through science as part of his [[New Frontier]], beginning the rise of nuclear power in the country and the international [[Space Race]]. Under the leadership of [[Rupert Gardner]], who took office as President in 1960, the nation further democratized during the turbulent era of the 1960s, as well as an opening of the country to foreign media and culture, in what became known as the [[Gardner Thaw]]. Although popular for his many representative reforms, Gardner's assassination in 1968 led to a clamping down of the Continentalist Party, led by a group of hardliners known as the [[Michigan Club]]. A partial backsliding away from democratic reform, under [[Charles Acker]] and [[Christopher Yeager]] the country experienced crises such as the [[1979 Times Square protests]], which galvanized support for a [[Continental democracy movement|democracy movement]]. These concerns allowed for the rise of [[Simon Valure]] in 1981, who promoted &quot;[[democratic openness]]&quot; and rehabilitation of past Continental figures, culminating in a [[Constitution of the United Commonwealth|new constitution in 1982]]. Continental leaders of the 21st-century have followed similarly, promoting a form of [[Autonomism|autonomist democracy]].<br /> <br /> ==Pre-Columbian period==<br /> <br /> :''Main article: {{W|Pre-Columbian era}} and {{W|Prehistory of the United States|Prehistory of the United Commonwealth}}''<br /> [[File:North American cultural areas.png|300px|thumb|The {{W|cultural area}}s of {{W|pre-Columbian North America}}, according to {{W|Alfred Kroeber}}.]]<br /> The {{W|Pre-Columbian era}} refers to all periods in the {{W|history of the Americas}} before the appearance of European influences on the American continents, which span from the settlement of the Americas during the {{W|Upper Paleolithic}} period to the beginning of {{W|European colonization of the Americas|European colonization}} during the {{W|early modern period}}. It is not definitively known when Native Americans first settled the Americas, although the {{W|Settlement of the Americas|first inhabitants of the Americas}} are generally accepted to have migrated to the continent from {{W|Siberia}} using the {{W|Beringia|Bering Strait land bridge}}, arriving at least 12,000 years ago, with some evidence pointing to an even earlier arrival date. These early inhabitants, called {{W|Paleo-Indians}}, soon diversified into hundreds of culturally distinct groups. The first wave of human settlement in the Americas is believed to be represented by the {{W|Clovis culture}}, which appeared around 11,000 BCE, however, older sites dating to 20,000 years ago have also been claimed, and some genetic studies have estimated the colonization of the Americas to have begun between 13,000 and 40,000 years ago. There generally exists two camps: the ''short chronology theory'' which holds that the first movement to the Americas occurred no earlier than 14,000 to 17,000 years ago, followed by several more successive waves, and the ''long chronology theory'', which proposes that the first people entered the hemisphere possibly as early as 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. An estimated three separate waves of migration may have taken place, with the ancestors of present-day Athabaskans, Aleuts, and Inuits likely being among the later waves—the Inuit possibly arrived in North America no more than 2,000 years ago. <br /> <br /> The North American climate was unstable during the receding of the ice age until about 10,000 years ago, leading to widespread migration across the Americas. The Paleo-Indians were likely hunter-gatherers, traveling in small, mobile bands of about 20 to 50 members, and using a variety of tools. These ancient peoples coalesced into many distinct linguistic and cultural groups, as reflected in the oral histories of indigenous peoples. Over the course of thousands of years, a number of plant species were domesticated, bred, and cultivated, including crops which now constitute 50–60% of the world’s agriculture. In general the more temperate and sheltered regions of the continent adopted agriculture and permitted a dramatic rise in population, while Arctic, Subarctic, and some coastal areas continued to host hunter-gatherer populations. The first complex societies arose some seven to eight thousand years ago, such as at the Monte Sano site of the Lower Mississippi Valley, where complex earthwork mounds, possibly for religious purposes, were created. Large complexes such as the one discovered at {{W|Watson Brake}} have led to the theory that many of these early sites were constructed by hunter-gatherer societies and occupied on a seasonal basis, questioning the assumption that complex construction only arises in societies that have adopted sedentary agriculture, with hierarchy and usually ceramics. The famous site at {{W|Poverty Point}} was likely constructed around 1500 BCE, considered one of the largest sites of the Late Archaic Period. <br /> <br /> The estimated pre-Columbian indigenous population of the United Commonwealth is highly debated. Estimates for North America as a whole (not including {{W|Mesoamerica}}) usually range between 3.8 million and 7 million, with some claiming as high as 18 million. The Mississippi Valley and its tributaries was likely the most highly populated region of North America, with some historians estimating a total of 5.2 million inhabitants of that region alone. The eastern seaboard likely was at least half that number, while the Canada region had an estimated half a million inhabitants. The arrival of Europeans to the continent brought with them a number of old world infectious diseases, for which the native population had no immunity to. As a result of disease – as well wars and other factors of societal upheaval – the indigenous population of the Americas experienced a sharp decline in population, possibly as much as 90% in many areas. <br /> <br /> ===Mound builders===<br /> <br /> :''Main articles: {{W|Mound Builders}} and {{W|Mississippian culture}}''<br /> <br /> [[File:Monks Mound in July.JPG|300px|thumb|Monks Mound of Cahokia, the center of the Mississippian culture.]][[File:The village of Pomeioc, North Carolina, 1885, color - NARA - 535753.jpg|thumb|300px|A 16th-century sketch of the Algonquian village of Pomeiock.]]<br /> <br /> Around 600 BCE the {{W|Adena culture}} began constructing large {{W|Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork}} {{W|mound}}s in the present-day United Commonwealth, being the earliest known people to be described as {{W|Mound Builders}}, although some mounds predate this culture. The Adena became absorbed into the {{W|Hopewell culture}}, a powerful people that traded goods and tools across a vast territory. At their height, the Hopewell pioneered the Hopewell Exchange System as a trading network which extended from the present-day Southwest to {{W|Lake Ontario}}. By 500 CE, the Hopewell too were absorbed into the larger {{W|Mississippian culture}}. <br /> <br /> One of the most influential and widespread pre-Columbian cultures of North America, the Mississippian culture first developed in the first millennia CE and spread across the Southeast and Midwest, from the Atlantic coast to the edge of the Great Plains. The Mississippians are characterized by their construction of large complexes of earth mounds and grand plazas, in a continuation of the moundbuilding traditions of earlier cultures. They adopted agriculture (especially the cultivation of maize) intensively, developed an extensive trade network across the continent, and maintained a complex, stratified society. The culture was centered around the city of {{W|Cahokia}} – located near modern East St. Louis, Illinois – which is believed to have been one of the largest cities in the pre-Columbian United Commonwealth, with a population of over 20,000. At the city’s peak in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Cahokia traded with chiefdoms across the Southeast and as far north as the Great Lakes, and Monk’s Mound, the major ceremonial center of Cahokia, became the largest earthen construction of the prehistoric Americas. Many Mississippian peoples were encountered by the first European exploration to the region by {{W|Hermando de Soto}} in the 1540s, although the Misssissippian culture appears to have been in decline by this time prior to European introduction. <br /> <br /> ===Northeast===<br /> <br /> :''Main article: {{W|Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands}}''<br /> <br /> In the eastern half of the future United Commonwealth, the eastern seaboard was primarily settled by Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples, which developed by 1100 CE. Previously this region was also influenced by the {{W|Hopewell Culture}}, centered in present-day [[Ohio]], who established an extensive trading system that connected the eastern seaboard. Between the twelfth and fifteen centuries the {{W|Iroquois|Haudenosaunee}} developed as a powerful confederacy in present-day upstate New York, consisting of the {{W|Oneida Indian Nation|Oneida}}. {{W|Mohawk people|Mohawk}}, {{W|Onondaga people|Onondaga}}, {{W|Cayuga people}}, and {{W|Seneca people|Seneca}}. Organized into a kind of federation, in which each tribe had seats in a group of 50 sachem chiefs, it has been suggested that their culture contributed to the political thinking of the early United States government. The northeast seaboard largely consisted of Algonquian-speaking peoples such as the {{W|Lenni Lenape}}, {{W|Abenaki}}, and {{W|Powhatan}}. During the early centuries of European colonization, the {{W|Beaver Wars}} commenced, which saw the Iroquois dramatically expanding into the Great Lakes region and the Midwest in pursuit of dominating the valuable fur trade with European powers. <br /> <br /> ==European settlement (1600s–1763)==<br /> <br /> :''Main article: {{W|European colonization of the Americas}}, {{W|Colonial history of the United States}}, and {{W|Thirteen Colonies}}''<br /> <br /> [[File:Discovery of the Mississippi.jpg|thumb|400px|left|''Discovery of the Mississippi'' by William Henry Powell (1823–1879) is a Romantic depiction of Spanish explorer de Soto's seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.]]<br /> <br /> The earliest confirmed European settlers to North America are the Norse, who {{W|Norse colonization of North America|briefly settled in the region}} around the year 1000. However, claims of Norse exploration to the present-day United Commonwealth are disputed and controversial. {{W|Christopher Columbus}} first arrived in North America in 1492, landing in {{W|Puerto Rico}} and other Caribbean territories formerly owned by the United Commonwealth in subsequent voyages. The first documented Europeans to set foot in the continental United Commonwealth are the Spanish {{W|Conquistador|conquistadors}} under {{W|Juan Ponce de León}}, who arrived in Florida in 1513. {{W|St. Augustine, Florida|Saint Augustine}} in Florida, founded in 1565, is often cited as the nation’s oldest city. The French established colonies in the {{W|St. Lawrence River}} valley in the early seventh century, as well as settlements on the {{W|Mississippi River}}, such as {{W|New Orleans}}. The period of {{W|European colonization of the Americas}} that transpired radically transformed the continents, introducing horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas, and in turn taking maize, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash to Europe. With no immunity to Old World diseases, the native population {{W|Native American disease and epidemics|suffered epidemics}} and died in large numbers.<br /> <br /> The English, led by {{W|Walter Raleigh}}, established their first settlement in the Americas at {{W|Roanoke Colony|Roanoke}} in 1585, but the settlement failed. Beginning in 1607 with the settlement at {{W|Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown}}, successful {{W|British colonization of the Americas|English settlement}} of the eastern seaboard began. Jamestown became the start of the {{W|Virginia Colony}}, and preoccupied by the search for gold and being ill-equipped for life in the New World, the fledgling Jamestown colony nearly failed after the departure of captain {{W|John Smith (explorer)|John Smith}}. Led by {{W|John Rolfe}}, who experimented with growing tobacco from the West Indies in 1612, in 1614 Jamestown began producing tobacco to be shipped to England, becoming Virginia's chief source of revenue within a decade. Following near-collapse from disease and indigenous attacks, most notably the {{W|Indian massacre of 1622}}, in 1624 {{W|James VI and I|James I of England}} revoked the Virginia Company's charter, making Virginia a royal colony. The early English and British colonies were largely established by private groups seeking to make profit, and were marked by disease, starvation, and Native American attacks. Other immigrants arrived seeking religious freedom or fleeing political persecution, or were peasants displaced by the {{W|Industrial Revolution}}, or were simply seeking adventure and opportunity. Additionally, from the late 1960s to the American Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50-120,000 convicts to the colonies in North America. Following the Virginian colony, the {{W|Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims}} established {{W|Plymouth Colony}} in 1620. In 1619 the first legislative assembly in the continent was established: Virginia’s {{W|House of Burgesses}}. Documents such as the {{W|Mayflower Compact}} and the {{W|Fundamental Orders of Connecticut}} would help establish the precedent of representative self-governance and constitutionalism in the colonies, which would later influence the creation of the United States. <br /> <br /> [[File:Map of territorial growth 1775.svg|300px|thumb|The original Thirteen Colonies (shown in red) in 1775.]]<br /> The early European colonies were often subject to a lack of food, disease, and attacks from Native Americans or each other, however, in many cases the settlers and indigenous peoples came to depend on one another, with settlers trading for food and animal pelts often in exchange for guns, tools or other European goods. With increased colonization by Europeans to North America, the indigenous peoples were displaced and often killed, and the native population of the continent dramatically declined. The {{W|Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|trafficking of African slaves}} to the continent also began during European colonization, in what became known as the {{W|Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade}}. Slaves of North America were fewer in number than those brought to South America, where harsh conditions and tropical diseases decimated slave populations. By the turn of the eighteenth century, African slaves supplanted European indentured servitude and cash crop labor, especially in the American South, became a highly lucrative industry. The religious and moral implications of slavery divided colonial society, with several colonies passing legislation for or against the practice. <br /> <br /> The colonies that would become the United States, known collectively as the {{W|Thirteen Colonies}} ({{W|Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire}}, {{W|Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts}}, {{W|Connecticut Colony|Connecticut}}, {{W|Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations|Rhode Island}}, {{W|Province of New York|New York}}, {{W|Province of New Jersey|New Jersey}}, {{W|Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania}}, {{W|Delaware Colony|Delaware}}, {{W|Province of Maryland|Maryland}}, {{W|Colony of Virginia|Virginia}}, {{W|Province of North Carolina|North Carolina}}, {{W|Province of South Carolina|South Carolina}}, {{W|Province of Georgia|Georgia}}) were administered as overseas dependencies of the British crown, but nonetheless possessed local governments with elections open to most free men. The population of the colonies grew rapidly, eclipsing Native American populations, due to high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration from Europe. Excluding Native Americans, the population of the Thirteen Colonies reach about 2.1 million in 1770, about a third the population of Britain, and despite increased immigration the natural increase was such that by the 1770s a minority of Americans had been born overseas. America’s {{W|First Great Awakening}}, a {{W|Christian revival}} movement of the 1730s and 1740s, further fueled interest in religious liberty. During the {{W|Seven Years' War}} (1756–1763), also known in the United Commonwealth as the {{W|French and Indian War}}, the British captured French Canada and created the {{W|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec}}. During this time the colonies’ distance from Britain allowed for the development of self-governance, but the unprecedented success in the war motivated British monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority. <br /> <br /> ==United States period (1763–1866)==<br /> ===Creation of the United States===<br /> <br /> :''Main article: {{W|American Revolution}}''<br /> <br /> [[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|400px|''{{W|Declaration of Independence (painting)|Declaration of Independence}}'', a painting by {{W|John Trumbull}}, depicts the {{W|Committee of Five}} presenting the draft of the {{W|United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence}} to the {{W|Second Continental Congress}}.]]<br /> <br /> The {{W|American Revolutionary War}} (1775–1783) secured the independence of the United States from Great Britain, becoming the first successful war of independence by a non-European entity against a European power in modern history. Americans balked at diminishing local governance and administration through Parliament, asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures, which developed into an ideology of American {{W|Republicanism in the United States|republicanism}}. The colonists demanded their {{W|Rights of Englishmen}} and “{{W|No taxation without representation}}”, to which the English government was unwilling or unable to relent, escalating the conflict to war. <br /> <br /> On 4 July 1776 the {{W|Second Continental Congress}} unanimously adopted the {{W|United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence}}; this day would become celebrated annually as {{W|Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day}}. The {{W|Articles of Confederation}} would be the first government of the nation, operating from 1777 to 1789. After the British defeat at the {{W|Siege of Yorktown}} in 1781, the {{W|Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris}} recognized American sovereignty and granted the country all lands east of the Mississippi River. In 1787 the {{W|Constitutional Convention (United States)|Philadelphia Convention}} sought to create a new government to replace the ineffective Articles of Confederation, leading to the adoption of the {{W|Constitution of the United States}}, ratified in state conventions and going into effect in 1789. This reorganized the country into a federal government with three branches, on the principle of creating a separation of powers and checks and balances. {{W|George Washington}}, who had led the country’s army during the fight for independence, was elected the first president under the new constitution. The {{W|United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights}} was adopted in 1791, which forbade federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteed a range of legal protections. <br /> <br /> Tensions with the British remained even after independence, culminating in the {{W|War of 1812}}. The war largely ended inconclusively, but confirmed the United States’ ability to defend itself and protect its interests. It was followed by the {{W|Era of Good Feelings}}, in which there was widespread unity among Americans and a desire for national purpose, as well as the end of the {{W|First Party System}} politically. The federal government outlawed American participation in the Atlantic slave trade after 1807, however, the cultivation of the highly profitable cotton plant reinvigorated slavery in the south, causing the issue to become the paramount political issue after 1820. The {{W|Second Great Awakening}} of 1800–1840 converted millions of people to evangelical Protestantism in the country, and in the north it energized the {{W|Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist movement}}. <br /> <br /> The country also rapidly expanded westward in what became known as {{W|Manifest destiny}}, or the belief that American settlers were entitled to conquer and control the continent from coast to coast, prompting a {{W|American Indian Wars|series of conflicts with indigenous peoples}}. The 1803 {{W|Louisiana Purchase}} almost doubled the nation’s land area and opened expansion into the west. Florida and other Gulf Coast territories were ceded by Spain in 1819, the {{W|Republic of Texas}} was annexed in 1845, and the 1846 {{W|Oregon Treaty}} with Britain ceded the northwest coast to American control. The {{W|Mexican–American War}} (1846–1848) led to the conquest of California and the American Southwest, making the United States span from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The {{W|California Gold Rush}} spurred migration to the new territories and led to the creation of additional western states. The {{W|Homestead Acts}} granted vast quantities of land to new settlers in the west, and to private railroad companies, who developed industry across the country. <br /> <br /> ===Civil War and War of Contingency===<br /> <br /> :''Main article: {{W|American Civil War}} and [[War of Contingency]]''<br /> <br /> [[File:Thure de Thulstrup - L. Prang and Co. - Battle of Gettysburg - Restoration by Adam Cuerden.jpg|thumb|350px|The Battle of Gettysburg is considered one of the turning points of the American Civil War.]]<br /> <br /> The division of the country between north and south over the issue of {{W|Slavery in the United States|the enslavement of Africans}} ultimately led to the {{W|American Civil War}}. The {{W|1860 United States presidential election|1860 election}} of {{W|Republican Party (United States)|Republican}} {{W|Abraham Lincoln}} led to conventions in thirteen slave states declaring secession, leading to the formation of the {{W|Confederate States of America}}, while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal. Southern secessionists initiated military action to bring about secession, leading to northern response in kind, formally beginning the war after the {{W|Battle of Fort Sumter}} on 12 April 1861. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history up to that point, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers, as well as numerous civilians. The goal of the conflict grew from simply fighting to keep the union intact to that of the abolition of slavery after Lincoln’s 1863 {{W|Emancipation Proclamation}}, and after the war’s end in April 1865 the passage of the {{W|Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment}} formally prohibited slavery except as penal labor. Citizenship for blacks and voting rights, in theory, were also passed with two additional amendments. <br /> <br /> Following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and much of his cabinet, the United States collapsed into another series of conflicts commonly known as the [[War of Contingency]]. In the south the only recently defeated southern states launched the [[Confederate Uprising]]. Federal power was established under former union general Ulysses S. Grant, who launched a coup in 1866 that polarized the northern states. The [[Northeast Union]] would be declared as the first collection of northern states to secede from the federal government under Grant. The war marked the formal end of the United States, being replaced by that of the “United Commonwealth”, and also saw several western states such as [[Sierra]], [[Brazoria]], and [[Superior]] declare independence from the nation. In 1869 the [[Treaty of Salinas]] formally ended the war and confirmed the independence of these new states.<br /> <br /> ==Revolutionary Antebellum (1868–1917)==<br /> <br /> ===Early socialist movement===<br /> {{Main|History of the socialist movement in the United Commonwealth}}<br /> <br /> [[File:The_Battle_at_the_Landing_Homestead_Strike_of_1892.jpg|thumb|300px|{{W|Pinkerton}} agents landing by barge to confront workers during the {{W|Homestead strike}}. Shortly after their landing and initial gun barrage the agents were overran by the strikers, forcing a surrender. ]]<br /> [[File:Blair-after-the-battle-2.jpg|300px|thumb|Three members of the [[Appalachian Revolutionary Army]] (precursor to the Continental Revolutionary Army) seen surrendering to Federalist troops. During the [[Eastern Coalfield Cullings]] all three were detained and executed for treason. ]]<br /> <br /> Beginning in the early 19th century, a number of {{W|Utopian socialism|utopian socialists}} emerged in the United States and United Commonwealth, who attempted to develop socialist societies to demonstrate the virtues of their beliefs. Although utopian socialism first emerged in Europe, the United States became the site of many of their utopian experiments themselves. {{W|Robert Owen}}, a wealthy Welsh industrialist, led the creation of the communitarian colony of {{W|New Harmony, Indiana|New Harmony}}, [[Indiana]] in 1825, although the community fell apart in 1829, mostly over conflict between the utopian ideologues and non-ideological settlers. Based on the writings of French socialist {{W|Charles Fourier}}, in 1841 {{W|Transcendentalism|transcendentalists}} founded {{W|Brook Farm}}, although the community dissolved in 1847. One of the most popular socialist advocates of his day, French-born socialist {{W|Étienne Cabet}} helped inspire the {{W|Icarian movement}}, which sought to replace capitalist production with worker cooperatives, founding utopian communities in Illinois and Texas. The 1888 novel ''{{W|Looking Backwards}}'' by {{W|Edward Bellamy}}, which depicted a socialist utopia in the year 2000, became one of the best selling books in Continental history, inspiring countless socialist leaders after it, while {{W|Upton Sinclair}}'s ''{{W|The Jungle}}'' galvanized support for socialism by exposing the exploitative nature of the meatpacking industry. Under {{W|Josiah Warren}}, considered the father of anarchism in America, labor voucher systems were implemented in his store in Cincinnati. His writings would later inspire the movement known as the [[Free States]]. <br /> <br /> The first Marxists to arrive in the United States were mostly German immigrants who left Europe after the {{W|Revolutions of 1848}}. {{W|Joseph Weydemeyer}}, a colleague of {{W|Karl Marx}}, sought refuge in New York in 1851, helping to establish the first Marxist journal in the country, ''Die Revolution'', and the {{W|American Workers League}}, which advocated against American slavery, promoted naturalization processes for immigrants, and called for better working conditions. Under the influence of [[Gregory Dahl]], later called by the Continentalist Party the &quot;Father of Continental Marxism&quot;, the teachings of [[Isaiah Landon]] of the [[Second California Republic]] were imported into the country. Dahl would help create the {{W|National Labor Union}}, which led a contingent to the {{W|International Workingmen's Association}} (First International). The earliest major socialist parties in the United Commonwealth emerged after the {{W|Panic of 1873}}, one of the greatest economic crises up to this point in the country’s history. Spurred on by the failure of financier Jay Cooke &amp; Co. and its speculative overspending on construction of the Northern Pacific Railway, the crisis rocked the entire American financial sector. Cooke and his banking enterprise had been forced into default, after he greatly underestimated the cost of constructing a transcontinental railroad and was unable to sell the sufficient bonds to cover the construction costs of the venture, causing a series of public bank runs and bank failures. This was further exacerbated by a tight money supply following the nation’s return to the gold standard. The country witnessed unprecedented unemployment levels as factories and other industries closed down. Three months after the crash, in December the Chicago Tribune would editorialize that the crisis had &quot;arrested and destroyed nearly every speculative scheme that was in progress, but for a time paralyzed all business.&quot; The construction of railroads was particularly stalled, and so was the industries that relied on the railroads, such as the country’s iron foundries which produced railroad components.<br /> <br /> One of the first socialist political parties in the country, the {{W|Workingmen’s Party of Illinois}} was founded in the aftermath of the crisis. Additionally, that year the International, a European-based international organization representing a number of left-wing political groups and trade unions, moved its headquarters to Chicago. The following year in 1874 the Social-Democratic Party of North America was also formed. However, both these parties suffered from division over tactics; immigrants from central Europe often preferred a similar organization to the Social Democratic Party of Germany, while longer-term residents of the United Commonwealth supported a trade union orientation. In 1876 these various groups were united at an assembly held in Philadelphia to negotiate the creation of a unified political party, representing the interests of the trade union-oriented Marxists of the now-disbanded International, and three Lassallean groups—the Workingmen's Party of Illinois, the Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati and the Social-Democratic Party of North America, as well as other minor parties. The result would be the Socialist Labor Party of America, which became particularly influential in the local politics of cities such as Chicago. Initially led by Dahl, the Socialist Labor Party was transformed under the influence of {{W|Daniel De Leon}}. <br /> <br /> [[File:HaymarketRiot-Harpers.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The {{W|Haymarket affair|Haymarket massacre}} of 1886 occurred after Federalist forces cleared one of the largest pre-revolution labor demonstrations in the United Commonwealth. This event would contribute to the radicalization of many socialist groups in the country, who now believed that reform was improbable.]]<br /> Revolutionary sentiments further spread within the United Commonwealth after the {{W|Depression of 1882–1885}} and the 1886 {{W|Haymarket affair}}. {{W|Labor unions}} throughout various industrial cities began working alongside socialists to organize workers against, what they perceived to be, exploitative {{W|capitalism}}. During this time of political upheaval various labor and left-wing groups flourished including the {{W|American Federation of Labor}}, {{W|Industrial Workers of the World}} and the {{W|Socialist Labor Party of America}}. Many of these organizations initially rejected revolutionary socialism and believed that the current government could be transformed into a tool to support the working class. At the turn of the century, a faction within Socialist Labor joined with members of the Social Democratic Party of America to form the {{W|Socialist Party of America}} in 1901. Under the leadership of {{W|Eugene V. Debs}}, the party became the most successful socialist party in the pre-Continentalist era. Another influential organization during this era was the {{W|Knights of Labor}}. Founded in 1869 and descended from the National Labor Union of the International Workingmen's Association, the Knights of Labor became the country's largest labor federation of the 1800s. Together these three organizations would be invited to the {{W|Second International}} in 1889.<br /> <br /> The United Commonwealth experienced an explosion in industrial might during the late 19th and early 20th century which demanded extensive labor hours to maintain. Working hours within the United Commonwealth were the highest in the North American and Europe, with the national average between 14-15 hours. The [[Federalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Federalists]] were reluctant to provide any concessions to labor movements, fearing that the United Commonwealth would lose its industrial competitiveness against the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], [[Brazoria]] and the [[Northeast Union]]. By 1900, nearly all nations on the North American continent had instituted an {{W|eight-hour day}} with the United Commonwealth being the remaining holdout. In 1910 and 1911 {{W|workers' councils}} began to spring up across the country, with large support from rural {{W|Appalachia}} and urban {{W|Chicago}}. Support for the workers' councils culminated in the government initiating a suppression of left-wing activity. The Federalist regime would create increasingly draconian regulations against the socialist movement, culminating in the banning of socialist parties in 1916. From 1905 until 1917 the American Federation of Labor (the largest labor organization in the country) rejected any affiliation with socialism, creating a rift among unionized Americans. Labor struggled with the division between craft unionism and industrial unions, which created lifelong feuds among organizer and local leaders. When the Federalist Party passed the Emergency Labor Relations Act (ELRA) in 1916, ending all forms of labor negotiations, it forced the American Federation of Labor into the radicalized camps. <br /> [[File:Socialists in Union Square, N.Y.C..jpg|thumb|400px|The 1911 Workers' Council of Chicago was a precursor to the rise of the Continentalist Party.]]<br /> In Appalachia, notable resistance took place led by the Hatfields and McCoys. Although the {{W|Hatfield–McCoy feud|dispute between the Hatfield and McCoys}} had only ended nearly 10 years ago, the two began cooperating against the Federalist regime and their private security forces that protected the coalmines. [[Atticus McCoy]], brother of {{W|Randolf McCoy}}, established the [[Appalachian Revolutionary Army]] (ARA) after several family members of both the McCoy and Hatfield had been detained for showing pro-labor tendencies. In 1905 Federalist troops executed {{W|Sid Hatfield}} for igniting a workplace riot at a coalmine, enraging the region locale. Federalist troops began the [[Eastern Field Culling]] in March of 1905 in response to Atticus's mobilization, leading to the deaths of 598 Kentuckians and 209 West Virginians. Alongside the disturbances in Appalachia, workers in the industrial belt of the United Commonwealth began to adopt Landonist ideology into their fraternal orders. {{W|Mother Jones}} of the {{W|Industrial Workers of the World}} was among the most prominent and dedicated Landonist prior of this period. In 1908 she began to cooperate with McCoy and Warren in an effort to establish a revolutionary atmosphere in the country.<br /> <br /> Government suppression, reformist conciliation, and infighting eventually contributed to the decline of most of the early socialist groups, leading to a splinter group from the Socialist Labor Party to convene a new party. At the first congress held in March 1901 in {{W|St. Louis}}, the [[Revolutionary Socialist Party]] was born. This congress featured 37 delegates, electing a five-person central committee, and adopted a platform of revolutionary socialism in response to the Federalist regime. They would specifically adopt works by Landon including ''[[Exploitation in the Modern Age]]'', ''[[Society and Statelessness]]'', and ''[[A Dissertation on the Current State and its Implications]]''. Although not yet the leader of the party, this congress would mark the involvement of [[Aeneas Warren]] in the socialist movement. In 1904 the party elected to form the [[United Labor Front]] with other left-wing parties under the leadership of [[Patrick Melville]]. While its members held differing beliefs, they all held sentiments in favor of Landonism and agreed on the principle of &quot;[[an injury to one is an injury to all]]&quot; to establish solidarity among the various socialist, anarchist and Marxist organizations. Despite the Federalist crack down on socialist parties, there was also a small faction within the Federalist Party lead by Methodist minister [[Richard Sutherlin]] (1844–1918), which sought to adopt Landon's ideas for the Federalist regime. Sutherlin, who was influenced by the Radical Republicans, viewed wage capitalism as immoral practice that was inline with chattel slavery. Sutherlin also was a outspoken support of American unification and is considered by many as ideological godfather of [[Continentalism]]. Sutherlin established a fairly large following in the rural Midwest, specifically in Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio. When he and his faction were executed in 1918 a sizeable portion of farmers in the aforementioned states joined the revolution.<br /> <br /> ==Revolution era (1917–1921)==<br /> ===Origins of the Continenalist Party===<br /> {{Main|History of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth}}<br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = left<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header_align = &lt;!-- center (default), left, right --&gt;<br /> | header =<br /> | image1 = Zhang Xueliang.jpg<br /> | width1 = 151<br /> | caption1 = [[Zhou Xinyue]], co-founder of the [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]], introduced Aeneas Warren to [[Landonism]] at [[The Presidio, The Military College of San Francisco|the Presidio]].<br /> | image2 = Aeneas Warren (revision).png<br /> | width2 = 180<br /> | caption2 = [[Aeneas Warren]], first [[General Secretary of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|General Secretary of the Continentalist Party]], and first leader of the Continentalist States. <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The modern [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth]] would arise from the United Labor Front under the leadership of [[Aeneas Warren]] (1871–1922) and the [[Chinese Sierrans|Chinese Sierran]] [[Zhou Xinyue]]. Born into a military family from [[Kentucky]], Warren was admitted into [[The Presidio, The Military College of San Francisco]], where he was first introduced to the ideology of [[Landonism]] by Zhou. The two were introduced to the [[Seventy-Seven Society]] in 1889, a leading social club in Sierra dedicated to radical republicanism and socialist ideology. They also weere introduced to members of the {{W|Tongmenghui}}, who sought to recruit Chinese-Sierran soldiers to assist in the revolutionary cause to unite [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]. Zhou showed great interest in the Tongemghui and {{W|Sun-Yat-Sen}}'s ideology; the {{W|Three Principles of the People}}. These principles would eventually be included into Continentalist theory, although both Warren and Zhou critiqued Sun's {{W|Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang|''Mínshēng''}} (welfare rights). By the following year, Warren's revolutionary activism and neglect for his studies led to his expulsion from The Presidio, and the military discharge of Zhou. After returning to the United Commonwealth, Warren made a name for himself in the socialist movement, while working as a writer and studying law. He would have several run-ins with the authorities during this period, going into exile on multiple occasions. <br /> <br /> Influenced by the ideas of Gregory Dahl, Warren joined several early socialist groups, which evolved into the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1901, then the United Labor Front after 1904. Initially a faction within the United Labor Front, in 1911 a delegation led by Aeneas Warren and Zhou Xinyue proclaimed the formation of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth. By 1912 Warren arose to the forefront of the Labor Front at its [[5th Congress of the Continentalist Party|5th party congress]], effectively subordinating most left-wing parties, with the notable exception of the [[Landonist Party of the United Commonwealth|Landonist Party]] under [[Alfred Frick]]. The Party steadily rose in support during the 1910s despite government disapproval, especially in Chicago. <br /> <br /> During this period Warren's family became embroiled in the political fighting, resulting in the death of his maternal uncle during the [[Eastern Field Culling]] in 1916 at the hands of his paternal uncle, [[Gregory Warren]]-the influential general that guaranteed his education at the Presidio. Political cullings quickly escalated in the summer of 1916, leading to the development of pre-revolutionary cells throughout industrial cities in the Midwest and in the rural regions of Appalachia. Taking advantage of these developments, Warren encouraged the formation of {{W|workers' councils}} in the major cities to organize workers and soldiers. He began a tour of the Midwest to organize rallies and demonstrations, joined by revolutionaries such as [[Nikita Neosha]], eventually becoming outlawed by the Federalists. Later that year, Warren would make an eventual return to the United Commonwealth through [[Tournesol]] and [[Brazoria]], later mythologized in Continental history. During the [[Boxcar Affair]], he presided over the creation of the term &quot;Continental&quot; and the central [[Five Virtues of the People]], along with Zhou and [[Elliot Fowler]].<br /> <br /> ===Beginning of the Revolution===<br /> {{Main|Continental Revolutionary War}}<br /> [[File:Continentalist Demonstration 1919.jpg|thumb|400px|right|In Chicago, the [[Landonist Party of the United Commonwealth|Labor Party]] organized alongside with the [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]] which ended Federalist control in the {{W|Midwest}}.]] <br /> [[File:Tulsa_race_riot_inflames-1921.jpg|400px|right|thumb| Federalist troops held off Continentalist forces at {{W|Savannah, Georgia}} for fourteen days as they evacuated nearly 60,000 white citizens to the Antilles on May 29, 1921. ]] <br /> As workers' councils began to spring up across the country, Warren reentered the city of [[Chicago]] at the start of 1917. In January the [[Chicago Constituent Assembly]] was declared as a city council representing the interest of the workers' councils, made up primarily of socialists and Continentalists, although the Continentalist Party did not make up a majority themselves. On 8 January Warren declared the [[Council of People's Commissars]] as a &quot;shadow cabinet&quot; made up the leadership of the Continentalist Party, as well as members of the Landonist Party of the United Commonwealth and other non-Continentalists, in a &quot;rare act of socialist pluralism&quot;, according to Warren biographer [[Simon Crowder]]. Throughout the United Commonwealth local revolutionary cells quickly organized mass demonstrations with one of the most famous in {{W|Cincinnati}} at {{W|Crosley Field}}, later called the birthplace of the revolution. [[Elliot Fowler]] a leader of the vagrant community headed the efforts in cities interconnected by rail and ensured that the urban poor radicalized beside those in the rural area of the country. As Chicago authorities attempted to prosecute the socialist members of the councils, in accordance with the Federalist ban, the revolutionaries declared the [[Chicago People's Council]] as the replacement of the city council, causing open violence to break out. Led by [[Emalia Holliday]], exiled Continentalist leaders were smuggled into the country from Canada, their fabled border crossing at Detroit and capture of the city being called the &quot;First Shot of the Revolution.&quot; The Federalist mayor of Chicago and his government was forced to flee soon after, and Federalist military forces were mobilized. <br /> <br /> Fearing that the Continentalists would not be able to secure a majority after the scheduled elections that autumn, in August 1917 the [[Central Committee of the 8th Congress of the Continentalist Party]] voted for a coup to seize control over the city of Chicago and the state of [[Illinois]], in what is generally regarded as the Continental Revolution. After capturing the city of Chicago, Zhou was appointed chairman of the Chicago Assembly, and a &quot;Provisional Socialist United Commonwealth&quot; was declared. As the Continentalists gained territory in the opening months of the war, the northern states became internally divided and alienated from the Federalist cause, leading to the declared secession of several states into the brief Eastern Provisional Government, which was later absorbed into the Continentalist fold. <br /> <br /> [[File:AlzadosEspartaquistas..png|thumb|350px|left|Landonist militiamen take to the streets of Chicago, 1919.]]<br /> With the growth of Continentalist support, both within the general population and the military, Warren began consolidating power within the provisional government by the removal of rival socialist parties within the congress. This proved a delicate balancing act as to not threaten public opinion. In March 1918 one of the country's largest trade unions, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, threatened to go on strike if a broad socialist coalition government could not be formed, leading Warren to allow a number of Landonist Party members and other revolutionaries into government. In the conflict with other parties of the left, [[Seamus Callahan]] would rise to prominence for his work in organizing Continentalist forces. The incumbent Federalist president [[Theodore Attenbourgh]], his cabinet, and an array of political enemies would be captured and executed in 1918. Settling in Chicago firmly in 1919, Warren oversaw government affairs while entrusting military officers such as Zhou Xinyue and [[Achilles Taylor]] with the invasion of the remaining Federalist states. In April 1919 Warren would survive an assassination attempt while riding in a car with representative [[James Maurer]]. Warren would be unharmed, while Maurer's hand was grazed while shielding him, and subsequently Maurer became a trusted confidant. <br /> <br /> At the same time as the developments in the Midwest, demonstrations also broke out among mine workers in Appalachia, who demanded collectivization of mines and ore processing plants. Considered by Zhou to be the foothold for an agrarian revolution, Continentalist guerilla forces occupied the Appalachian Mountains. The audacious [[Appalachian Campaign]] raged into 1918, culminating in the decisive [[Battle of Black Mountain]]. This victory raised grassroots support and further propelled urban partisans to begin revolutionary activities within cities. Throughout the remainder of 1918 and 1919 local revolutionary groups performed raids on Federalist armories in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky to disrupt the government's ability to counter Continentalist forces in Appalachia, allowing the Continentalists to secure the nation's coal supply. Having secured the northern states by 1919, the Continentalist [[Southern Campaign]] would prove the most bloody of the war, as they pushed into the traditional Federalist stronghold of the Southern States. <br /> <br /> ===Southern Revolution and the Black Question===<br /> <br /> [[File:1323719205_marcus-garvey.png|250px|thumb|{{W|Marcus Garvey}} (1887–1940) is considered one of the fathers of black nationalism and racial separatism for African-Americans, although he was also a public opponent of landonism in his time.]]<br /> <br /> At its inception in 1904, the [[United Labor Front]] was primarily a white organization, attracting many of its early members from European immigrants and the socialist-associated foreign language federation, whose affiliates included those who were not fluent in English speaking, or had sparse contact with the country’s black population. The country’s historic discrimination against black workers was viewed as an extreme form of capitalist worker exploitation by many leading members of the United Labor Front; prominent leaders such as [[Meyer London]] – a leading Jewish-American New York politician and activist – were committed opponents of racial segregation in the country, even at his own personal expense. However, the organization’s inclusion of a broad spectrum of unions and lesser organizations, many of which were apathetic to the plight of African workers or directly competed with or discriminated against them, halted progress toward a coherent anti-segregationist policy. <br /> <br /> The indecision of the greater socialist movement propelled a number of black leaders to form the {{W|African Blood Brotherhood}} in 1910, led by {{W|Cyril Briggs}}, a proponent of black expatriation to Africa. They found common ground with the greater socialist movement on the subject of anti-colonial, “national liberation” movements, but appealed to a larger black population through its outreach to black communities specifically. The African Blood Brotherhood was largely in favor of the rhetoric of {{W|Marcus Garvey}}, the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and the leader of the black separatist movement, which held that a separate state for blacks was necessary for the economic and cultural development of people of African descent in the country and abroad. However, the organization later distanced themselves from Garvey specifically due to his clear lack of sympathy for socialism—he urged blacks to not support socialism, and criticized those who sought to recruit blacks to the United Labor Front, stating, “[Landonism] is a dangerous theory of economic or political reformation because it seeks to put government in the hands of an ignorant white mass who have not been able to destroy their natural prejudices towards Negroes and other non-white people. While it may be a good thing for them, it will be a bad thing for the Negroes who will fall under the government of the most ignorant, prejudiced class of the white race.