Constructed Worlds Wiki - User contributions [en]

Template:Country data Merlinia

2025-10-01T20:57:30Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = United States | flag alias = Flag of Merlinia.png | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = </noinclude> }}"

{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}}
| alias = United States
| flag alias = Flag of Merlinia.png
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File:Flag of Merlinia.png

2025-10-01T20:57:12Z

Robballgamer2009: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-12-03T23:05:39Z

Robballgamer2009: /* Commonwealth state (2016–Present) */

{{Icons|E-class}}
==Old republic (2014–2015)==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| style="width:1%;" |[[File:Louis-Napoléon as President, 1849.jpg|100px]]
| '''[[User:Mscoree|Mscoree]]''' {{small|(2012–2016)}}
| 8 January 2014 – 15 June 2014 ({{ayd|2014|1|8|2014|6|15}})
| Jan. 2014
| Initiator
| style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| [[User:Monster Pumpkin|Monster Pumpkin]]

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#A00000"; |
| style="width:1%;" | [[File:14th Earl of Derby (cropped) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[User:Andr3w777|Andr3w777]]''' {{small|(2012–''Present'')}}
| 15 June 2014 – 18 September 2014 ({{ayd|2014|6|15|2014|9|18}})
| June 2014
| Anti-Initiator
| style="width:2%;background-color:#A00000"; |
| [[User:SkyGreen24|SkyGreen24]]

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#A00000"; |
| style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait gallery of eminent men and women of Europe and America - embracing history, statesmanship, naval and military life, philosophy, the drama, science, literature and art, with biographies (1873) (14587944860).jpg|100px]]
| '''[[User:SkyGreen24|SkyGreen24]]''' {{small|(2013–''Present'')}}
| 18 September 2014 – 27 September 2014 ({{ayd|2014|9|18|2014|9|27}})
| –
| Anti-Initiator
| style="width:2%;background-color:#A00000"; |
| [[user:FirstStooge|FirstStooge]]

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| style="width:1%;" | [[File:Porfirio Diaz en 1867.png|100px]]
| '''[[User:UglyTurtle|UglyTurtle]]''' {{small|(2012–''Present'')}}
| 27 September 2014 – 30 September 2014 ({{ayd|2014|9|27|2014|9|30}})
| Sept. 2014
| Initiator
| style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| [[User:Toby2|Toby2]]
|}

===Testudian period (2014–2015)===
Following his election, on 30 September UglyTurtle launched a successful coup which abolished the government's democratic assemblies and removed presidential term limits. He was serve as president unopposed for the next year, in what became known as the "Testudian Dictatorship".
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" |[[File:Porfirio Diaz in uniform.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2| '''[[User:UglyTurtle|UglyTurtle]]''' {{small|(2012–''Present'')}}
| rowspan=2|30 September 2014 – 20 October 2015 ({{ayd|2014|9|30|2015|10|20}})
| rowspan=2|–
| rowspan=2|Initiator<hr>Independent
| rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#3C6363"; |
| rowspan=2| [[User:Toby2|Toby2]]
|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|}
==Constitutional monarchy (2015–2016)==
On 20 October 2015, UglyTurtle was deposed as president by former president Mscoree, who declared himself monarch and reinstituted elections under a parliamentary, constitutional monarchy. The party in favor of restoring democracy, known as the "Democrats", was temporarily empowered under an interim government led by [[User:Harvenard2|Harvenard2]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" colspan=2| Monarch

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#5D9696"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:John C Breckinridge-04775-restored.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[User:Harvenard2|Harvenard2]]''' {{small|(2015–2016)}}
|20 October 2015 – 23 October 2015 ({{ayd|2015|10|20|2015|10|23}})
|–
|Democratic
|colspan=2|''Vacant''
|rowspan=4|[[File:Napoléon III par Jean Hippolyte Flandrin.jpg|75px]] '''[[User:Mscoree|Mscoree]]''' {{small|(2012–2016)}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#5D9696"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:William Ewart Gladstone, 1892 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[User:Ratcolor|Ratcolor]]''' {{small|(2015–2016)}}
|23 October 2015 – 23 June 2016 ({{ayd|2015|10|23|2016|6|23}})
|Oct. 2015
|Democratic
|style="width:2%;background-color:#5D9696"; |
|[[User:Dreamcaster1|Dreamcaster1]]

|}

==Commonwealth state (2016–''Present'')==
In 2016 the monarch Mscoree was overthrown and executed, and in its place a regency was established. An upper-house of lords was enshrined, as was a functioning government led by a prime minister. Elections for the lower-house renewed, which choses among itself a president of the assembly.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:10%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Николай_Христианович_Бунге_1887-1895.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Atticus Grover (Multiverse Manifesto)|Atticus Grover]]''' {{small|(2012–2017)}}
|{{Nowrap|23 June 2016 – 8 November 2016 ({{ayd|2016|6|23|2016|11|8}})}}
|–
|Independent
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|?
|rowspan=4|[[File:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia Admirable.jpg|75px]] '''[[User:Scrawland Scribblescratch|Scrawland Scribble- scratch]]''' {{small|(2012–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]''' {{small|(2015–''Present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|8 November 2016 – 8 November 2017 ({{ayd|2016|11|8|2017|11|8}})}}
|[[2016 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2016]]
|Wikicratic
|style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|?

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey by Sir Thomas Lawrence copy.jpg|100px]]
|'''?''' {{small|(?–?)}}
|{{Nowrap|8 November 2017 – 8 November 2018 ({{ayd|2017|11|8|2018|11|8}})}}
|[[2017 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2017]]
|Union of Principia Moderni
|style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
|?

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Lord John Russell.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]]''' {{small|(?–?)}}
|{{Nowrap|8 November 2018 – 22 March 2020 ({{ayd|2018|11|8|2020|3|22}})}}
|[[2018 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2018]]<hr>[[2019 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2019]]
|Union of Principia Moderni
|style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
|?