&quot; Conversely, the [[American Society of Restoration and Revival]], developed as a pro-socialist alternative, promoting {{W|Christian socialism}} and resistance to the Federalist Party, not on the condition of improving labor, but rather to destroy what the organization considered as society's rampant materialism.<br /> <br /> [[File:Birth-of-a-nation-klan-and-black-man.jpg|thumb|left|300px|{{W|D. W. Griffith|D. W. Griffith's}} {{W|The Birth of a Nation|''The Birth of a Nation''}} is considered a landmark of film history, but also was responsible for emboldening the rebirth of the {{W|Ku Klux Klan}}. Depicted is a scene in which hooded Klansmen catch a man in blackface.]]<br /> <br /> {{W|Garveyism}} was rapidly outpaced by the much more popular movement for integration, led by leaders such as {{W|W. E. B. Du Bois}} and {{W|William English Walling}}, founders of the {{W|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People}} (NAACP) in 1909, or {{W|Booker T. Washington}} of the {{W|Niagara Movement}}, founded in 1905, which promoted policies of accommodation and conciliation rather than segregation and disenfranchisement. According to Walling in his article, The Race War in the North, Walling declared: “the spirit of the abolitionists, of Lincoln and Lovejoy, must be revived and we must come to treat the negro on a plane of absolute political and social equality.” However, in the southern half of the country these movements were sequestered by the states’ elite, who fought bitterly to uphold de facto racial disenfranchisement through poll taxes and literacy tests. In 1915 the distribution of D. W. Griffith’s film, ''{{W|The Birth of a Nation}}'', revived the [[Ku Klux Klan]] in mass across the country, despite civil rights groups such as the NAACP protesting the film. The rapid pace of change in the country, including the fear of economic and social competition, and the rise of the socialist movement galvanized violence in the south led by the Klan. As mass migration north and into cities took place by blacks, labor shortages occurred in the south, and the Klan gained popularity in these cities that were centers of black settlement and immigration. <br /> <br /> The outbreak of the [[Continental Revolutionary War]] sparked further sectarian violence across the southern states. In what became known as the [[Red Summer]], violent race riots against blacks over labor tensions broke out in cities such as St. Louis and Atlanta. Tensions lingered from the introduction of blacks into the country’s expanding industries, such as on the railroads, or occasionally as strikebreakers, which increased resentment between working-class whites, immigrants, and black workers particularly in the south. The removal of price controls and the rapid introduction of returning people to the job market after the wars of the 1910s caused unemployment and inflation; blacks struggled to find adequate work in the discriminatory climate of the southern states, while many white southerners blamed blacks for the economic crisis. Returning black veterans were emboldened and subsequently viewed with suspicion, with the advocacy of racial equality and labor rights causing alarm among the southern elite. The late 1910s would become some of the worst years in the history of lynching, with dozens killed by armed mobs. <br /> [[File:165-WW-127-008_25-2994M-scaled.jpg|350px|thumb|Men of the 39th African Landonist Volunteers, 1920]]<br /> [[File:Tulsa Aftermath.jpg|thumb|350px|Flames rise over the city of Tulsa in the aftermath of the attack on &quot;Black Wall Street&quot;.]]<br /> Both the Landonists and the Federalists recruited blacks to their respective sides of the conflict, but especially the Landonists; an estimated 470,000 soldiers of African descent would be raised during the conflict. As was common practice by this time, the armed forces in the conflict remained segregated throughout the war, despite efforts from the NAACP and other organizations to change this. W.E.B. Du Bois would eventually settle on the matter for the time being, as exemplified by the slogan: “First your country, then your rights!” It was the optimistic belief of many black leaders that the good conduct of black soldiers in the war would earn the community respect and equality after the war had concluded, especially in the north. Among the prominent black officers in the Continental Army who held this opinion was {{W|Bob Scanlon (boxer)|Bob Scanlon}}, a famous boxer and veteran. Among the Federalist side, the drafting of black soldiers into the army was a desperate, unpopular consequence as the war continued. In 1918 riots broke out in the rural south in protest of the forced recruitment of black farmers into the military. Organized by the [[Colored Farmers' National Alliance and Cooperative Union]] and other advocacy groups, sharecroppers and other disenfranchised blacks were urged to disobey the draft orders and rise up against the southern elite. <br /> <br /> As the war developed, the southern states largely united in opposition to the Landonist movement, becoming the stronghold of the Federalist Party. However, the Federalists were challenged by the rebellion of several armed black militias, which loosely aligned with the Continental Army. Most prominently was the [[Black Guard]], a militant group formed in 1917 which grew to become a major group of armed resistance and a faction in the civil war in its own right. By the end of 1919 they had successfully united many disconnected parties across the deep south, and had effectively toppled the state governments of several states in the Mississippi region. Under the leadership of [[Harry Haywood]], the Black Guard movement became formally Landonist in nature and allied with the Continentalist Party. The alliance of the two parties and the use of the Continental Army’s resources to arm and supply the various black rebellions of the south proved crucial in winning the invasion of the south, which began in 1920. The union of the black and Landonist orders polarized white southerners and pushed many to the ranks of the Federalist Party, beginning a period of brutal civil war that ravaged the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Harry_Haywood,_1948.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Harry Haywood]], the first leader of the Republic of Okaloosa.]]<br /> The later half of the Continental Revolutionary War would see a series of atrocities, such as the [[Tulsa Massacre]], in which white Federalists besieged and razed the city of Tulsa, specifically its predominantly black neighborhood known as “Black Wall Street”. No quarter was given to captured black soldiers by the southern Federalists, and others who were captured were forced into labor in work camps and farms to supply the war effort, a policy compared to that of slavery. The massacre of blacks in the south sparked greater recruitment for the Landonists, but also sparked several retaliatory attacks, such as the [[Kilbourne Massacre]], in which armed sharecroppers rebelled against the town’s landowners, hacking several people to death with machetes and other weapons. A precarious balance was undertaken politically as the last years of the multi-front war in the south came to a close. Aeneas Warren would make several promises of fair treatment and equality in the armed forces after 1919, and pledged to address racial equality after the war, as he could not “undertake at this time to settle the so-called race question.” Nonetheless his assurances were aimed at preventing the creation of an independent black nation in opposition to the envisioned United Commonwealth. <br /> <br /> The “Black Question” re-emerged at the Chicago convention for the ratification of the [[Union Treaty]]. Although unpopular among civil rights activists, the reality of the situation had been that a de facto “black state” had emerged in the rural south, which was under the occupation of Haywoodite forces. In alliance with [[Seamus Callahan]], who became the General Secretary of the Continentalist Party the following year, Haywood called for the creation of a semi-autonomous Continentalist republic within the union, along similar lines as the Congregationalist States, that would in theory be a black-governed polity. Negotiations would commence under [[Samson Zima]], who proposed a union of three equal republics, leading to the creation of the [[Okaloosa|Okaloosan Continentalist State]]. The creation of this republic was argued from the perspective of a “Second Reconstruction”, as the south had been the lynchpin of the Federalist movement, and was particularly devastated by the war. Therefore, Continentalist leadership spearheaded by Callahan argued that the creation of a separate republic would be the means by which the south was recreated in the image of Landonism, and would ensure that no “redemption era” would follow. <br /> <br /> [[File:Ku Klux Klan Virginia 1922 Parade.jpg|thumb|350px|Ku Klux Klan members in occupied Okaloosan territory, 1921.]]<br /> Nonetheless this decision was highly controversial. Black activists would call the state an extreme act of segregation and ghettoization, as leadership was effectively boxing blacks within a “separate but equal” republic. Therefore many black leaders continued to advocate from the republic’s inception that it should be integrated with its neighbors. The ongoing great migration only intensified in the wake of the Continental Revolutionary War, with thousands fleeing the horrors of the war into the northern cities and other industrial centers, or abroad to other countries. However, the republic was not without its supporters, with {{W|Noble Drew Ali}}, a self-proclaimed prophet and founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America, who had gained considerable popularity and influence among blacks during the war, being among its supporters. Ali would rise to a prominent position within the republic, famous for his writings which criticized the white race and called for blacks to settle the “promised land”. <br /> <br /> For the vast white population of the newly created republic, the unthinkable had occurred, and the social order had been forcefully toppled by a foreign invader. Immediately after the surrender of the southern states and the creation of Okaloosa, southerners organized into militias to continue to resist the “black occupation”. The Ku Klux Klan soared in membership, carrying out acts of intimidation and violence across the territory, while several militant groups continued operations across the rural south. Collectively known as the [[Southern Insurrection]], armed resistance would continue over the course of decades. The response from the central government would involve military action and occupation to quell the south, which lasted throughout Callahan’s term, effectively placing military forces in the south for the next 25 years. Thousands would be placed into “reeducation” and labor camps in the south as part of the brutal policies of the Second Reconstruction. <br /> <br /> ===Revolutionary government and War Landonism===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Government of Aeneas Warren#Consolidating power (1917–1921)|Continental Decree#Revolutionary Decrees (1917-1923)|War Landonism}}<br /> {{Quote box|width=246px|align=right|quote=&quot;To All Workers, Soldiers and Farmers. The Continentalist authority will at once propose a democratic peace to all nations and an immediate armistice on all fronts. It will safeguard the transfer without compensation of all land &amp;ndash; landlord, federal, and church &amp;ndash; to the peoples' committees; it will defend the soldiers' rights, introducing a complete democratization of the army; it will establish workers' control over industry; it will ensure the convocation of the Constituent Congress on the date set; it will supply the cities with bread and the villages with articles of first necessity; and it will secure to all nationalities inhabiting America the right of self-determination... Long live the revolution!&quot;|source=Warren's political program, October 1918}}<br /> Following the outbreak of the Continental Revolutionary War, Aeneas Warren created [[Government of Aeneas Warren|a government]] in [[Chicago]], led by the [[Council of People's Commissars]], and largely governing through [[Continental Decrees]]. The early government would announce a number of &quot;revolutionary decrees&quot;, including the &quot;Decree on the Rights of Women&quot; on 20 May 1917, which established {{W|universal suffrage}}, and the &quot;Decrees on the Establishment of the Workers' Government&quot; in February 1918, which created workers' committees for the running of industries, a national minimum wage, and an eight-hour working day. The Continentalists made their intentions clear through decrees promising to confiscate land estates owned by the nation's oligarchs and aristocrats, placing these properties in national ownership, and redistributing the land among the working classes. A swift peace with the rest of North America was promised following the collapse of the &quot;illegitimate&quot; Federalist regime. However, these edicts proved incongruent as numerous soldiers deserted from the military in the hopes of claiming land or power in local governance. Although the provisional socialist authority had gained support for its opposition to the Sedition Act of the Federalist government, which dramatically limited free speech and allowed the government to jail rivals, The Continentalists controversially issued their own &quot;Decree on the Press&quot;, which limited the publishing of counterrevolutionary thought as a temporary measure. A number of feminist reforms were passed, including equal inheritance, divorce rights, the legalization of abortion (legalized in 1919 then banned again by Seamus Callahan from 1932 to 1950), the banning of marital rape, and the establishing of maternity leave. After 1917, homosexuality became de facto decriminalized by the Continentalist Party's discarding of the pre-revolutionary legal code, and homosexuality was formally legalized in 1922 as part of the passage of Landonist Law. These reforms would later be added onto with the Equal Rights Amendment of 1924.<br /> <br /> A number of reforms would be created in the name of removing old, bourgeois elements from society and culture. In 1920 the country formally adopted the metric system nationwide, followed by the abolishment of daylight savings and time zones, and the creation of a new calendar system. Pre-revolutionary monuments, memorials, statues, and public works of art were reassessed, destroyed, removed, or limited in favor of revolutionary replacements, sparking the study of [[Landonography]]. The practice of adopting a nom de guerre (&quot;war name&quot;), or the replacement or augmentation of one's name with a new moniker was popularized, leading to the process of [[Novembering]]. Most often, revolutionaries adopted the names of classical heroes or the name of their birth towns to replace last names associated with aristocracy. Numerous places across the captured United Commonwealth would similarly be renamed. The army was overhauled with all ranks, titles, and [[Awards and decorations of the United Commonwealth|medals]] being replaced. By law, libraries saw their hours extended and schools and universities were opened to larger pools of people. The [[Continentalist Academy of the Social Sciences]] was established in July 1918 for the purpose of creating published works exploring Marxism and Continentalism.<br /> <br /> [[File:The threatening steel strike LCCN2002695618.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Pennsylvania steelworkers listening to Aeneas Warren delivering a speech, 1918.]]<br /> [[File:War gardeners 1918 (edited).jpg|thumb|350px|left|A [[victory garden]] in rural Pennyslvania, 1919.]]<br /> Primarily concerned with fighting and winning the war, Warren instituted a policy of &quot;[[War Landonism]]&quot;, which promised partial implementation of policies along Landonist lines with a focus on the war effort, after which the Continentalist Party would institute its full agenda. At its core, War Landonism called for nationalization of all crucial industries under strict, centralized management, and to this end the state had complete control over foreign trade and labor. The non-working classes were drafted into obligatory labor duty; labor protections, such as the ability to strike, were temporarily removed. Food and other crucial commodities were rationed from central distribution centers, and agricultural surplus was requisitioned to feed the cities and the military. In early 1918 the People's Commissars established a [[Supreme Committee of the National Economy]], which included numerous purported experts in business and economics, and served as a supreme overseer of the economy for about a decade. Severe bouts of priority inflation and shortages occurred during the reorganization process. A widespread coal shortage in the winter of 1917-18 erupted, which caused chaos and suffering for those in northern cities who relied on coal for heating. Additionally, railroads were destroyed, seized, or appropriated, preventing shipments. Foreign trade grinded to a halt, as foreign powers sought to strangle the Continentalist cause, and the repudiation of the debts of the United Commonwealth in 1918 likewise aided in foreign capital being withdrawn from the country, leading to low investment rates.<br /> <br /> The &quot;Decree on Food and Fuel Control&quot; in 1918, emboldened the government to “use any and all agencies, to accept the services of any person without compensation, to cooperate with any person or persons in relation to the processes, methods, activities of and for the production manufacture, procurement, storage, distribution, sale, marketing, pledging, financing, and consumption of necessaries which are declared to be affected with a public interest.” The Supreme Committee subsequently fixed food prices, enacted harsh penalties against food hoarding and profiteering, and encouraged the growing of more food crops. Campaigns were carried out to combat food waste, and the planting of “[[victory garden]]s” was encouraged in backyards and vacant lots. Nonessential factories were closed to preserve coal, and citizens were encouraged to use less lighting and heating. Rationing from central distribution centers in cities was carried out. Controversially, the government carried out food appropriation to feed the urban centers in the wake of Federalist blockade. Resistance to this decree proved high, but those who resisted were labeled as saboteurs or food hoarders, who were seeking to disrupt the war effort for selfish ends. In the short term this aided the Continentalist victory, but it also disrupted trade and led to widespread rebellion against Continentalist authority, especially as the situation in rural areas deteriorated. In the South, widespread opposition to the Continentalist advance and their requisitioning led to little incentive for many to continue production, and for others, migration away from the war torn regions was most promising. Urban workers often sold personal valuables or made craft goods for sale or barter, with some traveling to rural areas to barter for food and transport it to cities personally—a practice later banned and persecuted by the [[Extraordinary Commission]]. Elsewhere, an inefficient black market developed, fueled by the barter system due to a shortage of cash, which soared in urban centers.<br /> <br /> ===Crimson Terror and judicial reform===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Crimson Terror}}<br /> <br /> During the height of the Continental Revolution, the Continentalists used acts of terror and violence against political dissidents, in the form of &quot;revolutionary justice&quot;, in what became known as the [[Crimson Terror]]. Considered necessary to safeguard the revolution and defeat opposing political groups, violence was carried out across the occupied territories. As the war intensified, violence broke out along old class and racial divisions. In the South, sectarian violence was a major catalyst for the creation of the Black Guard and the eventual Continental takeover. Beginning in December 1918, Warren empowered the [[People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs]], and later its internal division the [[Extraordinary Commission for Eliminating Counter-revolution and Sabotage]], with the creation of a secret police force to monitor the emerging workers’ councils that had been created by decree of the People’s Commissars. In turn, divisions of the [[Continental Revolutionary Army]], known as the [[Continental Revolutionary Guard|Revolutionary Guard]], were designated toward the maintaining of order and security in the major cities captured by the Continentals, and in Chicago they became an all-powerful overseer answering only to the Central Committee. The Revolutionary Guard would oversee reprisals against Federalist sympathizers in the city and those accused of harming the war effort, with their efforts becoming increasingly brutal after the attempted assassination against Warren and other high ranking officials. These threats against Warren’s own life led him to be persuaded that more drastic actions were needed to remove counterrevolutionaries. As per the 1919 Decree on Terror, workers were encouraged to rise against bourgeois remnants and counterrevolutionaries, with those speaking out against the Continentalist regime being threatened with imprisonment. <br /> <br /> Beginning the Crimson Terror in earnest, its first targets were urban elites and political aristocrats, landlords, factory owners, and wealthy businessmen linked to the pre-revolution government, but this was later expanded to all supposed enemies of the revolution. The Extraordinary Commission oversaw the creation of concentration camps meant to house captured dissidents, opening the first camp at Midewin, about 50 kilometers southwest of Chicago. By May 1919, an estimated 10,000 people had been imprisoned at sites around Chicago alone, with another 1,500 being executed. Under the first nine months of Crimson Terror, when it was officially mandated by decree, an estimated 30,000 people had been executed. One of the architects of the terror, [[Dorian Conesus]], would call the action “a deep success, which has destroyed the bourgeoise as a class.” However, the terror soon spiraled out of control as the Southern Campaign began in 1920. As Continental forces advanced into the South, violent retributions became commonplace, with Federalist sympathizers being routinely rounded up and imprisoned or executed in cities that were occupied. Perhaps the largest single massacre inflicted by the Continentalists during the war would come in October 1920, when 15,000 prisoners of war and civilians loyal to [[Samuel Hanson]] – considered the scourge of the Appalachian Campaign – were summarily executed, despite promises of amnesty by commanders in the region. However, the Crimson Terror also worsened the ongoing violence being carried out by the Federalists as well, with [[George Ossoff]] controversially purging many within the Federalist coalition. <br /> <br /> Although complacent in the Crimson Terror, Warren observed the damaging cycle unfolding from punitory violence and sought to walk back the terror. He witnessed little of the Crimson Terror firsthand, publicly distanced himself from the violence or public calls for executions, and rarely signed his name on such decrees, although his coded messages and private correspondences make clear his involvement. Publicly he sought to distance the new government from a reputation of wanton violence as portrayed in foreign media, and to dismantle dissidence from the ground up by systematically changing Continental society. [[Special Field Order No. 19]] established the [[Judicial Commissariat of the United Commonwealth]] as a means to enforce a memorandum against punitive killings. Publication of the special field ordered temporarily established jurisdictions and adopted a simplified legal code based on [[Landonist law]]. On 8 August Warren signed the Continental Decree “On Justice”, offering clemency to all former Federalist soldiers who had disarmed, as well as all low level civil servants or participants in the Federalist government, if they swore a new oath to the Continental government. The Judicial Commissariat of the United Commonwealth was overhauled with the creation of a committee on rehabilitation, and a memorandum was placed on the execution of Federalists without trial by threat of death. Seeking to alleviate the brain drain caused by the mass migration of former industrialists, capitalists, inventors, and intellectuals, the decree also created the [[Commissariat for Industrial Reparations and Cooperation]], which was tasked with protecting skilled workers from retribution and to ensure public trust in the nation’s industrial sector. All together, this decree proved controversial among the leadership of the nation, as numerous hardliners argued in favor of continuing punitive violence. Chief among them was [[Seamus Callahan]], who firmly believed in the application of state force to ensure control.<br /> <br /> ===Allied intervention and Federalist exile===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Allied intervention in the Continental Revolutionary War|Retreat of the government of the United Commonwealth to the Antilles}}<br /> <br /> The Continentalist faction during the revolution was also subject to an [[Allied intervention in the Continental Revolutionary War|allied intervention]] by the nations of [[Brazoria]], [[Sierra]], and [[Superior]], with aid from nations such as the [[United Kingdom]]. However, the foreign intervention suffered from poor organization within its leadership and unclear goals. Border territories along the Mississippi were occupied, as were several ports in the [[Congregationalist States]] that had allied with the Continentalist faction. With the surrender of Carolina and Virginia to the Provisional Socialist Authority of the United Commonwealth in September 1919, the United Commonwealth in alliance with the Black Guard, which de facto ruled a series of territories across the “Black Belt”, aimed to regain control over the territories abandoned by the pre-revolutionary government and establish continental governments in the emerging countries of North America. According to the Sierran-born Continentalist leader [[Zhou Xinyue]], the success of the Continentalist Revolution and its successful exportation to the rest of the world would catalyze an inevitable revolution in his native Sierra, who he believed would be instrumental in ensuring the survival of the fledgling United Commonwealth. Encouraged by the victories against the Federalists, anti-Landonists, and Sierran-backed allies, Zhou Xinyue began to envision the future of world revolution with greater optimism. This sparked the invasions of [[Republic of Acadiana|Acadiana]], [[Kingdom of Florida|Florida]], [[Superior]], and [[Brazoria]], most of which were not successful.<br /> <br /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R92623, Brest-Litowsk, Waffenstillstandsabkommen.jpg|thumb|350px|The signing of the Treaty of Bernheim, 1921]]<br /> Warren urged Continentalist leaders to accept peace proposals with Sierra, arguing it was necessary to ensure the survival of the Continentalist-led government first and foremost. Around the same time the attempted invasion of Brazoria had stalled, and the Sierran-led alliance launched a counterattack that came within miles of Topèque, [[Tournesol]]. The revolutionaries proved unable to control the seas in the face of the Sierran-led blockade and suffered high losses at sea. However, on land Continental forces succeeded in the [[Siege of Tallahassee]] and proceeded with an offensive into Florida under future [[Marshal of the United Commonwealth|Marshall]] [[Aloysius Jadwin]]. An attempt was made by Warren's government to promote revolution in Brazoria and Superior, however, these efforts proved futile and led to the expel of all Continental representatives. With the Continentalist victory imminent in the mainland, in early 1921 the Federalist government led a coordinated [[Retreat of the government of the United Commonwealth to the Antilles|retreat]] to the territories of the [[Antilles]]. As the retreat process began, the Federalists sought leave as little resources to the successful Continetalists as possible through the sabotage of farmland across the south, the destruction or sullying of all useful infrastructure of equipment, and through a mass looting of valuables to be shipped to the Antilles. After the abandonment of the mainland by the Federalists and the flight to the Antilles, the enthusiasm for the foreign intervention largely collapsed. <br /> <br /> Negotiations reopened with Sierra and ultimately led to the [[Treaty of Bernheim]] in early 1921. This marked the end of the allied intervention into the United Commonwealth, and largely marked the end of the revolutionary war, although no peace treaty would be signed between the Continentals and Federalists, but rather the Continentals finished the conquest of the south and the Federalists remained firmly in command of the [[Antilles]]. The allied intervention would have the unintended effect of uniting the aspirations of the Congregationalist States with the Continentalists, paving the way for their eventual incorporation into the United Commonwealth, as well as fueling the Continentalist narrative that the capitalist world sought the eradication of the nation. <br /> <br /> ==Foundations of the Continental States (1921–1922)==<br /> <br /> {{Main|Proclamation of the Continentalist States|Union Treaty}}<br /> <br /> [[File:0672_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pjöngjang_-_Chollima_Statue_(22980660681).jpg|320px|thumb|The [[Monument to the First National People's Congress]] in {{W|Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville}} is the largest equestrian statue in the country and commemorates both the horses who served in the Continental Revolutionary War and the members of the 1st National People's Congress. Inscribed at the bottom of the monument is the text of [[Special Field Order No. 19]] which is seen as the first codification of [[Landonist law]].]] <br /> With the signature of the [[Treaty of Bernheim]] the surrounding North American nations made peace with the provisional Landonist state. Within the treaty the United Commonwealth was recognized as the ''Provisional Socialist Authority of the United Commonwealth'', the civilian arm of the [[Continental Revolutionary Army]]. By the time of the Treaty of Bernheim, the Continentalists occupied the northern half of the former country, while the South was jointly occupied along with the [[Black Guard]], a Continentalist-aligned organization led by [[Harry Haywood]] and others. Additionally, the nation of [[Tournesol]] had established its own revolutionary republic under [[Émeric Vigouroux]], while in the [[Northeast Union]] a revolution led by [[Xavier Ashcroft]] proclaimed the establishment of the [[Congregationalist States]].<br /> <br /> The expectation of the Continentalist Party was that a {{W|world revolution}} was imminent, resulting in the overthrow of the bourgeoise globally, at which point regional republics could be established that would immediately unite. When it became accepted that this world revolution had not yet materialized, and that peace would be made with the western powers, the question became if the transitionary states that did form should unite for the time being. Continental leadership favored [[American unionism]] under the principles of [[Continentalism]], and largely defended the United Commonwealth’s claim to the territories it held prior to the revolution. Aeneas Warren supported the creation of a pan-North American union of which the traditional region of “America” would be only one republic on equal footing with the rest of the republics, while members of the government such as Seamus Callahan called for “autonomous republics” within the American state, which levied accusations of “[[Exceptional Anglo chauvinism|American chauvinism]]”. Per [[Ideology of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth#Nationalism and race policy|Warren’s writings on self determination and national liberation]], he supported the right of an “oppressed nation” to advocate for its own autonomous state, and so he was sympathetic toward the plight of the Black Guard, which advocated on behalf of the black population of the South. Additionally, he tolerated the independence of Tournesol on the grounds that it was not part of the United Commonwealth prior to the revolution, and that it had aided Warren and his compatriots during their flight into the United Commonwealth. Any union would also have to take account of the situation on the ground, in which Continental forces were relying on these alliances with other parties and were not controlling territories directly.<br /> <br /> [[File:Warren and Ashcroft.png|350px|thumb|left|Aeneas Warren (right) meeting with head of the Congregationalist States, [[Xavier Ashcroft]] (left)]]<br /> In a negotiation process masterminded by [[Samson Zima]], the Continentalists negotiated for unification with the South and Northeast in a new “Union of Continentalist States”, with the southern states forming a separate republic known as [[Okaloosa]], and the northern states forming the “[[American Continental Republic]]”. Under this scheme, the party of Haywood would be granted considerable autonomy to act independently, within the purview of a national government with representation from both parties. Zima would make a state visit to [[New York City]] where he met with Ashcroft and representatives from the Congregationalists, where it was negotiated that the Congregationalist States would join a union as an autonomous republic under the assumption that its current leadership would be preserved, and that republics would be granted the free right of secession. Additionally, Ashcroft required a referendum of the public for this incorporation, which was held on 12 October 1920 and passed by a small majority soon after. This was part of a policy of devolved power to the {{W|New England town|townships}} and {{W|boroughs}}, emphasizing local control and direction participation in national decisions. Political officers of the Continentalist Party were dispersed throughout the region in the leadup to the referendum, resulting in a slight shift in approval of incorporation. After this referendum, on 4 November the Congregationalist Continental Congress voted 56% in favor of union with the United Commonwealth, arranging the [[Newport Treaty]] which codified their ascension on 18 November. On 20 April 1921 the three states of America, Okaloosa, and the Congregationalist States would formally agree to the [[Union Treaty]], creating the modern United Commonwealth of Continentalist States on 1 May 1921. Ashcroft was placed onto the [[Central Committee of the Continentalist Party|Central Committee]] and assumed the title of [[Admiral of the Continental Navy]]. With the unification, the cities of New York and {{W|Philadelphia}} began to develop into a unified economic metropolitan area. <br /> <br /> African Americans in the South were granted primary governing authority within the autonomous republic of [[Okaloosa]], and a racial majority took hold within the legislature, executive and judiciary. Controversially, Aeneas Warren would later implement a form of {{W|William Tecumseh Sherman}}'s {{W|Special Field Orders No. 15}}, which primarily targeted Okaloosa and gave black Continentals land at the expense of the former white aristocracy, resulting in the confiscation of nearly 90 million acres. Southern whites began a series of bombings and releasing Federalist chemical caches against both black and white Continentalists in retaliation. The staunchly [[Anti-Landonism|anti-Landonist]] organization known as the [[Knights of the Southern Cross]] has remained a powerful militant force and continues to lead the [[Southern insurgency]] against the Continentalist government in the modern era.<br /> <br /> ===Government reorganization (1921)===<br /> {{Main|2nd National People's Congress|Government of Aeneas Warren#Government Reorganization}}<br /> <br /> [[File:First_Landonist-Continentalist_Congress.jpg|The [[2nd National People's Congress|2nd]] [[National People's Congress]] ratified the [[Union Treaty]] and created the first [[Constitution of the Continental States]].|thumb|400px]]<br /> <br /> A conference of plenipotentiary delegations from each state approved and ratified the [[Union Treaty|Union Treaty on the Creation of the Continental States]] and the [[Declaration of Liberation and Independence]], formally establishing the United Commonwealth of Continentalist States. Beginning with the [[2nd National People's Congress]], the government reorganization envisioned by the [[Union Treaty]] went into effect. In total, nearly 700 locally elected officials were gathered for the convention and the formal adoption of the first [[Constitution of the United Commonwealth]]. Details of the Constitution outlined that the new commonwealth, united as a brotherhood of Continental states would be unified by their belief in Continentalism and Landonism, establishing a {{W|dictatorship of the proletariat}} under a {{W|vanguard party}}. On 1 may 1921 the formal proclamation of the republic was made from {{W|Grant Park|Lincoln Park}}.<br /> <br /> The creation of Okaloosa and the assumption that it would become a &quot;black republic&quot; led to fierce infighting at the congress. One compromise proposed envisioned an internal relocation program, with whites controlling their own local townships and black Continentals controlling the republic's government. Separating the two racial communities in an extreme manner, this was criticized as effectively expanded {{W|racial segregation}}. During the National People's Congress, the government outlined the creation of autonomous regions within the republics, including the [[Appalachian Autonomous Region]] and the [[Pennsylvania Dutch Autonomous Region]]. Warren expanded that those from the working class would have the right to {{W|freedom of speech}}, {{W|freedom of religion}} and {{W|freedom from want}}. Zhou demanded that gun rights be expanded within the constitution, allowing for every labor union and 'association of workers' the right to maintain a well regulated militia. <br /> <br /> {{Quote|These Continental States forged within the crucible of war, molded by the hands of the workers and tenants of this great Continent under the leadership of the Continentalist Party, headed by Warren, overthrew the Federalist regime, breaking the fetters of oppression and establishing the United Commonwealth of Continental States; a Landonist state ruled and governed by the dictatorship of the proletariat. We hold ourselves ever loyal to the building of a socialist society, where social ownership of the means of production and genuine democracy for the working masses may forever reign. ''Constitution of the Continental States, 1 May 1921''}}<br /> <br /> The 1921 Constitution of the United Commonwealth empowered Warren to take the office of [[President of the United Commonwealth|acting president]] and to appoint an interim executive committee. By agreement at the constitutional convention, this interim government would be re-approved by a session of the National People's Congress after national elections could be held. Effective after May 1921, Warren created the [[Secretariat of the United Commonwealth|Secretariat of the Central Committee]] to accompany the preexisting Central Committee, representing his innermost circle, while the Central Committee expanded to include representatives from the continental republics. The role of the Secretariat became absolute, as it effectively controlled all appointments to the executive and legislative high committees, and the People’s Commissars considered any designation from the Secretariat to be mandatory. Although Warren had effectively begun to consolidate control around his own leadership, he advocated for {{W|collective leadership}} and an avoidance of authoritarianism in theory. Warren publicly advocated to the [[Congress of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Congress of the Continentalist Party]] that decentralization of leadership would protect the party from serious mistakes, improve accountability, and would make the country overall more democratic. It was widely understood that any lack of collectivization was a temporary war-time measure until the reign of Seamus Callahan, as in his life Warren advocated for elections and the avoidance of a one-man dominance over the political system. According to Warren’s political theory, the committee was to be the head of the nation, rather than any one leader. Although he was president and chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, in theory the power of both these offices was to be limited and at the whim of the committees as a whole, and ideally not held by the same person.<br /> <br /> Division arose within Warren’s government toward the end of his reign, especially between Zhou Xinyue and Seamus Callahan. At the Second National People's Congress emerged [[Factions of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth#Revolutionary factions|factions within the Continentalist Party]], and in an effort to increase transparency in the new United Commonwealth and allow for better representation, Aeneas Warren allowed the creation of [[Registered Sections of the Continentalist Party|Registered Sections]] within the Contintentalist Party. Several factions would emerge, but the two largest and most influential proved to be the Labor Front and the Revolutionary Front. The Labor Front coalesced around Zhou Xinyue and [[William Z. Foster]], and included left communists, former [[Anti-Centralism (United Commonwealth)|Anti-Centralists]] and Landonist Party members, syndicalists, and trade unionists. Conversely, the Revolutionary Front under Seamus Callahan attracted those who were opposed to trade unions, segregationists, party bureaucrats, and those in favor of limited capitalist enterprises. Callahan disagreed on Warren’s implementation of land reparations for black farmers, the public reason being because it compromised the Continentalist vision. With Warren’s commitment to holding a 1924 election, this galvanized the various forces of the Warren administration to push for their own agendas—very few differed on the goals of the administration, but rather on the implementation. Although kept in check throughout most of 1922, after Warren's unexpected death in September these two factions became leading groups fighting to secure his succession.<br /> <br /> ===Late Warrenite era (1921–1922)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Government of Aeneas Warren#Presidency|Monetary reform in the United Commonwealth, 1918–24}}<br /> <br /> [[File:jack-dempsey-suit-pose.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Aeneas Warren]], the founder of the modern United Commonwealth, at the 3rd Central Congress, 1923]]<br /> Whereas the first half of the reign of Aeneas Warren was dedicated to the Continental Revolutionary War, after the proclamation of the United Commonwealth of Continentalist States, Warren sought to stabilize the new nation and lay the foundation for its future success. The Late Warren Era would roughly last from May 1921 until Warren’s death in September 1922, during which time he laid the foundation of the modern United Commonwealth, and transitioned the country out of the revolutionary era and into a time of peace. During the early Continental Revolutionary War the policy of “[[War Landonism]]” had been implemented, which consisted of a number of temporary measures meant to conclude the war in a timely manner, before proper Landonist ideology could be implemented. The war had seen the nationalization of all industries and the implementation of strict centralized management, with strikes temporarily forbidden and obligatory labor duty. As the war ended, Warren initiated universal labor conscription for all citizens aged between 16 and 50, forcing this age group into military service, as well as toward building infrastructure and manning factories and fields. <br /> <br /> Among Warren's presidential initiatives was the stabilization of the economy through [[Monetary reform in the United Commonwealth, 1918–24|monetary reform]]. During the Continental Revolution, the value of the dollar had nearly collapsed, and in many parts of the United Commonwealth money had lost its function as a store of value and a means of exchange. The gold standard was suspended on both sides of the conflict. Due to a series of bank runs at the outbreak of the war, the Continentalists imposed exchange controls that fatally weakened the standard. The shortlived [[People’s Bank]], failed to stabilize the Continental dollar, and their continued printing of more money in the face of increasingly high debt obligations caused hyperinflation. In 1921 the Warren government began implementing new policies to attempt to repair the country’s finances. Outright requisitioning was banned in favor of a “tax-in-kind”, or compensation for all surplus foodstuffs. In the cities the compensation of workers and soldiers through rations was to be replaced by the payment of wages. The People’s Commissariat for Finance pegged the value of the dollar against the “pre-war dollar”, or the purchasing power of the dollar in 1912 before any economic distortions. By this metric the government automatically increased wages to adjust for the steadily depreciating value of the current currency. Along with the adoption of the Union Treaty, the [[State Bank of the United Commonwealth]] was created, and was given a free hand by the People’s Commissars to stabilize the economy, even going so far as to allow the bank to restrict government access to capital. Later in the year, the country returned the gold standard, and also implemented a centrally-administered tax system. Among the State Bank’s reforms was the implementation of a parallel gold-backed dollar alongside the more liquid, government-monitored dollar. The gold-pegged dollar became the means of payment for international trade, later aiding in the reopening of the United Commonwealth to the world stage, steadily increasing trade surplus and helping to standardize domestic commodity prices. By the time of Warren’s death, Continental trade surplus had risen steadily, and capital reserve had been generated, which was being put toward the repayment of short-term foreign loans. <br /> <br /> Elsewhere, Warren promoted the creation of the [[Landonist International]] in 1919 as an international organization to advocate for world communism and organize various communist organizations around the world. Through this organization, Warren called for revolution to overthrow the bourgeois governments of North America, as opposed to the parliamentary path being taken by so-called revisionist Marxists. After the conclusion of the Continental Revolutionary War, the Continentalist Party sponsored the [[1922 Landintern World Congress]], nicknamed the “Victorious Congress”. Held in Chicago in August 1922, the conference saw wider support and participation from delegations from around the world. In terms of domestic policy, Warren became dedicated to the goal of ending homelessness and the growing vagrancy problem exacerbated by the war and economic downturn. A large portion of the 1922 government budget would be dedicated toward rebuilding infrastructure and improving living conditions through a mass housing program. For Warren, the urban center was the ideal place for rebuilding. Migration into the cities had swelled the population of several northern cities, while destruction of city blocks gave new opportunities toward rebuilding better. The landlord class and other housing interest groups were dispossessed and circumvented by the government commission, allowing for rapid seizure and redistribution, or the seizure of land for rebuilding. Controversially, the Commissariat for Housing had a free hand to demolish or seize property, and they were charged with allegations of targeting the neighborhoods of racial minorities. Nonetheless, the overall number of homes in the country rapidly increased after 1922, and the vast homeless population from the war largely disappeared. A proponent of universal access to education, Warren fought to preserve the right of women and racial minorities to receive education, and opened universities and public schools. For the first time in the United Commonwealth, all children were guaranteed free, secular, and universal education until the age of 16.