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#5c81d6"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Winfield Scott by Fredricks, 1862 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''?''' {{small|(?–?)}}
|{{Nowrap|22 March 2020 – 26 June 2020 ({{ayd|2020|3|22|2020|6|26}})}}
|[[March 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mar. 2020]]
|Progressive Map Gamian
|style="width:2%;background-color:#121212"; |
|?
|rowspan=5|[[File:Pyotr Stolypin LOC 07327.jpg|75px]] '''Demetrius Arbalin''' {{small|(2009–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Grover Cleveland - NARA - 518139 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''?''' {{small|(?–?)}}
|{{Nowrap|26 June 2020 – 31 December 2020 ({{ayd|2020|6|26|2020|12|31}})}}
|[[June 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2020]]<hr>[[September 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Sept. 2020]]
|Union of Principia Moderni
|style="width:2%;background-color:#121212"; |
|?

|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#121212"; |
| rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Deodoro da Fonseca (1889).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''?''' {{small|(?–?)}}
| rowspan=2 |{{Nowrap|31 December 2020 – 8 September 2021 ({{ayd|2020|6|26|2021|9|8}})}}
| rowspan=2 |–
| rowspan=2 |Union of Althistian People
|style="width:2%;background-color:#121212"; |
|?
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#203481"; |
|?

|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#203481"; |
| rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Sergei Witte cropped.png|100px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''?''' {{small|(?–?)}}
| rowspan=2 |{{Nowrap|8 September 2021 – 25 November 2021 ({{ayd|2021|9|8|2021|11|25}})}}
| rowspan=2 |[[September 2021 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Sept. 2021]]
| rowspan=2 |Moderate Althistian
|style="width:2%;background-color:#121212"; |
|?
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|?
|rowspan=7|[[File:Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia Admirable.jpg|75px]] '''[[User:Scrawland Scribblescratch|Scrawland Scribble- scratch]]''' {{small|(2012–''Present'')}}

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
| style="width:1%;" | [[File:Mathew Brady - Franklin Pierce - alternate crop (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[User:Vandenhoek|Vandenhoek]]''' {{small|(2018–''Present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|25 November 2021 – 8 November 2022 ({{ayd|2021|11|25|2022|11|8}})}}
|[[November 2021 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2021]]
|Wikicratic
|style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|?

|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
| style="width:1%;" | [[File:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston.jpg|100px]]
|'''?''' {{small|(2018–''Present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|8 November 2022 – 20 June 2023 ({{ayd|2022|11|8|2023|6|20}})}}
|[[2022 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Wikicratic
| style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|?

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#406F38"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Nicholas Nickson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nicholas Nickson]]''' {{small|(2021–''Present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|8 June 2023 – 8 November 2023 ({{ayd|2023|6|8|2023|11|8}})}}
|[[June 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]
|Discord Group
|style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|?

|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
| rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''[[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifest)|Grimmur Oraclius]]''' {{small|(2018–2024)}}
| rowspan=2 |{{Nowrap|20 June 2023 – 3 December 2024 ({{ayd|2022|11|8|2024|12|3}})}}
| rowspan=2 |[[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]<hr>[[2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2024]]
| rowspan=2 |Discord Modernist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#2E68B5"; |
|?
|-
| style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
|[[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]

|-
| rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#F5EE22"; |
| rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:1841 us history.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=2 |'''[[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifest)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]''' {{small|(2018–''Present'')}}
| rowspan=2 |{{Nowrap|3 December 2024 – ''Present'' ({{ayd|2024|12|3|}})}}
| rowspan=2 |''None''
| rowspan=2 |Wikicratic
| rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Vacant''
|}
[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

Oasisamerica (Merveilles des Morte)

2024-11-17T23:49:10Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|FA|Morte}}
'''Oasisamerica''' is a historical region and cultural area in North America, which extends approximately to the northern border of {{W|Mesoamerica}} in northern Mexico, to the regions of OTL California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, parts of Colorado, and western Texas. Within this region pre-Columbian societies flourished before the [[Colonization of the Western Hemisphere (Merveilles des Morte)|Spanish colonization of Kolumbia]], beginning in the [[1500-1599 (Merveilles des Morte)|sixteenth century]]. Contact with the Spanish would bring European diseases such as smallpox and measles, which caused the deaths of upwards of 90% of the indigenous people. The various nations of Oasisamerica appear to have created long distance trade routes and connections with the Mesoamerican nations to their south, and also took part in major infrastructural projects.

<gallery>
Taos Map 1295.svg|Map of the [[Pueblo Empire (Merveilles des Morte)|Pueblo Empire]]
Southwest Map MDM.svg|Map of the Puebloan region in the Fourteenth Century
Degwanate of Jookympin PNG Version.png|Map of the Degwanate of Jookympin
Kingdom of the Delta MN Publish.svg|Map of the Kingdom of the Delta
</gallery>

==History==

===Fourteenth Century===

====Age of Myths during the Great Drought====

{{Main|Pueblo Empire (Merveilles des Morte)}}

[[File:Taos Pueblo2.jpg|thumb|330px|A section of the modern day town of Taos, built in the same style as the Ancestral Puebloans.]]

The late thirteenth century would be marked by a decades-long period of drought, which greatly disrupted the landscape of the region, leading to heavy migration, societal change, and the first conflicts major in an otherwise peaceful region. Many Puebloan settlements were abandoned, with their communities migrating south in search of new lands, and causing conflict with communities in their path. In the cities that remained, there was a cultural shift; the old religious structures, created based on astronomical alignments, were carefully taken apart, with doorways being sealed shut with brick and mortar. Although unsure of the exact reasons for this, later historians have postulated that this shift was in an effort to make amends with nature, by a people whose ancestors, now in command of powerful spiritual power, must have been disrupting and changing the course of nature for the worse. The systematic deconstruction of the old disruptive structures is viewed as a last ditch effort to make amends with a vengeful nature.

From this chaos, several groups emerged, the first being the ȉałopháymųp'ȍhə́othə̀olbo (“Red Willows Canyon People”), who came to inhabit a small town on the banks of the Paslápaane (Rio Grande), and would later become known as simply the Taos. The primary source for the origins of the nation is known as the Łácianątə̂otho, which is dated to a little over a century after the actual events, and commissioned by Taos’ later leaders to chronicle their history. According to this text, Taos’ inception began in a particular Sə̀onp'óna (January), in what is believed to have been the year 1295. This is based on a description that appears later in the text, in which the leader of Taos’ mother is said to have been born thirty-eight years prior to the chronicle’s start, in the presence of a great eclipse, which corresponds to a known astrological event that occurred on 13 June 1257.

The nation’s conception began with a clan dispute “tə̂otho”, meaning “in the village”, which led to the village largely splitting in two. One group is said to have traveled southeast, while another traveled northwest, just as their ancestors had done upon their arrival in the Fourth World countless years before. A young warrior nicknamed Cínemąxína, who earned his nickname of "eye watchman" after losing an eye in a fight, became an unofficial leader of the first group, and under his leadership, a small village was founded known as P'ókána, located about ten miles east of the sacred site of Blue Lake. According to legend, Cínemąxína and a small group of companions continued further to the east, until they encountered wild kònéna (bison) roaming in the plains region beyond their homeland. Running low on food, Cínemąxína is said to have slayed a lone bison single-handedly, before returning to his camp with enough food to feed his followers. Impressed, the village revered the man as a full leader, having been only opposed by a single elder, nicknamed in legend The Disbeliever. To resolve the dispute Cínemąxína led the village on another migration, and only the Disbeliever and his personal family refused to follow.

[[File:Pueblo Pintado2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The ruins of the P'ókána Great House, said to have been built on the remains of Cínemąxína's original home, built c. 1400]]

It is unknown how much of this legend is rooted in fact and how much is later embellishment, embedded into the tale over years of oral tradition. No literary examples have been discovered prior to the Łácianątə̂otho that mention the legend, although scarce mentions of Cínemąxína would eventually appear in texts from neighboring cities around the same time as the nation’s own chronicle. Excavation of Old P'ókána, a site outside the modern day town, has seemingly confirmed sections of the story, with a kiva being discovered that is characteristic of the ones built in Taos during Cínemąxína’s lifetime, and also bearing markings associated with him.

Whatever the case, according to the accounts, in April the group re-entered Taos, with Cínemąxína being declared tə̀ot'́nena (town chief). More importantly, the following month Cínemąxína traveled to the P'ìanwílaną (Picuris Pueblo) of P'iwwelta, a group of a few thousand who inhabited the riverside to the southwest of Tə̂o. Only a few decades prior the Picuris had migrated from Pot Creek (just south of Tə̂o) to their current location. They were notable in that they were one of the only other major villages to speak the Tiwa language like the people of Taos, and had a much more similar culture than that of the nearby Tewa-speaking villages. The two chiefs would declare an eternal pact of friendship, initially just to improve trade and mutual protection against other nearby villages, however, this would unknowingly develop into a significant event in the future of the region.

[[File:Ohkay Owingeh0.jpg|thumb|300px|A modern day procession in Ohkay Owingeh, commemorating the 800th year anniversary of the great alliance, 1995]]

The alliance would be tested soon after, when in September a conflict erupted against the village of Ohkay Owingeh, after the town suffered a drought and turned to foraging for food near Taos. Both towns come together to subjugate the town, although with very little bloodshed overall. Neither side was particularly skilled in warfare, with historians estimating that the “conflict” was likely fought by unarmored, lightly armed warriors, who mainly sought to intimidate their foe. Later in the year the three villages experienced an increase in population from hûthoną (northerners), who told of a series of hostile tribes (the Numic-speaking peoples) who were pushing south. They were also joined by groups from the west, including the city of Chaco Canyon, where resources were being depleted by a series of droughts and poor harvests.

The small series of communities led by Cínemąxína became one of the few to survive the poor changes in climate and the subsequent migrations, with most nearby villages being abandoned for sites further south, or locations situated near rivers and bodies of water. To prevent a similar disaster from striking as harshly in their territory, the inhabitants of Taos constructed the traditional ditches used to store rain water, but the inhabitants would also augment this method further. This would lead to the town constructing a series of canals from the Paslápaane River (Rio Grande), which ran through the nearby fields and around the town.

At the time of these events in Taos, the Chaco Canyon likely remained one of the most populous cities in the region, despite a net loss in population occurring overall. Historians estimate that it was only eclipsed by a great city to the north (Mesa Verde), which the Taos people named Łocǫ́lhəo (Big Green Canyon), at approximately 22,000 people according to later estimates. Historians note, all three settlements would undergo major projects to help preserve their populations, beginning roughly around the same decade. In the higher altitude mesas, where rainfall was slightly more plentiful, rainwater runoff was captured and ran into irrigation systems. Virtually all major settlements also began employing canal systems, especially those connected to nearby rivers. After nearly overhunting most of the species of the region after recent crop failures, all three settlements began investing in the domesticated turkey more heavily, which would grow into a major food source over the coming decades. Near Taos it is believed that during Cínemąxína's reign certain forests and lands were set aside. Within the private lands, hunting and wood harvesting were forbidden, with the boundaries of the private lands rotating after a certain number of years. This helped to curb the rapid deforestation and overhunting in the region.

[[File:Chaco Canyon Chetro Ketl great kiva plaza NPS.jpg|thumb|270px|left|The Great Kiva of Chaco, built c. 1150]]

In addition to the Puebloans, who inhabited the northern regions, in the southwest resided the Hohokam culture (from their O'odham descendants, meaning “those who have gone”), and in the southeast the Mogollon culture. Within the Hohokam territory and along the fertile Keli Akimel (Gila River), a city emerged that rivaled the Puebloan settlements far to the north. It is believed to have been constructed in the vicinity of the ancient city of “Snaketown”. Once a cultural and economic hub, Snaketown had been almost entirely abandoned after a series of squabbling petty chiefdoms eroded the community, leaving behind one of the most complex irrigation and canal systems in the region. Seeing the potential of the region, a Hohokam group managed to establish a fortress outside the ruins, and by the end of the year managed to pacify or drive off any rival groups around the former city. With the fields of Snaketown at their disposal, the new city took the name of its fortress, becoming the great city of Siwañ Wa'a Ki.