<br /> <br /> [[File:40723951_max.jpg|350px|thumb|Former sharecroppers during Warren's collectivization of the Mississippi Delta, 1922]]<br /> Late in Warren’s reign the beginnings of the [[Great Famine (United Commonwealth)|Great Famine]] had begun to take shape. This would develop into a full scale crisis in late 1922 after Warren’s death, although he undertook a number of policies to help curb it. It was deemed necessary for the war effort that food be confiscated by the government and distributed centrally at a fixed price according to specific quotes, however, this policy had begun to cause widespread discontent and had eroded the agricultural sector in the long run. Beginning in 1921 at the Second National People's Congress, this policy would be reformed into the “Food Tax”, which was intended to incentivize increased agricultural production. Under this policy, farmers would surrender an estimated 33% less food to the central government. A significant amount of food products would remain at rural households, which was intended to incentivize the creation of local household economies, and increase the total number of livestock and crops grown, and the rate of the food tax was relative to each region’s assessed prosperity and individual needs – effectively a form of progressive taxation. The government encouraged small-scale production of all kinds and sought to revive domestic trade and bartering of excess commodities beyond the food tax. <br /> <br /> The United Commonwealth had often relied upon foreign imports of foodstuffs, especially Superior, whereas a large percentage of domestic agriculture had been dedicated to the growing and exportation of cash crops. The sudden loss of foreign imports and embargo by nations like Superior during the revolution caused widespread food scarcity, and the transition of farms to other crops would be a gradual and disruptive process. Negotiations began with foreign nations to temporarily arrange for the purchase of foodstuffs from abroad, which hurt the nation’s pride and limited funds that could be spent on domestic projects. Humanitarian aid from several western nations was reluctantly accepted, totalling some $62 million worth of food and $8 million in medicine, although Warren was skeptical of this aid and had it closely monitored. Under government encouragement, churches across the country were urged to sell off their possessions to help feed the needy and house the homeless. Overall this aid would directly feed some 14 million citizens throughout 1922. <br /> <br /> [[File:0fb9b26159f91addb69cb146fa5b3ce0.jpg|250px|thumb|left|The aftermath of the New York City bombing on September 10, 1921]]<br /> Building off the revolutionary policies began during the war, in 1922 the [[Continental Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]] was expanded, and then was later intensified under Seamus Callahan. State censorship and restriction of religion and other non-Landonist activities began gradually, as did the establishment of work and prison camps for political dissidents. As the Continentalist Party was atheistic and officially opposed to organized religion, their policy was to promote strict separation of church and state. Later, priests became a common target of the [[Crimson Terror]] due to a perceived proclivity toward counterrevolution held by religious officials. Aside from a period during the Great Famine when religious officials called on churches to sell unnecessary items to feed the starving, the state and the church rarely cooperated. In 1922 this sparked the Warren government to order the seizing of religious valuables and riches. Across the country thousands of properties were held by religious institutions, which were seized, sold, or otherwise redistributed. Approximately 20,000 priests or pastors would be imprisoned by the end of the Warren government, usually for militant resistance to these redistributions or perceived sympathies to the Federalist cause. Freedom of religion was guaranteed, but did not include free exercise, as certain polities of religion were prohibited. Episcopal polities and all denominations that required an oath or creed to religious organizations were outlawed, as were religious institutions or groups that promoted the destruction of the state, socialism, or the party's control. All traces of religion in government were also recalled in the name of separating church and state, while practices such as [[Novembering]] and gatherings in [[Red corner]]s were promoted as alternatives to religion. <br /> <br /> The Revolutionary Army would be deployed in 1921 and 1922 against a series of revolts in the north, in addition to the [[Southern Insurrection|ongoing war]] in the south of the country. In the final months of the Continental Revolutionary War, the [[Portsmouth Revolt]] broke out in the Congregationalist States, in which sailors in the city of Portsmouth, as well as garrisoned soldiers and general citizenry mutinied in protest of religious and press restrictions, as well as opposition to the Continental union. The rebels called for the legalization of free press for all socialists, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly, that farmers be allowed to sell goods on the free market, that food rationing and reacquisition be ceased, and above all else, that the wars be ended. The government responded to these criticisms by labeling the mutineers as misguided by foreign propaganda and reactionists, and violent reprisals were carried out. Similarly violent crackdown was undertaken against protestors in the city of Boston in June 1921. Prominent anarchist in the [[Free States]] movement, {{W|Luigi Galleani}}, would orchestrate a bombing in New York City on 10 September 1921, killing 38 people and injuring 143 others. This would spark crackdowns against anarchist supporters of the Free States that continued over the next few years. The remaining Free States movement was crushed with military intervention by 1921. The largest military action of the Warren government would be in crushing the [[Southern Insurrection]], which continued for years after the formal retreat of the Federalist government to the Antilles. <br /> <br /> ===Death of Aeneas Warren and the Seventy Days (1922)===<br /> {{Main|Death and state funeral of Aeneas Warren}}<br /> [[File:Funerali di Togliatti by Renato Guttuso.jpg|thumb|left|400px|The ''[[Funeral of Aeneas Warren]]'' (1973) by Gus Berkshire]] [[File:Moscow_Clock_Chimes_-_The_Internationale_1936_(2).ogg|thumb|left|Recording by the {{W|University of Chicago}} of the church bells in Chicago playing the {{W|Internationale}} at the request of Warren on his deathbed, 14 September 1922]]<br /> <br /> In late 1922 Aeneas Warren took a step away from government to visit with family, although he kept a close eye on political developments in the capital, trusting [[Vice President of the United Commonwealth|Vice President]] [[William Z. Foster]], Zhou Xinyue, and informal aide-de-camp [[James Maurer]] as liaisons to the national government. During this time he met with dignitaries, writers, and intellectuals from across the country and even abroad. Warren returned to the capital at the end of August, however, in late September he fell ill with what was later diagnosed with {{W|Spanish flu}}. In his last public speech, Aeneas Warren famously stated &quot;''[[our goal is the happiness of all mankind]]''&quot;, which would become a hallmark of the Continentalist Party. On 14 September, Warren died in [[Chicago]] at {{W|Northwestern University}}'s {{W|Feinberg School of Medicine}}, having succumbed to the Spanish flu. His death left behind a heavily fractured Continentalist Party. Warren's family organized the funeral with the intent of providing the deceased leader a Christian funeral in the {{W|Baptist}} tradition, while Zhou and Callahan both rallied to oversee arrangements, increasing tensions. The funeral was held on 20 September on a notably mild fall evening, drawing in some 50,000 to Chicago for the mourning of the death of the revolutionary leader. Although Warren had warned against {{W|cults of personality}}, one began to emerge around him that was fueled by the factional divide in the Continentalist Party. A [[National Sepulchral of the Continentalists States]] would be created to house Warren's body in 1925, with Callahan later having Warren's mother, father and close relatives' bodies exhumed and buried in Chicago. This would spark criticism that Warren was undergoing {{W|apotheosis}} and that the Continentalist Party intentionally deified him in the eyes of the public. <br /> [[File:34eba85f99feece6_landing.jpg|200px|thumb|William Foster, who unsuccessfully made a bid to become Aeneas Warren's successor.]]<br /> <br /> With the death of Warren, the battle within the [[Central Committee of the Continentalist Party|Central Committee]] flung the Continentalist party into a period of plotting and political deceitfulness. With a [[1924 United Commonwealth legislative election|planned election]] almost two years away, the office of President sat vacant. Even before Warren’s death several factions had emerged, differing on such issues as the role of trade unions in the future nation, and how the nation’s industry should be organized. The Labor Front, led by [[William Z. Foster]] (a former trade union leader) and [[Zhou Xinyue]], was staunchly in favor of the unions, as they derived a great deal of their power and support from the trade unions and syndicalists. They became opposed by the Revolutionary Front led by [[Seamus Callahan]], [[Meyer London]], [[Bill Haywood]], and sought to dissolve the trade unions into the state apparatus. For Callahan, this would help create a militarized “production atmosphere”. As Callahan would argue in front of the 11th Party Congress:<br /> <br /> {{Quote|&quot;....a regime in which every worker feels himself a soldier of labor, who cannot dispose of himself freely; if the order is given to transfer him, he must carry it out; if he does not carry it out, he will be a deserter who is punished. Who looks after this? The trade unions. It creates the new regime. This is the militarization of the working class.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Maurer-hillquit-london-1916.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The First Triumvirate: [[Jim Maurer]], [[Morris Hillquit]], and [[Meyer London]], 1922]]<br /> Callahan’s position was criticized as a “factional attack” and &quot;bureaucratically nagging the trade unions&quot; by Foster, who said, &quot;Introduction of genuine labor discipline is conceived only if the whole mass of participants in productions takes a conscious part in the fulfillment of these tasks. Bureaucratic methods and orders from above cannot achieve this&quot;. The Labor Front became opposed to the increasing bureaucracy emerging in the state, with James Maurer writing in 1922: &quot;we are being sucked into a foul bureaucratic swamp.&quot; Warren in his final days feared for the splintering of the party, and privately recommended to James Maurer that Callahan be sidelined and that a secret resolution for party unity be passed, which would ban factions within the Continentalist Party except during pre-Congress discussions. Maurer was also elevated as a non-voting member to the Central Committee at the behest of Warren only two weeks before his death. By the time of Warren’s death he had ''de facto'' selected Foster as his heir apparent.<br /> <br /> In the days following Warren’s death, Foster made a bid before the National People's Congress to force an emergency vote that would make him acting president with all the powers bestowed upon the office, however, his motion was successfully filibustered by rival members of the [[Presidium of the National People's Congress|Presidium]] on the grounds that a quorum was not present. At the same time, members of the Central Committee trickled into the capital, some of which having been flown in on military aircraft, eventually forcing a meeting that confirmed the position of Seamus Callahan as [[General Secretary of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|General Secretary]], and appointed a number of political allies to the [[Secretariat of the 12th Congress of the Continentalist Party|12th Secretariat]]. After the failure to force the issue of the presidency, Foster relinquished command within the Presidium to an informal triumvirate that sought to compromise between both factions, as it consisted of Mauer (the Fosterite), [[Morris Hillquit]] (a Foster-leaning moderate), and [[Meyer London]] (a Callahanite). This arrangement became known as the &quot;[[First Triumvirate]]&quot;, which governed the country through the “[[Seventy Days]]”, as the triumvirate ''de facto'' ruled the country for a period lasting a little over two months. While the Triumvirate sought to dramatically overhaul governance and settle the factional debate, this factionalism was not publicized to the wider public. During the 12th Congress, Bill Haywood delivered a fiery speech:<br /> <br /> {{Quote|”In the fiercest moment of War Landonism, the system of appointment within the party did not have one tenth of the extent that it has now. Appointment of the secretaries of provincial committees is now the rule. That creates for the secretary a position essentially independent of the local organization. [...] The bureaucratization of the party apparatus has developed to unheard-of proportions by means of the method of secretarial selection. [...] There has been created a very broad stratum of party workers, entering into the apparatus of the government of the party, who completely renounce their own party opinion, at least the open expression of it, as though assuming that the secretarial hierarchy is the apparatus which creates party opinion and party decisions. Beneath this stratum, abstaining from their own opinions, there lies the broad mass of the party, before whom every decision stands in the form of a summons or a command.”}}<br /> [[File:Bill haywood headshot side.jpg|200px|thumb|Bill Haywood, a staunch lieutenant of Seamus Callahan during his rise to power, and the deliverer of the controversial anti-bureaucracy speech.]]<br /> Unaware of the factional divide in the party, Haywood received a standing ovation, further infuriating the Triumvirate. Despite attempts to stifle talk of the issue under the guise of “promoting factionalism”, Callahan published a number of open letters defending the stance of Haywood, which impacted the Triumvirate’s ongoing creation of a compromise between both parties. Additionally, in his capacity as General Secretary, Callahan quickly began to pack the upper echelons of the party’s leadership with supporters. He made alliances with the remaining possible successors, such as [[Dorian Conesus]] and [[Samson Zima]], with the notable exception of Zhou. Young party functionaries looked to Callahan for promotion and curried for his favor, allowing him to build relationships with the growing secret police and other relatively new institutions. After the Triumvirate's ousting of [[Madeleine Waldmann]], the former lover of Warren, from the Central Committe in October, Callahan’s intervention placed her within the judiciary, which later proved crucial during the [[Waldmann Plot]]. Callahan also forged an alliance with moderates such as [[John L. Lewis]], while the Fosterites received ire for working with anarchists and former Free States officers, such as [[Sam Dolgoff]]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Lafollette-and-gompers-240919.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chairman Samuel Gompers during his pivotal meeting with [[Superior|Superian]] ambassador {{W|Robert M. La Follette}}.]]<br /> In the meantime, it was during the Seventy Days that the government of the United Commonwealth opened relations with much of the surrounding world, and developed a number of influential policies domestically. Diplomatic channels with nations such as Sierra and Canada were reopened; the country carefully toed the line between amnesty out of necessity for the fragile rebuilding situation, and militancy, especially after the publishing of Zhou's promotion of a “permanent revolution”. The Congregationalist States and other republics of the union were given increased autonomy, as the Triumvirate feared the instability in the government might lead to secessionist tendencies. After elevating [[Samuel Gompers]] to the position of [[Premier of the United Commonwealth|Premier]], he began negotiations with Superior for the importation of foreign grain to help alleviate starvation in the southern states, which was a controversial decision reversed later by Seamus Callahan to disastrous effects in the mid 1920s. The state would launch a diplomatic mission to the {{W|Carrancistas}} of Mexico, offering assistance toward their revolutionary war in the hopes of establishing a Landonist state in Mexico. In newspapers in Sierra, front pages depicted Coleman Mueller saluting a column of {{W|M1917 light tank}} in {{W|Mexico City}} causing alarm for [[Louis I of Sierra]], who called for Sierra to prepare military readiness, undoing much of the diplomatic progress initiated with Sierra. <br /> <br /> Despite the growing power of Callahan, he remained hesitant to act due to Zhou’s support of the Triumvirate, and his control over the military. In late 1922 he was in a position to begin launching thinly veiled attacks against members of the Triumvirate, most notably in his publishing of ''[[Lessons of May]]'', The publication detailed the events of the Continental Revolutionary War in a way that portrayed Callahan as a hero, while painting several Labor Front members in a poor light due to their apprehension to join the revolution when it first began. [[John Fitzpatrick]], the Deputy People's Commissar for Defense and a staunch ally of Foster and Zhou, had his reputation particularly tarnished, and he resigned his post in November in favor of a Callahan ally. Callahan’s denouncement of the Triumvirate led to its disbandment in November. Callahan would also launch a plot to dethrone Zhou at the end of the year, in what became known as the Waldmann Plot. On 13 November a prominent government official, [[Charles Jackson]], was assassinated, and with the backing of several military officers, Zhou was accused of this murder and of conspiring against the government. Zhou would be killed by a CIA officer in Bloomington, Indiana, having fled the capital and maintaining his innocence. The led to the assassination of Zhou Xinyue, while also implicating Foster and Maurer, both of which were expelled from the party by the end of the year under Callahan’s supervision. Foster would later be executed in 1923, having confessed to being involved in a plot to kill interim leader Coleman Mueller—having confessed either to save the image of the party, or as the result of torture. An additional 4,000 individuals would be identified between November 1922 and May 1923, and imprisoned or executed under the leadership of Mueller and Callahan, many of which members of the Labor Front. As a result, the Labor Front nearly ceased to exist by mid 1923. Mueller effectively governed as a puppet president under Callahan’s direction, until the [[1924 United Commonwealth legislative election|1924 general election]], was elected Callahan as president in his own right.<br /> <br /> ==Seamus Callahan era (1923–1947)==<br /> <br /> {{Main|History of the United Commonwealth (1922–1947)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Seamus McCallahan.svg|thumb|200px|[[Seamus Callahan]] (1875–1947) was the paramount leader of the United Commonwealth from about 1923 until his death in 1947.]] <br /> Having out maneuvered his rivals, Seamus Callahan was affirmed as leader of the United Commonwealth Callahan by 1924, and he instituted a number of swift reprisals against many of his political rivals. Premier Samuel Gompers would begin a withdraw from politics due to health concerns, dying while in office on 20 June 1924, and he was replaced by Callahan's ally Bill Haywood. Coleman Mueller remained as acting president until 1924, later having a falling out with Callahan and being moved to the [[People's Commissariat for Culture]]. Callahan also had a falling out with [[Madeleine Waldmann]], who was blamed for the political maneuvering that occurred. At the [[Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the Continentalist Party|13th Secretariat]] assembled in 1923, several old guard were replaced by Callahan appointments, while three members – Haywood, [[Meyer London]], and [[Dorian Conesus]] – would die before the next secretarial election in 1928. Rather than replace each member, Callahan began a narrowing of Secretariat membership that would continue for much of his reign. <br /> <br /> Callahan's reign would begin a shift in Continental policy and thought, collectively known as [[Callahanism]]. Consolidating Continentalist authority after the world revolution failed to immediately materialize, Callahan argued for the concept of [[national communism]], or the building up of the United Commonwealth to protect and building socialism domestically, in place of the Party's internationalist focus. This clashed with the establishment of the Continentalist Party and its old guard, despite Callahan’s insistence that it was an orthodox Warrenist perspective. This would ultimately lead to disagreement between Callahan and many of his former allies, such as Mueller. Having won the debate against the Fosterites, over the next decade Callahan dismantled the powers of the independent trade unions, incorporating unions into the government structure. He gradually began a consolidation of leadership positions away from the original vision of collective leadership, first by empowering his own abilities independent of the legislature, and combining several government and party positions. By the end of his reign, he would be serving simultaneously as [[President of the United Commonwealth|president]] (head of the legislature), [[Premier of the United Commonwealth|premier]] (head of the executive), and [[General Secretary of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|general secretary]] (head of the party). <br /> <br /> ===Cultural Revolution===<br /> {{Main|Continental Cultural Revolution}}<br /> <br /> [[File:5db80be285600a0cbf1febfc.jpg|300px|thumb|Political dissidents being put to work by the Continental Commissariat for Rehabilitation and Corrections ]]<br /> In the early years of the United Commonwealth, the government faced widespread backlash or apprehension from the population. A comprehensive propaganda campaign was undertaken to create a mainline from the foundational ethos of the United States to that of the new regime, and to educate the population on Landonist concepts, in what became known as the [[Continental Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution]]. The ideals of the American Revolution, which called upon ideas of personal liberty, were compared to that of the socialist struggle against aristocracy, oligarchy, and oppressive capitalist systems. The following quote by {{W|John Adams}} became a popular reappropriation for Landonist propaganda: “The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people .... This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution.” The introduction of these concepts would be a slow process, which took place primarily through the government’s absolute control over the media, which lasted throughout Callahan’s tenure. <br /> [[File:FCC Commissioners inspect latest in television 1939.jpg|thumb|300px|Commissioners of the CCC inspecting television technology, 1939.]]<br /> <br /> Callahan expanded [[Kentucky Bend]], and established a vast network of {{W|re-education camp|re-eduction camps}} across the country. In 1923 the informal camp system was placed under the control of the [[Continental Commissariat for Rehabilitation and Corrections]] (CCRC), detaining millions of citizens for the purpose of ideological rehabilitation. Detainees were instructed to read dogma of the Continentalist Party including Marx and Landon. While formally it was Continental policy to work with and compensate former capitalists to retain technical knowledge and a smooth running of industry, a considerable number of capitalists, industrialists, landowners, exploitative salesmen and wealth managers were placed into the agricultural division of the rehabilitation division, only to be released after confessing loyalty to Marxist-Landonism. Entire sectors such as the entertainment industry were destroyed. Prior to the war an exodus had already begun among the entertainment industry, while another wave of migration came during the war and immediately after it, as creatives and people of all walks of life fled the destructive conflict or the unstable regime destined to follow. This had an immediate effect of a brain drain in the fledgling United Commonwealth. <br /> <br /> The state would exercise complete control of the media, outlawing or heavily censoring all other national newspapers not sanctioned by the government. Newspapers would be carefully written, leading to the development of specialized terminology that above all else enhanced the reputation of the ruling government. In order to ensure the effectiveness of all written propaganda, the [[People's Commissariat for Education]] championed a centralized schooling system to replace the United Commonwealth’s historically decentralized model, with the goal of raising the country’s estimated 70% literacy rate. The Education Commissariat would also be responsible for training and educating teachers as well as organizing and propagating new schooling materials; their decree requiring that all people between the ages of 8 and 50 be literate went into effect in 1925. Numerous books, especially pre-revolutionary and foreign books, would be placed on banned lists and subsequently destroyed. With the exception of special marked collections, put in the possession of certain government bodies or institutions, and accessed only by special permission from the government, libraries across the country were regularly inspected and searched. <br /> <br /> The [[Central Communications Commission]] (CCC), a rebranding of the Interstate Commerce Commission, would be established as the national agency in charge of regulating all communications nationwide, and would be placed in charge of the efforts to catalogue, inspect, and regulate all printed media at its inception. Officially this was done in the name of monitoring the media for any leaked top secret information as per the Espionage Act, but in practice censored any and all criticism of the government in the media. Almost immediately the agency sought to combat the country’s historic individualism; nationalism was promoted but only to further the image of the collective whole. During the first decade of the Landonist government any mention of starvation or shortages of food were expunged, so to not demoralize the collectivization efforts. Later, any mentions of the Continentalist Army being defeated or of unscrupulous character during war were also banned. Media censorship would famously extend to the censoring of images as well, as all those who had been deemed betrayers of the Landonist cause were scrubbed from historical documents or further creations. <br /> <br /> [[File:Former jammer tower in Minsk 03.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A jamming tower as part of the nationwide network.]]<br /> Zhou Xinyue was perhaps the most enthusiastic about mass media as a propagandist tool, later inspiring the founding of [[Associated Broadcasting]], a multi-media broadcasting company. Radios were a relatively new invention by the time of the country’s refoundation, and it would not be until the [[Great War]] that the industry exploded in popularity, originally as part of the war effort. After the war this transferred over to civilian populations. By 1940, 92.6% of Northeastern American urban households would have a radio, while relatively poorer southern rural households still had one radio for every two households. Although it became commonplace for households to listen to the radio, interactions with radio stations were banned, as it was feared that foreign agents could use song requests on radio channels to send coded messages. Jazz music became at the center of the &quot;cultural war&quot;, with some Continental officials seeking to ban the music. Rebellious Continental children and teens would often meet in secret locations to listen to Sierran music stations playing jazz music, becoming a &quot;religion worth fighting for&quot; in the years after the Callahan era.<br /> <br /> To combat this, the United Commonwealth carried over infrastructure from the war into creating one of the most extensive radio jamming networks in the world. Foreign broadcasts were blocked with high-power radio-electronic equipment, using massive jamming towers located across the country. The use of shortwave and ham radio was considered dangerous and outlawed briefly. Such radios were hardly ever sold in the country, although they were a sizable export. Seeking to avoid censorship, a workaround was discovered by some operators that used transmissions over copper wire instead of over the air. The country’s radio jamming network would be kept as a state secret, with the publishing of photos of radio jamming towers made illegal.<br /> <br /> Other industries such as [[Cinema of the United Commonwealth|film]] and [[Music of the United Commonwealth|music]] suffered immensely in the early decades after the revolution. The exorbitant wealth of the industry tycoons that preceded the war became disdained during the economic hardships of the Weeping Twenties, best epitomized during the Continental Book Burnings, where thousands of pre-war recordings and printed materials were destroyed. On 8 April 1924 the National People's Congress issued the &quot;Action against the Reactionary Spirit&quot;, which called for numerous books, records, and other works of art that portrayed or celebrated capitalism, nationalism, or other reactionary ideals to be destroyed. Although not all music recordings were labeled as such, the recording industry as a whole was looked upon by many as a purely capitalistic and exploitative industry, in stark contrast to the less financially prohibitive theatre which catered to the pre-war proletariat, and as such many carried out the willful destruction of music records and other symbols of the industry with zeal. On 20 August 20 1924 one of the largest such events would be carried out in {{W|Crosley Field}}, one of the spiritual epicenters of the Landonist revolution, as 25,000 musical records were burned primarily by members of Callahan's [[Kontimacht]] paramilitary group, students, and youth organizations.<br /> <br /> The Continental Cultural Revolution gradually saw the erosion of many of the country’s historic amendments, which was not without its condemnation from the general public. On the issue of free speech, the government expanded the Sedition Acts, which under the guise of protecting the revolution and the people from foreign attacks and sabotage, outlawed the use of “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language&quot; about the United Commonwealth government, its flag, or its armed forces, or that caused others to view the Continentalist government or its institutions with contempt. The right to freedom of assembly was also greatly curtailed. Freedom of religion was guaranteed, but did not include {{W|Free Exercise Clause|free exercise}}, as certain polities of religion were prohibited. {{W|Episcopal polities}} and all denominations that required an oath or creed to religious organizations were outlawed, as were religious institutions or groups that promoted the destruction of the state, socialism, or the party's control. All traces of religion in government were also recalled in the name of separating church and state; that which advanced the idealization of Landonism would supplant any such public ritual. <br /> [[File:Christ saviour explosion.jpg|thumb|300px|A church in St. Louis, Illinois is demolished, 1931.]]<br /> <br /> The official stance of the government was that there needed to be an ostensible commitment to the annihilation of religious institutions and ideas, however, the country’s religiosity before the revolution forced a slow hand, with gradual revoking of religious rights. There was a noticeable decline in religiosity in the United Commonwealth (as well as many other western countries) during the turbulent years of the 1910s and 1920s, which the government sought to exploit. With the explosion of the {{W|Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalist movement}} prior to the revolution, there was an overexpansion of churches across the country, which now struggled to financially support themselves; the government revoked tax exemption status for religious organizations, further weakening the influence. Fundamentalists were looked upon with contempt by the government, especially due to many churches possessing ties to the federalist movement. As a result many churches were shut down or relabeled as terrorist organizations, leading to mass arrests. The propagation of evolution and other scientific discoveries in the 1920s was slow to catch on, due in part to a government hesitance to endorse the ideas, and also to placate religious advocates. Later in 1928 this policy was reversed, with the belief that modern science would help to replace belief in religion. Pastors and fiery devotees were arrested for public demonstrations or writings and deemed to have a mental illness, and were forcefully hospitalized as such. Others were forcefully relocated, imprisoned (often for refusing conscription), or deprived of their parental rights. <br /> <br /> Between 1922 and 1929, a number of laws were passed that eroded the power of the church, first in public and political life, and then in social life. Religious education, such as Catholic schools, were banned and repurposed under secular authorities, and youth groups, clubs, and other such assemblies were also banned or limited. The state instituted mandatory group studies of Landonist on Sunday-mornings for youth groups, in the hopes of gradually replacing the dependency of the population with the church. Public backlash was severe in matters of religion, although it varied by church. The Roman Catholic Church was partially outlawed on the basis of the churches’ allegiance to the Pope and a greater, foreign church hierarchy, which led to riots in cities such as Boston and New York among the large, mostly immigrant population of Catholics. The state would conclude a concordat with the pope after much negotiation, however, the government largely disregarded this as merely symbolic. A gradual campaign to replace Catholic Church began, usually on charges of immorality or money smuggling, and a new clergy took form that swore no allegiance to the pope. However, the average Catholic was not impeded by the latter change. This policy was slowed and then later reversed with the adoption of a pro-Landonist stance by the [[Catholic Church – Rome|Roman Catholic Church]], which contributed to a schism and the [[Catholic Church – Avignon|declaration of a Catholic Church of Avignon]]. The allowance of congregational churches, no doubt motivated by the presence of the Congregationalist States, seemed to favor Calvinist tradition more so than other sects. <br /> <br /> ===Great Famine and Southern Crises===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Great Famine (United Commonwealth)|Southern Insurrection|Farmers' War}}<br /> <br /> [[File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg|thumb|350px|Starving continentals in Sharpesburg, Maryland during the Great Famine, 1925.]]<br /> Immediately following the Revolution, one of the main concerns of the Continental government was repairing the country's agricultural production, with the Callahan government identifying a return to self sufficiency, then net exportation, as paramount to securing Continentalist rule. Alleviating food scarcity in the country was considered an utmost imperative, not only to stabilize the regime, but also to repair national pride and end the country’s outreach to other countries for aid as soon as possible. However, rural areas were heavily damaged by war and the Continentalist Party had very little outreach outside cities. In the early 1920s, the financial situation particularly hurt farmers recovering after the war, while government officials meant to assess land values and assist the growth of the Continentalist Party in rural areas further inflamed tensions. Contending that they were not being treated as equals by the government, farmers formed unions and councils which opposed the Continentalists, while others took up arms to defend their lands and prevent government requisitioning. The government involvement in rural areas in the South in particular would be a driving factor for the [[Southern Insurrection]], which disrupted recovery in the southern states throughout the 1920s. Especially in the leadup to the [[1924 United Commonwealth legislative election|1924 general election]], these farmer cooperatives and councils coalesced into informal political groups, which opposed official Continentalist candidates and proposed radical measures to democratize governance. The largest group that emerged was the [[Farmer International]], which over the course of the 1920s was infiltrated by the Continentalist Party and appropriated into an official organization. <br /> <br /> Callahan identified this discontent as one of the greatest threats to the Continentalist regime, and also to his personal power. After the 1924 election, Callahan was affirmed as leader, but the crisis of a large percentage of the population opposing the Continentalist Party allowed Callahan to justify more extreme measures. Over the course of the 1920s, Callahan enacted numerous policies meant to break the power of the farmer unions, sometimes known as the [[Farmers' War]]. The first would be collectivization, as Callahan identified that larger, state controlled farms could more efficiently control larger groups of people, and would concentrate wealth less in the hands of those actively opposing his reforms. Collectivization was most widespread in the South where opposition was fierce, which also had the added benefit to Callahan of dismantling the power of black landowners who could pose a threat to Okaloosan cooperation in the future. Under threat of violence or intimidation from party officials, thousands of farmers flocked to the collective structure despite it being officially voluntary. Disdainful of blacks and their newfound independence in Okaloosa, and especially their assumption of private property under the leadership of Warren, Callahan sought to have his collectivized model gradually replace the system of property owners that still existed in the South. Throughout the period, productivity slumped, and revolts broke out on several occasions, and others turned to banditry. Callahan responded that sabotage from the reactionary South and the local abuse of some officials had been to blame, not the policy or government issuing it, and he ordered distribution of emergency food relief. <br /> <br /> At the same time as the ongoing strife with farmers, a growing food shortage escalated in the country, eventually becoming known as the [[Great Famine (United Commonwealth)|Great Famine]]. The destruction brought upon by the war, the massive migration of people thereafter, and the rapid implementation of Landonist policies across the nation catalyzed a major crisis of the 1920s, especially in the southern United Commonwealth. The ongoing occupation and sectarian violence across the South, and the highly disruptive agricultural reforms led to vast instability. Land distribution and collectivization was carried out ''en masse'', and middle class farmers who employed other laborers – the basic Marxist definition of a capitalist – were targeted for alleged Federalist sympathies. A labor shortage developed, as areas were depopulated from death or emigration; in the Okaloosa territories the government controversially forced former sharecroppers, farmers, and laborers back onto the farms in large numbers, in an effort to solve the migratory crisis and rebuild the country’s agriculture. Distribution of food supply decreased due to the realities of diminished infrastructure, but more so from the agrarian population’s lack of desire to purchase overpriced manufactured goods, instead increasing consumption of total food production prior to reaching the cities. <br /> <br /> The country’s agrarian landownership had never been ideal to the central government, with Warren Aeneas once remarking that, &quot;Small-scale production gives birth to capitalism and the bourgeoisie constantly, daily, hourly, with elemental force, and in vast proportions.&quot; Seamus Callahan sought to reverse the growing agrarian trend; he envisioned a growing industrial, urbanized workforce that would require a steady supply of surplus extracted from the agricultural sector. Prices for farm exports worldwide had spiked due to the war and earlier wars in Europe, something which the Callahan government sought to exploit by continuing a high degree of United Commonwealth exportation. Callahan’s own personal suspicion of the rural south and other populations also contributed to his desire to “punish” the south, thereby he had low sympathy for the white southerners who fought bitterly against agrarian reform and the new collective farm systems. Poor harvests in the mid 1920s, catalyzed by both natural disaster, inefficiency during the transitionary period, and disdain from the population for the reacquisition tendencies of the government lead to the development of a famine. <br /> [[File:56162c4f2cc825fd2f88857df5bc6075.jpg|350px|left|thumb|Farmers on the Mississippi Delta were among those most affected by sectarian violence and famine.]]<br /> <br /> The epicenter of this crisis would be in the Mississippi Delta, where sectarian violence was extremely high. The black population, which had accounted for the majority of farmers in the region via sharecroppers and tenant farmers, had plummeted from violence and migration northward. The antiquated systems of agriculture in the region inhibited the use of progressive agricultural techniques or modern mechanization—the war and deliberate sabotage destroyed what remained. As a result, one of the country’s most important agricultural regions faced a shortage of labor, a lack of infrastructure to combat the shortage, and was actively experiencing destruction of farmland. The government responded to those who resisted the state coercion with force, forcefully transporting many to collective farms, and enacting harsh taxation and punishments on those that did not comply. As a form of protest, livestock was slaughtered for food rather than to give up food to the collective farms, leading to a livestock shortage. The government invoked a policy of moving to the south thousands of northern farmers, successful laborers, and loyal Continentalists. This was done in part to alleviate shortages, but also in the hopes of leading to assimilation and inspiring greater embrace of Landonism among the locals, but this policy only further inflamed the native southerners. <br /> <br /> The south entered a period of widespread famine that has been called by numerous governments an act of genocide, owing to the government’s apathy or alleged involvement in worsening conditions. Between 1922 and 1932, an estimated 200,000 people would die from the effects of famine. Widespread revolts occurred throughout the period, protesting the transfer of land and livestock, and the acquisition of food yield by the government. Contributing to the crisis was the poor management of southern farms by new overseers, who were unfamiliar with new crops being grown, or were unable to harvest or effectively transport food yield to where it was needed once harvested. Whether or not the government purposely sought to curb southern nationalism and punish white southerners who had rebelled against the government is disputed. However, the government is often blamed for contributing to the famine through harsh measures of food reacquisition. <br /> <br /> ===Haywood’s Okaloosa (1922–1960)===<br /> <br /> ====Development of Okaloosan thought====<br /> [[File:Haywood.png|250px|thumb|Haywood later in life, 1960.]]<br /> <br /> Concurrent to the rise of Seamus Callahan in the United Commonwealth as a whole, in the southern republic of [[Okaloosa]] the works of Harry Haywood developed into a separate, southern ideology. Okaloosa’s creation and the alliance between Haywood and Callahan had been an alliance out of necessity to unite the nation and mount effective resistance to the Federalist Party, but the two men were never more than cordial with each other, and later in life their relationship deteriorated further, in no small part to Callahan’s private, race-related beliefs. Harry Haywood was left in command of a southern republic that had been devastated by warfare and sectarian conflict, lacked infrastructure or industrialization, and above all else lacked the educated elite necessary for a vanguard party as in the north. As written by Haywood in a letter to the Central Committee in 1930, he believed that “experience shapes theory”; just as Landonist thought had been shaped by Warren, Callahan, and all others in the revolution, it was necessary for Haywood to develop and shape his own version of Landonism, much to the later chagrin of the central government. Whereas Haywood had considered the demand for self-determination of the black population of the utmost importance, up to and including the complete independence from the United Commonwealth – as he believed the black population constituted a stable community on the basis of common language, territory, economic life, and psychological makeup – Callahan called Haywood’s autonomy a “bourgeois liberal trap of regarding the fight for equality as primarily a fight against racial prejudices and whites”. Additionally the migration of black people out of the historic territory as outlined by Haywood was used as evidence that they did not constitute a distinct nation, however, Haywood rejected this, as he did not view the counting of the population as predication of the population’s existence itself. <br /> <br /> According to Haywood, the southern states were a nation that had been overrun by the imperialism of the old government, having been shaped by the legacy of slavery and segregation that followed it. Haywood cited the “unresolved agrarian question” as the root of the oppression of blacks, and he called the {{W|Compromise of 1877|Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877}} a betrayal that left the bourgeois democratic revolution of {{W|Reconstruction}} unfinished; the systems of Jim Crow and the Ku Klux Klan and other paramilitary groups had instead given rise to imperialism that left blacks frozen as “landless, semi-slaves”. He believed that contrary to the Marxist ideal of a socialist revolution developing from the contradictions of capitalism in an industrialized society, the south lacked the necessary capitalism or industrialization for such a dictatorship of the proletariat. Instead Haywood focused on agrarian socialism, departing from the industrial, urbanized focus of Callahan; namely he saw the poor, mostly black sharecroppers and tenant farmers born out of the post-slavery era as a feudalistic society as described by Marx, and as the class that would lead and shape Okaloosa going forward. The struggle for emancipation for the vast majority of people against the established institutions would be Haywood’s “People’s War”; his vanguard would be the militant Black Guard, in alliance with the proletariat – which he defined as the agrarian classes rather than the urban working class – and the middle classes to first topple the “imperialists” and “colonizers”. Only then could the country industrialize and then transition into a socialist state. This revolutionary struggle would perhaps best be summarized from the famous Haywood quote, “political power grows out of the barrel of a gun”. <br /> <br /> Under Aeneas Warren, in order to achieve victory in the revolution and placate the black population of the south, the Continentalist Army had ordered a recreation of {{W|Special Field Orders No. 15}}, granting thousands of black farmers land and reparations. Under Warren the official policy had been that this was a temporary expedient deemed necessary to win the war and aid in the recovery of the south, but to Callahan this was distasteful, as it compromised the Landonist vision, and gave new economic power to previously disenfranchised black populations. Haywood saw the land redistribution as a net positive and a necessary step toward the modernization of the south and toward the protection of the revolution, as he harkened back to the memory of reconstruction. Before the rise of Callahan, Haywood commanded the Black Guard to go village by village, dividing the population of the south into the landlords, rich, middle, poor, and landless, and to confiscate all landlord property and have it redistributed, although in the first year of development the process was stalled by landlords attempting to take back their previous land after the soldiers had ended their supervision. In 1924 Haywood intensified his campaign: the soldiers would return and occupy rural areas throughout the country, would illegalize rent – which Haywood considered a feudal exploitation – would promote the lower classes to take up direct and even violent action if necessary, and would arrest landlords if needed. <br /> <br /> [[File:mao3.jpeg|350px|left|thumb|A Haywoodite meeting with Chinese leader Mao Zedong, 1960; the Chinese Communist Party would build on the philosophy espoused by Harry Haywood.]]<br /> Arrests, deportations, and extrajudicial killings intensified, usually along sectarian lines as the vast majority of landlords in the republic were white. The government instituted policies that the poor would be fully protected, the rich farmers less so, and the landlords not at all, seemingly promoting the lower classes to take justice into their own hands and enact revenge against the wealthy plantation owners. Through this, Haywood believed that the lower classes would become permanently linked to the revolution more so than a passive observer. Under Callahan’s leadership, continental soldiers were mobilized to the south, partially in response to the sectarian conflict that Haywood had instigated. After 1924, Callahan sought to step in and ensure that the revolution was being carried out against class enemies not just in matters of race; lower class white inhabitants were protected, and Callahan sought to reel in the power of the newly created black landowning class. <br /> <br /> In addition to his land reforms, Haywood is also analogous with the idea of a “cultural revolution” being necessary in the South, to a far greater extent than that implemented by the nation as a whole. According to Haywood, the revolution had not fundamentally changed the “southern culture”. For centuries the “Old South” had been predicated on racist ideology, which exploited the black population to enrich the ruling elites. Extreme inequality existed between the agrarian, rural societies and the urban centers, which were a model of western ideals and bureaucracy. With a cultural revolution to follow the material revolution, Haywood believed that the agrarian population – which was now rapidly moving into the cities in search of job opportunities and education – would be looked down upon and discriminated against by the working class, which had been influenced by no fault of their own by the thinking of the urban, pre-revolutionary elite; their habits, mentality, and character had not been challenged. To Haywood, this young generation that entered the cities in the decades after the birth of the country would become the leaders of the cultural revolution, which would be directed against the arrogant, institutional culture of the “western” cities. Prior to the Continental Revolution less than 20% of the population lived in cities; by 1940 that number reached 42.3%. <br /> <br /> Haywood defined culture as the way people find meaning or express it within the material reality, beyond simply viewing the material reality as that which is substantial and has intelligible effect on the senses; to confuse the latter with the essence of material reality itself was deemed “phenomenal reduction”. However, to Haywood culture only disclosed material reality, but was not all that reality is; he called many of the policies of the Continentalist Party, which recognized a disconnection between the population and the material reality, as a shallow change in appearance rather than a relation to the more fundamental essence, and that the underlying gap between the two – appearance vs essence – would only widen and become more apparent. Haywood predicted that because of the rapid shift in society brought about by the changes in the relations in forces of production, the material reality would become harder to make sense of. This drew from the earlier works of Aeneas Warren prior to the revolution, which predicted that the increasing merger of politics, economics, and bureaucracy would make it harder to differentiate between community life’s true spontaneity from rational planning. The ways in which people had for generations made intuitive sense of reality had been called into question by the destructive nature of the revolution and other modern horrors. This concept would later come to encapsulate the idea of the “question of being” as {{W|Martin Heidegger}} called it. <br /> <br /> {{Quote|“Many Continentalists are especially complacent in the stigmatization and oppression of the farmers because they do not conform to the model of the traditional, industrial workforce. To this very day, dogmatic Landonists have yet to appreciate the significance of the peasantry, and the fact that the majority of people in any given nation never conform to some model of the ‘true proletariat’.” - Harry Haywood to the 18th Party Congress, 1945}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Demonstration-against-the-murder-of-Patrice-Lumumba_Prague1961_Archive-of-Piyasiri-Gunaratna.jpg|400px|thumb|A Haywoodite rally during the Cultural Revolution, 1943]]<br /> Haywood’s developments put him at odds with Callahan, who held almost diametrically opposed ideas regarding the industrialization of the nation. Haywood’s revolution would therefore be a decades-long struggle slowly eroding the façade constructed by Callahan and silently rebelling against his methods. In his book ''[[The Unknown Cultural Revolution]]'', published after the death of Callahan in 1947, Haywood painted the post-revolutionary government as inadequate, in which corruption and abuse of power were widespread among rural Landonist leaders. The long history of the landlord gentry rule in America had set the tone of traditional political culture, and the resulting encounter between the “westernized” Landonists and the poor, often illiterate masses had led to this culture of suspicion and scorn. He elaborates: “without the radical change of the political culture which would empower ordinary people, all of the party’s efforts would have fallen short.” Haywood saw the influx of Callahanite Landonists in the South to pacify it as a form of imperialism; for so long these party officials were able to abuse their power in the name of the party and even their ideology. However, Haywood argued that the habits, mentality, and culture of the farmers was not premised by the party bureaucracy, but rather it reflected their real living material being. The tyranny of these party bosses was based in an existential blackmail, or an extortion against their basic existence. <br /> <br /> Haywood found himself outnumbered by the Callahanites, and as they were official representatives, if their own personal authority was ever challenged by the constituents that Haywood represented, they could say the very rule of the party and its ideals were being threatened. To the Callahanites, they were the only outposts of central party authority in a political desert, but to Haywood this desert was the very material base of the party itself, as it was the southern farmers who fed the entire country, and their grain quotes were the keystone of the entire country’s development. Haywood’s “cultural revolution” sought to exacerbate this contradiction between party authority and its material basis in the people. The revolution had reached the countryside first by being introduced from the top down by party officials, and the agrarian population received discrimination, but soon, through Haywood’s efforts, the agrarian population would make sense of the revolutionary slogans, and apply the quotations of Warren to their everyday lives. This spurred the southern population to muster the courage to challenge the authority of local party bosses. These officials’ existential extortion was shattered because the farmers had begun to understand that the real meaning of the revolution meant their own political empowerment. Late in Callahan’s reign, numerous independent associations appeared that challenged party leaders for distorting the policies of the central government for their own benefit—the culmination of Haywood’s efforts. As {{W|Robert F. Williams}} would recall in his 1970 biography of Haywood:<br /> <br /> {{Quote|“Something strange, even miraculous was happening. The very means by which our people had been oppressed become the means of their empowerment. By being only abstracted correctly to their understanding of party ideals, officials were shown to be wrong concretely. Phrases such as ‘Landonism’, ‘socialism’, ‘proletariat’, ‘the people’, referred to something that couldn’t be contained in just the phrases themselves. They referred to a deeper reality, and eventually the real meaning of it all was revealed to be consistent with what the south already knew intuitively, but just had never had the words to make sense of: when Warren talked of the American people, he was really talking about them. Not the people as some marxists preferred them to appear as, or as the ideologists thought they should be, but as they actually were.”}} <br /> <br /> ''The Unknown Cultural Revolution'' would give the example of Caroline Brown, a woman who lived in South Carolina and was illiterate. However, she learned the sayings of Aeneas Warren through hymns and songs, and when she became afraid she would sing “Make a decision, do not be afraid to die, overcome all difficulties, to win victory.” In another chapter he cites the example of a poor farmer who was laughed at by his community, but with the help of others, had memorized the writings of Landon and Warren, and now could recite and explain them perfectly, using the political discourse of the time to gain great personal dignity. Williams would comment on the “Unknown Revolution”, saying that it “the unknown aspect consists of the deep and earthly reality of the Continental people. This is a reality that can never be reduced into any superficial culture, but as an entrenched, unconscious basis, defining the material relationship the people possess toward their own living being.” To Haywood, the point was not that culture did not matter and that only this deeper reality mattered instead, the cultural revolution was what allowed this deeper, unknown reality to be made sense through the southern people. <br /> <br /> ====The Great Reconstruction (1928–1938)====<br /> [[File:great_leap_wide-2b0b4240035ce24f26280a3d485c1210aa440df3.jpg|400px|left|thumb|A rally celebrating the unveiling of southern-made tractors, 1928]]<br /> The effects of the Great Famine, as well as the Southern Insurrection against the Landonist government had brought about thousands of deaths during the first several years of the new government. Furthermore, throughout the 1920s the Okaloosan policy of land reform, which brought about retaliation against the landowners and historic oppressors of the South had led to the collectivization or redistribution of practically all large scale plantations and farms in the South, had increased the percentage of households owned by poor and middle class farmers to an estimated 93.8%, and had resulted in an estimated 73,000 deaths. Additionally, thousands had fled the south, drug trafficking had been reportedly wiped out, and foreign investments had been seized. To the southern government, this was viewed as the blank slate by which the Continentalist Party would rebuild the south. Government policies sought to push southerners, both black and white inhabitants, toward formal introduction into the Continentalist Party after taking an oath renouncing the Federalist and pre-revolution government and its ideals. However, skepticism within the new ranks from outside the rural population led to Haywood leading the [[Anti-Federalist Campaign]] between 1928 and 1930, which sought to question and arrest those suspected of sympathy to capitalism, or were critical of the new government reforms. The campaign led to the imprisonment of an estimated 250,000 additional people, and heavily damaged the Southern Insurgency, although at the expense of the political freedoms of the southern people. <br /> <br /> Officially, Haywood sought to comply with the orders from the Callahan administration to deter harmful bureaucracy and decentralization. Haywood launched his campaign with the aims of defeating corruption, waste, bribery, and tax evasion. To this end he created a network of an estimated 26,000 trained workers to spy on their fellow citizens. The media would be crafted to encourage adherence to government policy; by 1936 Okaloosa employed 16,000 propagandists. The government also sponsored anti-capitalist parades which tacitly harassed business owners and suspected Federalists, creating mounting psychological pressure. While the ethicality of these movements would come into question, they began to erode the power of the southern insurgency across the board. Additionally, the government eroded the traditional symbols of southern power. Statues of Confederate leaders were removed, and the use of their symbols, flags, and slogans was banned as hate speech. Numerous monuments, churches, and other cultural symbols were gradually closed and replaced with centers for Landonist discussion and teaching. <br /> <br /> During the rapid industrialization of the country as a whole during the 1930s, Haywood took his orders from the Central Committee and developed a path that incorporated agrarianism and “grassroots socialism”. After the abolishment of private ownership in Okaloosa, the government pressured the population to organize into state-operated communes, which were expected to increase food yield to feed the growing cities and increase exports. Compulsory purchases of foodstuffs for fixed prices, along with normal taxation, accounted for almost a third of the harvest by 1931, leaving little surplus. The government responded by beginning rationing in cities to prevent “wasteful consumption” and encourage savings, which upon being deposited in state-controlled banks allowed investment. Despite initial resistance, the initiatives proved moderately successful and helped elevate a famine along the Mississippi in 1932, although republic leadership cautioned moderation, fearing that subsequent harvests would not be as lucky. <br /> <br /> As part of Haywood’s vision, thousands would take part in the creation of new highways and railroads across the south. Haywood would argue that transportation, and the lack thereof, was the paramount obstacle to lifting one’s self out of poverty, and that transportation would be the backbone of the nation in order to bring people to education and jobs. Demand for cars increased in the South, as did the demand for raw goods such as steel and fuel. Despite the vision of Callahan which saw the north as the industrial heartland of the country, Haywood directly tried to rival northern production by uplifting production in Okaloosa. While many of these endeavors would prove successful, and took advantage of the Callahan-era agencies established after the Great Depression, other proposals from Haywood and his colleagues proved less successful. In villages across the Sout,h farmers were often unable to meet the quotes demanded of them, despite attempts by the party to spur them on through violence or intimidation, and party officials began to also locally exaggerate or lie in their statistics. To Haywood, the failures incurred during the Great Reconstruction were the result of Callahanite, northern party officials who disrespected and discriminated against the farmers of the south, however, his discontent led the Central Committee to view Haywood unpopularly. <br /> <br /> ====Haywood’s Revolution (1943–1954)====<br /> <br /> [[File:photo-gallery-apartheid-gettyimages-98281561.jpg|350px|thumb|Supporters of Harry Haywood marching in protest during the cultural revolution, 1943]]<br /> Following the [[Great War]] and the increased centralization of the state behind Seamus Callahan, the government sidelined the more radical and independent-minded leaders of the nation, including Harry Haywood. Haywood would be forced to step down from a number of his positions, although he remained roughly the head of the Continentalist Party in the south. Callahan criticized Haywood personally for his ideological differences, but professionally for his failings at the helm of Okaloosa. In 1939 the Central Committee directly intervened in the leadership of Okaloosa, something that would have been unheard of in the previous decades. At a congress meeting of the African Blood Brotherhood, celebrating the anniversary of the writings of Cyril Briggs, Haywood returned to the public eye once more to deliver a speech that disavowed the disbandment of communes and the abolition of the communitarian vision. Callahan’s attacks published in the South particularly annoyed Haywood, and although he tolerated his successor [[James W. Ford]], he had disdain for the Callahan-appointed [[Benjamin Gitlow]] in the Okaloosa Central Committee. Fed up with this political arrangement and the threats against his person, Haywood began to organize the implementation of his agrarian socialist doctrine to revive his image.<br /> <br /> In what became the “[[Second Cultural Revolution]]”, or alternatively “Haywood’s Revolution”, in 1943 Haywood called upon loyal party members to carry out a new struggle against &quot;liberal bourgeoisie&quot; and &quot;capitalist roaders&quot; that dominated society, and which according to Haywood had even infiltrated the Continentalist Party. Haywood essentially sought to wield a section of the population against his peers in leadership, in what became a completely unprecedented shift of power. The revolution is traditionally dated to have begun on May 1943, the celebratory date of the founding of the United Commonwealth, when Haywood advised his supporters in the capital – mostly students – to don black uniforms and rally in support of him. The masses did so in great numbers, leading to upheaval in the Okaloosa capital as these supporters searched for capitalists and revisionists. Gitlow proved an early target of the protestors, and he was stripped of his party membership and labeled a revisionist by Haywood. He apparently confessed to writing revisionist literature and was executed in 1944 after a long imprisonment. Other minor party figures were imprisoned or executed. <br /> <br /> Officially Haywood sought to empower the black population of the south, which had historically been marginalized. He saw the beginnings of the continental revolution as having not completed a transformation of the culture of the South; black people, as well as farmers of all kinds were still looked down upon. To Haywood, the cultural revolution would at its core address problems such as racism, which still plagued the south. The sectarian violence that gripped the south since the revolution was considered a remnant of the pre-revolution and based on an old superstition that had to be combatted and eliminated. Alternatively, Haywood’s cultural revolution was also looked upon cynically as a bid to maintain power and relevance. <br /> <br /> [[File:US Marshals at Ole Miss October 1962 cph.3c35522.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Continental soldiers entering the University of Mississippi during the height of the Haywood movement.]]<br /> In April 1944 soldiers were deployed to cities in Okaloosa by its Central Committee, although it dared not turn against Haywood for fear of the influence he wielded over the public. A purge was undertaken of party leaders, teachers, businessmen, and all those in power in rural areas, as Haywood accused them of being responsible for oppression against the lower classes, taking advantage of illiteracy or lack of education among farmers. In several towns across the nation, party officials were overthrown by new revolutionary councils, mostly composed of young students, who attempted to reorganize the South under the teachings of Haywood, although many of these councils failed due to inexperience or infighting. These revolutionaries would also storm museums, libraries, churches, and other public buildings, burning books that predated the revolution, and destroying symbols of revisionism and reactionism. The situation began to grow out of the control of Haywood, and his power dwindled as a result. In the summer of 1944, Callahan directly stepped in, discreetly threatening Haywood and the existence of Okaloosa if the situation did not improve. Haywood claimed no ill-intent against the central government. <br /> <br /> The unrest in the South directly contributed to Callahan’s growing paranoia toward the end of his reign, and led to him creating plans to destroy the Okaloosa government and enact military action across the south. He directly feared Haywood’s growing cult of personality, the only one capable of rivaling even his own, and Haywood’s popularity would only grow further after Callahan’s death. In 1947, as part of the general easing of restrictions that followed Callahan’s demise, Haywood felt he had free reign to begin openly publishing criticism of the Callahan administration, and consequently his own deification only intensified. The “Black Book”, assembled from sayings of Haywood and the Landonist forefathers was widely printed and distributed, which emboldened the Black Guard and the student movements in their quest to uproot revisionism. 1947 would prove the most turbulent year of Haywood’s movement, as he unleashed the masses in acts without restriction. After negotiation with subsequent leaders of the United Commonwealth, Haywood declared the revolution over, although some would not cite the crisis as having completely ended until Haywood’s death in 1960.<br /> <br /> ===Economic recovery and industrialization===<br /> [[File:U.S._STEEL_PLANT_-_NARA_-_547097_(retouched).jpg|400px|thumb|{{W|Gary Works}}, located in {{W|Gary, Indiana|Gary}} is the largest {{W|steel mill}} in {{W|North America}} and is the heart of steelmaking in the United Commonwealth. Shortly after the conclusion of the revolution workers profits were utilized by workers to improve and expand the facility in 1926.]]<br /> <br /> Seamus Callahan differed from Warren and other revolutionaries on the focus of the United Commonwealth, believing that industrialization and urbanization was critical to the modernization of the country, its recovery, and its competitiveness against the rest of the globe. Callahan’s solution to the shortfall of grain the the famines of the 1920s was the collectivization and mechanization of farms, establishing both collective farms and state farms. Under threat of violence or intimidation from party officials, and fearing reprisal that had befallen those in the south, thousands of farmers flocked to the collective structure despite it being voluntary. Disdainful of blacks and their newfound independence in Okaloosa, and especially their assumption of private property under the leadership of Warren, Callahan sought to have his collectivized model gradually replace the system of property owners that still existed in the south. Throughout the period, productivity slumped, and revolts broke out on several occasions; Callahan responded that sabotage from the reactionary south and the local abuse of some officials had been to blame, not the policy or government issuing it, and he ordered distribution of emergency food relief. <br /> <br /> Callahan’s model of an industrialized society went into effect in the late 1920s, and officially his leadership would replace the “wastefulness” of a market economy with a well-researched, scientific planned economy. In the South, the turbulent period of collectivization eventually stabilized and quality of life in the south returned, spurred on by mechanization and the introduction of new goods from the northern factories. Under Callahan’s leadership, the [[National Board for Industrialization and Cooperation]] (NBIC) was developed as the government agency in charge of rebuilding the nation. From 1928, the NBIC was designated as {{W|command economy|sole operator of the economy}}. In 1929, tariffs were raised on foreign goods in an effort to spur local development and pay off national debt, although this was unsuccessful. Callahan established new taxes on the expanding {{W|heavy industry}} to subsidize loans to workers seeking to establish more consumer driven collectives. Expensive automobiles, telephones and home appliances began to enter the markets as a period of normality brought about optimism to citizens of the newly founded Continental States. Engineers at the the Continental Telegraph and {{W|American Telephone and Telegraph Company|Continental Telephone and Telegraph Cooperative}} (CT&amp;T) propelled {{W|mass media}} in North American and Europe. Continental homes, both rural and urban began to join the {{W|electrical grid}} with the government leading the charge to have complete national electrification by 1938. Luxuries became readily available to high skilled workers who formed the professional-managerial class, many of whom were {{W|scientists}}, {{W|engineers}}, {{W|doctors}} and {{W|artists}}. The automotive boom also stimulated related industries such as oil, glass, and road-building. It was an economic priority of the government to promote {{W|electrification}}, {{W|industrialization}}, and communal ownership of {{W|agricultural machinery}}.<br /> <br /> The {{W|financial industry}} within the United Commonwealth boomed, with many of the cooperatives establishing branches that provided loans out to other cooperatives. In 1924 the [[Commission for Financial Stability and Fair Practice]] (CFSFP) was established to control inflation and to rebuild the financial industry. Although independent financial groups and banks were officially banned, the CFSFP allowed cooperatives to engage in regulated interest loans after 1926. Among the various rules created by the CFSFP were regulations that loans disbursed by one cooperative could only be given to cooperatives of relative size. Cooperatives that sought to develop initially without any source of income were forced to apply to loans disbursed by the [[People's Commissariat for Labor]] and had to be sponsored by one of the registered labor unions. It became common for highly skilled professionals to depart their original cooperatives with the graces of their union to establish independent businesses. It would not be until after Callahan's death that the state relinquished control over some industrial sectors of the country, allowing for various cooperatives to form. <br /> <br /> ===Food for Peace and Green Revolution===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Food for Peace|Green Revolution}}<br /> [[File:Food for Peace.png|300px|thumb|A 1928 poster created to commemorate the creation of Food for Peace, showing the emphasis of traditional agriculture and science coming together under Landonism.]]<br /> Although possibly contributing to the famine in the early 1920s, Callahan’s collectivization efforts eventually stabilized and quality of life in the South returned, spurred on by mechanization and the introduction of new goods from the northern factories, expanded by the country's ongoing industrialization efforts. Cut off from the global market, competition from Europe and other North American countries dematerialized, while domestically yield in agriculture rose significantly, leading the way for an agricultural boom in the late 1920s. Under [[People’s Commissar for Agriculture]] [[Orion Marshall]], it was argued that agricultural reforms were creating inefficiencies in the economy, as collective farms were requesting more workers, but tasking each worker with less work. Instead he appealed to Callahan’s desire to increase industrial output in the country by arguing for increased mechanization. To Marshall, the growing migration to the cities should not be reversed, but rather utilized to produce more and more technological and mechanization farming innovations, which would alleviate the overdemand for workers on farmland. The country’s inaugural five year plan called for horse-drawn tractors to be phased out in favor of combine harvesters. By 1928 the United Commonwealth was the largest producer of mechanized farming equipment, tractors, and combine harvesters. This trend toward mechanization synchronized with the trend toward collectivization, as it became more efficient for larger farmers to replace individual family farms. Farmers across the country banded together to acquire new equipment, operating as a sole collective farm or as a cooperative.<br /> <br /> By 1925, the United Commonwealth had enjoyed a brief period of high demand for foodstuffs, aided by instability in Europe, but the rapid return of the agricultural sector, both domestically and abroad, led to rapid overproduction, causing prices to plummet and market conditions to stagnate. The decline was advantageous to Callahan’s political agenda, as the decrease in prices most significantly impacted rich landowners who had taken out loans to buy up failing farmland. The collapse of land prices led to mass liquidation of most remaining landowners’ property. This was further incentivized with a land value tax, which harshly cracked down on land hoarding and wealth accumulation by the feared “returning capitalist class”. According to Marshall, a free market would inherently yield prices unfair to farmers due to supply outpacing demand, or would lead to wasteful practices to decrease overproduction – disposal of food products, idling of land – and so he proposed a series of farm bills meant to augment the agricultural market. This plan involved setting a parity price for all major crops; the government would purchase crops at this price to establish stockpiles, while consumers would be allowed to purchase food at the price the market determined, with the government paying a subsidy to farmers that covered the difference between the price paid and the parity price.<br /> <br /> A number of agencies were initiated by Marshall to promote agriculture and alleviate pressure on farmers. In 1922 the [[Central Cooperative Extension Service]] (CCES) was created to lead research and extention programs at universities, and to create extension agencies and experiment stations. In 1925 the [[Central Farmers’ Agency]] (CFA), supplying semi-required disaster insurance, and allowing members to sell tax-deductible food directly to the government for export. This policy was supported through a series of export subsidies; in order to keep prices sustainable domestically despite the high price supports, excess crops would be sold off on the foreign market. As a result by 1926 the United Commonwealth was a net exporter of most staple crops such as wheat, which generated foreign capital to pay for government expenses, and also had the added benefit of disturbing Sierran and Superian agricultural dominance. With the increased stockpile, the government instituted a number of programs such as the [[National School Lunch Act]], which would provide free school meals to all students in the country.<br /> <br /> Seeing the potential power of solving hunger not just in the country but the world, Callahan decreed it a priority to expand the country's agriculture and set an example to the rest of the world. At the [[14th Congress of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|14th Congress of the Continentalist Party]] in 1928 he declared, &quot;Food is strength, and food is peace, and food is freedom, and food is a helping hand to people around the world whose goodwill and friendship we want.&quot; This would form the basis for the creation of [[Food for Peace]], an international organization tasked with providing food assistance around the world. This organization helped reinvigorate trade with the United Commonwealth, and also acted as soft power in the influence of developing countries. <br /> <br /> Later in Callahan's reign, he helped coin the &quot;[[Green Revolution]]&quot;, a massive overhaul of global agriculture practices spurred on my technological innovation. In the allied country of Mexico post-[[Great War]], scientists and engineers from the United Commonwealth oversaw the rebuilding of the country's agricultural sector, which became the testbed for the larger Green Revolution. The revolution intensified through the creation of the [[Food and Agriculture Commission]] (FAC), an international organization dedicated to combating food scarcity, and tasked with funding agricultural and nutrition research, as well as providing technical aid to member countries. The Commission would later become a pioneer in genetic modification and the study of plant varieties, innovating agriculture with the creation of more resilient, high yield crops which would work better in underdeveloped countries. These initiatives would later become the basis for a global explosion in research and technology that increased agricultural productivity, combatted world hunger, and modernized the global south.<br /> <br /> ===Last Gasp of Capitalism (1928–1932)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Depression of 1928–1932|Last Gasp of Capitalism}}<br /> <br /> [[File:55895c506bb3f7b176a8b531.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Men signing up for unemployment assignments as part of a Depression-era program, 1930]]<br /> Global conditions significantly declined during the 1930s. On 9 April 1928, the Sierran markets crashed which ultimately spurred the [[Depression of 1928–1932]], also known as the Great Depression. Although the United Commonwealth faced hardships during the 1920s, the country was uniquely disconnected from the rest of the world’s economy, allowing the country to be largely unaffected by the Great Depression in comparison to its neighbors. This proved a major ideological victory for Landonism which Callahan sought to capitalize on, calling the Great Depression the &quot;[[Last Gasp of Capitalism]]&quot; before an eventual collapse. The government published economic growth all throughout the Depression, and hastily sought to increase development. Nonetheless, the concern of a potential economic hardship allowed the National Board to re-nationalize most sectors of the economy. Throughout the Great Depression global manufacturing output decreased, which threatened the nation’s exports, and also caused price instability, which made repaying debts more difficult. Cultural attitudes within the nation sharply turned to a more conservative outlook, with many progressive reforms enacted in the 1920s being reversed. Callahan and the Central Committee set forth a new five year economic plan to redevelop the nation, creating new programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations, and investing in roads, rails, public housing and the nation's waterways. The United Commonwealth’s unique position during the crisis has led to differing opinions regarding if it benefited or was hurt in the long run by the event; while the country was shielded by the worst effects of a crash, it also was absent from a post-depression boom that came from an uptick in international trade. For the first time since the revolution, the United Commonwealth welcomed a net increase in immigration from other countries, especially from neighboring North American nations, and the state welcomed these immigrants as victims of capitalism, securing a propaganda victory over the rest of the continent. <br /> <br /> [[File:Editorial cartoon mocking FDR's &quot;Alphabet agencies&quot;.jpg|thumb|300px|1931 cartoon parodying the Great Depression-era agencies as a card game.]]<br /> Although the Continentalist Party had effectively consolidated power, labor disputes continued. In 1930, the [[United Continental Mine Workers]] (UCMW) went into negotiations with [[Continental Electric]] in an effort to increase coal miners' pay. The National Board for Industrialization and Cooperation sided with Continental Electric, viewing the increase in wages would be detrimental to energy prices. On 1 January 1931 the UCMW declared a nationwide strike that halted coal production at the government owned facilities. Energy prices soared across North America causing a reduction in economic activity. Continental Electric and the NBIC refused to sell coal at higher prices domestically but agreed to increase export prices. Although the strike was somewhat successful, the miners' pay only increased by 30% and planned to work throughout the summer and initiate a strike during fall. Callahan and the NBIC feared that coal shortages, which had previously caused domestic unrest during the Continental Revolution, would ultimately threaten the stability of the Continentalist Party. As a compromise, the National People's Congress, at the directive of the Presidium, issued legislation that established the [[Commissariat for Appalachian Urbanization and Development]] (CAUD). CAUD and the Continental government allocated resources and material for improved housing, healthcare and education in regions crucial to coal production. Industrial cooperatives supported the new agency as it kept energy prices low, allowing for increased productivity and profits. By August of 1931 the UCMW dropped all negotiations within the NBIC and ended all plans to strike during the winter.<br /> <br /> Numerous government agencies would be created by the People's Commissars throughout the early 1930s, despite Callahan’s past apprehension to bureaucracy. This included the [[Public Works Administration]] (PWA), which acted as a major program of public works, and organized and provided funding for the building of useful works such as government buildings, schools, airports, hospitals, roads, bridges, and dams. Additionally, the agency was given near free reign to employ people from across the country to work on a wide range of projects. Under the PWA, the nation laid thousands of miles of railroads and highways, undertook reforestation and flood control – millions of hectares of soil would be reclaimed from erosion and devastation – built numerous warships and warplanes, and undertook massive damming projects to provide hydroelectric power. The [[National Housing Administration]] (NHA) became at the forefront of a national project to provide housing for every Continental family, and set new national standards for home construction. <br /> <br /> ===Lowering of the Iron Curtain===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Iron Curtain}}<br /> <br /> [[File:guy sneaking over the berlin wall.jpg|300px|left|thumb|A Continentalist soldier helps a child pass through a checkpoint at the border town of Texarkana, 1930]]<br /> Sierra came to exemplify the archetype of the decedent, capitalist country under the propaganda of Callahan. According to historian {{W|Frederick L. Schuman}}, conflict between the two juggernauts of the continent were inevitable due to their ideological battle for the “mantle of the American Experiment”; the Sierran-led [[Allied intervention in the Continental Revolutionary War|allied intervention]] into the United Commonwealth during the Continental Revolution forever poisoned relations between the two, leading Schuman to surmise it was the true start of the [[Cold War]]. Sierra’s domination of the entertainment industry – a process that had begun before the revolution as the industry gradually migrated westward – cemented by the revolution and its purges of business magnates, was perceived as a direct threat to Landonist control. A market had emerged among the country’s elite throughout the 1920s, craving Sierran-pressed records, films, and other media in the United Commonwealth. Under Callahan, this was rejected by the Continental Party as Sierran &quot;bourgeois principles&quot;, which sought to undermine the fledgling Landonist government. Beginning in 1927 the National People's Congress cut off connections to Sierra and the rest of the &quot;reactionary world&quot;, and rejected Sierran media as antagonistic to the Landonist values of the nation. This effectively illegalized much of the entertainment industry in the United Commonwealth, cut off trade with Sierra, and instituted the descent of the “Iron Curtain” across the continent. <br /> <br /> The government responded with support for a [[Continental Musician's Union]] (CMU), which with the backing of the [[People's Commissariat for Culture]], became the official state guild of musicians and music producers in 1930. By the end of the decade state-sponsored censorship of music and the arts intensified, to dismantle any last vestiges of reactionary, capitalistic, or foreign music in the United Commonwealth. At the onset of the Great Depression, musicians who hoped to gain party funding were obligated to submit all works to the Musician's Union before publication, officially to help guide young musicians toward successful careers, but in practice to control the direction of new music nationwide. Under Seamus Callahan and the Landonist censors, the Department of Culture sought to reel in the experimentation of the modernists through the promotion of &quot;[[Landonist realism]]&quot;, a style of idealized art that characterized Landonist values, such as the emancipation of the proletariat. In the field of music this meant music infused with a sense of struggle and triumph that uniquely reflected Continental society. Composers were expected to return to traditional techniques that created a through line to America's rustic and populist musical past. Continental music during this period served as an important propaganda tool, glorifying the proletariat and the Landonist regime, as well as Callahan's personal greatness, a trend which he attempted to stop on more than one occasion. Throughout the period the state strived for pieces that the common working man could understand and take pride in, while the rare number independently produced without state involvement tended to be criticized or censored by the state for reactionary tendencies.<br /> <br /> [[File:True Continental Sons.jpg|thumb|Poster promoting Continental intervention in the [[Spanish Civil War]], 1930]]<br /> Owing to increased tensions between Sierra and the United Commonwealth, the two became engaged in a number of proxy wars during this period. It was during this heightened period that Callahan sought to establish revolutionary cells, aligned with the Continentalist cause, in the [[Styxie]]. The [[National Academy for Revolutionary Instruction]] (NARI) (officially the ''Military Institute of Warren, the Crimson Revolution and Landonism'') was established with the intent of developing military officers for partisan organization throughout the world. Along with the military institution, the Central Committee provided funds for the creation of the [[National University of Labor Doctrine and Organization]] (NULDO) which sought to promote Landonism in liberal democracies by radicalizing labor unions. Callahan doubled down on his assistance to Mexico, lending direct soldiers on the ground in spring 1923, and also alienated many of the other powers of North America, leading to the 1923 joint North American embargo. Beginning in 1926, the United Commonwealth began offering major material and financial support to the Republican cause of the [[Spanish Civil War]], eventually resulting in the creation of the [[Spanish People's Republic]] in 1930. The nation also heavily fortified the island country of [[Ireland]] to establish a Continental presence in Northern Europe, and send an expedition force to Italy in 1932 following the outbreak of war in the Balkans. On 2 September 1931, Sierra and the United Commonwealth became embroiled in the [[Veracruz incident]], an incident that resulted in several casualties for both belligerents. Hostilities increased with the [[September Crisis]], prompting the National People's Congress to reorganize the nation's industrial sector to support a {{W|wartime economy}}. In 1931, the United Commonwealth began supporting the [[Brazorian United Landonist Relief Front]] in an effort to spur a revolution. After two years of political uncertainty and popular discontent with the right-wing government, the [[Continental invasion of Brazoria|United Commonwealth invaded]] Brazoria on 11 April 1932. Sierra, [[Superior]], [[Canada]], and [[Astoria]] joined together in an effort to repel the Continental forces, beginning the [[Great War]] in North America. <br /> <br /> ===Great War (1932–1938)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Great War}}<br /> <br /> What would become known as the [[Great War]] broke out in early 1932 with the [[Invasion of Germany|Franco-Russian invasion of Germany]]. Under a series of treaties and pacts negotiated the previous decade, the United Commonwealth was pledged to support [[Italy]] and Spain in continental Europe, who in turn had created a non-aggression pact with the [[Derzhavism|Derzhavist]] powers of [[Derzhavist France|France]] and [[Derzhavist Russia|Russia]]. Beginning in 1932 the Landonist alliance launched an [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]] with Continental support, beginning the Landonization of the Balkans. However, until the Derzhavist betrayal of the non-aggression pact with [[Operation Charlemagne]], a surprise invasion of Spain, from 1932 to 1934 the United Commonwealth was primarily dedicated to war in North America. <br /> [[File:5b4ddc1f85600a663b0c5103.jpg|400px|thumb|A continental artillery brigade along near the town of Mora during the Santa Fe Campaign, 1936]]<br /> Although seemingly isolated in the continent, the United Commonwealth possessed a significant population, industrial, and infrastructural advantage, allowing it to quickly mobilize and overwhelm many of its neighbors. In the opening weeks of the war, the United Commonwealth invaded both Brazoria and Superior, while in Canada – through an overwhelming combined invasion by air, land, and sea – the Continental forces secured surrender of the country after 56 days, leading to the creation of Landonist puppet governments. The Western American Front, involving the Landonist invasions of Superior, Brazoria, and later Sierra, proved one of the most deadly fronts of the conflict, eventually collapsing into a stalemate at the Rocky Mountains near the Sierran border, and resulting in one of the greatest defeats in Continental military history, the [[Battle of Hoosier Pass]]. The Landonists would secure victory in the Brazorian Revolutionary War in 1935, subsequently cementing Brazoria as a Landonist nation. Superior would likewise be nearly completely occupied and a [[Superian Continental Republic|puppet government was established]], although Superian guerilla campaigns made the distant territories of the nation impossible to govern for the United Commonwealth. After the [[Mexican Campaign of 1935]], which saw Sierra's southern territory in [[El Norte]] overwhelmed bringing the front nearly to the doorstep of [[Porciúncula]], a Sierran counteroffensive would push the Landonists back into Mexico, ensuring Sierra’s survival. Landonist forces would also secure Sierran territories in the Yucatán peninsula, although further Landonist interventions in Latin America proved a crippling mistake. In the Caribbean the Landonists blockaded the Antilles and captured numerous islands, although under pressure from the Empire of Brazil these gains were curtailed.<br /> <br /> Failing to secure the Antilles and the western coast, the Continental populace's attitude towards the world began to sour. Callahan promised during the 1936 campaign that the war would continue until the goal of continental socialism was achieved, and the failure to do so caused a rise in rival factions within the party. It became the official line of the party in 1937 that the government would sue for peace with Sierra, and this was ultimately achieved with the signing of the [[Treaty of North American Amity]] and the [[New Orleans Accords]] in 1938. The war was called by Callahan the “paramount test” of the new nation, and the United Commonwealth’s survival against the odds imposed against it emboldened the Continental people. Callahan reached his peak in popularity and personal control over the country after the war, being widely regarded as the embodiment of victory and patriotism. In 1941 a second biography of Seamus Callahan was published, which eulogized him to a greater extent than its predecessor, and Callahan was quoted in national newspapers on a daily basis, with pictures of him becoming pervasive in homes and public places alike. <br /> <br /> [[File:RIAN archive 61150 Great Patriotic War.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Continental soldiers resting during the Bismarck Uprising in Superior, 1937.]]<br /> The nation had effectively been mobilized in its entirety toward the cause of victory. Industry had exploded to meet the demand of the war effort, and was heavily concentrated under the command of Callahan. The last decade of Callahan’s reign would be dedicated to the rebuilding of the nation after the war, but also toward exporting Continental industry and the nation’s ideology to war torn nations. The United Commonwealth was left as the de facto industrial hegemon of the western hemisphere and used its power to influence the policies of a number of neighboring satellite states. Concerned that returning soldiers to the United Commonwealth had been exposed to Sierran goods and ideas, and recalling rebellions that occurred following the [[War of Contingency]], Callahan had millions of soldiers pass through “filtration camps” while returning east, and thousands would be interrogated and imprisoned in labor camps. Emboldened by his success and popularity among the average Continental citizen, Callahan enacted a purge of several political opponents and deported up to 152,000 people from territories captured during the war; a further 2.4 million would be sent in internal exile to “special settlements” in isolated areas, camps, penal colonies, and prisons. Conversely, many war-time restrictions were lifted: the ration-book system was done away with, capital punishment was abolished, and restrictions aimed against churches were relaxed. <br /> <br /> ===Beginning of the Cold War===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Cold War}}<br /> <br /> In the aftermath of the Great War, the “Continental Bloc” began to take shape as a ring of satellite states around the United Commonwealth, while a similar western bloc developed led by Sierra, Germany, and others. Although tensions existed between the two blocs prior, the post-war reality and the eventual development of {{W|mutually assured destruction}} through nuclear weapons, led to a &quot;[[Cold War]]&quot; between the two blocs instead of formal confrontation. The Callahan administration sought to protect the interior of the country by placing buffers between itself and Sierra, and sought to slowly integrate continentalism and Landonism to the rest of the continent through these puppet regimes. Continental soldiers would be deployed to these countries for the rest of Callahan’s reign, ensuring their cooperation, and aware that these nations had been pushed toward socialism through invasion rather than by proletarian revolution, Callahan preferred the term “people’s democracies” to refer to them. In 1940 the 12th Congress of the [[Landonist International]] was held as the first formal meeting between the United Commonwealth and the Landonist states of the continent, and Callahan promoted the idea of building socialism within this network of states. However, after the war the Callahan administration shifted its policy, intervening on numerous occasions to aid socialist revolutionaries in Europe, South America, Africa and Asia in an effort to establish revolutionary states. The network of states in the Americas would evolve into a formal alliance of states in 1940, as the [[Chattanooga Pact]], which was followed soon after by Sierra's own [[Northern Treaty Organization]]. <br /> <br /> The two blocs would clash in a number of disputes and proxy wars during the 1940s. Among the first disputes of the Cold War was regarding the partitioning of France after the Great War. Split into North and South occupation zones, these divisions gradually became permanent, leading to the declaration of a Western-aligned [[North France]] and a Landonist [[South France]]. Europe became largely divided between north and south, with Callahan having taken place in secret negotiations with the West in the final years of the war to create the partition. The decision to annex Portugal into the [[Iberian Union of Socialist Republics]] caused disagreement among the Landonist allies, with Italy and the United Commonwealth being skeptical of the action for diplomatic purposes. Likewise, Italy and the United Commonwealth disagreed over the fate of [[Greece]], as Italy intervened in the ongoing [[Greek Civil War]] despite Continental assurances to the West that it was within their sphere of influence. In Asia the [[Chinese Civil War]] resulted in a [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist]] victory and the proclamation of the [[People's Republic of China]], dramatically shifting the balance of power in Asia and also within the Landonist bloc. <br /> <br /> [[File:Baker Shot.ogg|thumb|[[Operation Crimson Sun]] consisted of four detonations, with the first testing the initial bomb and the second on warships. All the detonations occurred on or off the shores of {{W|Sable Island}}.]]