====Innovations in the Archaic Era====

Because of these rapid changes, historians mark this as the beginning of a new era in regional history, although there is much debate among scholars and historians when exactly the Pueblo III Period ended and the Pueblo IV Period, nicknamed the Classical Era, truly began. One popular notion is to group the crisis period of the late thirteenth century into the former period, placing the early reigns of semi-historical figures like Cínemąxína as the start of the latter period. It is estimated that initially the culture of the Ancestral Puebloans that developed around this time was vastly dissimilar to throughout the thirteenth century. The majority of cities along the Paslápaane (Rio Grande) are believed to have been founded during this period, with archeological evidence telling a similar story to that of the primary sources. In summary: the second year in Cínemąxína’s reign was marked by further population increase in the main settlement of Taos.

[[File:EP-191029884.jpg|thumb|300px|An ancient irrigation canal built c. 1300, still in use today]]

Above all else, Tə̀ot'́nena Cínemąxína would make his mark on the region through his extensive use of the town’s resources to invest in greater infrastructure (the sagas describe him as “logistical”, a trait that he likely picked up from experience in early warfare of the time). Specifically during this time the town’s inhabitants (note: sources are quick to specifically credit Cínemąxína with the infrastructural innovation, when more likely it was the work of hundreds of people over the course of years), completed the early water-catching ditches, canals, and other irrigation techniques that would not have been entirely unique within the region. According to anthropologist John Lewis, who worked in the region in the 1960s, based on the estimated manpower of the town at the time and the archeological evidence present, the “old style” irrigation systems were likely completed before 1300, probably within a year or two, and that the “new style” systems began production soon after.

Other historians have argued that due to the city’s location on the river, they likely did not have to worry about additional systems of irrigation as much as other settlements in the region, and thus theorize that the more complex aqueducts did not arrive until much later. It is difficult to definitively say, as over the course of the next three centuries many of these systems would be slowly replaced and upgraded. Additionally there is a debate about who was first to complete an aqueduct in the region: Taos or P'iwwelta. In 1982 the mayor of modern day P'iwwelta argued that their town irrigation system was older, noting that the town was further away from the river initially and thus needed a new system more heavily. This led him to schedule the 600th anniversary celebration of the town earlier, despite differing opinions from historians and the residents of Taos.

Regardless of who was first, it is estimated that the first complex aqueducts in the region began construction sometime between 1290 and 1350, with the consensus being more or less around the year 1300. The sagas specifically mention the event, stating that the people of Taos were heavily cautious after the Great Drought, and sought new ways to ensure that water was abundant, especially after immigration to the region swelled the town’s population. The first aqueducts were likely fairly narrow ditches running from the mountains outside the town down to the edges of the existing irrigation networks. They tapped into mountain springs and melting snow on the peaks, supplying a steady stream of water to the inhabitants down below. Almost immediately it became clear that water seepage and evaporation would more or less negate any effort in a basic canal, leading to the invention of stone-lined canals. Later this was improved further by cutting the groove for the water into one stone. Additionally clay would be used to plug gaps in between stones. It is likely that the first aqueduct took several years to complete and turn into a profitable venture.

According to the primary sources, a large portion of the required labor for these major projects were provided by the newly arrived people from the north and west, who earned a place in the town by contributing to the water supply. It is theorized that these people also likely primarily settled in the more mountainous regions around the town, and eventually the region between Taos and P'iwwelta, as the farmlands between the two towns eventually merged as they expanded (from town center to town center the two towns were only about fifteen miles apart at this time). As another example of forward thinking, the people of Taos also eventually constructed large cisterns, primarily underground, which could collect surplus water for when drought struck. It is estimated that they likely did not come into effect until far after the likes of Cínemąxína, but when water collection eventually far surpassed the town’s use they would have been adequately prepared.

[[File:Trincheras at Cerro De Trincheras.jpg|thumb|300px|A series or rock wall terraces built on hillsides, which were used for more efficient dryland agriculture.]]

In addition to water management, food production also undoubtedly had to increase to meet demand during this period, especially to offset the decrease in hunting and gathering. Large fields of maize, squash, beans, agave, and other crops sprang up around the town of Taos, with an organizational system eventually springing up. It is unknown when exactly this system was first conceived, or if it occurred during Cínemąxína’s reign at all. By the time of early record creation during the reigns of later rulers, they note that they were continuing the ancient system, implying that it may have first developed around this time. Whoever it was that presided over this creation, is clear that this ruler made a significant alteration in the way land property was typically thought of. Almost all of the new farmland that was purposely created was granted to the ruler of the town, thus for the first time linking a certain amount of income and property to the title itself rather than whichever clan was currently in power. On “royal” land a strict set of rules eventually developed, in which workers were required to supply a heavy cut of their produce and seeds back to the town chief each season in exchange for living on the land.

Outside the state-owned farmland, groups of families living together in a pueblo or cluster or homes were granted plots of land, which were sized roughly proportional to the size of the group, which they were required to work. Eventually these groups would also be required to supply the town with a small portion of their produce as a sort of tax. Alongside this, another form of taxation arised; paying the town through labor. This involved contributing to the nation by helping to construct large infrastructural and architectural projects primarily, in lieu of, or in addition to, produce-based taxation. It is likely that administration was initially slow to start, being enforced initially on the “honor system” due to the town of Taos (or any other towns in the region for that matter) lacking a proper military force.

The warriors of this time were usually assembled to combat raiding from desperate nearby towns, and would be armed with cloth armor, wooden spears, and occasionally shields, helmets, and other rare improvements. Cínemąxína was likely an influence on the warfare of the period, being the first recorded warrior to ascend to a position of power according to records. Taos becomes the destination of many new settlers, but other settlements south of the town also spring up along the rivers. One of the largest to spring up was Cǫ́lʼoma (Bandelier National Monument), just south of Ohkay Owingeh. The town was settled primarily by people from Łocǫ́lhəo (Mesa Verde). The people of Łocǫ́lhəo also began to settle the river just south of the city, the Tàłułi’ína (Grandfather River, OTL San Juan River). As a result the city likely saw a net decrease in population once more, with the city still working to increase his water and food sources to supply its inhabitants, while the region south of Taos became majority Łocǫ́lhəo-born Puebloans.

[[File:DSC 5961-w.jpg|thumb|300px|Aerial photograph of the ancient "palace" at Chaco, believed to have been inhabited until about 1300.]]