<br /> Seeking to renew the war at a future date and carry out the unification of North America, Callahan dedicated Continental resources to experimental nuclear research. Continental scientists developed the first artificial nuclear reactor, {{W|Chicago Pile-1}}, in 1942. In 1945, the United Commonwealth was the first state to test an {{W|atomic bomb}}. With this new technology, Callahan formulated [[Operation Rapture]] as a planned invasion of Sierra using nuclear weapons, however, this plan was unable to be implemented before Callahan's death in 1947, and was abandoned due to internal issues in the country over his succession and the West eventually developing their own nuclear weapons.<br /> <br /> As part of the Baran Plan, named for Secretary of the Treasury {{W|Paul A. Baran}}, the United Commonwealth invested heavily in the rebuilding and development of allied nations across the continent and abroad. During a five year period after the war, the United Commonwealth dispensed over $10 billion in foreign aid in economic recovery programs. In addition to modernizing and developing the infrastructure of allied nations, which made them more reliant on the United Commonwealth, the plan also sought to entice foreign nations into favorable trade conditions with the country, and prevent the spread of rival, capitalist ideologies in nations that the United Commonwealth interacted with. This policy would eventually evolve into the [[Organization for Mutual Economic Assistance and Development]]. In 1945 the [[Continental Development Plan]] was initiated, which saw the creation of new locks and dams on the {{W|America's Marine Highway|Continental Maritime Corridors}}, the expansion of the {{W|Tennessee Valley Authority}}, and investment in dams and canals in Quebec. <br /> <br /> What remained of the press, arts, entertainment, and media industries were transformed by Callahan during the war to be completely dedicated toward the state, in this case toward the efforts of propaganda. As the war came to a close, the freedoms enjoyed by artists and musicians to experiment with new techniques were again curtailed, with newly appointed People's Commissar for Culture [[Eric Johnston]] criticizing composers who had supposedly embraced non-continental ideals during the war. At Johnston's recommendation, government bureaucrat [[Joseph McCarthy]] was placed at the head of the [[Non-Continental Activities Committee]], which ushered in a new era of censorship, investigation, and paranoia. McCarthy would begin a years-long investigation of creatives across the United Commonwealth, arresting hundreds of people for supposed capitalistic sympathies, and blacklisting others from ever receiving work in the industry. As a result, the decade from the end of the war to the death of Seamus Callahan in 1947 is largely seen as a dark age in Continental entertainment. Under the harsh restrictions of McCarthyism, the younger generation largely strove to conform, producing music that was bare in structure, or incorporated folk tunes. Other composers turned to film music work after the film industry saw a brief resurgence during the war. Jazz music largely diverged from the danceable popular music of the 1930s with the emergence of bebop as a more challenging &quot;musician's music&quot;, although the genre was resisted against in much of the United Commonwealth. The threat of investigation or arrest haunted several of the country's controversial non-conformist musicians, exemplified by the arrest of {{W|Thelonious Monk}} in 1947. One of the few classical composers to thrive during this era were{{W|Marc Blitzstein}}, who received renown for his 1939 Landonist musical ''{{W|The Cradle Will Rock}}'', and [[Andy Armstrong]], whose war songs such as [[The Sacred War]] were widely supported for their patriotic implications. <br /> <br /> ==Mid-century Commonwealth (1947–1960)==<br /> <br /> {{Main|History of the United Commonwealth (1947–1960)}}<br /> <br /> ===Death of Callahan and Second Triumvirate (1947–1951)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Death and state funeral of Seamus Callahan|Second Triumvirate}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Stalin's_casket_on_howitzer_carriage_draught_by_horses.jpg|350px|thumb|The funeral service of Seamus Callahan, 1947]]<br /> In the final years of Callahan’s reign as paramount leader, he was increasingly in poor health. Beginning in 1946, he took time away from government to vacation. However, he never relaxed his grip on power and demanded frequent updates and dictated commands. As a result of the [[Great War]], Callahan had consolidated a number of government positions around himself, acting both as President and Premier simultanenously, and while ostensively a war-time effort, this was not reversed after the war. He became increasingly paranoid of a plot to usurp his power or assassinate him, leading him to distance himself from several ambitious members of the Continentalist Party. A brief purge began as several hundred people were discreetly ordered to be interrogated, arrested, exiled, or even executed at Callahan’s command. By 1947, he was fearful even of his doctors, and he arrested several of them, forcing confessions out of some that they had been paid by his political opponents. His final three speeches in public, although brief, concerned the leadership of the nation after his death and his recommended course of action for the country. On 1 June 1947 Seamus Callahan died of natural causes while in [[Chicago]]. Callahan’s death was announced the following day, and his body was quickly embalmed and put on display for several days in the capital. Mourning procedures were frantic, leading to several people being killed in stampedes. He was finally entombed on 10 June, his funeral attracting tens of thousands of onlookers.<br /> <br /> Without a clear successor to Callahan, the leadership of the nation was thrown into disarray. An emergency meeting of the [[Secretariat of the 18th Congress of the Continentalist Party|18th Secretariat]] was called on the night of 1 June, in which the members of the group chose among themselves a new plan. Among the nine remaining members, most were Callahan appointees and supported a continuation of his policies, with some seeking to succeed him as paramount leader. Callahan's supposedly preferred successor and new [[General Secretary of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|General Secretary]], [[Amelia Fowler Crawford]], was one such individual who assumed a continuation of Callahanist policies around her own rule, in what became known as [[Callahanism#Neocallahanism|Neocallahanism]]. However, a faction within the group instead fought to restore the system of collective leadership that Callahan had eroded, in which no one person could obtain complete control over the nation again. <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | align = right<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | header_align = &lt;!-- center (default), left, right --&gt;<br /> | header = The Second Triumvirate<br /> | image1 = Kirill Trofimovich Mazurov.jpg<br /> | width1 = 160<br /> | caption1 = [[Jack Tracy]], [[Vice President of the United Commonwealth|Vice President]] from 1944 to 1947, became acting president<br /> | image2 = Hoyt S Vandenberg.jpg<br /> | width2 = 168<br /> | caption2 = [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], [[People's Commissar for Defense]] and head of the security apparatus<br /> | image3 = john-l-lewis-1880-1969-american-everett.jpg<br /> | width3 = 150<br /> | caption3 = [[John L. Lewis]], [[Vice Premier of the United Commonwealth|Vice Premier]] and Old Continental<br /> }}<br /> This faction of &quot;Anti-Callahanists&quot; included [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], the Director of Central Intelligence and the head of the nation’s secret police, [[Jack Tracy]], the [[Vice President of the United Commonwealth|vice president]] at the time of Callahan's death, and Old Continental [[John L. Lewis]]. Although they could not control the Secretariat, they controlled a majority of the [[Presidium of the National People's Congress|Presidium]], and declared themselves joint co-chairs, forming the basis of the [[Second Triumvirate (United Commonwealth)|Second Triumvirate]]. This group would become the main opposition force to the influence of the new General Secretary. Despite the strong image that Callahan had portrayed to the world, the Central Committee performed an audit that concluded they were falling behind. Continental bombers were of exaggerated effectiveness, and there were concerns about the readiness of the nuclear program and the threat of Western proliferation. Sierran reconnaissance missions were reportedly infiltrating Continental airspace, and were potentially dropping agents over the border. Although many of these aircraft were shot down and captured, it left a psychological effect on the Central Committee. Additionally, living standards and the rate of adoption of new consumer goods had become decreased. <br /> <br /> ===Decallahanization===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Decallahanization}}<br /> <br /> The Second Triumvirate would implement their own program, known collectively as [[Decallahanization]]. Although the late leader was not denounced directly, the government quietly distanced themselves from him and downplayed his [[Seamus Callahan's cult of personality|cult of personality]]. Their primary goal was the collectivization and decentralization of several government positions and offices. In theory, the head of the Continental departments was supposed to be a council of equals rather than led by a single person, which the Second Triumvirate sought to implement, and additionally many offices had been combined or occupied by the same person, which was reversed. They were joined by [[Raymond Beshear]] of the [[National Democratic Labor Association]], who championed increased democratization and checks on government officials. Under Beshear's influence, the [[List of political parties in the United Commonwealth|minor parties]] were moderately empowered, and for the first time since the 1920s were given some leeway to make their own policy. <br /> <br /> Spearheaded by Vandenberg, the country’s leadership investigated the claims made by Callahan with a more neutral perspective. They found that many of Callahan’s plots, such as the accusation of his doctors being saboteurs, were unfounded. Thousands would be released from prison over the next year, and in the South the extensive labor camps were curtailed and eventually replaced, many of its occupants being gradually released. Torture of prisoners, both physical and psychological, was also outlawed, as was the death penalty in 1948. A rehabilitation process began in which thousands of formerly imprisoned, exiled, or executed members of the Continentalist Party were exonerated and in some cases welcomed back, and records from the Callahan Era were declassified in some instances to increase transparency. In the process of reorganization, the Second Triumvirate also eliminated many of Callahan's allies and appointees, although crucially the Triumvirate erred on the side of rehabilitation and cordial removal. Members of the Secretariat, such as [[Joseph McDonald]] and [[Jack Spruance]], were removed from the body but allowed to quietly retire, rather than face imprisonment. Elsewhere, Vandenberg clashed with the long-standing members of the Central Committee; he had contempt for many of them as being complicit and supportive of Callahan’s more destructive and immoral practices, and they in turn distrusted Vandenberg’s influence over the secret police, his upstart nature, and his radical policies of relaxation that they deemed too reactionary. Vandenberg advocated for increased autonomy for the satellite states of the union, as well as possibly devolving Okaloosa to a similar level of autonomy, believing that the strict rule being imposed was strategically untenable. These policies were rejected wholesale by the other members of the Triumvirate, the proposal alarming other members. Going into the [[Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Continentalist Party|19th Secretariat]] after May 1948, the Second Triumvirate maintained a majority. <br /> <br /> ===Dixiecrat Revolution (1948–1949)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Dixiecrat Revolution}}<br /> <br /> After the death of Callahan, discontent began to fester across the United Commonwealth’s empire. In the South the sidelining of Harry Haywood had catalyzed his southern cultural revolution, which only intensified after Callahan’s demise. Haywood effectively mobilized the mostly black population to challenge the policies of racial segregation, emboldening the population with Landonist works that glorified the founders of the nation, including himself. The Central Committee inherited the fear that Haywood’s ambitions threatened their own power, but also were forced to contend with the reactionary backlash his rapid cultural shift brought about. The Triumvirate responded to the unrest and the demands for equal rights with the creation of the Committee on Civil Rights in October 1947, as well as {{W|Executive Order 9981}} in January 1948, meant to investigate the last vestiges of legal discrimination, as well as social conflict. This galvanized the white population of the South and the Continentalist Party therein. At a tense meeting of the Okaloosan Continental Party Congress, several legislators walked out to form their own convention in the leadup to the [[1948 United Commonwealth legislative election|1948 General Election]]. At a meeting in Birmingham, Alabama on 17 March 1948, this evolved into the Dixiecrat faction of the Continentalist Party. There they declared their general platform:<br /> <br /> [[File:Strom Thurmond 1948.jpg|thumb|250px|Strom Thurmond, founder of the Dixiecrats]]<br /> {{Quote|&quot;We stand for the segregation of the races and the racial integrity of each race; the constitutional right to choose one's associates; to accept private employment without governmental interference, and to earn one's living in any lawful way. We oppose the elimination of segregation, the repeal of miscegenation statutes, the control of private employment by Continental bureaucrats called for by the misnamed civil rights program. We favor home-rule, local self-government and a minimum interference with individual rights.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> The Dixiecrats drew their power from the large white population of the South, and all those angered by the oppressive politics of the Callahan Era, including the forced relocations, imprisonments, and executions of primarily white citizens by Callahan, in conjunction with Haywood’s Okaloosa. The Dixiecrats were in a large part a reaction to the cultural revolution and the toppling of the traditional hierarchies of the South; the elevation of black politicians over all others, and the threat of now fully ending segregation, alarmed white inhabitants, who accused the government of undertaking a quiet genocide of the traditional South. The most prominent Dixiecrat to emerge would be [[Strom Thurmond]], who rallied the South with fiery speeches, taking advantage of laxed censorship on speech after the death of Callahan. Thurmond claimed that the government had gone too far and was now actively reversing the roles until whites were oppressed, and that white people would need to protect themselves from the complete eradication of their culture by those seeking post-colonial revenge. Thurmond carefully toed the line as to not directly advocate for violence or support for groups deemed terrorist organizations such as the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and he never outwardly broke from Continentalist rhetoric, although he tacitly approved of the militancy of the white population concurrent to his political bid. The occupation of the South by Continental soldiers, mostly from the north – a policy that had been occurring the past 25 years – angered the southern population, as the cost of the occupation and reparations being paid had ballooned to an estimated 19% of the annual Okaloosan budget. This trickled down to the average southern worker, whose disposable income was estimated to be one-third lower than the pre-occupation conditions. Ironically, this occupation was the only thing that made the Okaloosan Central Committee hesitant to crack down against the Dixiecrats or arrest Thurmond, despite Haywood’s protestations. <br /> <br /> In the leadup to the 1948 general election, violence across the South intensified. The rise of the Dixiecrats had indirectly emboldened the more militant southern organizations, leading to a series of violent attacks and reprisals. Protests and counter protests erupted across Okaloosa, and the government intervened on several occasions, although this only further pushed people toward the rhetoric of Thurmond. The government response was also stilted by the Callahan Era appointments in Okaloosa, leading to an internal struggle within the party leadership in the south instead of coordinating a unified response. Under the leadership of party member [[John Sparkman]], and drawing upon the central government’s rhetoric of self-determination for the Continental Bloc, a faction within the Okaloosan government unsuccessfully bid for the independence of the South as a last ditch effort. To the Central Committee, with the exception of perhaps Vandenberg, such a proposal was untenable. In the leadup to the election, Sierra also allegedly began broadcasting propaganda across the airways to destabilize the situation. The Sierran government would intervene in the ensuing crisis to undermine the political and cultural influence of the United Commonwealth, although stopping short of directly provoking the regime change in order to prevent escalation to a full-scale nuclear war. <br /> [[File:washington-riots-2.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Members of the Continental Army don gas masks during the dispursing of protestors in Selma, 1948]]<br /> In June 1948, a workers’ uprising in North Carolina was violently repressed with the aid of the Continental Army. However, the following month the Central Committee responded to the public demands and appointed several reformist-minded politicians with a mandate to negotiate worker concessions, fewer soldiers stationed in the South, and the continued legalization of the Dixiecrats. At the urging of Harry Haywood, the paramilitary Black Guard and its student affiliates protested the Dixiecrats at every step, and undertook efforts to intimidate people away from the polls. However, Haywood did not capture the black population unilaterally, as many across the board were against the more repressive elements of the regime. The NAACP’s legal department, headed by individuals such as [[Thurgood Marshall]] urged fairness in the upcoming election and the reversal of “separate but equal” politics in Okaloosa. The position of Marshall and other civil rights activists was that Haywood’s black supremacist message hurt their position in the long run, and a growing number of reformists called for racial integration and equality, not further polarization. <br /> <br /> [[File:Jack Metzger – Ungarischer Freiheitskampf, 1956 (Com M05-0448-0001).jpg|thumb|300px|Armed members of the Dixiecrat movement in Birmingham, Alabama]]<br /> In November 1948, the general election occurred, and the Dixiecrats swept across the south. Okaloosan politicians underestimated the popularity of the movement, which now held a majority in several southern states, and the Okaloosan Continentalist Party became increasingly divided, with a white majority in the republic’s congress for the first time in the history of Okaloosa. Thurmond’s supporters took to the streets to demand the leadership positions of the government be conceded to the Dixiecrats. Okaloosan leadership stalled, but began drafting legislation to compromise with the Dixiecrats, however, to them this was too little. On 10 November, approximately 5,000 protesters convened in Birmingham, Alabama, where Thomas Davis, President of the Writers’ Union of Okaloosa, read a manifesto listing a series of demands for the government: the implementation of a democratic socialist political system, the appointment of Dixiecrat politicians to the Central Committee, the restoration of all freedoms and rights, and the demilitarization of the South. The crowd responded by singing the popular southern anthems “Dixie” and “God Save the South” and burning several Okaloosan flags. <br /> <br /> By that night the crowd had grown to an estimated 30,000 protestors, and had emboldened similar protests across the South. That night James W. Ford broadcast a speech across the radio condemning the agenda of the protestors. This further angered protestors, and in Birmingham a statue of Seamus Callahan that had been raised at the site of a former church was toppled to a cheering crowd. In the city of Atlanta protesters attempted to storm the city’s radio broadcast station to broadcast their demands. Police began using tear gas and the growing crowd, while reportedly guards of the radio station itself began firing upon the crowd, killing several people. The situation quickly escalated, with police cars being set ablaze, and weapons being seized from military depots. The following day monuments and symbols of the Continental Party were vandalized across southern cities. The Okaloosan Central Committee, which was now operating without the mandate of the republic’s congress, moved to label the Dixiecrats as a terrorist organization. At the same time Ford and several other members proposed a law creating a strictly equal division of whites and blacks in the Central Committee. At the same time, the Black Guard took the streets and began guarding Continentalist symbols and clashing with the crowds. A series of shootings occurred Between November 10-13 between the two parties, killing several hundred people. <br /> <br /> [[File:Fortepan 12830 Rákóczi út - Akácfa utca sarok. Kiégett szovjet BTR-152 páncélozott lövészszállító jármű..jpg|thumb|300px|left|An Okaloosan military vehicle is left destroyed in the streets of Atlanta]]<br /> The Triumvirate responded to the situation with complete shock, and believing that the Okaloosan government had lost control of the situation, ordered a military invasion to pacify the situation. On 14 November, Continental tanks and infantry units crossed the border to occupy the key cities of the republic. Later that day the Continental Army had tanks stationed outside the Okaloosan Congress building, and soldiers held and guarded key bridges, crossroads, and key installations. Ford was forced to resign from his position that same day, and around the same time Thurmond was elected to the Okaloosan Council of Ministers. In what was labeled a coup, Dixiecrats took over positions of the Okaloosan government, including the Defense Commissariat Taking to the radio, Thurmond urged citizens of Okaloosa to cease fire and put down their arms, hoping to initiate a peaceful negotiation of political reforms. However, his message was barely heeded, especially among the rural population of the south that continued to arm themselves and march on the positions held by the Continental Army. The situation was further confused by partisans who were against the Okaloosa government but not necessarily against the Continentalist Party, and a large percentage of the population that was against the United Commonwealth entirely. The more militant southerners who sought complete separation organized into the Provisional Committee to Save the Nation. On the morning of 15 November, Okaloosan police and Black Guard accidentally fired upon Continental soldiers stationed in Selma due to poor visibility in the morning fog. A large detachment of armed rebels and deserted soldiers proceeded to launch an attack against the Selma occupiers, leading to a fierce firefight in the city streets. <br /> <br /> The Okaloosan military completely broke down due to the politically divided chain of command. A number of Okaloosan officers, especially black leaders appointed in the Haywood era, led a mass defection away from the government. By mid November open revolution had broken out across the south, intensifying the central government’s fierce reprisal. On 6 January 1949, when appointments of the new Central Committee was scheduled, the Okaloosan Congress building was stormed by radical white supremacists, leading to a firefight that killed a number of protesters and police. However, after January the situation began to stabilize as the Continental Army gained the upper hand. The government outlawed a number of organizations formed during the Dixiecrat organization, although not the Dixiecrat faction specifically. Thousands of Dixiecrat politicians would be arrested during the government crack down, based on accusations that they were aligned with the rebel factions that sought to overthrow the Continentalist Party. In January, several radical military leaders of the Black Guard were also arrested, and Haywood was pressured to stand down. Thurmond would be quietly lured out of protection under the pretext of negotiation and was tried with treason on the grounds of conspiring to overthrow the government. This would prove a controversial trial, with Thurmond being sentenced to death, while other Dixiecrat leaders were tolerated. <br /> <br /> [[File:Szent István körút a Falk Miksa (Néphadsereg) utca felől a Honvéd utca felé nézve. A szovjet csapatok ideiglenes kivonulása 1956. október 31-én. Fortepan 24787.jpg|thumb|350px|Continental tanks in the streets of Raleigh, 1949.]]<br /> Although the government officially would not negotiate with the Dixiecrats, they ultimately took several criticisms to heart. Firstly, the Triumvirate government took the opportunity to push through several racial reforms. In the spring of 1949 they ordered the complete desegregation of the South, and in June they passed the Equal Protection Act, which effectively made segregation illegal completely in public facilities, housing, and the military. However, the Central Committee would also order the integration of Ford’s proposal. Effectively the mandated black majority in Okaloosan politics was ended, and the republic’s Central Committee would be split between black and white representatives. A moratorium in Okaloosa was also quietly allowed which partially extended racial policies for the next few years. The Dixiecrat crisis galvanized national leadership to distance themselves from the radical politics of the 1940s. At the 17th Party Congress held in late 1949, Jack Tracy went on record criticizing some of the policies of the Callahan government, and blamed his tendencies for leading to the unstable situation in the South. The Triumvirate would announce a commitment to introducing a more democratic socialist government. They also pushed for a separation in powers between the general secretary and the presidency, labeling the nepotistic appointment of Crawford as the continuation of a Callahanite cult of personality. In 1949, Tracy was confirmed as president by the election, although the incident hurt his prestige and abilities in office. <br /> <br /> The Dixiecrat Revolution was a public embarrassment for the Continentalist Party, and they worked extensively to cover up the extent of the crisis. Reporting of the crisis outside the South was censored, and no reports of the event were documented to any of the nations of the Continental Bloc. However, an estimated 50,000 southerners managed to escape the country and were recognized as political refugees, while the Sierran government also leaked information of the event and reported on it with extreme prejudice. A Sierran-led effort was raised to internationally condemn the United Commonwealth as an authoritarian government that was crushing peaceful resistance. According to the official report of the Continentalist Party, published in late 1949, the official facts of the matter were:<br /> *On 10 November, honest socialist Continentals had demonstrated against the mistakes made by the Haywood administration.<br /> *[[Derzhavist]]s, reactionaries, white supremacists, and counter-revolutionary hooligans, financed and armed by Sierra, took advantage of the protests to stage a counter-revolution.<br /> *The honest southern people had appealed to the central government for aid in restoring order. <br /> *The Thurmond faction was ineffective, as it allowed itself to be infiltrated by the counter-revolutionaries, weakening and disintegrating the legitimate government. <br /> *Southern patriots had broken with the Thurmond faction and formed an honest government of southern revolutionary workers and farmers, which allied with the central government. <br /> *Southern patriots, with Continental assistance, had crushed the counter-revolution.<br /> <br /> ===St. Louis demonstrations and Crawford's rise (1950)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|1950 St. Louis demonstrations}}<br /> [[File:Continental_demonstration.jpeg|thumb|350px|Continental demonstrators in favor of Callahan's legacy in St. Louis, 1950]]<br /> After the Dixiecrat Revolution, divisions within the leadership of the Continentalist Party intensified. The issue of continued occupation of the South led to members of government criticizing the Triumvirate and accuse them of further escalating the situation. [[Raymond Beshear]], sympathetic to the Triumvirate still and an outspoken opponent of the Revolutionary Front, became the majority leader in the National People's Congress and promised the transformation of the party into a democratic institution. Beshear clashed heavily with Crawford, who accused him of introducing revisionism and reactionary thinking, and of being Sierra-aligned. While Decallahanization continued into 1950, by this time Crawford had begun to fight back by building a rival support base in the Party. Crawford attempted to weaponize the supporters of Callahan against the rest of the Central Committee, and also gained the support of the new [[Premier of the United Commonwealth|Premier]] [[William Green]]. In February 1950, John L. Lewis died of natural causes, and the Triumvirate effectively was broken up. This opened the door for personal struggle between Crawford and Tracy. The [[Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Continentalist Party|19th Secretariat]], set to expire in August 1950, had begun to shift toward Crawford. <br /> <br /> In April 1950, a number of pro-Callahan riots broke out across the United Commonwealth, the largest being in Callahan's hometown of [[1950 St. Louis demonstrations|St. Louis]], with Crawford stoking the fire of discontent. Protesters in major cities in the North took to the streets to protest the dismantling of Callahan’s legacy after the agenda of the Central Committee was leaked to the public. They were joined by several others protesting the bureaucratization of the country implemented by the Triumvirate, and those who disapproved of the Dixiecrat situation. On 20 April, protesters took to the streets of Chicago, but by this time the protests had become generally more confused and disorganized. The government ordered a swift crackdown of the protests, leading to 22 deaths and 3,000 arrests by the end of the month. Crawford would use the opportunity to criticize Tracy’s government for its incompetence in handling the situation. The upper leadership became divided between Tracy’s supporters, who formed a plurality, Crawford’s supporters, and third parties, which eventually contributed to Tracy resigning from the office of president on 3 August. Tracy was convinced to cede the office to [[Daniel Plainview]], a moderate but Crawford-leaning appointment, serving out the rest of the term in the Secretariat as a lame duck candidate. Considered a compromise to electing Crawford directly in order to keep a separation between president and general secretary, Crawford became leader in all but name. At the commencement of the [[Secretariat of the 20th Congress of the Continentalist Party|20th Secretariat]] in August, Crawford reached the peak of her power and reorganized party leadership accordingly. Both Vandenberg and Tracy left office, while Green died in office in 1953, being replaced by a rehabilitated [[Jack Spruance]]. A new generation of members entered the body with Crawford's blessing, the most prominent of which becoming known as the [[Michigan Club]]. Alternatively, Beshear argued should Crawford step down and acquiesce to a more democratic political process. Several legal challenges were brought before the [[United Commonwealth Supreme Court]] regarding Crawford's refusal to step down. <br /> <br /> ===Crawford as Paramount Leader (1951–1953)===<br /> <br /> [[File:Iris_Faircloth_Blitch.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Amelia Fowler Crawford]] (1901-1978) reigned as paramount leader between 1950 and 1953.]]<br /> After outmaneuvering the [[Second Triumvirate]], Amelia Fowler Crawford was confirmed as leader of the United Commonwealth, although she was did not consolidate control over the Presidium and Council of People's Commissars like Callahan did. Opposition continued to exist, most pressingly in the form of Beshear and the Laborers, who Crawford accused of being affiliated with Sierran operatives, and attempted to purge from the party. The attempt failed and the Revolutionary Guard sided with the National People's Congress and the Supreme Court, signaling the decline in the autocratic power of the General Secretary. Nevertheless, Crawford initiated an ambitious program as the paramount leader of the United Commonwealth. She launched a coordinated effort to dismantle the power of the Dixiecrats in the south, promoting members of the Southern Revolutionary Front to the forefront of southern politics. In a pivotal meeting between Dixiecrat leaders, Harry Haywood, and [[Benjamin J. Davis Jr.]], the President of Okaloosa, Crawford hoped to create a compromise between the various parties of the South, and also opened negotiations with southern insurrectionists. Crawford would work with the {{W|Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters}} (BSCP), one of the largest black labor organizations in the South. In August 1951, she opened a public speech in Selma, Alabama with the posthumous pardoning and acknowledgement of 13 black men who had been executed under the Federalist Party in the leadup to the south’s capitulation. However, Crawford also opposed more radical proposals made by the Black Guard and showed sympathy to some Dixiecrats. She controversially pardoned several southern leaders who had supported Strom Thurmond, after they publicly declared allegiance to the Continentalist Party. <br /> <br /> Nationwide, Crawford instituted the creation of the [[Interrepublic Highway System]] in 1951, which was justified as a necessary upgrade of the country’s infrastructure to ensure security and preparedness during the Cold War. Crawford stoked the flame of a possible Sierran attack, arguing that a highway system would be an alternative form of transportation that would facilitate easier civilian evacuation and allow for military maneuvers. In 1952, the [[Chicago Motors scandal]] came to light, which alleged that the Crawford government knowingly supported a scheme to dismantle public transportation for the benefit of car manufacturers. Although Crawford was cleared of involvement, the scandal was a black stain on her reign as leader, and several prominent leaders, including the People's Commissar for Transportation, were fired and expelled from the Continentalist Party. The Labor Front would argue in favor of a comprehensive transportation act, which would mandate public transportation in locations over a certain population, however, this act would not be passed until after Crawford left office. The Crawford administration would focus on housing in urban centers, instituting mandates on construction, parking, and infrastructure. Ideologically she promoted the codification of the [[Golden Law of Landonism]] as a guiding force for the Continentalist Party, having the [[Constitution of the United Commonwealth|constitution]] amended to mention it. She would personally expand on the concept in ''[[The Socialist Cure for a Sick Society]]''. <br /> <br /> Throughout her reign, Crawford also controversially antagonized Sierra in the ongoing Cold War. As part of her personal fascination with space and possible alien life after the [[Kenneth Arnold UFO sightings]] in 1947, Crawford invested heavily in the exploration of space. In 1953, Crawford voiced her willingness to use nuclear weapons in the event of any foreign aggression. Members of the government intentionally used her fascination with UFOs to establish an atmosphere of paranoia and deception, fearing that Crawford would utilize a pre-emptive nuclear strike against neighboring North American states. One of the most notable incidents which deepened Crawford's conspiratorial convictions was the [[1948 Mantell affair]], a supposed encounter that led to the death of a 25-year-old Continental pilot. Crawford visited the site with an entourage of high-ranking military officials where she demanded a thorough investigation. Several officers within the [[Continental Air Force]] saw the visit as an opportunity to downplay failed interceptions by the Air Force. It was discovered that CAF General Wilbert Winegardner falsified documents in 1948, 1949, and 1950 to establish the illusion that many of the intruding objects were unidentified flying objects, when in fact most were confirmed to be aircraft belonging to the [[Brazorian Air Force]] and the [[Sierran Royal Air Force]]. Beginning in 1949, Crawford began speculating that the increase in UFO appearances correlated with an impending apocalypse. Fearing that a second Great War would consume the socialist states of the world, she believed that a nuclear war would be better outcome for mankind long term, stating;<br /> <br /> {{Quote|”Brother and sisters of America, we stand on the brink of a temporary annihilation, a cleansing fire that will purge the great disease. Capitalism is a sickness and it has infected this earthly vessel which we call home. Revolutionary socialism and militaristic continentalism have all been remedying attempts for this ailment, but unfortunately with no avail. By the will of Landon this great fraternity of Continental States has been gifted with the great tool of ultimate deliverance. We showed weakness during the first trial, we failed at unifying the continent and establishing a pure world, but come the second we shall show them the illuminating light of Warren, Callahan and Landon. The yellow Sierran with their noxious gases....the Sierrans are soulless creations, they are capitalists and the only dignifying act we can give them is a quick eradication.”}}<br /> <br /> [[File:GettyImages-615298410.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Continental military forces meeting with members of the Irish leadership during the Irish Missile Crisis]]<br /> As part of a platform of militarizing the United Commonwealth’s allies and combating the growth of Sierra’s influence in Europe and that of its allies, Crawford began building up military installations in [[Ireland]]and other Landonist-aligned nations. Crawford secretly began deploying intermediate-range nuclear missiles to allied Ireland in late 1952, despite the misgivings of the Continental Ambassador to Dublin, who argued that the situation would inflame tensions with the [[United Kingdom]]. Nonetheless, the action proceeded, leading to the delivery of 20 missiles capable of delivering nuclear warheads to cities across western and northern Europe. Crawford argued that this “leveled the playing field”, as capitalist nations with nuclear capabilities already held supremacy in Europe, which threatened Landonist nations such as [[Italy]]. This also corresponded with a massive nuclear buildup that occurred in the United Commonwealth, as Crawford saw it necessary to close the “missile gap” between the United Commonwealth and the capitalist nations; by 1953 the United Commonwealth planned to field more nuclear missiles than the rest of the nuclear-armed nations combined. <br /> <br /> In 1953, British intelligence forces discovered the installation of nuclear missiles in Ireland via long-range reconnaissance planes. This would begin a standoff known as the [[Irish Missile Crisis]], in which careful negotiation occurred between the two sides of the Cold War to narrowly prevent nuclear war. On 29 March, the crisis ended with the negotiation that Continental missiles would be removed from Ireland, while the NTO removed missiles in Turkey and Greece to an similar extent to alleviate pressure on southern Europe. The United Kingdom would also pledge to never invade Ireland without direct provocation, and a nuclear hotline was established between the United Commonwealth and Sierra. Although nuclear war had been averted, the crisis and Crawford's rhetoric in light of it was an embarrassment for the administration, and the Central Committee soon became united in the belief that she was not fit for leadership, as her militarization was antagonizing the West to an extent beyond their capacities. After an attempt to turn against members of the Central Committee backfired – she received assurances that the military would not back her in a coup attempt – Crawford announced that she would resign her position in July 1953, before the rest of the Central Committee could act to take more serious steps. Although she exited office fully in 1954, Crawford's &quot;[[Graceful exit precedent|graceful exit]]&quot; would establish a precedent of leaders peacefully acquiescing to the majority. <br /> <br /> ===Lysander Hughes and the New Frontier (1953–1958)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|New Frontier}}<br /> <br /> [[File:William Averell Harriman.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Lysander Hughes]] (1897–1958) succeeded Crawford as General Secretary.]]<br /> Crawford was succeeded by Lysander Hughes, an unlikely candidate who had ascended to the second rank in the Secretariat with Crawford's assistance, before Hughes' joining of the anti-Crawford group. Although not a Callahanist, Hughes carried out subsequent reforms with a cautious hand, emphasizing cooperation and largely burying the factional battle. Economically, Hughes was open to reforms and gave a high degree of leeway to [[Jack Spruance]], who he confirmed as [[Premier of the United Commonwealth|premier]]. Remaining in office until 1970, Spruance proved to be the longest serving premier in Continental history and the architect of the mid-century economic recovery and revitalization. Among the reforms, Spruance championed the creation of a unified aid and development organization through [[Organization for Mutual Economic Assistance and Development]] (OMEAD), which would in later years become one of the most important international organizations led by the United Commonwealth. The Spruance government also experimented with the creation of the [[Manhattan|Manhattan Island Exclusive Economic Zone]], a special economic zone in New York City in which market reforms were gradually carried out. He called the Continental mission the “fulfillment of the American Dream&quot; and the fight for “[[Freedom from Want and Fear]]”, which included making healthcare, housing, education, and employment as tenets of a “[[Bill of Rights Landonism|new Bill of Rights for mankind]]”.<br /> <br /> The chief ideological agenda of the Hughes Era was the &quot;[[New Frontier]]&quot;, an approach to Landonism and Continental government guided by science and exploration. Lysander would describe the program as emphasizing &quot;socialism through science, reason rather than sheer will, and technological innovation&quot;. Scientific discovery and innovation were prioritized as the most important tools toward building the future communist society, creating a sense of optimism and futurism in Continental society. Sharing Crawford's interest in space exploration, under Hughes the first man-made satellite would be launched into space, beginning the [[Space Race]] with the West. He oversaw the creation of the nation's unified space agency, the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA), and also invigorated public interest in the goal of landing a man on the moon, including in a famed &quot;[[We choose to go to the Moon]]&quot; speech which opened the [[22nd Congress of the Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|22nd Congress of the Continentalist Party]] in 1958. <br /> <br /> [[File:CPUC Space Race Poster.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Continental propaganda poster promoting the [[Space Race]].]]<br /> The second focus of the New Frontier was nuclear technology, both for military and civilian purposes. In addition to expanding the nuclear arsenal, Hughes' government oversaw the creation of the first {{W|thermonuclear bomb}}, expanding the nuclear arms race. As articulated in a 1954 &quot;[[Atoms for Peace]]&quot; speech, he set the goal of using nuclear power as a fuel source, and in 1957 the world’s first full-scale atomic electric power plant opened at {{W|Shippingport Atomic Power Station}} in [[Pennsylvania]]. Beginning with Hughes' investment, the United Commonwealth would go on to become the largest nuclear producer in the world. Elsewhere, the United Commonwealth saw the discovery of vaccines for diseases such as {{W|polio}}, and Hughes launched a global initiative to eradicate smallpox and other diseases. The United Commonwealth would donate approximately two billion smallpox vaccines between 1955 and 1978, contributing to its global eradication by that time. Hughes oversaw the beginnings of the [[Digital Revolution]], and just before his death supported research toward a national computer network, which would become a computerized system for resource allocation and the beginning of the internet.<br /> <br /> Although a relaxing of tensions with the West compared to Crawford, Hughes promoted an &quot;[[Arsenal of Democracy]]&quot; to economically and militarily aid European allies and communist uprisings around the globe. He contributed Continental advisors and resources to ongoing conflict in [[Indonesia]], and also intervened in South America, in what would become the prelude to the [[Colombia War]]. Controversially he supported the deployment of forces in southeast Europe to crush anti-Landonist uprisings, although also promoting the United Commonwealth as the peaceful alternative in the ongoing [[Cold War]]. In 1956 the United Commonwealth used military force to help put down [[Quebec uprising of 1956|an uprising]] in allied [[Quebec]], which polarized the international socialist community. <br /> <br /> After about five years as leader, Lysander Hughes died while in office. Hoping to avoid a factional battle as had occurred surrounding Crawford, Jack Spruance helped create a &quot;[[Third Triumvirate]]&quot; as a caretaker government until elections could take place, along with [[Christopher McCormack]] and [[Elaine Carroll]]. This government would prove perhaps the most open in Continental history up to that point, creating a sense of optimism and increased activism in the leadup to the [[1960 United Commonwealth legislative election|1960 election]]. Hoping to promote the principle of separation of powers, none of the reigning members of the Triumvirate sought the presidency, leaving the door open for the relative outside, [[Rupert Gardner]], to enter the leadership position. <br /> <br /> ==Rise of the New Left, reign of Rupert Gardener (1960–1968)==<br /> ===Student activism and counterculture===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Continental New Left}}<br /> <br /> [[File:f91cfba68f3dbe53aeb8f8840f52c4e5--the-rifles-flower-power.jpg|400px|thumb|An anti-war protestor places a flower in the barrel of a gun wielded by a Continental National Guardsman, 1967]]<br /> The crisis imposed on the United Commonwealth during the final years of the the Lysander Hughes regime catalyzed rapid political reform within the country. The confused response of the Continentalist Party against the anti-Landonist revolts of the mid-century, such as the [[Dixiecrat Revolution]] and the [[Canadian Rebellion]], led a number of prominent Marxist intellectuals to develop a more democratic approach to politics within the Continentalist Party, as the &quot;Old Left&quot; was associated with an authoritarian character that lingered since the days of Seamus Callahan. Outside the Continentalist Party, a movement arose of young people in the aftermath of the midcentury crisis of people who felt disillusioned with the government and its Cold War policies. Together these groups would formulate the ideology of the New Left, which broadly advocated for democratization, civil and political rights, feminism, and drug policy reform, but also in part rejected the traditional involvement of the left with the labor movement or Marxism’s historical theory of class struggle. The Hughes Era wartime restrictions were seen as a reminder of what the country could return to, with censorship, mass arrests, mass surveillance, and centralized bureaucracy returning; the New Left organized in the aftermath of Hughes' death to ensure that no such thing would become permanent. The term “New Left” itself would be coined by {{W|C. Wright Mills}} in 1960 with his ''Letter to the New Left'', which argued for a shift away from labor issues, the entrenched leadership, and the establishment of pragmatic establishment politics.