The city of Chaco, the next largest city in the region, also saw a decrease in population, despite being slightly more prepared. There is evidence that a series of dams and irrigation canals around the city were likely completed around this time, which helped to offset the effects of recent drought. By cross examining several primary sources, all of which vaguely describing the political situation in Chaco, it is believed that there was no central leader at this time. Rather, the various sections of the city acted almost like autonomous communities, with some in fact being fairly distant from the rest. Four town chiefs are known definitively by name; Hȕthócûdena, Pìwxòyłúona, Muuyawmoʼa, and Tòpháy’ȕ, although it is unclear when each leader came to power. The chief Muuyawmoʼa likely had ambitious plans to unite the city, as evidently he would eventually become the city’s first known, sole chief. Additionally, at this time a Muuyawmoʼa is mentioned in the Łácianątə̂otho as the father of Cínemąxína’s second wife, who he possibly married around this time. He had one child from his first marriage, to an unknown woman, his daughter Píanakwíame, who would have been a young child at this time.

As a general migration continued toward the south by the Ancestral Puebloans, historians have noted that major road projects, for the most part, extended in the opposite direction. The most famous of these roads would be the “Great North Road”, which had been built by Chaco, likely centuries before the Great Drought. Near major settlements, the road is known to have extended up to four “lanes”, with stone curbs marking the edge of the road. At certain points along the road’s path, three-feet-tall, curved masonry walls would be erected, in the shape of a “D”, “C”, or horseshoe, with diameters up to thirty feet across, which are believed to have been used to mark changes in direction for those following the road network. Although most of these markers were placed in unsettled areas, evidence of pottery and other items nearby have led historians to postulate that markers also functioned as roadside shrines.

The Great North Road extended north from Chaco, not toward any settlement. Instead the road terminated unceremoniously in the middle of the wilderness. As such, it is believed that the Great North Road and other major road systems, although impressive roads for functional use, were actually intended to guide deceased spirits northward, rather then to be used for everyday people. More practical infrastructure would be built as well, with many major road networks existing in Chaco to link major settlements. Main roads during this period would be about thirty feet wide, with smooth, leveled surfaces made in bedrock, which often connected to large ramps to reach the tops of canyons. A major road in the Taos region was likely created during this time, which would serve as a major highway between Taos, P'iwwelta, and Ohkay Owingeh, running parallel to the Paslápaane.

This trend was less pronounced in Łocǫ́lhəo, where the population had declined from its original high of an estimated 22,000 people earlier in the century. Once renowned for its enormous stone towers and dwellings, the majority of its citizens had migrated to smaller homes in canyon locations, where water sources and farmland were more readily accessible. Much like at Chaco, the city largely became divided into numerous, self-sufficient communities, spread out around the surrounding area. The majority of people once concentrated near the city would begin to inhabit more distant clusters of homes, with the largest cluster of homes having an estimated 1,200 rooms and 200 kivas. From one such district of Łocǫ́lhəo would emerge a leader known as Łàcic’élena, whose name is preserved from a saga written over a century later. His chronicle serves as an important glimpse into the history of the city, even if filtered through the oral tradition of a few generations.

[[File:Road network around the Pueblo Alto community.png|thumb|300px|left|A detailed recreation of the ancient road network discovered around Chaco Canyon.]]

It is said that by the time of his ascension the last tree in Łocǫ́lhəo had been cut down, and the rain had disappeared. The settlements clung to colossal stone towers, which served as defensive watchtowers and fortresses, as the region had largely turned against each other. The most impressive pueblos had stone towers connected to other buildings and rooms with underground tunnels. It is said that as the city slowly disintegrated, the people of Łàcic’élena’s dwelling took up weapons of war, manufactured from the same tools used for building and hunting. They would be armed with stone axes, wooden clubs, and spears, with hide and basket shields also being employed.

Łàcic’élena would be one of many clan leaders who rose to prominence through battle, but perhaps more importantly, gained fame through his distribution of food to his drought-stricken community, which was seen as a greater form of prestige. Łàcic’élena’s chronicle said that on account of his great skill and generosity, his people never resorted to cannibalism. Whether or not this is true, or simply asserted later to make Łàcic’élena appear even nobler, is unknown, but it is known that across all of Łocǫ́lhəo, cannibalism was practiced by the most desperate of people. It is said that Łàcic’élena became ruler of all Łocǫ́lhəo, following a decisive battle against the other clans of the region, but he would truly win over the region when he rallied the region against neighboring city states. He first struck northwest against the Canyon of the Ancients. Next he is said to have retaken Kòki’ínahəo (Crow Canyon), which was the site of a great defeat for his people almost two decades prior.

It is likely that Łocǫ́lhəo survived due to these more aggressive practices of raiding and conquest, extracting tribute of food, water, and timber from its neighbors. Evidence suggests that the city of Łocǫ́lhəo had more friendly relations with the settlements of the Paslápaane, as many of these settlements were founded by the city’s refugees. This also extended to Taos, as commodities such as pottery and products from bison have been discovered in the west of Taos origin. Later, the city would also have ties with Chaco to the south, with roads having been discovered that linked Łocǫ́lhəo to the Great North Road.

====Early Puebloan Conflicts====

During this time, reign over all of Łocǫ́lhəo was firmly established by Łàcic’élena, with the loyalty of the various districts of the city bought through hefty donations of water and food. Łàcic’élena’s kingdom had been established through fierce raiding and wars of conquest against the surrounding regions, leading to his state being granted the title of the region’s first “empire”, despite directly controlling little territory. Settlements along the southern river (San Juan River) appear to be more closely controlled, as most of the inhabitants of the river were originally settlers from Łocǫ́lhəo. Łàcic’élena would become known as a “P’ȍłòwaʼána”, which roughly translates to “Water Chief”, or “Watergarch” in English, in regards to his powerful control over water sources and distribution. Following his lead, several other town chiefs would adopt his practices, creating various networks of rival warlords, each centered around a source of water or other important resource.

War related tactics quickly spread across the region, as an otherwise peaceful region was forced toward militarism, either to raids their neighbors, or to defend one’s self from other such raiders. The two kingdoms of Łocǫ́lhəo under Łàcic’élena and Taos under Cínemąxína eventually met in the middle near the Tsąmą' ǫŋwįkeyi (Rio Chama), but rather than fighting against each other, the two kingdoms cooperated against the smaller communities of the region. During the lifetimes of both rulers, the two kingdoms would continue to cooperate in matters of trade, creating a well traveled trade route between west and east.