<br /> <br /> One of the first organizations broadly categorized with the New Left would be the {{W|Students for a Democratic Society}} (SDS), created in 1957. Created from the students of the country’s socialist education organizations, the SDS was founded in Ann Arbor and declared as its founding document the Port Huron Statement, a text which decried the “disturbing paradoxes” present in present society, and called for the fulfillment of the promise that “all men are created equal.” To the SDS, the older Left was a remnant of the problems of Callahanism, and instead they called for a “commitment to deliberativeness, honesty, and reflection.” A series of protests broke out across university campuses during the 1957–1958 school season, which called for the end of restrictive policies and censorship on school campuses. Fearing escalation of protests at the tail end of the war, and also favoring gradual relaxation of censorship laws regardless, the Central Committee relented in the spring of 1958. Similarly, the broader Free Speech Movement formed, again mostly organized by students, which called for the end of censorship entirely and the implementation of {{W|freedom of speech}} as a constitutional right. The movement would also coin the term “The Establishment” to describe the conservative “powers that be” within the United Commonwealth government. After a rally in 1962, {{W|Mario Savio}} of the Free Speech Movement would give the following speech:<br /> <br /> {{Quote|&quot;But we're a bunch of raw materials that don't mean to be—have any process upon us. Don't mean to be made into any product! Don't mean—Don't mean to end up being bought by some clients of the University, be they the government, be they industry, be they organized labor, be they anyone! We're human beings! ... There's a time when the operation of the machine becomes so odious—makes you so sick at heart—that you can't take part. You can't even passively take part. And you've got to put your bodies upon the gears and upon the wheels, upon the levers, upon all the apparatus, and you've got to make it stop. And you've got to indicate to the people who run it, to the people who own it, that unless you're free, the machine will be prevented from working at all.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:RuskDemonstration10-31-1967b.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Student protestors during the lead up to the 1960 General Elections.]]<br /> An important tenet of the New Left was its opposition to racial segregation, discrimination, and separation. Organizations such as the {{W|White Panther Party}} were formed by activists that pushed for greater racial integration. The most radical among them called for the abolition of Okaloosa entirely and the creation of complete racial harmony in the South. Others drew upon the Black Guard movement and the Cultural Revolution of Harry Haywood as a means of undoing the institutional biases of racism. Under the leadership of the NAACP Youth Council, civil rights activists began organizing peaceful protests and “sit-ins”, in which black activists sat among white people in public buildings, in order to protest the tacit racist policies of many southern institutions. During the 1960s, the predominant use of protest was nonviolent and peaceful. Demonstrators in the South would receive training in nonviolence, both the philosophical methods, which involved understanding the method of nonviolence and why it is considered useful, and also the tactical method, which the Civil Rights Movement Archive defined as learning &quot;how to be a protestor—how to sit-in, how to picket, how to defend yourself against attack, giving training on how to remain cool when people are screaming racist insults into your face and pouring stuff on you and hitting you.&quot;<br /> <br /> The civil rights movement focused in on the issue of housing discrimination and voter suppression, especially in the South. Activists contended that in numerous southern communities black citizens were tacitly prevented from voting due to intimidation or thinly-veiled racist laws requiring certain qualifications before voting. A mass movement during the early 1960s transpired to register all adults to vote and to build community organizations that would promote political participation. {{W|White Citizens' Councils}} was formed as a network of white supremacists and segregationists in the South, which sought to dismantle these efforts through a blacklisting effort – banning registered black voters from banks, restaurants, and other establishments – and through intimidation and violence. After 1962 the Okaloosan Central Committee mandated that soldiers be stationed at all election centers, and also set requirements that election centers be equally dispersed. Gradually, nationwide legislation led to the outlawing of poll taxes, literacy tests, and other forms of voter suppression. <br /> <br /> ===Beginning of the democracy movement===<br /> {{main|Continental democracy movement}}<br /> <br /> In 1959, the United Commonwealth Democracy Movement was born as an outcropping of the popular student-led movements in Continental universities. Less broad in scope than their counterparts, the Democracy Movement called for the end of the country’s continued one-party rule by the Continentalist Party, and the creation of a fully democratic and representative republic in its place. However, various factions within the movement differed on the exact end goal, with some wanting a return to the pre-Landonist government entirely, and others advocating for increased democratization within the current system. In 1960 democratic protesters organized nationwide prior to the 1960 General Election, reportedly organizing some 100,000 people across multiple major cities. One of the most prominent voices in the movement, {{W|Paul Goodman}} advocated for a strike against the 1960 General Election, and published a number of letters proposing a change in the United Commonwealth government and the Continentalist Party. Among his ideas was the complete separation of the general secretary from the head of state. Others who were more directly radical in the leadup to the election, such as {{W|Dorothy Day}} were arrested for their social activism protesting the government. <br /> <br /> The democratic demonstrations of 1960 were met with police crack down, leading to violence breaking out in several major Continental cities. However, realizing that the situation was untenable, the Central Committee made a number of small concessions, including reforms regarding central leadership and the appointment of the new president. Democratic activists called upon their supporters to take to the polls, so that the National People's Congress would be flooded with reform-minded representatives. {{W|Todd Gitlin}} would later call the 1960 general election “the first election for president since the revolution”. The election also saw a shift in national demographics, especially in the South. In the aftermath of the Dixiecrat Revolution and Crawford’s efforts to erode the separatist movement, the South became a bastion of conservative, authoritarian Landonist thought; the militant culture of the South and the hard fought revolutions to keep the South in check was thought to necessitate leaders who were anti-democratic and anti-reform in the name of keeping a tight hold on the region. Additionally the south also saw the rise of the formally-recognized Continentalist faction the {{W|Black Panther Party|Black Panthers}}, considered a political arm of the Black Guard that was explicitly Haywoodite, Maoist, militant, and self-deterministic. <br /> <br /> ===Presidency of Rupert Gardner (1960–1968)===<br /> {{main|Presidency of Rupert Gardner}}<br /> [[File:Rupert Gardner City Council.jpg|thumb|370px|Rupert Gardner (center) as a member for the New York City Council. Pictured from left to right, [[Samuel Gardner]], Rupert Gardner, [[Robert Cuomo]] and [[Luciano Tafalla]].]]<br /> <br /> [[Rupert Gardner]] first rose to prominence as part of the politics of New York City, where he was a councilman and activist. During his tenure as mayor, he had campaigned without the support of Tammany Hall leaders and without the endorsement of the Continentalist Party, becoming a rare independent in city politics. This led to Gardner catching the ire of Seamus Callahan, who gave support to Gardner’s opponents. However, after Callahan’s death, Gardner rose to the rank of Mayor of New York City—a poster child of the Decallahanization movement. As mayor, Garner made a number of enemies, including the mafia, who attempted unsuccessfully to assassinate him on 10 September 1947. Gardner was grazed by two bullets during the attack, leaving him unharmed, although the physiological effect it had on the city caused a period of hysteria and fear. In response to the attacks Gardner doubled the size of the New York City People's Militia (NYCPM) and focused on cracking down on racketeering, extortion, fraud, and money laundering. The Gambino family's actions lead to internal strife within the [[Continental Mafia]]. Violence within the city between the Gambino family and the New York City Militia reached its worst in the earlier half of 1948, with some 120 militiamen dying at the hands of the Gambino family. Gardner also became an opponent of Crawford, and represented the opposite view of many of her positions. While Crawford was being accused of dismantling the country’s public transportation network, Gardner was expanding the subway system and commuter lines of New York, and while Crawford was antagonizing the West, Gardner was calling for a gradual de-escalation with Sierra, especially after the confrontations of the 1950s. <br /> <br /> However, it was not until the creation of the controversial [[Manhattan|Manhattan Island Exclusive Economic Zone]] that Gardner rose to national fame. Partially through his efforts, the government had opened up to the idea of creating an economic experiment on the island of Manhattan, establishing a capitalist mode of production allowed within the island for a period of 100 years, outside the framework of Continental law, economic statutes, and cooperative codes. Several provisions were made at the demand of Gardner, the first being that Manhattan would remain a part of the City of New York, and secondly that the city government would be allowed to collect a 20% tax on the residing corporations, a 21% capital gains tax and a 19% tax on high income earners. With the creation of the special economic zone two new governing bodies were created, the Manhattan Court (the independent corporate judiciary) and Manhattan Board of Estimate (an admixture between a legislature and executive council)—both of which were disliked by Gardner. Yet under Gardner’s leadership, Manhattan was transformed into a highly successful enclave of the United Commonwealth, although this in turn led to criticism from the more staunch Landonists that Gardner and his supporters were betraying the country with anti-socialist reforms. By the late 1950s, Gardner became at the forefront of the movement for greater democratization of the United Commonwealth. <br /> <br /> During the 1960 general election, Rupert Gardner’s name began to be floated as a potential candidate for president by the Central Committee. He was vastly popular among the population and at the forefront of the democratization movement, but crucially, was also hesitant to do anything radical with it and was instead in favor of gradual reforms within the Continentalist Party. However, his opponents also worried that he would foster a cult of personality in a similar vein to Seamus Callahan. Seeking to preserve their own power, the Central Committee passed a number of acts in 1960 which formalized the powers of the president and other offices. Gardner, for his part, began to actively court support from the National People's Congress and made assurances with the senior leadership. In August 1960, he gave the “[[Two Whatevers]]” speech, where he resolved to “uphold whatever policy decisions the Continentalist Party had made, and unswervingly follow whatever instructions they gave”, thereby turning his back on the radical reformists. That November the Continentalist Party received its large drop in representation, decreasing the percentage of Continentalist seats in the National Congress to 72%, just above the legally mandated 66%, and the number of independent representatives increased significantly. Gardnerites had explicitly been elected to office, while others – collectively known as the New Left Caucus – favored democratization of any kind, and would work with a Gardner presidency. Under Gardner, the new Central Committee was arranged with several supporters, which included Gardnerites such as [[Reuben Soderstron]], [[Bertram Wolfe]], and [[Devere Allen]]. Throughout the 1960s, the Labor Front under Gardner maintained a majority within the National People's Congress, cultivating a political period known as the &quot;[[Era of Good Toil]]&quot;, in which the economic wellbeing of the nation was at its height.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rupert Gardner &amp; MLK.jpg| General Secretary [[Rupert Gardner]] (left) speaks with the Secretary of Georgia [[Martin Luther King Jr]] (right) in 1968.|300px|left|thumb]]<br /> Gardner would confirm the proposed limitations and separation of powers on the general secretary, president, and premier. He would spend the first few years of his reign as president combatting the “Old Guard” within the Continentalist Party, which was unappreciative of democratic reforms or de-escalation of the Cold War, and they criticized Gardner extensively for his policies that seemingly “bowed to the West”. Outwardly Gardner pursued a policy of [[peaceful coexistence]], laying the groundwork for deescalation of tensions and the repairing of relations between East and West. Conversely, while in office Gardner was often forced to appear tough on Sierran influence during the Cold War. Although Gardner sought a gradual de-escalation of tensions, the Vietnam War and numerous other wars of intervention sabotaged peace efforts between the United Commonwealth and Sierra, in what is often called the &quot;[[Rocky Road]]&quot; phase of the Cold War. He inherited the problem of the [[Vietnam War]], authorizing Continental advisors, specialists, and special forces to [[North Vietnam]], along with an increase in material and financial aid to the North Vietnamese government. Gardner continued support for Landonist guerillas in South America which Hughes had supported, eventually culminating in the formal outbreak of the [[Colombia War]] in 1969. Dedicated to the principles of {{W|democratic socialism}}, internationalism and global prosperity, Gardner expanded the [[Organization for Mutual Economic Assistance and Development]] (OMEAD) as a means to promote socialism and economic development, however, this policy was also criticized as an act of Continental imperialism. Although the United Commonwealth's control over the international socialist community was relatively relaxed, with an affirmation that all nations within the OMEAD were of 'equal standing', this sentiment faded by the end of the 1960s as the commitment to fight off Sierran and German interest became more pressing. In 1966, the [[Conference of American States]] was established to build cooperation between states on the North American continent, but was tacitly an anti-Landonist organization. In 1967, the United Commonwealth applied to join the Conference but was denied entry, leading many within the Continental public to view the Conference as an aggressive alliance. <br /> <br /> Domestically, among Gardner's first actions was the disbanding of the National Board for Industrialization and Cooperation (NBIC) and the Commission for Financial Stability and Fair Practice (CFSFP). Collectives were no longer forced to abide by quotas established by the government and all war production was immediately slowed. The [[Pledge of Solidarity]] was reworded to show solidarity with the global socialist community and to enshrine the belief in worker emancipation. With the deregulation of the cooperative trusts and solidarity funds the consumer market exploded. Reduced military spending greatly reduced the tax burden placed on the general population, increasing disposable income. Productivity increased in various sectors of the economy, although the layoffs in the military and the heavy industrial sectors lead to unemployment. Gardner was hesitant to describe the laid off workers as 'unemployed' believing that unemployment was a capitalist reserve army of labor and was quickly condemned by the Revolutionary Front. Gardner remained defiant in his belief that the economy would restructure to allow for these workers to reenter into the labor market. Unemployment figures reached their height in March of 1962, leading many within the government to question the economic policy of the Gardner administration, although by August unemployment had decreased and the economy was producing more consumer goods than anytime in Continental history.<br /> <br /> Stemming from the deregulation of commercial industry, consumption increased dramatically during his initial term. Gardner heralded the introduction of the automatic transmission to civilian vehicles in Boston. Throughout the 1960s, [[Continental Motors]] produced some of the most sophisticated commercial motor vehicles in the world. Deregulation in the alcohol and tobacco industry allowed for all citizens above the age of 18 to consume these products on cooperative or private property, reigniting the bar and club scene in major cities across the country. Gardner began to experiment with the relaxing of restrictions in censorship in what became known as the “[[Gardner Thaw]]”. Music and entertainment became less regulated, allowing for new artistic expression not seen since before the reign of Seamus Callahan. Although Gardner's policies yielded greater autonomy for Continental composers and musicians, the state's involvement in the production of music was not ended. Almost all recorded music during this era was filtered through the Musician's Guild, which rarely allowed the publication of musicians deemed unorthodox or unpatriotic. Officially the organization remained opposed to all modernist composition techniques, such as atonal harmony or serialism, as for example the works of {{W|Arnold Schoeberg}} and {{W|Anton Webern}} were prohibited from music education until the 1960s in the nation's conservatories, and did not enter use until at least a decade after that. <br /> <br /> [[File:rs-206172-GettyImages-73906750.jpg|300px|thumb|[[The Landing]] performing at {{W|Shea Stadium|Aeneas Stadium}}]]<br /> Drawing from his experiences at the head of the Manhattan experiment, Gardner legalized the import of media from Sierra for the first time, although still imports would pass through government scrutiny. The first foreign groups in the United Commonwealth were allowed after 1961, with the Sierran band [[The Landing]] being the first to cross the Iron Curtain. Previously the most popular band in Sierra, The Landing's arrival in the United Commonwealth was met with heavy fanfare, and they quickly grew to the biggest band in the continent, and then the world. Despite initial attempts to limit the band's exposure in the country, later that year they played their most famous television performance on [[NBC|National Broadcating]], which launched them into stardom. They would go on to play {{W|Carnegie Hall}} and a series of other important venues before returning to Sierra. On 30 September 1962 the group would perform a famous concert at the newly built {{W|Shea Stadium|Aeneas Stadium}} in New York, as part of a show of joint Sierran-United Commonwealth cooperation. The show would become one of the largest in the Landing’s early history, although they later expressed annoyance at being unable to hear their own music over the roar of the crowd. The Landing would later be censored for their anti-war beliefs, however, the tide had already begun to turn. Millions of Sierran pressed records flooded into Continental markets, and the Manhattan-based record labels formed domestically followed suit. <br /> <br /> Gardner launched the &quot;[[Continentalist Democratic Tour]]&quot; in February of 1964 to advocate for the principles of {{W|democratic socialism}} across the countryside, seeking to increase citizen's participation in rural local and party functions. Gardner enshrined {{W|public consultation}} into the Constitution of the Party, and encouraged citizens to utilize a {{W|heckler's veto}} in situation where councils were betraying the principles of Landonism. This particular form of public disruption was mostly seen in rural communities where capitalist sympathies remained. Gardner led disruptive gatherings in {{W|Tampa, Florida}} and {{W|Chillicothe, Ohio}} that promoted his ideals. Additionally, Gardner promoted the breakup of larger cooperatives, stating that a reduction of hierarchy in workplace management was at the benefit of the working class. During the 1960s the power of union internationals was greatly diminished in favor of individual locals. Throughout his tour, Garnder was confronted by Revolutionary Front members on the subject of capitalist infiltration into the political system. Gardner refuted such claims and reassured loyal party members that socialism will endure by the will of the people. By May of 1965, nearly fourteen independent candidates had announced their candidacy for the presidential election that November. Controversially, Gardner ordered the investigation into six candidates who sought to dismantle socialism, or in some form reduce the power of workers. All six were disqualified, and two were imprisoned for seeking to dismantle the ideology of the United Commonwealth. One candidate for the Secretariat, [[Evan Ashcroft]], was imprisoned for {{W|treason}} after publicly released forged documents revealed he was cooperating with the [[Royal Intelligence Agency]].<br /> <br /> [[File:Apollo 11 lunar module.jpg|thumb|350px|left|The ''{{W|Apollo 11|Odyssey 11}}'' mission of 1969 landed the first humans on the moon.]]<br /> With the [[Space Race]] having begun in 1957 with the launching of the first man-made satellite into space, in 1969 the United Commonwealth claimed victory with the first manned mission to the {{W|Moon}} with ''{{W|Apollo 11|Odyssey 11}}''. During the Space Race the United Commonwealth undertook several educational reforms that promoted the sciences at the heart of early education. Construction of the [[Continental Interstate System]] (CIS) – a revision of the Crawford-era Interrepublic system – and the [[Continental National Rail]] (CNR) transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Gardner sought to promote urbanism and undo the negative aspects of car culture in the country, with mandates that promoted public transportation in all cities over a certain size, the reduction of mandatory parking, and the creation of denser neighborhoods to promote walking and ease of access. Migration into major cities dramatically increased, with suburbanization being curtailed by the creation of the [[Urban Development and Planning Commission]] (UDPC). Free cooperatives were prioritized during the construction of new urban developments, and the production of final goods and the services industry grew dramatically. As part of his urbanization plan, he created the [[Harmonious Society]], which sought to provide every Continental civilian a newly furnished home with relative access to all animates. Large government apartment complexes were created across the nation in the heart of cities, with new hospitals, parks, and schools being built, and the promise that every Continental citizen would have access to individual bedrooms for every family member. The [[Commissariat of Housing and Urban Development]] (CHUD) was established to handle the projects and at one point in 1977 was in charge of nearly $898 billion dollars worth of property. Worker productivity and automation increased significantly throughout the the decade, which allowed for many cooperatives to introduce a {{W|four-day workweek}}. Participation in community activities was at its height, with many workers engaged weekly with their cooperatives and unions. Another lasting impact of the 1960s would be Gardner’s push for full civil rights and desegregation, both in the country and abroad. A series of laws and court decisions would ban racial discrimination laws, school segregation, bans on interracial marriage, and unfair housing practices. Internationally, he called for a boycott of {{W|Apartheid}} in [[South Africa]]. Gardner was also supportive of cooperation between members of both sides of the Iron Curtain in Europe, and advocated for non-intervention in internal affairs and respect for human rights, in what later became known as the {{W|Helsinki Accords}}. <br /> <br /> ==Era of Stagnation (1968–1980)==<br /> {{Main|History of the United Commonwealth (1968–1980)}}<br /> <br /> ===Twilight of the Era of Good Toil===<br /> <br /> Although the 1960s as a whole would be remembered as a period of activism, increased democratic representation, and community involvement in politics to positive effect, by the late 1960s the luster of the era was beginning to be fade and the [[Era of Good Toil]], with its general feeling of positivity, was ending. This paralleled developments in the rest of the western world, where events such as the 1967 {{W|Summer of Love}} had ended, and similarly in Sierra a series of high profile murders by the [[Crossword Killer]] deflated the sense of peace and optimism. A series of riots and acts of racial violence in the late 1960s shocked the nation, as did several high profile assassinations, including of civil rights activist and politician [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]. 1968 would prove the bloodiest year in the democratization movement thus far and signaled the beginning of harsh government crackdowns, collectively known as the [[Protests of 1968]]. Opposition to the Vietnam War and other wars of intervention reached an all time high, wildcat strikes broke out, and opposition to authoritarianism intensified. Abroad, the United Commonwealth mobilized military force to crush an anti-Landonist rebellions, and large-scale occupations began in the satellite states. Despite government censorship, many scenes of warfare, atrocities, and government crackdowns reached television coverage or international news, galvanizing the population. On 25 October 1968 Rupert Gardner would be assassinated by a white supremacist while on a trip to {{W|Miami}}, the first and only such assassination of a paramount leader in Continental history. [[Simon Valure]], who at the time was a local politician from Gardner's native New York, who was engaged in the Continentalist Democratic Tour in {{W|Indianapolis}}, was one of the first to hear of the news of the assassination. Getting on the back of a flatbed truck, he delivered a speech eulogizing Gardner but calling for peace and unity in the face of the tragedy. Unbeknownst to Valure at the time, this speech would be televised and help catapult his political career, bringing him to the presidency almost a decade later. <br /> <br /> In the short term, the sudden assassination of Gardner led to the more conservative Central Committee capturing government in a bid to restore order. Having become more apprehensive to Gardner's reforms as the decade wore on, his death and the instability it caused seemed to confirm to Party leadership that the reforms were misplaced. This turn toward &quot;[[Continental Neoconservatism]]&quot;, paired with an economic downturn, and shifting attitudes from the public, contributed to the next decade and a half becoming known as the [[Era of Stagnation]], exemplified by the nation’s {{W|Gerontocracy|gerontocratic}} and unresponsive leadership. Gardner had never achieved a full embrace by the [[Continentalist Party of the United Commonwealth|Continentalist Party]] during his lifetime; he failed to ever be elected to the position of general secretary and operated on a popular mandate rather than at the head of the party’s leadership. Under General Secretary [[Gerard B. Truman]], the party maintained a hands-off approach to Gardner’s presidency, but nonetheless Gardner was forced to contend with the political elite at every turn to implement reforms. After Truman’s death in 1966, he was succeeded by [[Charles Acker]], a member of the party’s “Old Guard”, and a skeptic of Gardner, if not outright opponent. Rather than continuing this hands off approach, Acker assumed direct control in 1968, curtailing some of Gardner's more radical reforms. A member of the more conservative [[Michigan Club]], which had been appointed to Party leadership by Amelia Fowler Crawford in the early 1950s, Acker consolidated rulership behind himself and several close peers. <br /> <br /> ===Neoconservtive leadership===<br /> <br /> [[File:Charles_Melvin.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Charles Acker]] (1884–1972) governed the United Commonwealth from 1968 until his death in 1972.]]<br /> While Acker disapproved of Gardner, he launched a major investigation and retaliation meant to break the backs of the white supremacist groups responsible. Soldiers would be deployed to break up riots and protests, and several thousand people would be arrested and interrogated in connection. Acker further emboldened “neoconservatives”, a growing movement in reaction to the New Left. Broadly this group promoted “Peace through Strength” and interventionism, found the counterculture of the 1960s alienating, found the influence of the Black Panthers and other civil rights groups as alarming, and denounced progressives as destabilizing radicals. The Era of Stagnation would also be characterized by the public’s growing distrust in government, as a number of public scandals would erode opinion toward upper leadership. The boundless optimism and belief in progress that characterized the previous decade gave rise to increased cynicism and distrust among the Continental population, spurred on by the growing knowledge of industry’s negative effects on the environment and health.<br /> <br /> Economically, the nation’s focus remained toward heavy industry and the arms industry, while consumer goods were deprioritized. A large-scale build-up of the country's military, expanding both nuclear and conventional arsenals dramatically, began in 1969 and continued for the next decade. Among the military programs instituted was the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]], in which the United Commonwealth began research into laser systems to shoot down incoming missiles in space. Many progressive reforms such as universal health care, welfare spending, and environmentalism remained, but further expansion of these programs was halted, censorship was reintroduced, and the [[Colombia War]] was escalated despite public backlash. The dramatic increase in spending both on domestic policies and on the war in Colombia resulted in an expansion of the money supply, resting largely on government deficits, which pushed prices rapidly upward. At the same time the nation experienced waning dominance in global economic, commercial, technological, and cultural affairs since the earlier half of the century. Increased competition for scarce raw commodities and increased prices being demanded by Third World suppliers would ultimately lead to increased inflation. The cost of energy and consumer goods in the United Commonwealth increased dramatically after 1969 as a result. For the first time, the 1970s saw the rise of “stagflation”, or the existence of a high inflation rate, slow economic growth, and high unemployment, making any economic reform to combat all three problems incredibly difficult. <br /> <br /> Poverty and crime increased in urban centers in the coming decade, with drugs becoming a lucrative industry in the inner-city, supported by armed gangs, foreign cartels, and extensive traffickers. This era saw the rise of numerous neoconservative leaders who advocated for tough punishments for crime and “Law and Order”, which became welcomed by the public. A nationwide “war” regarding drug prohibition began, which cracked down on drug use, trafficking, possession, and distribution, but also gave the government a blank cheque in squashing political dissidence and opposition. The country experienced periods of energy instability from the [[1973 Oil Crisis]], in which the [[OPEC|Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC) raised prices and issued embargoes, which harmed the United Commonwealth’s economy. <br /> [[File:Protests_in_New_York.jpeg|thumb|left|350px|Protestors in New York during the [[1979 Times Square protests]].]]<br /> Under mounting public pressure, the latter half of the 1970s saw the United Commonwealth under [[Hugh Qualter]] and [[Christopher Yeager]] renew a de-escalation of tensions with the rest of the world. The Vietnam War came to a close in 1975, the Colombia War in 1976, and also that year the United Commonwealth and Sierra negotiated a treaty limiting the number of ballistic missiles each held. The success of the Manhattan Island Exclusive Economic Zone led to the country relaxing economic restrictions, denationalizing several industries, and decollectivizing select regions. The rising cost of industry in the United Commonwealth led to a series of accords with allied nations such as China and Vietnam, which saw the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in certain sectors to these nations under the guise of lowering costs and developing a “global Landonist community”, where goods were produced more effectively on a global scale rather than a national scale. This would become a driving factor of Continental politics until the start of the 1990s and the era of tariffs and East Asian asset price bubble. <br /> <br /> The [[Continental democracy movement]] gained increased stream throughout the 1970s despite government censorship, advocating for a reversal of neoconservative policy, or in some extreme cases, the overthrow of the Continentalist Party. In 1978 the [[Moral Pollution Campaign]] was launched, which took aim at advocates of democratization on the grounds that it was a foreign, bourgeois liberalization, however, this failed to completely reverse the popular movement. In 1979 a high-profile [[1979 Times Square protests|protest in Times Square]] galvanized public support for reform and politically embarrassed the incumbent government. Losing the confidence of the rest of the Central Committee, as well as public support, in 1980 incumbent general secretary Christopher Yeager agreed to step down from power and respect the results of the [[1980 United Commonwealth legislative election|1980 general election]]. Considered the most free election since the Gardner Era, a large number of candidates competed for the presidency. But at their forefront emerged [[Simon Valure]], a relatively young candidate with ties to the New Left movement of the 1960s. Promising democratic reform to increase citizen participation and representation, he would be elected that November.<br /> <br /> ==Late 20th-century and democratization (1980–2006)==<br /> <br /> {{Main|History of the United Commonwealth (1980–2006)}}<br /> <br /> ===Valure Revolution (1980–1989)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Presidency of Simon Valure|Valureism}}<br /> <br /> [[File:New-york-city-mayor-john-v-lindsay-everett.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Simon Valure]] (1934–1999) served as [[President of the United Commonwealth|president]] from 1981 to 1989, and implemented major democratic reforms.]]<br /> Elected to the presidency in 1980, [[Simon Valure]] would gradually reverse many of the decisions of the Michigan Club in an effort to increase transparency and representation. He coined the &quot;[[Democratic Openness]]&quot; campaign as a catch-all term for the reforms to political and social life. As part of the program, upon taking office in 1981 Valure began collecting petitions and requests from the larger population to be combined into a constitutional reform convention. Generating contributions from millions of participants, Valure would lead the creation of a new [[Constitution of the United Commonwealth]] in 1982. Among its innovations, the role of the Continentalist Party in gvoernment was slightly deprioritized, and regulations were put in place limiting the power of the main offices of government. It was formally declared that a separation must be maintained between the executive and the legislative branches, and term limits were introduced. The constitution also guaranteed that elections would be far more competitive, with Valure promoting an informal campaign process within the [[National People's Congress]]. Although began by the [[Second Triumvirate]], Valure implemented widespread [[Continental Rehabilitation]], formally clearing the disgraced Continental leader [[Zhou Xinyue]] of wrongdoing, as well as other leaders purged during the 1920s. <br /> <br /> Domestically Valure had several important focuses. Cognizant of the growing ecological movement and the impact humanity was causing on the environment, he established several programs meant to increase conservation, including the nation-wide implementation and expansion of recycling centers. In the cities he promoted &quot;[[New Urbanism]]&quot;, which promised the creation of dense, walkable cities with access to public transportation. Several interrepublican highways and viaducts were closed, while others were overhauled. Urban and suburban roads were redesigned to be more pedestrian friendly, and bike lanes were implemented in all major population centers. Beginning the [[Green Energy Revolution]], the government invested heavily into renewable energy as a means of alleviating the country's energy problems. Valure would unveil the first solar panels on government buildings in 1988, requiring that all eligible buildings in the government portfolio follow suit. At the same time, the 1985 [[Crimsonora nuclear accident]] reignited discourse surrounding nuclear power, and also catalyzed the beginnings of an initiative against perceived corruption and falsification of records in government bureaucracy, known as the [[Anti-Obstruction Campaign]], as well as the 1986 [[Freedom of Information Act]], which initiated a process of relaxing the classification of government documents and procedures. <br /> <br /> [[File:President Lyndon Baines Johnson and Mayor John Lindsay of New York City.tif|thumb|300px|left|Valure's [[Valure–Mather Meeting|1988 meeting]] with former President of Brazoria [[Kit Mather]] galvanized support for non-intervention.]]<br /> Winning reelection in 1984, Valure pledged himself to two terms, contributing to a [[Graceful exit precedent|later precedent]]. In foreign policy, Valure renewed cooperation with the West and initiated a second nuclear limitation treaty with Sierra and its allies, resulting in the reduction of strategic forces for all categories of delivery vehicles to 2,200 on both sides. In the brief [[Antillean War]], believing that the Continental people were not supportive of a foreign war in the manner of the [[Colombia War]], limited Continental forces, resulting in a Landonist defeat. This decision would cause considerable criticism in the leadup to the 1984 election. Considered a popular leader who retained the Party's backing, Valure was reelected and served out a second term. <br /> <br /> Valure pursued a policy of non-intervention in the politics of the [[Chattanooga Pact]] countries, despite growing discontent in the [[Brazorian People's Republic]] in particular. In the wake of the [[Yellowrose Revolution|Yellowrose Crisis]], Valure did not commit armed forces to Brazoria to deter anti-Landonist and anti-Chattanooga Pact protests, and additionally began negotiations for the gradual withdraw of occupation forces within the country. In this regard, Valure received pushback within the old-guard of the Continentalist Party, who saw his non-intervention as concession to the Western Bloc and abandonment of Landonist internationalism, especially after the situation in Brazoria spiraled ultimately toward dissolution of Landonist rule. In private, Valure's failure to deter delandonization in Brazoria contributed to a realignment of the [[Central Committee of the Continentalist Party|Central Committee]], with Valure's probable chosen successor, [[Samantha Carter]], being outmaneuvered by the &quot;[[Steel Coalition]]&quot; of domestic moderates and neoconservatives, which supported the candidacy of then-incumbent [[Premier of the United Commonwealth|Premier]] [[Jackson Rothko]]. <br /> <br /> ===Jackson Rothko era (1989–2006)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Presidency of Jackson Rothko}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Petooktobarska revolucija.png|thumb|325px|Protestors entering the Brazorian capitol in [[Grand Llano]] as part of the [[Yellowrose Revolution]].]]<br /> [[File:Ill. Gov. Pat Quinn 2010.jpg|thumb|325px|In a televised moment, [[Jackson Rothko]] explains the &quot;[[Automation Revolution]]&quot; by stating &quot;[[communism won't be written with pencil and paper]]&quot;.]] <br /> <br /> The [[1988 United Commonwealth legislative election|1988 election]] affirmed the rise of [[Jackson Rothko]] as Valure's successor. He pursued a moderate policy toward the ongoing crisis in Brazoria, affirming the decision to not intervene by military force, although publicly took a hard stance toward the Brazorian government. This &quot;[[retreat with dignity]]&quot; included a [[Topèque Memorandum|negotiated withdrawal of Continental nuclear missiles]], select pieces of infrastructure, and personnal from Brazoria, as well as the expatriation of number of Brazorian notables to asylum in the United Commonwealth, and assurances of non-militarization by the West. Rothko also took up a public hardline stance against further disintegration of the Chattanooga Pact, which included the denouncement of &quot;[[NTO expansionism]]&quot;. Allied military funding and training was increased, leading to military exercises such as [[Joint Javelin]], which provoked response from Western countries. Chattanooga integration was also promoted, leading to the creation of regular, supranational elections for a pact-wide assembly, as well as the rise of the [[Anti-Yellowrose Patriots]] and the [[Anti-Infiltration Campaign]], which ostensibly was a voluntary program against NTO influence and corruption in allied countries, but in practice also lead to the removal of non-cooperative government officials in the Chattanooga Pact. <br /> <br /> Rothko promoted a program of preparation for &quot;[[21st-century Continentalism]]&quot;, which included reform and technological modernization, promotion of democratic socialist initiatives abroad, and campaigns to increase living standards. As part of the [[Automation Revolution]], Rothko described a &quot;new industrial revolution&quot; that would transform production and further increase worker conditions. His program called for the development of a fully integrated computer-based planning system for the Continental economy, the expansion and mass adoption of the Internet (as well as preparation for the [[Year 2000 problem]]), and the streamlining of production through automated machinery. As part of this program, Rothko called for ubiquitous internet connection by the end of the century. As part of the [[Digital Leap Act]], the modernization of schools was prioritized, through the installation of computers and the creation of computer education programs beginning at the elementary school level, which has been credited as the basis for the United Commonwealth's above average rate of internet use and presence in the global programming market. The &quot;digitization&quot; of Continental infrastructure laid the groundwork for the eradication of paper bureaucracy in the United Commonwealth, and later the integration of government and civil procedures within an &quot;electronic society&quot;. By the end of the decade, the country standardized the use of banking, tax payments, and rents through online services. Likewise, Rothko contributed to the growth of the country's centrally-planned distribution service with the implementation of &quot;{{W|online shopping}}&quot; options. <br /> <br /> Elsewhere, the platform of automation led to resistance from the manufacturing sector, and catalyzed a [[1991 Continental miners' strike]]. A &quot;conservative bloc&quot; solidified around party veterans [[Augustus Powell]] and [[John P. Fallon]], which captured traditional sectors of the worker constituency, such as miners and automotive manufacturers threatened by automation and outsourcing. In the lead-up to the [[1992 United Commonwealth legislative election|1992 election]], the association of this bloc with the [[Revolutionary People's Union]] [[List of political parties in the United Commonwealth|minor party]], and especially leading candidate [[Gracchus Clinton]], lead to a political realignment of the Revolutionary Front as the &quot;right-wing&quot; of the [[National Front (United Commonwealth)|National Front]]. Nonetheless, Rothko negotiated a favorable end to the miners' strike and reapproachment with manufacturing by diminishing Continental outsourcing to allies. <br /> <br /> [[File:USAF F-16A F-15C F-15E Desert Storm edit2.jpg|thumb|325px|left|[[Continental Air Force]] aircraft fly over Syria during [[Operation Crimson Shield]], 1996.]]<br /> Rothko received re-election in 1992 with a promise to alleviate concerns that automation would compromise employment and heavy industry. He called for policies which allowed workers to better enjoy the &quot;[[Fruits of Landonist Labor]]&quot;, through gradual diminution of labor intensification and increased modernization, arguing that the present advanced state of the Landonist economy allowed for &quot;further progression in the transition to communism&quot;. As part of this program, Rothko pushed for the establishment of a four-day work week as a new standard for Continental workers in 1995, the creation of a {{W|sovereign wealth fund}} for all citizens, and increased funding to welfare programs. He promised a &quot;[[no net jobs loss]]&quot; policy, creating programs meant to transition workers from traditional to modern professions, including through re-training and government assistance where needed. Although Rothko significantly increased Continental domestic oil production (including through the new popularization of {{W|fracking}}) in the name of immediate energy independence and increasing exports, he was receptive to the gradual withdraw of oil investment in favor of renewable energy. As part of &quot;[[Continental Interior Revitalization]]&quot; (also derisively called the &quot;Anti-Hillbilly Campaign&quot;), the government implemented a series of mass infrastructure projects especially in the rural South, with the goal of eliminating rural poverty and increasing integration of these regions to the more populated coastal cities. Related to his project was also the creation of a comprehensive [[High-spped rail in the United Commonwealth|high-speed rail network]], and revitalization of general transportation networks. <br /> <br /> [[File:Students working on class assignment in computer lab.jpg|thumb|325px|A Continental &quot;[[computer corner]]&quot; (a play on the traditional [[red corner]]) in a [[Michigan|Michiganer]] school, 1998.]]<br /> Controversially, Rothko did not step down from the presidency after his second term, being re-elected in [[1996 United Commonwealth legislative election|1996]], which was seen as a compromise of &quot;[[democratic openness]]&quot; initiated by Valure. However, Rothko also initiated a policy of &quot;devolution&quot; which strengthened the [[Council of People's Commissars]] and the autonomy of leading Continental offices. As part of the program of &quot;realizing the fruits of Landonist labor&quot;, Rothko promoted democratic reform through the program of &quot;[[New Democracy]]&quot;, which took inspiration from the [[Autonomism|Autonomist movement]]. As part of this reform, a re-emphasis on local politics and participation emerged, as well as an encouragement of intraparty debate and direct democracy, including through the use of computer technology. <br /> <br /> The [[Revolutions of 2000]], in which multiple Landonist regimes in Europe and Asia collapsed in relative succession, served as a shock to the Continental administration. Rothko initiated reapproachment with remaining Landonist countries and renewed mutual cooperation, leading to a restablization of relations with the [[Mediterranean Union]], as well as an increase in global investment (which later formed the basis of the [[World Prosperity Plan]]). He utilized limited bombing campaigns and deployment of &quot;peacekeepers&quot; in destabilized regions, particularly in the [[Wars in the Balkans]], such as the [[Bosnian Civil War]], and also lent support for the [[Syrian Arab Republic (1967–2004)|Syrian Arab Republic]], in a perceived &quot;revival of the Cold War&quot;. <br /> <br /> Although stepping down from the presidency after his third election, Rothko continued to coordinate decision-making at the top of the Continentalist Party, and was seen as a &quot;kingmaker&quot; in deciding the elections of the 2000s. His chosen successor, [[Sebastian Summers]], succeeded him as president, also becoming the first African-Continental president of the United Commonwealth. Rothko cultivated a return to Valureist presidential limitations, including with the encouragement of withdraw from the presidency after two terms, in what became known as the &quot;[[graceful exit precedent]]&quot;. Conversely, he was seen as privately creating a caste of &quot;elders&quot; within the Party – with himself first among them – that quietely influenced policy after formal retirement. Rothko's separation of the offices of the presidency and general secretary (being the last person to hold both offices for the next two decades) was publicly a step toward democratization, although it also allowed elders such as himself to exercise power over the elected presidents. As a result of declining health, in 2006 Rothko stepped down from the [[Secretariat of the United Commonwealth|Secretariat]], and solidified the separation of offices by the selection of statesman and former [[Vice President of the United Commonwealth|Vice President]] [[Gregory Samson]] as the new General Secretary.