Near the southeast edge of the ʼHakhwata (Colorado) Plateau would emerge the people known to historians as the Sinagua, which were believed to have descended from the Mogollon culture of the southeast, albeit with heavy influence from the Hohokam, who they crossed en route to their new location. Historians postulate that two Sinagua nations formed: the North and South Sinagua, with the southern nation primarily settling the Haka'he:la (Verde River), and the northern nation controlling from that river to the edge of the Paayu (Little Colorado River).

As the people of the north became increasingly militant toward the south, an important development began among the largest nations, from the Sinagua to the Hohokam south of them. Important resources would begin to be secured by constructing defensive structures, which quickly grew to become larger than any previously constructed fortifications in the region. The oldest known such structure would be constructed by the southern Sinagua as a massive cliff dwelling above the Haka'he:la, which the non-Sinagua would later call Kánałó (OTL Montezuma Castle). The fortifications at Kánałó would be heavily upgraded over the next several decades, becoming a vast fortress and seat of power for the Sinagua, eventually inspiring other nearby people to construct fortifications of their own. These vast fortresses would become known as the hų́łothə́na, often translated in English as “castle”. Especially in the southwest, where many nations converged over the rivers of the Valley of the Sun, the hų́łothə́na would become an important part of the region’s history, with many such fortresses coming into being over the century.

[[File:Montezumas castle arizona.jpg|thumb|300px|A gatehouse entrance into the fortress of Kánałó.]]

Around the year 1310 a leader named Yanauluha would lead a group to settle the Halona Idiwan’a (Middle Place), the homeland of the Zuni, centered at the settlement of Shiwinna. Despite being seen as an easy target for the emerging groups of raider chieftains and watergarchs in the region, Shiwinna would prosper as a careful buffer state being the various powers of the region. The Mogollon and Hohokam people of the south would support the Zuni in an attempt to deter raids from Łocǫ́lhəo, with the Hohokam later constructing a hų́łothə́na southwest of Shiwinna, nicknamed the Petrified House, around the year 1323.

Despite the grandeur and wisdom bestowed upon Cínemąxína by the Łácianątə̂otho, as proposed by his later descendants, other sources report that his reign abruptly ended in failure in the year 1310, with the great later being killed. All sources agree that in that year Łàcic’élena finally broke the peace with Taos and attacked as far as the city itself. Taos purports that Cínemąxína fell in battle defending his homeland, although no other source mentions the elaborate legend surrounding his battlefield last stand, with most other sources claiming he died in disease while in his capital city. Regardless, after 1310 the city is most effectively viewed as a vassal state of Łocǫ́lhəo.

Taos came to be ruled by T'òyłóna, who was married to Cínemąxína's eldest child, Píanakwíame. Despite later customs, particularly those influenced by European traditions, viewing this shift patrilineally as a change of dynasty, in Cínemąxína's lifetime his people likely would have been organized into matrilineal clans, with descent matrilineally being more important. As such, T'òyłóna would have been the most logical heir to Cínemąxína, but his legacy is marred by his vassalage to a foreign chief, and by the later events that transpired in the kingdom. According to the Tǫ̂mąłácianą, a recount of the Tǫ̂mą War of the 1340s, which was written at least two centuries after Cínemąxína's death, Cínemąxína's heir would have been his second child Cíło'ȕ. This is attributed to a cultural shift in the region, especially after European contact, in which heritage was viewed more patrilineally. Additionally, in the context of the Tǫ̂mą War (literally “Father War”), Cíło'ȕ's designation is seen in order to form the reasoning of the later conflict. Despite these later claims to explain why T'òyłóna’s line was usurped, this would not have been viewed as factual at the time of his ascension.

====Early Hų́łothə́na Wars====

{{Main|Hų́łothə́na Wars (Merveilles des Morte)}}

[[File:Hovenweep in snow.jpg|thumb|320px|Snow-covered remains of an ancient outpost tower, built at the dawn of the Hų́łothə́na era.]]

The past few decades in the region saw the beginning of early, formative wars in the history of the Puebloans, but the first major war would not formally emerge until around 1320, with the beginning of the Hų́łothə́na Wars. The conflict would consist of a decades long struggle between the Puebloans and the Hohokam, as well as various other nations, that would not reach a high point until the later half of the century. By the beginning of the conflict, the Puebloans had effectively colonized across a vast region, spurred on by the initial disastrous great drought and its migratory effects. The northern stretch of the Paslápaane (Rio Grande) had come under the sway of the city of Taos, while south of Ohkay Owingeh a series of dozens of settlements emerged, with settlers from Chaco and Łocǫ́lhəo primarily. Influential cities south of Ohkay Owingeh would include Cǫ́lʼoma, Kotyit, and Nafiat, but known so important as the city of Thǫ́ne (Albuquerque), which was definitively settled by 1315.

West of the three cities of Taos, Chaco, and Łocǫ́lhəo, and their various domains, resided various other Puebloan city states, such as Oraibi and Talastima, with their territory stretching west past the ʼHakhwata River (Colorado). In the southwest this rapid migration had led to conflict with numerous other cultures that already resided in the path of the Puebloans. The territory of the Puebloans roughly terminated south of the city of Wupatki, where it met the border of the North Sinagua, who ruled settlements such as Pasiwvi and Wupatupqa. Southwest of them resided the South , who controlled ‘Haktlakva and the infamous fortress of Kánałó. The largest nation southwest of the Puebloans would be the Hohokam, who stretched as far north as the Paayu (Little Colorado River) in the north to the great city of Siwañ Wa'a Ki in the south.

A complex series of fortresses began to be constructed by local powers, in an effort to deter migrations and raids, which became known as the hų́łothə́na. At their largest, these structures would become immense cities of their own, built into cliffs and canyons, and becoming the nexus of local feudal empires. The first known hų́łothə́na to emerge is Kánałó, built around 1300, but by 1320 the number of such fortifications increased dramatically, changing greatly in style based on the local resources and terrain available. The hų́łothə́na would primarily be concentrated around the Valley of the Sun, and extending north toward the edges of the Hohokam domain, with the largest concentrations being around fertile regions contested by both parties simultaneously.