<br /> <br /> ==Contemporary==<br /> <br /> ===Continentalism of the 21st-century===<br /> <br /> {{Main|21st-century Continentalism|Presidency of Sebastian Summers|Presidency of Helene Poirier}}<br /> <br /> [[File:DSC 5536 (5584142518).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Sebastian Summers]] during his campaign for re-election in 2004.]]<br /> Following the [[2000 United Commonwealth legislative election|election of 2000]], Sabastian Summers emerged as the formal leader of the United Commonwealth, continuing many of the policies of his predecessor, Jackson Rothko. As an off-shoot of the Automation Revolution, Summers promoted the mass adoption of cell phones for every Continental citizen – which was declared achieved during his second term – as well as investment into smart phones. As part of the [[Modern Media Program]], the United Commonwealth instituted a new policy of centralization of media technology, which included further digitization of bureaucracy and services, and streamlining of online options into the Continental {{W|super-app}} [[Starlink]]. Controversially, the Modern Media Program also allowed for increased supervision and censorship of online continent by the Continental government. <br /> <br /> Summers stepped down from the presidency and was succeeded in 2009 by [[Helene Poirier]], although he was later selected to be General Secretary following the retirement of Gregory Samson. Continuation of mass infrastructure projects and investment helped the United Commonwealth to be relatively unaffected by a global financial crisis at the end of the 2000s. Poirier intensified the Rothko-era policy of international cooperation and investment, coining the &quot;[[World Prosperity Plan]]&quot; as a program of mass investment in developing countries. Through this plan, the United Commonwealth has invested in more than 150 countries and international organizations worldwide, focusing especially on urban development, transportation networks, and port infrastructure in Africa and Asia. According to Poirier, this program would &quot;welcome the countries of the world into peaceful cooperation and development&quot;. It has also been criticized as an act of {{W|neocolonialism}} for its role in increasing Continental presence in developing countries. Poirier increased the functionality of the Continental standard identification card using {{W|Smart-ID}} technology, allowing for citizens to access health information, make transactions, and perform other online services by card alone. In 2015, full access to the Continental e-services program was extended to non-citizens and non-residents, allowing individuals physically outside the country to apply for &quot;[[Continental virtual residency|virtual residency]]&quot; and gain access to Continental digital services. <br /> <br /> ===Malito and cultural change===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Presidency of Anthony Malito|Malitoism}}<br /> <br /> ===Pandemic and Daniel Muir===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Presidency of Daniel Muir|COVID-19 pandemic in the United Commonwealth}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> *[[United Commonwealth]]<br /> *[[Music of the United Commonwealth]]<br /> *[[Current events of Altverse]]<br /> <br /> {{United Commonwealth topics}}<br /> {{CPUC}}<br /> {{History of North America by country}}<br /> [[Category:History of the United Commonwealth]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> ===Prelude to the Crimson Summer===<br /> <br /> Agitation of the Quebecois by the {{W|French Revolution}} initiated Canadian interest in establishing a republic in {{W|Lower Canada}} and {{W|Upper Canada}}. The [[Parti républicain du Canada]] (PRC) along with the [[Society for Rights]] (SR) both utilized the unpopularity of the {{W|Château Clique}}, the {{W|Family Compact}} and the {{W|War of 1812}} as a mean to propel the prospective of a republican state within Canada. Both the PRC and the SR grew rapidly in membership as public opposition against the aristocratic distant colonial power, who they viewed as oppressive, ruthless and antiquated began to intensify throughout the 1810s and 1820s. Anti-British sentiments increased as the ruling governor {{W|Lord Dalhousie}} utilized increasingly more harsh punishments on those suspected as supporters of independence. <br /> <br /> [[Zachariah Brunchaude]], an American diplomat and Special Envory to Lower Canada, encouraged the cooperation between the PRC and SR ultimately fostered the creation of the unified [[Canadian Liberty Society]] in 1837 the Liberty Society held public assemblies across the major population centers of Canada. In {{W|Toronto}}, {{W|Montréal}}, {{W|Quebec City}}, and {{W|Halifax}} the public demonstrations turned violent as the British began [[March Massacres]] to quell the uprising. On April 18, 1837 the [[Proclamation of Gatineau]] launched the [[Canadian War of Independence]] as towns across Upper and Lower Canada rose up against British authorities. The [[Provisional Republican Government of Canada]] established the [[Republican Army of Canada]] on April 23, 1837 allowing for the collectivization and build up of militia forces. Within the first months it appeared the war was lost as {{W|John Colborne}} had established control over the Saint Lawrence River with the capture of Quebec City. The tide of the war shifted with the defeat of the British at the [[Battle of Trois-Rivières]] along with American intervention into the war. Quebec City would be recaptured in January of 1838, Halifax in February of 1839 and Louisbourg in July. Britain, exhausted by war, entered into talks with the Canadian revolutionaries in August. The Canadian delegation agreed to pay reparations to the British over the course of several decades to account for the exchange of territory of {{W|Rupert's Land}}, previously administered by the {{W|Hudson's Bay Company}}. The treaty was ratified by both the Canadian and British governments by the end of the month, officially establishing an independent Canadian republic on September 2, 1839.--&gt;</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=590044 2026-06-25T01:03:38Z

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style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! 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style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|Just ask!]]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;left&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''{{u|Eviltoast05}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Centrist16}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Dawnstar}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> [[File:YezhovInauguralPortrait_1992.png|150px|right]]<br /> '''Patron Article of the Month – ''[[Vasyl Yezhov]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}'''<br /> <br /> '''Vasyl Ruslanovych Yezhov''' (born 15 August 1947) is a former Khraelyi politician who served as the eighteenth [[President of Khraelyia|president of Khraelyia]] from 1992 to 1995. Yezhov was {{W|impeachment|impeached}} by the [[Congress of Khraelyia]] in 1995, after inciting the [[1995 Khraelyi constitutional crisis|1995 constitutional crisis]], by instituting martial law and attempting to subdue Congress. <br /> <br /> Before entering national politics, Yezhov was and still is the current {{W|Chief commercial officer|CCO}} of the [[Mahnoliya Petrol|Mahnoliya Petrol (MP)]] oil company, which is the ninth-largest company in Khraelyia.<br /> <br /> Yezhov [[Vasyl Yezhov 1992 presidential campaign|ran for president]] of Khraelyia in 1992, where he was the outside choice compared to incumbent [[Yaroslav Stetsko]], and [[Farmer-Labour Party (Khraelyia)|Farmer-Labour Party (FLP)]] politician [[Volodymyr Biletskyi]]. Despite the numerous odds, Yezhov beat both Biletskyi and Stetsko in the [[1992 Khraelyi presidential election]], with 41% of the vote compared to Stetsko's 24%, and Biletskyi's 35%. All three campaigns received accusations of {{W|electoral fraud|voter fraud}}, however Yezhov received the most, with his [[Lidiya Davydenka|campaign manager]] being convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Fraud in 1996.<br /> <br /> Yezhov argued in favour of {{W|anti-corruption}}, small government, and took a [[Khraelyia First (policy|Khraelyia first]] stance, often disregarding Khraelyia's allies, and questioning Khraelyia's foreign involvement when funds could've been better used for the citizens. He was also very critical of the government of Khraelyia, critiquing their inaction during numerous events, including the [[1990 Kirkassag–Goriyar border crisis]]. (''[[Vasyl Yezhov|Read more]]...'')<br /> <br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to see your favourite article here? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=User:Squog/sandbox/Thambo-Mngwenyaka&diff=590043 2026-06-25T00:38:42Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Fizzyflapjack moved page User:Squog/sandbox/Thambo-Mngwenyaka to User:Deleted user/sandbox/Thambo-Mngwenyaka: Automatically moved page while merging the account &quot;Squog&quot; to &quot;Deleted user&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[User:Deleted user/sandbox/Thambo-Mngwenyaka]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=User:Squog/sandbox&diff=590041 2026-06-25T00:38:42Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Fizzyflapjack moved page User:Squog/sandbox to User:Deleted user/sandbox: Automatically moved page while merging the account &quot;Squog&quot; to &quot;Deleted user&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[User:Deleted user/sandbox]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=UserWiki:Deleted_user&diff=590038 2026-06-25T00:35:58Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;Placeholder account for merging &quot;deleted&quot; accounts into&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Placeholder account for merging &quot;deleted&quot; accounts into</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=User:Fizzyflapjack/sandbox2026&diff=589260 2026-06-17T01:46:40Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Created page with &quot;{{#CSS:Harth.css}} ==Three Kingdoms== The '''Golden Kingdom of the Sun''' The '''Verdant Kingdom of the Earth''' The '''Azure Kingdom of the Moon''' ==Bright Father Deep Mother== Aspect of the Bright Father Aspect of the Deep Mother&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{#CSS:Harth.css}}<br /> <br /> ==Three Kingdoms==<br /> The '''Golden Kingdom of the Sun'''<br /> <br /> The '''Verdant Kingdom of the Earth'''<br /> <br /> The '''Azure Kingdom of the Moon'''<br /> <br /> ==[[Bright Father Deep Mother]]==<br /> Aspect of the Bright Father<br /> <br /> Aspect of the Deep Mother</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=589258 2026-06-17T01:32:08Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}<br /> &lt;big&gt;Want to see your project here? [https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Just ask!]&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;left&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''{{u|Eviltoast05}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Centrist16}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Dawnstar}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> [[File:YezhovInauguralPortrait_1992.png|150px|right]]<br /> '''Patron Article of the Month – ''[[Vasyl Yezhov]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}'''<br /> <br /> '''Vasyl Ruslanovych Yezhov''' (born 15 August 1947) is a former Khraelyi politician who served as the eighteenth [[President of Khraelyia|president of Khraelyia]] from 1992 to 1995. Yezhov was {{W|impeachment|impeached}} by the [[Congress of Khraelyia]] in 1995, after inciting the [[1995 Khraelyi constitutional crisis|1995 constitutional crisis]], by instituting martial law and attempting to subdue Congress. <br /> <br /> Before entering national politics, Yezhov was and still is the current {{W|Chief commercial officer|CCO}} of the [[Mahnoliya Petrol|Mahnoliya Petrol (MP)]] oil company, which is the ninth-largest company in Khraelyia.<br /> <br /> Yezhov [[Vasyl Yezhov 1992 presidential campaign|ran for president]] of Khraelyia in 1992, where he was the outside choice compared to incumbent [[Yaroslav Stetsko]], and [[Farmer-Labour Party (Khraelyia)|Farmer-Labour Party (FLP)]] politician [[Volodymyr Biletskyi]]. Despite the numerous odds, Yezhov beat both Biletskyi and Stetsko in the [[1992 Khraelyi presidential election]], with 41% of the vote compared to Stetsko's 24%, and Biletskyi's 35%. All three campaigns received accusations of {{W|electoral fraud|voter fraud}}, however Yezhov received the most, with his [[Lidiya Davydenka|campaign manager]] being convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Fraud in 1996.<br /> <br /> Yezhov argued in favour of {{W|anti-corruption}}, small government, and took a [[Khraelyia First (policy|Khraelyia first]] stance, often disregarding Khraelyia's allies, and questioning Khraelyia's foreign involvement when funds could've been better used for the citizens. He was also very critical of the government of Khraelyia, critiquing their inaction during numerous events, including the [[1990 Kirkassag–Goriyar border crisis]]. (''[[Vasyl Yezhov|Read more]]...'')<br /> <br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to see your favourite article here? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:Community_Revitalization_Committee/AI_Referendum_discussion_and_drafts&diff=589056 2026-06-15T16:56:32Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Committee members */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Icons|CRC}}<br /> The '''Referendum on AI-Generated Content''' is a user {{w|referendum}} proposed by the [[Conworlds:Community Revitalization Committee|Community Revitalization Committee]].<br /> <br /> ==Foreword==<br /> The introduction of {{w|large language model}}s (LLM) and the expension of {{w|generative AI}}, especially {{w|generative pre-trained transformer}}s (GPTs) and {{w|AI art|AI-generated imagery}}, have marked a shift in how society is perceived and made. Along new ways of considering work and communication, the problem of human creativity versus machine creativity is regularly the focus of debate, and Constructed Worlds Wiki has not been spared.<br /> <br /> As our community seeks new heights, a discussion around the topic is more than needed. Some users use AI at some degrees: some prefer to use it to come up with ideas that they can adapt themselves while others prefer to use it to write entire articles. As sincere as users may be in their use of AI, certain conflicts between users have occasionally brought the topic to the forefront. Since March 2026, {{w|Wikipedia:WikiProject AI Cleanup|Wikipedia has for instance banned the use of text generated by large language models}}. The Committee believes a debate must happen among us too, no matter what the results could be.<br /> <br /> AI-related topics being extremely complex, the Committee recommends framing discussions principally about AI tools as creative tools without forgetting environmental, social and economic issues it may brings. The Committee plans to submit the idea of a referendum to the Administrators before the end of 2026.<br /> <br /> ==Question==<br /> '''Should Constructed Worlds Wiki {{stronggood|authorize}} AI-generated content, including texts and visuals entirely AI-generated, to be hosted on the wiki or should Constructed Worlds Wiki {{strongbad|ban}} the aforementionned AI-generated content?'''<br /> <br /> ==Community input==<br /> This section is made to amend the question. It is '''NOT''' used for the vote. <br /> ===Administrators===<br /> * AI itself is ultimately a tool despite its controversies, but its usage in creative spaces is rightfully contentious. Personally I think that any writer should have to actually write their articles as a whole. While I don't know how the other users think, I personally think AI generated text and images shouldn't be allowed. If anyone uses AI for better fleshing out their ideas, they should still type in their ideas themselves instead of copy and pasting whatever was generated in ChatGPT or any other similar program. [[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]] ([[User talk:WorldMaker18|talk]]), 1:38, 14 June 2026 (UTC) <br /> ===Conworld users===<br /> *Well, I don't know what to say. AI has been generally helping me for my worldbuilding project, although I try my best not to use it too much, since I am fully aware of its controversies. But I personally think AI should be helpful for future writers and artists. And we should encourage ourselves not to use it too much. And I personally think the use of AI should be strictly limited, in order not to bring too much conflict between Conworld users. However I personally think that a full ban on AI might lead to complications for Conworld users. [[User:AlexanderSigmarus99|AlexanderSigmarus99]] ([[User talk:AlexanderSigmarus99|talk]]) 14:19, 15 June 2026 (UTC)<br /> <br /> *I believe that a balance can be struck in terms of AI usage; despite its controversies, it should be used responsibly and possibly with the foreknowledge that a certain image or article was uploaded/published with the help of AI. Unlike in Wikipedia, where the community is far larger and less centralized and relies on the good faith of all users working on the same largely non-fictional real-world articles, the Conworlds community is more closely-knit and largely focused on althistory or completely fictional worldbuilding articles. As such, I feel that the negative use of AI with the intent to mislead others is not exactly as much of a concern here as it is on Wikipedia. &lt;br&gt; Although I do personally agree that it is generally an excellent idea to avoid the use of AI in writing, though I feel that the same cannot be easily argued for images such as character illustrations, seeing as not all Conworlders (such as myself) are too artistically inclined when it comes to character illustrations. &lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Poppins;border-radius:9em;padding:0 7px;background:#A01E1E&quot;&gt;[[User:Sammie Biscuits|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;'''Sam Sterling'''&lt;/span&gt; ✨]] [[User talk:Sammie Biscuits|&lt;span style=&quot;color:white&quot;&gt;(talk)&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;/span&gt; 15:05, 15 June 2026 (UTC)<br /> <br /> ===Committee members===<br /> * As I wrote the original question, the scope of the discussed material should be discussed in depth. While I am in favor of a ban on textual material, the question of the imagery seems more complex. What could be a good middle way would be banning any material directly made by AI without human creative process, but to disregard if AI was involved in the creative process. It would depend a lot on the members of the community, but I certain everyone is capable of showing good faith. Also, it seems very important to propose to AI users some help for creative process as well as writing or designing, thus the idea of the Guilds on Conworlds. [[User:Yuutarou|Yuutarou]] ([[User talk:Yuutarou|talk]]) 22:26, 14 June 2026 (UTC)<br /> * I agree with Yuutarou on the scope needing to be discussed. I would like to state, however, that I am against the use of any generative AI used to create content published on the wiki, such as images or text. [[User:Kenzieerrrrr|Kenzieerrrrr]] ([[User talk:Kenzieerrrrr|talk]]) 01:42, 15 June 2026 (UTC)<br /> * There are some pretty big challenges I see with attempting to ban AI generated content, whether it be text or images and regardless of at which point a human played an active role in creating it. AI-detecting software does not really work, at least not at a level of reliability that it could ever be a definitive way of saying whether or not some text or image is AI-generated. Beyond that, there would be big potential for acrimony between users if one accuses another of using AI and the onus is on the person who claims that the other is using AI: how is it possible for them to be sure? I know that there are often &quot;tells&quot; of AI-generated content (bullet points where the topic of each bullet is bolded, for example, is a hallmark of ChatGPT text), but we are entering a weird era where people's human writing is beginning to reflect in some ways AI generated text, and where AI generated text is getting better at being indistinguishable from human text. Therefore, while I am in theory in favour of putting it to a referendum, I fear that any attempt at actually enforcing such a ban should it pass would be not only unfeasible but create needless conflict between users. Perhaps it would be better to frame any potential vote as whether or not we should request that users who create and upload AI generated content flag it as such (and in what way they used AI) in the footer, in the same way we do [[Template:Attribution]] notices. That way at least people could use AI as they please and readers could still distinguish between what is human-written and AI-generated, assuming of course there is actual buy in on the use of such a notice. [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 16:56, 15 June 2026 (UTC)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community Revitalization Committee]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=User:Fizzyflapjack&diff=588987 2026-06-15T01:33:38Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: /* Decorations */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Constructed Worlds user<br /> &lt;!-- INFOBOX FORMATTING --------&gt;<br /> | abovecolor = <br /> | color = <br /> | fontcolor = <br /> | abovefontcolor = <br /> | headerfontcolor = <br /> | tablecolor = <br /> | nocat = &lt;!-- if set to anything other than &quot;false&quot;, will hide categorization of location and gender--&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- LEAD INFORMATION ----------&gt;<br /> | title = &lt;!-- optional, defaults to {{BASEPAGENAME}} --&gt;<br /> | status = <br /> | image = ufo doge.png<br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_width = 150<br /> | name = Fizzyflapjack<br /> | birthname = <br /> | real_name = Jack<br /> | gender = Male<br /> | custom_gender = <br /> | pronoun = He/Him<br /> | languages = {{W|English language|English}} &lt;br&gt; {{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}<br /> | birthdate = <br /> | birthplace = <br /> | location = <br /> | country = {{flagicon|Canada|w}} {{w|Canada}}<br /> | timezone = <br /> | current_time = {{current time|UTC-3}}<br /> | nationality = {{flagicon|United States|w}} {{flagicon|Canada|w}} {{w|American Canadians|American Canadian}}<br /> | ethnicity = <br /> | race = <br /> | height = <br /> | weight = <br /> | hair = <br /> | eyes = <br /> | handedness = <br /> | blood_type = <br /> | sexuality = <br /> | iq = <br /> | personality_type = <br /> | alignment = <br /> &lt;!-- FAMILY &amp; FRIENDS ----------&gt;<br /> | marital status = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | girlfriend = <br /> | boyfriend = <br /> | children = <br /> | siblings = <br /> | parents =<br /> | pets = <br /> &lt;!-- EDUCATION &amp; EMPLOYMENT ----&gt;<br /> | occupation = {{w|Information technology|IT}}<br /> | employer = <br /> | education = {{w|Philosophy}}, {{w|Computer Science}}<br /> | primaryschool = <br /> | intschool = <br /> | highschool = <br /> | college = <br /> | university = {{W|Dalhousie University}}<br /> | classes = &lt;!-- For use with Conworld Campus Ambassadors --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- INTERESTS &amp; BELIEFS -------&gt;<br /> | hobbies = Writing, reading, camping, canoeing, gaming, hiking, gardening, cooking<br /> | religion = <br /> | politics = <br /> | aliases = <br /> | movies = ''{{w|Fantastic Planet}}'' (animated), ''{{w|Alien}}'' (live action)<br /> | shows = ''{{w|King of the Hill}}'', ''{{w|The Wire}}'', ''{{w|Cowboy Bebop}}''<br /> | books = ''{{w|The Fellowship of the Ring|The Fellowship of the Ring, Book II: The Ring Goes South}},'' &lt;br&gt; ''{{w|The Two Towers|The Two Towers, Book III: The Treason of Isengard}}'', &lt;br&gt; ''{{w|All Tomorrows}}'', &lt;br&gt; ''{{w|The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy}}''<br /> | music = <br /> | interests = <br /> &lt;!-- CONTACT INFO --------------&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | blog = <br /> | email = <br /> | icq = <br /> | aim = <br /> | gtalk = <br /> | jabber = <br /> | skype = <br /> | msn = <br /> | yahoo = <br /> | mac = <br /> | irc = <br /> | facebook = <br /> | instagram = <br /> | linkedin = <br /> | myspace = <br /> | pinterest = <br /> | twitter = <br /> | youtube = <br /> | discord = Fizzyflapjack#4406<br /> | flickr = <br /> | github = <br /> &lt;!-- SUBPAGES -----------------&gt;<br /> | subpages = <br /> &lt;!-- ACCOUNT STATISTICS -------&gt;<br /> | joined_date = 9 March 2011<br /> | first_edit = [https://conworld.fandom.com/wiki/Planetary_Alliance_For_Freedom?diff=prev&amp;oldid=89718 Planetary Alliance for Freedom]<br /> | autoconfirmed = <br /> | confirmed = <br /> | admin = <br /> | bureaucrat = <br /> | check_user = <br /> | overseer = <br /> | edit_count = edits<br /> | permissions = <br /> | signature = <br /> | custom_label_account_1 = &lt;!-- [[:WP:SOCKLEGIT|Alternative accounts]] --&gt;<br /> | custom_data_account_1 = &lt;!-- list your alternative accounts --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- USERBOXES ----------------&gt;<br /> | userboxes = <br /> {{Userboxgroup<br /> |title=Wiki stuff<br /> |collapsed=<br /> |content=<br /> {{Userbox bureaucrat}}<br /> {{Userbox administrator}}<br /> {{Userbox CJPRP}}<br /> {{Userbox CRC}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Userboxgroup<br /> |title=Personal<br /> |collapsed=true<br /> |content=<br /> {{Userbox Discord|fizzyflapjack}}<br /> {{User en}}<br /> {{User es-1}}<br /> {{User in Canada}}<br /> {{User LGBT}}<br /> {{User Brokeback}}<br /> {{Userbox Owned by cat}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Userboxgroup<br /> |title=Interests<br /> |collapsed=true<br /> |content=<br /> {{User Freethinker}}<br /> {{User Maximalism}}<br /> {{Userbox Amateur artist}}<br /> {{Userbox Mapmaking}}<br /> {{User Golf enjoyer}}<br /> {{User main-sequence stars}}<br /> {{User black hole love}}<br /> {{User habitable exoplanets}}<br /> {{User Titan favorite moon}}<br /> }}<br /> &lt;!-- CUSTOM FIELDS ------------&gt;<br /> | custom_header = Projects<br /> | custom_data =<br /> '''Active projects'''<br /> *[[Conworlds:Minecraft]]<br /> **[[Cedon]]/[[New Cedon]]<br /> *{{nowrap|[[Project Exodus]] [[File:PE Icon2.svg|22px|frameless]]}}<br /> **[[Ghilandur]]<br /> *{{nowrap|[[Portal:Sanctuary Stars|Sanctuary Stars]] [[File:Aidus Project Icon.svg|22px|frameless]]}}<br /> **[[Aidus]]<br /> **[[Anunia]]<br /> **[[Kento]]<br /> | custom_label1 = <br /> | custom_data1 = <br /> &lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;<br /> '''Former projects'''<br /> *Future World<br /> **United Federation of South America<br /> *Nearly Real World<br /> **Wringo<br /> *[[Project Genesis]] (First Edition)<br /> **[[Tersa]]<br /> *[[Solar Union]]<br /> *{{nowrap|[[Portal:Todos Juntos|Todos Juntos]] [[File:Todos Juntos Icon.svg|22px|frameless]]}}<br /> **[[Sudamerica]]<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> | custom_label2 = <br /> | custom_data2 = <br /> | custom_label3 = <br /> | custom_data3 = <br /> | custom_label4 = <br /> | custom_data4 = <br /> | custom_label5 = <br /> | custom_data5 = <br /> | custom_label6 = <br /> | custom_data6 = <br /> | custom_label7 = <br /> | custom_data7 = <br /> | custom_label8 = <br /> | custom_data8 = <br /> | custom_label9 = <br /> | custom_data9 = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{center|[[File:Emblem of the Ecumene.svg|150px|link=Ecumene]][[File:Standard of the Aidusian Empire.svg|150px|link=Aidusian Empire]]}}<br /> <br /> {{center|&lt;big&gt;Hello and welcome to my user page!&lt;/big&gt;}}<br /> <br /> My name is Jack, and I am a bureaucrat, administrator, and the {{W|webmaster|technician}} of the Constructed Worlds Wiki. From June to July 2023, I oversaw the migration of Conworlds to its current independently-hosted form. I continue to look after the back-end of the site and keep it maintained in my capacity as technician as well as manage its hosting costs.<br /> <br /> In terms of writing, my current major project is [[Portal:Sanctuary Stars|Sanctuary Stars]], an independent science fiction project. I have been active in this community for about 15 years, and I have formerly contributed to several of its largest collaborative projects, some of which I am still involved in small capacities such as [[Project Exodus]]. Other past notable collaborative projects I worked on include [[Future World]], the [[Nearly Real World]], [[Altverse]] I/II, and [[Project Genesis]].<br /> <br /> I principally use Inkscape to make both art and maps, and I have some experience with photo editing software such as Adobe Photoshop. Feel free to reach out to me if you ever need help with anything, be it editing images, pages, templates, or even Lua modules. I'm always happy to help in any way I can. Thanks for stopping by!<br /> <br /> ==Decorations==<br /> {{Ribbon bar<br /> |medals = Featured_medal<br /> |Order_of_the_May_Revolution<br /> |Independent_Migration_Service_Medal<br /> |Order_of_the_Cosmic_Pioneers<br /> |Order_of_the_Knights_of_Yanus<br /> |Order_of_the_Derigi<br /> |Order_of_the_Trendsetters<br /> |Order_of_the_Informed_Citizenry<br /> |Order_of_Discord<br /> |Red_Link_Removal<br /> |15_years<br /> |admin15<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> ===Sanctuary Stars===<br /> ====Aidus====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Aidus system diagram with names.svg<br /> | Labelled diagram of the [[Aidus system]], planets to scale<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Orbalia and the Orbital University.svg<br /> | [[Orbalia]] and the artificial satellite [[Portórbis]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Trenshaya, Trenshaya Voblas, Velesa.svg<br /> | [[Trenshaya]] on [[Velesa]], circa the First Age<br /> | alt3=<br /> | File:Aetarlux, Capital Metropole, Orbalia.svg<br /> | A district of [[Aetarlux]], the capital of the [[Drevnian Divinity]] on [[Orbalia]]<br /> | alt4=<br /> | File:Sfazina Bore-Station, Mora.svg<br /> | [[Sfazina]] Bore-Station on [[Mora]], circa the early Second Age<br /> | File:Luxarian envoy approaches Velesa.svg<br /> | An envoy from [[Luxar]] in a [[Solsailing]] vessel approaches [[Velesa]] during the [[Coalition War]]<br /> | File:Man suffering from Haemopneumonia, Trenshaya, Velesa, II23999.svg<br /> | A man in Trenshaya suffering from [[Haemopneumonia]] during the [[First Velesan Civil War]]<br /> | File:Bombardment of Vespèr Industrial District, Orbalia, II32510.svg<br /> | Bombardment of [[Novel-Vespèr]] during the [[Two Uec War]]<br /> | alt6=<br /> | File:Iyusar cloaking on assignment, undisclosed location, Velesa, II41454.svg<br /> | An ''[[Old Iyusi|Iyusar]]'' on Velesa during the [[Quiet War]]<br /> | alt7=<br /> | File:Empress Lutmila I of Transvelesa.svg<br /> | Empress [[Lutmila the Great]] of the [[Transvelesan Empire]]<br /> | alt8=<br /> | File:Imperiya Station, Imperial Orbit, III25000.svg<br /> | A detail of the inner surface of [[Imperiya Station]], late Third Age<br /> | alt9=<br /> | File:Palace of the Duxars, Havra, Dammeringia, Orbalia, III280223.svg<br /> | Palace of the Duxars, [[Havra]], Orbalia in the late Third Age<br /> | alt10=<br /> | File:Imperial Spire, Imperiya Station, Imperiya Orbit, IV12000.svg<br /> | [[Imperial Spire]], Imperiya Station, circa the Fourth Age<br /> | alt11=<br /> | File:Orbalian First Age technology diorama.svg<br /> | A diorama of different technologies utilized in the Aidus system in the First Age<br /> | alt12=<br /> | File:Aidus 5pc neighborhood star map.svg<br /> | A 5-parsec map of the stars closest to Aidus<br /> | alt13=<br /> | File:Aidus system to scale.svg<br /> | A scale map of the Aidus system with distances and sizes to scale<br /> | alt14=<br /> | File:Aidus star.svg<br /> | [[Aidus (star)]]<br /> | alt15=<br /> | File:Orbalia (planet).svg<br /> | [[Orbalia]]<br /> | alt16=<br /> | File:Orbalian atmosphere and hydrography diagram.svg<br /> | A diagram illustrating atmospheric and hydrographic flows on Orbalia<br /> | alt17=<br /> | File:Geological structure of Orbalia.svg<br /> | A diagram detailing the internal structure of Orbalia<br /> | alt18=<br /> | File:Standard of the Aidusian Empire.svg<br /> | Standard of the [[Aidusian Empire]]<br /> | alt19=<br /> | File:Devachita of the Aidusian Empire.svg<br /> | Devachita of the [[Aidusian Empire]]<br /> | alt20=<br /> | File:Scale diagram of Aidus, planets, and largest stations, labelled.svg<br /> | Scale diagram of the Aidus system<br /> | alt21=<br /> | File:Throneroom of Atmirala Lutmila I Popof.svg<br /> | Throneroom of Lutmila the Great during her reign as Atmirala Popof<br /> | alt22=<br /> | File:Velesa Imperial Shipyards, Low Velesa Orbit, Velesa, circa III.10700.svg<br /> | Velesa Imperial Shipyards, Low Velesa Orbit<br /> | alt23=<br /> | File:Mining tug Postoyansfo brings planetesimal to MIIC construction site, III.11118.svg<br /> | Mining tug ''Postoyansfo'' brings material to the [[Moran Imperial Industrial Complex]] building site<br /> | alt24=<br /> | File:Imperiya Station upon completion in Velesa orbit, III.24891.svg<br /> | [[Imperiya Station]]<br /> | alt25=<br /> | File:Coup of III.27961, Novel-Vespèr, Benia, Orbalia.svg<br /> | [[Coup of III.27961]] in [[Benia]], Orbalia<br /> | alt26=<br /> | File:Imperial Council Chamber, Imperial Tower, Imperiya Station.svg<br /> | [[Imperial Council]] chamber, Imperial Spire, Imperiya Station<br /> | alt27=<br /> | File:Gavriel of Aidus.svg<br /> | Emperor [[Gavriel of Aidus]]<br /> | alt28=<br /> | File:Standard of the Pechlusian Dominion.svg<br /> | Standard of [[Pechlus]]<br /> | alt29=<br /> | File:Standard of the Orbalian Dominion.svg<br /> | Standard of [[Orbalia]]<br /> | alt30=<br /> | File:Standard of the Imperiyan Metropole.svg<br /> | Standard of [[Imperiya Station]]<br /> | alt31=<br /> | File:Standard of the Velesan Confederacy.svg<br /> | Standard of [[Velesa]]<br /> | alt32=<br /> | File:Standard of the Chaian Dominion.svg<br /> | Standard of [[Chaius]]<br /> | alt33=<br /> | File:Standard of the Circumtoroidal Dominion.svg<br /> | Standard of the [[Circumtorus]]<br /> | alt34=<br /> | File:Imperial Carrier Gordosht Imperiyi activating its magnetic-linear drive, circa IV12100.svg<br /> | Imperial Carrier ''Gordosht Imperiyi'' activating its [[linear-magnetic drive]]<br /> | alt35=<br /> | File:Onions growing in a hydroponics basin, Chaius, IV11480.svg<br /> | Onions growing in a hydroponics basin<br /> | alt36=<br /> | File:Vikkar Station, Orbalia orbit, circa IV10000.svg<br /> | [[Vikkar Station]] in Orbalia orbit<br /> | alt37=<br /> | File:Solsailing yacht in Aidus space.svg<br /> | [[Solsailing]] yacht in interplanetary Aidusian space<br /> | alt38=<br /> | File:Armata Plus-Leger biotic arm.svg<br /> | [[Armata]] Plus-Leger biotic arm<br /> | alt39=<br /> | File:Residential district on Imperiya Station.svg<br /> | High-density residential district on Imperiya Station<br /> | alt40=<br /> | File:Suburb on Orbalia.svg<br /> | Suburban residential district on Orbalia<br /> | alt41=<br /> | File:Rural outpost on Velesa.svg<br /> | Rural outpost on Velesa<br /> | alt42=<br /> | File:Dieter Hall, University of Rhodone, Orbalia.svg<br /> | [[University of Rhoden]] in [[Rhoden]], [[Orbalia]]<br /> | alt43=<br /> | File:Telerobotic surgery aboard a civilian liner, Aidus space.svg<br /> | Telerobotic surgery on a civilian space vessel<br /> | alt44=<br /> | File:View of Ward 1 Park, Imperiya Station, Fourth Age.svg<br /> | Sectional view of First Ward Park on Imperiya Station<br /> | alt45=<br /> | File:The Star Smoker.svg<br /> | ''[[The Star Smoker]]'', an example of [[Florescism]]<br /> | alt46=<br /> | File:Vashna Haute Couture, Imperiya Fashion Cycle IV12480.svg<br /> | ''{{w|Haute couture}}'' by fashion house [[Vashna]] during [[Imperiya Fashion Uec]]<br /> | alt47=<br /> | File:Veal with Velúnas sauce and roasted eggplant.svg<br /> | Veal served with velúnas sauce, roasted eggplant, bread, and butter; a celebratory meal of [[Langic cuisine]]<br /> | alt48=<br /> | File:Lubof (dwarf planet).svg<br /> | The largest {{w|dwarf planet}} in the Aidus system, [[Lubof]]<br /> | alt49=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Ametrasa====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Ametrasa system diagram with names.svg<br /> | Labelled diagram of the [[Ametrasa system]], planets to scale<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Locator map of Kento (Orthographic).svg<br /> | Orthographic locator map of [[Kento]] on [[Okusune]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Climate map of Kento.svg<br /> | Climate map of [[Kento]]<br /> | alt3=<br /> | File:Labeled detail map of Kento.svg<br /> | Labeled political-physical map of [[Kento]]<br /> | alt4=<br /> | File:Political map of Kento.svg<br /> | Political map of [[Kento]]<br /> | alt5=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Canan====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Locator map of Anunia (Orthographic).svg<br /> | Orthographic locator map of [[Anunia]] on [[Edina]]<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Topographical map of Anunia.svg<br /> | Topographic map of [[Anunia]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Koeppen-Geiger climate map of Anunia.svg<br /> | Koeppen-Geiger climate map of [[Anunia]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Political map of Anunia without names.svg<br /> | Unlabeled political map of [[Anunia]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Scol====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Physical map of Harth.svg<br /> | Physical world map of [[Harth]]<br /> | alt1=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Sol (the {{w|Solar System}})====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Sol system diagram (Sanctuary Stars).svg<br /> | Labelled diagram of the [[Sol system (Sanctuary Stars)|Sol system]], planets to scale<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Star map of the Ecumene.svg<br /> | Star map of the [[Ecumene]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Star map of the Sanctuary Stars.svg<br /> | Star map of the overall ''[[Portal:Sanctuary Stars|Sanctuary Stars]]'' project with origin at Sol<br /> | alt3=<br /> | File:Lunar Ring as viewed from High Lunar Orbit.svg<br /> | The [[Lunar Ring]] as viewed from orbit<br /> | alt4=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Other===<br /> ====Project Exodus: Ghilandur====<br /> ====Peoples of Urulia: the Lochlands====<br /> {{Gallery<br /> | title =<br /> | align = center<br /> | footer =<br /> | style =<br /> | state =<br /> | height =<br /> | width =<br /> | captionstyle =<br /> | File:Coat of arms of Clan Ganavan.svg<br /> | Coat of arms of [[Clan Ganavan]]<br /> | alt1=<br /> | File:Banner of Clan Ganavan.svg<br /> | Banner of [[Clan Ganavan]]<br /> | alt2=<br /> | File:Coat of arms of the Kingdom of the Lochs.svg<br /> | Coat of arms of the Kingdom of the [[Lochlands|Lochs]]<br /> | alt3=<br /> | File:Location of the Lochlands.svg<br /> | The [[Lochlands]] in [[Urulia]]<br /> | alt4=<br /> | File:Political geography of the Lochlands.svg<br /> | A labelled political map of the [[Lochlands]]<br /> | alt4=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Todos Juntos: Sudamerica====<br /> <br /> [[Category:Fizzyflapjack]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Conworlds:CRC&diff=588904 2026-06-14T22:53:59Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: Changed redirect target from Constructed Worlds:Community Revitalization Committee to Conworlds:Community Revitalization Committee</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Conworlds:Community Revitalization Committee]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Project_Guznetska&diff=588895 2026-06-14T22:39:36Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>{{DISPLAYTITLE:Project: Guznetska}}<br /> {{Icons|Guznetska}}<br /> {{Meta}}{{Infobox conworld<br /> |name = &lt;big&gt;'''Project: Guznetska'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |image = Project Guznetska Logo.png<br /> |caption = <br /> |genre = Inserted nations worldbuilding<br /> |established = 12th April, 2023<br /> |creator = [[User:kenzieerrrrr|kenzie]] {{Small|(creator and owner)}}<br /> |progress =~5-10% <br /> |contributors = [[User:kenzieerrrrr|Kenzie]], [[User:johc|Joh]], [[User:Professional CrowEater|Tas]]<br /> |nations = [[Kyoshukou]], [[Loktalya]], [[Čelsovakia]]<br /> |articles = [[:Category:Project: Guznetska|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Project: Guznetska|pages}} articles in total)<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Guznetska: &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[:Category:Guznetska|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Guznetska|pages}} articles in [[Guznetska]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Kyoshukou|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Kyoshukou|pages}} articles in [[Kyoshukou]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Loktalya|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Loktalya|pages}} articles in [[Loktalya]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Čelsovakia|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Čelsovakia|pages}} articles in [[Čelsovakia]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Kysosk|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Kysosk|pages}} articles in [[Kysosk]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Europe: &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[:Category:Medos|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Medos|pages}} articles in [[Medos]])<br /> |status = Active<br /> |predecessor = N/A<br /> |successor=N/A}}'''Project: Guznetska''' (sometimes stylised as '''Project:Guznetska''' or '''Project Guznetska''') is a collaborative [[inserted-nations worldbuilding]] project set on an alternate Earth. It centers on the fictional inserted [[Guznetska]] sub-continent, a large archipelagic landmass located in the North Pacific between Japan and Alaska. The project incorporates five nations—'''Kyoshukou''', '''Loktalya''', '''Čelsovakia''', '''Medos''', and '''Kysosk'''—four of which occupy Guznetska and one located in a slightly modified version of Europe. The project has a a focus on plausible history, demographics, language, and foreign affairs.<br /> <br /> Project: Guznetska began on 12 April 2023 as a solo ''a priori'' project on the [https://dreamfiction.fandom.com/wiki/Dream_Fiction_Wiki:Home Dream Fiction Wiki] by Kenzie (kenzie.err, [[User:Kenzieerrrrr|Kenzieerrrrr]]) initially set in an entirely fictional world. In this state it was an informal documentation of three nations created during the 2023 New Zealand school holidays. Its core nations—[[Kyoshukou]] (then Lathistia), [[Loktalya]] (then Litier), and [[Čelsovakia]] (then Sollum, and later Udetskia)—were later revised to be set on Earth. In late 2024, it merged with elements of Johc's own project, which was previously a ''priori'' project set in its own universe. This merge removed all but two of these nations, introducing [[Medos]] and [[Islean]] to Europe—though the latter has since been retconned into a region of Medos. Byarni and Kysvastil, two minor nations, were added in early 2025 into Guznetska.<br /> <br /> In December 2025, Tas (tasoulistars, [[User:Professional CrowEater|Professional CrowEater]]) joined Project: Guznetska through discord. He took over the country Kysvastil, renamed to [[Kysosk]], while Byarni was removed. On the fourth of January 2026, Kenzie renamed Lathistia to Kyoshukou. <br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> To be added<br /> <br /> === Overview of nations===<br /> <br /> ====Čelsovakia====<br /> <br /> ====Kysosk====<br /> <br /> ====Kyoshukou====<br /> <br /> ====Loktalya====<br /> <br /> ====Medos====<br /> <br /> ==Participants ==<br /> <br /> ===Current participants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Conworlds username<br /> ! Discord username<br /> !Nickname<br /> ! Role<br /> !Contributions/'''Jurisdiction'''<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Kenzieerrrrr<br /> |kenzie.err<br /> |Kenzie<br /> |Creator and owner<br /> |[[File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|25x25px]] [[Kyoshukou]], [[File:Flag of Loktalya.png|25x25px]] [[Loktalya]], [[File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|25x25px]] [[Čelsovakia]], other topics<br /> |Original founder<br /> |-<br /> |Johc<br /> |joh.c<br /> |Joh<br /> |Co-owner and contributor<br /> |[[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]], other topics<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Professional CrowEater<br /> |tasoulistars<br /> |Tas<br /> |Contributor<br /> |[[File:Kysosk flag2.png|25x25px]] [[Kysosk]], other topics<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Former participants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Conworlds username<br /> !Discord username<br /> !Nickname<br /> !Role<br /> !Contributions/'''Jurisdiction'''<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |N/A<br /> |gotthelm<br /> |Gotthelm<br /> |Contributor<br /> | Kubat (former nation), [[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]]<br /> |Left due to lack of time<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Map==<br /> eventually when kenzie stops being a lazy bum<br /> <br /> ==List of sovereign states==<br /> Present in Project: Guznetska is all of the 192 UN observer states, two UN observers, and five inserted nations. {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Afghanistan|Afghanistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Albania|Albania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Algeria|Algeria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Andorra|Andorra}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Angola|Angola}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Antigua_and_Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Argentina|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Armenia|Armenia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Australia|Australia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Austria|Austria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|The_Bahamas|Bahamas}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bahrain|Bahrain}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bangladesh|Bangladesh}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Barbados|Barbados}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belarus|Belarus}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belgium|Belgium}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belize|Belize}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Benin|Benin}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bhutan|Bhutan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bolivia|Bolivia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bosnia_and_Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Botswana|Botswana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Brazil|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Brunei|Brunei}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bulgaria|Bulgaria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Burundi|Burundi}}{{w|Cabo_Verde|Cabo Verde}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cambodia|Cambodia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cameroon|Cameroon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Canada|Canada}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Chad|Chad}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Chile|Chile}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|China|China}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Colombia|Colombia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Comoros|Comoros}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Costa_Rica|Costa Rica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Croatia|Croatia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cuba|Cuba}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cyprus|Cyprus}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Czech_Republic|Czech Republic}}<br /> <br /> *[[Čelsovakia]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Denmark|Denmark}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Djibouti|Djibouti}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Dominica|Dominica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Dominican_Republic|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ecuador|Ecuador}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Egypt|Egypt}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|El_Salvador|El Salvador}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Equatorial_Guinea|Equatorial Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Eritrea|Eritrea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Estonia|Estonia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Eswatini|Eswatini}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ethiopia|Ethiopia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Federated_States_of_Micronesia|Federated States of Micronesia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Fiji|Fiji}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Finland|Finland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|France|France}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Gabon|Gabon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Gambia|Gambia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Georgia_(country)|Georgia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Germany|Germany}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ghana|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Greece|Greece}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Grenada|Grenada}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guatemala|Guatemala}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guinea|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guyana|Guyana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Haiti|Haiti}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Holy_See|Holy See}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Honduras|Honduras}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Hungary|Hungary}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iceland|Iceland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|India|India}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Indonesia|Indonesia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iran|Iran}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iraq|Iraq}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ireland|Ireland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Israel|Israel}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Italy|Italy}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Jamaica|Jamaica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Japan|Japan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Jordan|Jordan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kenya|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kiribati|Kiribati}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kuwait|Kuwait}}<br /> <br /> *[[Kyoshukou]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> *[[Kysosk]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Laos|Laos}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Latvia|Latvia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lebanon|Lebanon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lesotho|Lesotho}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Liberia|Liberia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Libya|Libya}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lithuania|Lithuania}}<br /> *[[Loktalya]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Luxembourg|Luxembourg}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Madagascar|Madagascar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malawi|Malawi}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malaysia|Malaysia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Maldives|Maldives}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mali|Mali}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malta|Malta}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Marshall_Islands|Marshall Islands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mauritania|Mauritania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mauritius|Mauritius}}<br /> *[[Medos]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mexico|Mexico}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Moldova|Moldova}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Monaco|Monaco}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mongolia|Mongolia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Montenegro|Montenegro}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Morocco|Morocco}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mozambique|Mozambique}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Myanmar|Myanmar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Namibia|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nauru|Nauru}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nepal|Nepal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Netherlands|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|New_Zealand|New Zealand}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nicaragua|Nicaragua}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Niger|Niger}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nigeria|Nigeria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|North_Korea|North Korea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|North_Macedonia|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Norway|Norway}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Oman|Oman}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Pakistan|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Palau|Palau}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Panama|Panama}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Paraguay|Paraguay}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Peru|Peru}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Philippines|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Poland|Poland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Portugal|Portugal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Qatar|Qatar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Romania|Romania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Russia|Russia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Rwanda|Rwanda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Samoa|Samoa}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|San_Marino|San Marino}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sao_Tomé_and_Principe|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saudi_Arabia|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Senegal|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Serbia|Serbia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Seychelles|Seychelles}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Singapore|Singapore}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Slovakia|Slovakia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Slovenia|Slovenia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Solomon_Islands|Solomon Islands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Somalia|Somalia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Africa|South Africa}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Korea|South Korea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Sudan|South Sudan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Spain|Spain}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sri_Lanka|Sri Lanka}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sudan|Sudan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Suriname|Suriname}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sweden|Sweden}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Switzerland|Switzerland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Syria|Syria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|State_of_Palestine|State of Palestine}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tajikistan|Tajikistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tanzania|Tanzania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Thailand|Thailand}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Togo|Togo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tonga|Tonga}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Trinidad_and_Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tunisia|Tunisia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Turkey|Turkey}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tuvalu|Tuvalu}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uganda|Uganda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ukraine|Ukraine}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_Arab_Emirates|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_Kingdom|United Kingdom}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_States|United States}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uruguay|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vanuatu|Vanuatu}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vatican_City|Vatican City}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Venezuela|Venezuela}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vietnam|Vietnam}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Yemen|Yemen}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Zambia|Zambia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe}}<br /> <br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Project Guznetska Logo.png|Standard logo<br /> File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|[[Flag of Kyoshukou]]<br /> File:Flag of Loktalya.png|[[Flag of Loktalya]]<br /> File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|Flag of Čelsovakia<br /> File:Flag of Medos.svg|Flag of Medos<br /> File:Kysosk flag2.png|Flag of Kysosk<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> ==Primary pages==<br /> <br /> *[[File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|25x25px]] [[Kyoshukou]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Loktalya.png|25x25px]] [[Loktalya]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|25x25px]] [[Čelsovakia]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]]<br /> *[[File:Kysosk flag2.png|25x25px]] [[Kysosk]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[:Category:Kyoshukou]]<br /> * [[:Category:Loktalya]]<br /> * [[:Category:Čelsovakia]]<br /> * [[:Category:Medos]]<br /> * [[:Category:Kysosk]]<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Project: Guznetska]]<br /> [[Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects]]<br /> [[Category:Projects created in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:Inserted-nations projects]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Project_Guznetska&diff=588893 2026-06-14T22:38:20Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Icons|Guznetska}}<br /> {{Meta}}{{Infobox conworld<br /> |name = &lt;big&gt;'''Project: Guznetska'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |image = Project Guznetska Logo.png<br /> |caption = <br /> |genre = Inserted nations worldbuilding<br /> |established = 12th April, 2023<br /> |creator = [[User:kenzieerrrrr|kenzie]] {{Small|(creator and owner)}}<br /> |progress =~5-10% <br /> |contributors = [[User:kenzieerrrrr|Kenzie]], [[User:johc|Joh]], [[User:Professional CrowEater|Tas]]<br /> |nations = [[Kyoshukou]], [[Loktalya]], [[Čelsovakia]]<br /> |articles = [[:Category:Project: Guznetska|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Project: Guznetska|pages}} articles in total)<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Guznetska: &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[:Category:Guznetska|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Guznetska|pages}} articles in [[Guznetska]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Kyoshukou|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Kyoshukou|pages}} articles in [[Kyoshukou]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Loktalya|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Loktalya|pages}} articles in [[Loktalya]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Čelsovakia|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Čelsovakia|pages}} articles in [[Čelsovakia]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;[[:Category:Kysosk|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Kysosk|pages}} articles in [[Kysosk]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Europe: &lt;br&gt;<br /> [[:Category:Medos|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Medos|pages}} articles in [[Medos]])<br /> |status = Active<br /> |predecessor = N/A<br /> |successor=N/A}}'''Project: Guznetska''' (sometimes stylised as '''Project:Guznetska''' or '''Project Guznetska''') is a collaborative [[inserted-nations worldbuilding]] project set on an alternate Earth. It centers on the fictional inserted [[Guznetska]] sub-continent, a large archipelagic landmass located in the North Pacific between Japan and Alaska. The project incorporates five nations—'''Kyoshukou''', '''Loktalya''', '''Čelsovakia''', '''Medos''', and '''Kysosk'''—four of which occupy Guznetska and one located in a slightly modified version of Europe. The project has a a focus on plausible history, demographics, language, and foreign affairs.<br /> <br /> Project: Guznetska began on 12 April 2023 as a solo ''a priori'' project on the [https://dreamfiction.fandom.com/wiki/Dream_Fiction_Wiki:Home Dream Fiction Wiki] by Kenzie (kenzie.err, [[User:Kenzieerrrrr|Kenzieerrrrr]]) initially set in an entirely fictional world. In this state it was an informal documentation of three nations created during the 2023 New Zealand school holidays. Its core nations—[[Kyoshukou]] (then Lathistia), [[Loktalya]] (then Litier), and [[Čelsovakia]] (then Sollum, and later Udetskia)—were later revised to be set on Earth. In late 2024, it merged with elements of Johc's own project, which was previously a ''priori'' project set in its own universe. This merge removed all but two of these nations, introducing [[Medos]] and [[Islean]] to Europe—though the latter has since been retconned into a region of Medos. Byarni and Kysvastil, two minor nations, were added in early 2025 into Guznetska.<br /> <br /> In December 2025, Tas (tasoulistars, [[User:Professional CrowEater|Professional CrowEater]]) joined Project: Guznetska through discord. He took over the country Kysvastil, renamed to [[Kysosk]], while Byarni was removed. On the fourth of January 2026, Kenzie renamed Lathistia to Kyoshukou. <br /> <br /> == Development ==<br /> <br /> ===History===<br /> To be added<br /> <br /> === Overview of nations===<br /> <br /> ====Čelsovakia====<br /> <br /> ====Kysosk====<br /> <br /> ====Kyoshukou====<br /> <br /> ====Loktalya====<br /> <br /> ====Medos====<br /> <br /> ==Participants ==<br /> <br /> ===Current participants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Conworlds username<br /> ! Discord username<br /> !Nickname<br /> ! Role<br /> !Contributions/'''Jurisdiction'''<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |Kenzieerrrrr<br /> |kenzie.err<br /> |Kenzie<br /> |Creator and owner<br /> |[[File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|25x25px]] [[Kyoshukou]], [[File:Flag of Loktalya.png|25x25px]] [[Loktalya]], [[File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|25x25px]] [[Čelsovakia]], other topics<br /> |Original founder<br /> |-<br /> |Johc<br /> |joh.c<br /> |Joh<br /> |Co-owner and contributor<br /> |[[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]], other topics<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Professional CrowEater<br /> |tasoulistars<br /> |Tas<br /> |Contributor<br /> |[[File:Kysosk flag2.png|25x25px]] [[Kysosk]], other topics<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Former participants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Conworlds username<br /> !Discord username<br /> !Nickname<br /> !Role<br /> !Contributions/'''Jurisdiction'''<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |N/A<br /> |gotthelm<br /> |Gotthelm<br /> |Contributor<br /> | Kubat (former nation), [[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]]<br /> |Left due to lack of time<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Map==<br /> eventually when kenzie stops being a lazy bum<br /> <br /> ==List of sovereign states==<br /> Present in Project: Guznetska is all of the 192 UN observer states, two UN observers, and five inserted nations. {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Afghanistan|Afghanistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Albania|Albania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Algeria|Algeria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Andorra|Andorra}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Angola|Angola}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Antigua_and_Barbuda|Antigua and Barbuda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Argentina|Argentina}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Armenia|Armenia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Australia|Australia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Austria|Austria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|The_Bahamas|Bahamas}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bahrain|Bahrain}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bangladesh|Bangladesh}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Barbados|Barbados}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belarus|Belarus}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belgium|Belgium}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Belize|Belize}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Benin|Benin}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bhutan|Bhutan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bolivia|Bolivia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bosnia_and_Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Botswana|Botswana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Brazil|Brazil}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Brunei|Brunei}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Bulgaria|Bulgaria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Burundi|Burundi}}{{w|Cabo_Verde|Cabo Verde}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cambodia|Cambodia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cameroon|Cameroon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Canada|Canada}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Chad|Chad}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Chile|Chile}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|China|China}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Colombia|Colombia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Comoros|Comoros}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Costa_Rica|Costa Rica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Croatia|Croatia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cuba|Cuba}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Cyprus|Cyprus}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Czech_Republic|Czech Republic}}<br /> <br /> *[[Čelsovakia]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Denmark|Denmark}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Djibouti|Djibouti}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Dominica|Dominica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Dominican_Republic|Dominican Republic}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ecuador|Ecuador}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Egypt|Egypt}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|El_Salvador|El Salvador}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Equatorial_Guinea|Equatorial Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Eritrea|Eritrea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Estonia|Estonia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Eswatini|Eswatini}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ethiopia|Ethiopia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Federated_States_of_Micronesia|Federated States of Micronesia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Fiji|Fiji}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Finland|Finland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|France|France}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Gabon|Gabon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Gambia|Gambia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Georgia_(country)|Georgia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Germany|Germany}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ghana|Ghana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Greece|Greece}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Grenada|Grenada}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guatemala|Guatemala}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guinea|Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Guyana|Guyana}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Haiti|Haiti}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Holy_See|Holy See}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Honduras|Honduras}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Hungary|Hungary}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iceland|Iceland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|India|India}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Indonesia|Indonesia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iran|Iran}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Iraq|Iraq}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ireland|Ireland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Israel|Israel}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Italy|Italy}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Jamaica|Jamaica}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Japan|Japan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Jordan|Jordan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kenya|Kenya}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kiribati|Kiribati}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kuwait|Kuwait}}<br /> <br /> *[[Kyoshukou]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyzstan}}<br /> <br /> *[[Kysosk]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Laos|Laos}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Latvia|Latvia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lebanon|Lebanon}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lesotho|Lesotho}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Liberia|Liberia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Libya|Libya}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Lithuania|Lithuania}}<br /> *[[Loktalya]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Luxembourg|Luxembourg}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Madagascar|Madagascar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malawi|Malawi}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malaysia|Malaysia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Maldives|Maldives}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mali|Mali}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Malta|Malta}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Marshall_Islands|Marshall Islands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mauritania|Mauritania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mauritius|Mauritius}}<br /> *[[Medos]]<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mexico|Mexico}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Moldova|Moldova}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Monaco|Monaco}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mongolia|Mongolia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Montenegro|Montenegro}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Morocco|Morocco}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Mozambique|Mozambique}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Myanmar|Myanmar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Namibia|Namibia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nauru|Nauru}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nepal|Nepal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Netherlands|Netherlands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|New_Zealand|New Zealand}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nicaragua|Nicaragua}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Niger|Niger}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Nigeria|Nigeria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|North_Korea|North Korea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|North_Macedonia|North Macedonia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Norway|Norway}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Oman|Oman}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Pakistan|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Palau|Palau}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Panama|Panama}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Papua_New_Guinea|Papua New Guinea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Paraguay|Paraguay}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Peru|Peru}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Philippines|Philippines}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Poland|Poland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Portugal|Portugal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Qatar|Qatar}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Romania|Romania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Russia|Russia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Rwanda|Rwanda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Lucia|Saint Lucia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Samoa|Samoa}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|San_Marino|San Marino}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sao_Tomé_and_Principe|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Saudi_Arabia|Saudi Arabia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Senegal|Senegal}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Serbia|Serbia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Seychelles|Seychelles}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sierra_Leone|Sierra Leone}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Singapore|Singapore}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Slovakia|Slovakia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Slovenia|Slovenia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Solomon_Islands|Solomon Islands}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Somalia|Somalia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Africa|South Africa}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Korea|South Korea}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|South_Sudan|South Sudan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Spain|Spain}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sri_Lanka|Sri Lanka}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sudan|Sudan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Suriname|Suriname}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Sweden|Sweden}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Switzerland|Switzerland}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Syria|Syria}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|State_of_Palestine|State of Palestine}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tajikistan|Tajikistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tanzania|Tanzania}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Thailand|Thailand}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Timor-Leste|Timor-Leste}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Togo|Togo}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tonga|Tonga}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Trinidad_and_Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tunisia|Tunisia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Turkey|Turkey}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Tuvalu|Tuvalu}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uganda|Uganda}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Ukraine|Ukraine}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_Arab_Emirates|United Arab Emirates}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_Kingdom|United Kingdom}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|United_States|United States}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uruguay|Uruguay}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vanuatu|Vanuatu}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vatican_City|Vatican City}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Venezuela|Venezuela}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Vietnam|Vietnam}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Yemen|Yemen}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Zambia|Zambia}}<br /> <br /> *{{w|Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe}}<br /> <br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;400&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Project Guznetska Logo.png|Standard logo<br /> File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|[[Flag of Kyoshukou]]<br /> File:Flag of Loktalya.png|[[Flag of Loktalya]]<br /> File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|Flag of Čelsovakia<br /> File:Flag of Medos.svg|Flag of Medos<br /> File:Kysosk flag2.png|Flag of Kysosk<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> ==Primary pages==<br /> <br /> *[[File:Flag of Kyoshukou.svg|25x25px]] [[Kyoshukou]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Loktalya.png|25x25px]] [[Loktalya]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Čelsovakia.png|25x25px]] [[Čelsovakia]]<br /> *[[File:Flag of Medos.svg|25x25px]] [[Medos]]<br /> *[[File:Kysosk flag2.png|25x25px]] [[Kysosk]]<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[:Category:Kyoshukou]]<br /> * [[:Category:Loktalya]]<br /> * [[:Category:Čelsovakia]]<br /> * [[:Category:Medos]]<br /> * [[:Category:Kysosk]]<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Project: Guznetska]]<br /> [[Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects]]<br /> [[Category:Projects created in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:Inserted-nations projects]]</div>

Fizzyflapjack https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=588892 2026-06-14T22:37:56Z

<p>Fizzyflapjack: </p> <hr /> <div>__NOTOC____NOEDITSECTION__<br /> {{#seo:<br /> |title_mode=replace<br /> |title=Main Page – Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |site_name=Constructed Worlds Wiki<br /> |description=Originally founded on Wikia, the Constructed Worlds Wiki, affectionately known as Conworlds, is a place to host and share constructed worlds, alternate history, and other creative endeavours. Projects of any nature are welcome here, and creativity is encouraged!<br /> |keywords=Conworlds, Constructed Worlds<br /> }}<br /> {{Icons|CWA}}<br /> &lt;!-- BANNER ACROSS TOP OF PAGE --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-topbanner&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f9f9f9; margin:1.2em 0 3px 0; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:61%; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- &quot;WELCOME TO CONWORLDS WIKI&quot; AND ARTICLE COUNT --&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:280px; border:none; background:none;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; {{#if:{{{float|}}}|float:{{{float|}}}|}}&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:{{{opacity|0.3}}}; height:4.0em; overflow:hidden; margin-top: 1px; margin-left: -50px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom) icon.png|100px|link=]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:162%; border:none; margin:0; padding:.1em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Welcome to Conworlds'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;&quot;&gt;&lt;small&gt;''The New Home of the Constructed Worlds Wiki''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;articlecount&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles in the wiki<br /> <br /> &lt;big&gt;Today is {{CURRENTDAYNAME}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}.&lt;/big&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- PORTAL LIST ON RIGHT-HAND SIDE --&gt;<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed Worlds wiki projects|Projects]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Projects by activity|by activity]]<br /> **[[:Category:Projects created by Conworlder|by author]]<br /> **[[:Category:Community projects|Public]]<br /> **[[:Category:Independent projects|Private]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''[[:Category:Constructed worlds|Conworlds]]'''<br /> **[[:Category:Fantasy constructed worlds|Fantasy]]<br /> **[[:Category:Science fiction constructed worlds|Science fiction]]<br /> **[[:Category:Alternate history timelines|Althistory]]<br /> **[[:Category:Scenarios|Future history]]<br /> | style=&quot;width:13%; font-size:95%;&quot; |<br /> *'''Other links'''<br /> **[[:Category:Main topic classifications|Main topics]]<br /> **[[:Category:Conworlders|Conworlders]]<br /> **[[:Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)|Administration]]<br /> * '''[[:Category:Browse|See all]]'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;!-- CREATE A PAGE --&gt;<br /> &lt;inputbox&gt;<br /> type=create<br /> width=50<br /> buttonlabel=Create Page<br /> bgcolor=#f9f9f9<br /> break=no<br /> &lt;/inputbox&gt;<br /> &lt;!--STAFF AND NECESSARY INFORMATION--&gt;<br /> {| style=&quot;width:100%; border:none; background:#f9f9f9; margin:0.2em 0 3px 0; padding:1px; border:1px solid #ddd;&quot;<br /> | style=&quot;width:280px; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:130%; border:none; margin:0; padding:0em; color:#000;&quot;&gt;'''Information and Assistance'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Policies and guidelines|Policies and guidelines]]''' {{middot}} '''[[Conworlds:About|About the Wiki]]'''&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.5em; font-size:90%;&quot;&gt;'''Wiki Administration''': {{U|Andy Irons}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|Centrist16}} (bureaucrat) {{middot}} {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} (technician) {{middot}} {{U|S.mustafaamir}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|T0oxi22}} (sysop) {{middot}} {{U|WorldMaker18}} (sysop)&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is conworlding?]] | [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|What is althistory?]] | [[Special:ListUsers|Active users]] | [[Conworlds:Editing|Editing tutorial]] | [[Conworlds:Beginner's guide|Getting Started]] | [[Conworlds:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] | [[Conworlds:Principles|Principles]] | [[Special:ContributionScores|Top contributors]] &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| align=center border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; background: #FFFFFF; border: 3px #CCCCCC solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size:95%; width:90%;&quot;<br /> |- bgcolor=&quot;#F0F0F0&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Appointment.svg|34px|link=Special:Recentchanges]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Text-html.svg|34px|link=List of worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;[[List of worlds and projects|Worlds and projects]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Inkscape icons randomize.svg|34px|link=Special:Random]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Special:Random|Random page]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Crystal Clear bordered yellow star.svg|34px|link=Conworlds:Donate]]&lt;/span&gt;[[Conworlds:Donate|Support us]]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;width: 20%; padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; display:inline-block; padding:5px 12px; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-radius:2px; background:#f8f9fa; margin: 0; cursor: pointer; vertical-align: middle; width:80%; color:#202122; font-family:inherit; font-size:115%; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.28571429em; text-align:center; overflow: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display: inline-block; position:absolute; opacity:0.3; height:2.4em; overflow:hidden; left:0; margin-top:-2px; color:black !important;&quot;&gt;[[File:Icon of Discord.png|34px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]]&lt;/span&gt;[https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr Discord]&lt;/span&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5| {{Nowrap begin}} {{Center|&lt;big&gt;'''Active projects'''&lt;/big&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alfaniaverse|name=Alfaniaverse|file=File:Flag of Alfania.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Alternatively|name=Alternatively|file=File:Alternatively icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Altverse II|name=Altverse II|file=File:Altverse II button.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:An Aerlon's Day|name=An Aerlon's Day|file=File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ardai|name=Ardai|file=File:Ardai new earth logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded Button|link=User:Aquatiki|file=File:Logo of Aquatiki.png|name=Aquatikiverse}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:A Tyranny Known as Truth|name=ATKAT|file=File:ATKAT icon new.PNG}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Dawn's Beauty|name=Dawn's Beauty|file=File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Echofall|name=Project: Echofall|file=File:Image_2026-01-12_171442150.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Equitannia Chronicles|name=Equitannia Chronicles|file=File:Equitannia Chronicles Icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Fictonia (project)|name=Fictonia|file=File:Fictoniacircularlogo2.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Friesbourg|name=Friesbourg|file=File:Flag of Friesbourg.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Harth|name=Harth|file=File:Harth icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Insulaeia|name=Insulaeia|file=File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Kalseri|name=Kalșeri|file=File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|name=Knowledge as the Weapon|file=File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Liberta|name=Liberta|file=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Liberta.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Merveilles des Morte|name=Merveilles des Morte|file=File:Morte Logo.png}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Ocean City (server)|name=Ocean City|file=File:Grass Block.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Oldenmyth|name=Oldenmyth|file=File:Odm logo color.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Origo Mundi|name=Origo Mundi|file=File:Braxis.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Parallel Shore II|name=The Parallel Shore II|file=File:TPSII icon.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Peoples of Urulia|name=Peoples of Urulia|file=File:Arms of Alderheim.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Per Aspera Ad Astra|name=Per Aspera Ad Astra|file=File:Icon of Per Aspera Ad Astra.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=The Pirates of Atlas|name=The Pirates of Atlas|file=File:Akula's Friends flag.svg}}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Exodus|name=Project Exodus|file=File:Termodex (Project Exodus).svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Project Guznetska|name=Project: Guznetska|file=File:Project Guznetska Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Realstrange|name=Realstrange|file=File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|name=Sanctuary Stars|file=File:Aidus Project Icon.svg}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:Steel and Bridle|name=Steel and Bridle|file=File:Coat of Arms of the First Mexican Empire.svg}}&lt;!--Temporary file--&gt;<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Terra Fidelis|name=Terra Fidelis|file=File:World-Positive.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=:Category:When Day Broke|name=When Day Broke|file=File:WDBIcons.png}}<br /> {{Branded button|link=Yekateria|name=Yekateria|file=File:Yekateria icon.png}}<br /> {{Nowrap end}}}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; | &lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: #EAF4FF; border: 1px solid #DDDDFF; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: #CCEEEE; border: 1px solid #AAAAFD; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Hyperlink-internet-search.svg|56px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|What is Conworlding?]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> '''Conworlding''', also called worldbuilding, is the creative, artistic process of constructing an imaginary [[:Category:Constructed worlds|world]] or setting, sometimes associated with a whole fictional universe. The resulting world may be called a constructed world (shortened to &quot;conworld&quot;). The related, interchangeable term of &quot;worldbuilding&quot; was popularized at science fiction writers' workshops in the 1970s. Developing an imaginary setting with coherent qualities such as its [[:Category:History|history]], [[:Category:Geography|geography]], and ecology is a key task for many science fiction, fantasy, and speculative fiction writers. Worldbuilding often involves the creation of [[:Category:Maps|maps]], a backstory (lore), flora, fauna, technology, and [[:Category:People|people]] for the world. Constructed worlds can enrich the backstory and history of fictional works, and it is not uncommon for authors to revise their constructed worlds while completing its [[:Category:Projects|associated work]]. Constructed worlds can be created for personal amusement and mental exercise, or for specific creative endeavors such as novels, video games, or role-playing games. (''[[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|read more]]'')<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;{{W|Worldbuilding|From English Wikipedia}}.&lt;/small&gt;}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED CONTENT --&gt;<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-upper&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;&quot;<br /> &lt;!-- TODAY'S FEATURED ARTICLE; DID YOU KNOW --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:55%; border:1px solid #cef2e0; background:#f5fffa; vertical-align:top; color:#000;&quot; |<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-left&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top; background:#f5fffa;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfa-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Template:Altverse:Today's featured article}}|R}}&gt;150|Featured Article|Featured article}}&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfa&quot; style=&quot;padding:2px 5px&quot;&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{formatnum:{{PAGESIZE:Wikipedia:Today's featured article/{{#time:F j, Y}}}}|R}}&gt;150|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}|{{Altverse:Today's featured article}}}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-dyk-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cef2e0; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3bfb1; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;About the Wiki&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-dyk&quot;&gt;{{About the Wiki}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> | style=&quot;border:1px solid transparent;&quot; |<br /> &lt;!-- HOW TOs --&gt;<br /> | class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;width:45%; border:1px solid #cedff2; background:#f5faff; vertical-align:top;&quot;|<br /> {| id=&quot;mp-right&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; vertical-align:top; background:#f5faff;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;padding:2px;&quot; | &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-itn-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:3px; background:#cedff2; font-size:120%; font-family:inherit; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #a3b0bf; text-align:left; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;From the Admins&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;color:#000; padding:2px 5px;&quot; | &lt;div id=&quot;mp-itn&quot;&gt;{{Noticeboard}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-lower&quot; class=&quot;MainPageBG&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-bottom&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;h2 id=&quot;mp-tfp-h2&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; background:#ddcef2; font-family:inherit; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #afa3bf; color:#000; padding:0.2em 0.4em&quot;&gt;Paracosmic Awards&lt;/h2&gt;<br /> &lt;div id=&quot;mp-tfp&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.1em 0.4em 0.6em;&quot;&gt;{{Paracosmic Awards feature}}&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;background: goldenrod; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .1em;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background: lemonchiffon; border: 1px solid gold; padding: .4em; font-size: 140%; text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top: -6px; left: -5px; position: relative; margin-right: -3px;&quot;&gt;[[File:5 Gold Stars Pentagon.png|58px]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;'''[[Conworlds:Patreon|Thank you to our generous patrons!]]'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> &lt;div align=&quot;left&gt;<br /> {{Table|<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Canada|OTL}} '''{{u|Eviltoast05}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Centrist16}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{U|Mythopoeia}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Dawnstar}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solace}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Poland}} '''{{u|F0rsaken}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|AlexanderSigmarus99}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} '''{{u|Yuutarou}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Solaris2019}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Italy}} '''{{u|Symposium}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Robballgamer2009}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Australia}} '''{{u|Javants}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|United States}} '''{{u|Wisky}}'''}} • {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Suedval}} '''{{u|Isabella Claudia}}'''}}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> [[File:YezhovInauguralPortrait_1992.png|150px|right]]<br /> '''Patron Article of the Month – ''[[Vasyl Yezhov]]'' by {{u|Wisky}}'''<br /> <br /> '''Vasyl Ruslanovych Yezhov''' (born 15 August 1947) is a former Khraelyi politician who served as the eighteenth [[President of Khraelyia|president of Khraelyia]] from 1992 to 1995. Yezhov was {{W|impeachment|impeached}} by the [[Congress of Khraelyia]] in 1995, after inciting the [[1995 Khraelyi constitutional crisis|1995 constitutional crisis]], by instituting martial law and attempting to subdue Congress. <br /> <br /> Before entering national politics, Yezhov was and still is the current {{W|Chief commercial officer|CCO}} of the [[Mahnoliya Petrol|Mahnoliya Petrol (MP)]] oil company, which is the ninth-largest company in Khraelyia.<br /> <br /> Yezhov [[Vasyl Yezhov 1992 presidential campaign|ran for president]] of Khraelyia in 1992, where he was the outside choice compared to incumbent [[Yaroslav Stetsko]], and [[Farmer-Labour Party (Khraelyia)|Farmer-Labour Party (FLP)]] politician [[Volodymyr Biletskyi]]. Despite the numerous odds, Yezhov beat both Biletskyi and Stetsko in the [[1992 Khraelyi presidential election]], with 41% of the vote compared to Stetsko's 24%, and Biletskyi's 35%. All three campaigns received accusations of {{W|electoral fraud|voter fraud}}, however Yezhov received the most, with his [[Lidiya Davydenka|campaign manager]] being convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Fraud in 1996.<br /> <br /> Yezhov argued in favour of {{W|anti-corruption}}, small government, and took a [[Khraelyia First (policy|Khraelyia first]] stance, often disregarding Khraelyia's allies, and questioning Khraelyia's foreign involvement when funds could've been better used for the citizens. He was also very critical of the government of Khraelyia, critiquing their inaction during numerous events, including the [[1990 Kirkassag–Goriyar border crisis]]. (''[[Vasyl Yezhov|Read more]]...'')<br /> <br /> &lt;hr&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;center&gt;''Want to see your favourite article here? Consider supporting us on [https://www.patreon.com/ConstructedWorldsWiki Patreon]!''&lt;/center&gt;<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> {{Conworlds directory}}<br /> {{Constructed Worlds Administration}}<br /> {{IWF}}<br /> [[File:Conworlds Wordmark.svg|500px|center|link=]]<br /> &lt;!-- and Happiness, full stop. EEE --&gt;<br /> [[Category:Contents]]<br /> [[Category:Metapages]]<br /> [[Category:CWA (Constructed Worlds Administration)]]</div>

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