[[File:Image taken from page 14 of 'Report of an expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers by Captain L. Sitgreaves (11042155095) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|320px|A non-contemporary portrayal of a Puebloan city c. 14th century]]

Chronicles from Taos mention that in the early 1320s a proxy war emerged in the Middle Land, as the Zuni leadership became increasingly persuaded to align with the northern Puebloans. As the confluence of the Puebloans, Hohokam, and Mogollon, the region was increasingly diverse, with each side managing to attract settlers to take up arms in raids against the others. In the east the settlement of Abó, located south of Thǫ́ne, came to mark the southeast edge the Puebloans’ colonization, while in the southwest they became halted at the Paayu. After several initial years of light fighting, the Hohokam secured the river with the founding of the Petrified House, which became an infamous hų́łothə́na in the north. According to the Puebloans, it was there that the Hohokam took victims to be tortured and eaten, and it became a dark fortress marking the end of friendly territory.

About two years later, in 1325, the Puebloans countered with the founding of Homolovi, a fort that later developed into a non-fortified town, located due west of the Petrified House, on the southern bank of the Paayu. During this initial phase of the war, in which battles were fewer and in smaller scale compared to the later events of the war, the stretch of river between these fortresses would become a constant sight for skirmishes and raids. The Petrified House remained in operation, with close support from the nearby Hohokam town of Tjukşp 'o to the south, while also trading with Mogollon towns to the southeast, which were largely connected to the site by river. Meanwhile, the Puebloans relied on supply from Wupatki, which was far less secure, due to the river being often times captured by the Sinagua nations.

====Tǫ̂mą War====

The Tǫ̂mą War effectively united Taos under the sway of Chaco, bringing together much of the Puebloan world under one city, and this was further expanded in 1360, through a union with Łocǫ́lhəo. The union is believed to have been motivated by the rapid mobilization of the Hohokam people in the south, who brought upon renewed hostility against the Puebloans.

====Late Hų́łothə́na Wars====

The Puebloans had initially been successful in the intermittent skirmishes with the Hohokam and others, as they pushed further south and founded new colonies. Despite the high cost of supporting settlements such as Homolovi, which sat in the vicinity of Hohokam settlements and hų́łothə́na, the Hohokam were initially unable to fully dislodge the Puebloan settlers of the Paayu. In 1340 a Puebloan contingent marched south from the town and successfully sacked the city of Tjukşp 'o, which shocked the southern nations of the region. Fearing the combined strength of the Puebloans should they invade formally, especially with the Tǫ̂mą War ongoing and seemingly concluding in favor of further unification, the Hohokam were motivated to centralize as well, and prepare to strike back against the invaders.

The O'odham nation was born under the leadership of Kovnal (Chief) Hidoḑmakai, who ruled from the city of Siwañ Wa'a Ki, and a religious figure known as Hidoḑpionag, meaning “The Burnt Priest”. He immediately struck back against the Puebloans, retaking Tjukşp 'o, consolidating the Petrified House, and sacking Homolovi. Hidoḑmakai’s initial war was short lasting, as he did not pursue the Pueblians much farther, after expelling them from the Paayu. He would fight numerous battles in the Middle Lands as well, where raider companies made their mark in the service of either side, despite the Zuni of Shiwinna eventually becoming formally neutral in the conflict.

[[File:Casa Grande. The east side of the Casa Grand ca. 1900.jpg|thumb|300px|The remains of the central keep of Cíwena]]

After warfare continued to ramp up in the late 1350s, the Łocǫ́lhəo Union and the creation of the Póyuopǫ̏'óne (“Three Nations”) formally began another major phase in the Hų́łothə́na Wars. This newfound union would be tested in 1360, when it launched a full scale invasion into the Valley of the Sun. The Puebloan army would come to the outskirts of Siwañ Wa'a Ki, near the confluence of the Keli Akimel (Gila River) and the Onk Akimel (Salt River). The Puebloan leader, Cǫ́ltòbúna, ordered the construction of a hų́łothə́na, which would one day become the great city of Cíwena (Phoenix), in order to strike at the capital city in due time. His vision would not come to fruition, as the Puebloans were defeated in a major battle between the two encampments, which pushed the Puebloans away from the city for the time being. For the next five years the Puebloans or their allies continued to hold Cíwena, although with heavy losses. The O’odham would build another notable hų́łothə́na north of Cíwena at Celşaḑmi:sa, which further put pressure on the Puebloans.

Cíwena’s government would often flip allegiances, depending on which local chieftain manages to seize control during a Puebloan withdraw. As a result, initially the city was not formally destroyed by the O’odham. This would change in 1366, when Hidoḑmakai launched an attack against the city proper, known as the First Battle of Cíwena. The attack failed, and the fledgeling settlement pledged allegiance to Póyuopǫ̏'óne. The following year the O’odham formed an alliance with the Sinagua, who attacked north to great success against local Puebloan colonies. In 1369 Hidoḑmakai marched north to join his allies, successfully razing the city of Wupatki and traveling up the Paayu. This forced the creation of a Póyuopǫ̏'óne-Cíwena-Hopi alliance to counter his invasion.

The O’odham under Hidoḑmakai advanced as far north as the ‘Hakhwata (Colorado River), inflicting heavy damage to the various cities in his wake. At the city of Ongtupqa (Grand Canyon), he was met by a coalition army under the command of the newly christened Chief of Łùłi'heothə́na (Canyon of the Ancients), which had been recolonized by Łocǫ́lhəo. The resulting battle ended with Hidoḑmakai’s death, breaking the momentum of the northern invasion. He was succeeded by Ciojmaḑgakoḑk, whose ascension was followed by a Puebloan recapturing of the Paayu and the lands up to Cíwena in the following years.

[[File:Mineral-Bottom.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The modern day site of a battle along the 'Hakhwata led by Hidoḑmakai]]

Póyuopǫ̏'óne would form an alliance with the Mogollon, in which they settled their earlier disputes, and the Puebloans ceded most of the border territory seized from the Hohokam to them. As a result the mid 1370s saw the Puebloans and Mogollon seizing northeast O’odham. In the north the Puebloans would achieve victory at Wupatupqa in 1376, but fail to capture Kánałó, while in the south the Second Battle of Cíwena would likewise result in a narrow Póyuopǫ̏'óne victory. Around this time the North Sinagua came to be ruled by Puuhutaaqa, who made peace with the Puebloans, with the South Sinagua then overrun. In 1377 the Sinagua city of Honanki was captured, as was Celşaḑmi:sa after a brief siege.

The following spring Ciojmaḑgakoḑk died near Mogollon lands, leaving a young son named Baikam as ruler. Under the leadership of the regent Hevacuḑ, a ceasefire began known as Hevacuḑ’s Peace. The Puebloans managed to hold onto Cíwena, and now resumed heavy settlement of the region, while the Hohokam looked south toward the coast, settling colonies further outside the reach of the northerners. It was during this time that the great city of Shuhthagi Ki:him would be founded, which would one day become one of the dominant states of the region, as Xacapáy, or the Kingdom of the Delta. Additionally, after the death of Puuhutaaqa, a son born of the Sinagua and the Hopi, Tuukwiʼomaw would unite the region south of the ʼHakhwata, which formed the Yavapai Confederacy. By 1386 the Yavapai had absorbed the last of the Sinagua nations.

In 1387 the peace between the Puebloans and the O’odham finally broke down, beginning the Two Rivers Campaign around Cíwena. The Battle of Keli would solidify Puebloan control over Cíwena, and in 1389 the city of Siwañ Wa'a Ki was besieged. With the city’s fall, the old Hohokam empire ceased to exist, and the Hų́łothə́na Wars finally came to a close. Siwañ Wa'a Ki would not be rebuilt to its former glory for many years to come, allowing Cíwena , and its Puebloan king, to replace it as the dominant power of the south. Baikam of the O’odham would manage to escape the sacking and retreat to the city of Cemamagĭ Doʼag further south, but he never managed to return to his fallen capital. Instead the O’odham trend southward continued, with the nation’s people settling along the far southern coast, or in nearby city states such as Shuhthagi Ki:him.

====Early Shoshone Nations====

[[File:Petroglyph jqjacobs.jpg|thumb|320px|Archetypal symbology of the Fremont Culture]]

At the time of the rise of the Pueblo Empire in the south, the region of Utah is believed to have been inhabited by a group or multitude of groups nicknamed the Fremont Culture, beginning around the turn of the common era. Evidence suggests that the Fremont Culture interacted heavily with the Puebloans to the south, following similar customs as their southern neighbors. Similarly to the southerners, by the end of the thirteenth century the Fremont peoples were most likely also suffering major societal upheaval, as the great drought caused problems for them. As a result, the old Fremont Culture is most often dated as ending around the year 1300, having radically changed and/or having been supplanted by new peoples.

There is little evidence to suggestion that the Fremont Peoples constituted one group with a unified language, ancestry, or religion, as evidenced by the many varying customs of their closest relatives, the Puebloans. Although there is much uncertainty about the early history of the group, what is known is that they they shared some key aspects, such as their farming of corn and hunting of wild animals to sustain themselves, however, differing groups likely augmented this with other methods of subsistence strategy. Based on archaeological evidence, the Fremont Peoples often ate hunted animals such as deer and rabbit, corn, and other edible plants. They also employed the use of pottery and basketry, and created numerous examples of rock art across their large territory. Fremont villages often consisted of several dozen pithouse structures, which were divided into homes of family units. Their housing seems to have been inspired by techniques employed by the Puebloans, leading some to theorize that the Fremont may have been a splinter group that broke off from the Puebloans to travel north, although this is not universally agreed upon. As one archaeologist points out, the Fremont people took after the Great Basin ancestors that proceeded them, in that they wore moccasins rather than Puebloan sandals.

After around the year 950, the Fremont peoples primarily moved toward the northwest, where the terrain was at the time more marsh-like. By the thirteenth century they appear to have improved their communication and trade with southern peoples, leading to greater integration of Puebloan style towns and culture. Climate change leading to unrest was further exacerbated at this time by the arrival of Numic-speaking peoples, likely from the west. It is thought that the Fremont Peoples were not simply done away with, but rather that the Numic peoples perhaps conquered and integrated into the local societies of the region. Early Puebloan sources, although focusing on the events occurring in the south, make reference to the migration in the north, describing how "hûthoną" (northerners) pushed through the region and even raided as far south as their own lands.

[[File:Zion_angels_landing_view.jpg|thumb|300px|The lands of Xópi, today part of a national park]]

Evidences suggests that the Fremont likely were more warlike than their southern neighbors, as evidenced by the earliest examples of widespread bow and arrow use being discovered in Fremont lands, and then only later having arrived in the Pueblo Empire through contact with them. This is corroborated by the Shoshone's own sources, such as the semi-legendary account of the peoples' founding, commissioned centuries later, in which the Shoshone are described as conquering the region against a hostile people. According to this account, the Shoshone discovered cities such as Xópi (Zion) and Pi'a-pa (Salt Lake City) to have already existed, although they would not have been called by these names yet. Due to the social upheaval occurring among the Fremont, there had developed many independent cities across the region, which the migrating Shoshone people were able to exploit.

The modern Shoshone Empire is believed to have been formed as a synthesis of both the Fremont and the migrating Numic peoples, and as such it is likely that the Shoshone purposely adopted many of the local peoples' customs to better assimilate into the region. Whereas before 1300 the Shoshone inhabited dwelling made of grass, after this time those inhabiting the Utah region began to employ a hybrid of old stylings with Pueblo-style homes. By the early fourteenth century there is evidence that the region employed similar irrigation techniques as the Puebloans to the south to maintain several key, densely populated areas, by overall the region's population remained heavily spread out, partially nomadic in some areas, and less populous overall than their southern neighbors.

[[File:15324427997 5858768f47 b.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A recreation of a typical dwelling at Ongtupqa]]

Several smaller city states of tribes emerged over the course of the century. Despite local differences, several major, rough divisions emerged: in the south the Southern Paiute cities inhabited the region from the Puebloan border near the ‘Hakhwata (Colorado River) and Ongtupqa (Grand Canyon), the Ute inhabited the lands east of the Paiute and north of the border with Taos, and the Shoshone north of these groups, centered around the Great Salt Lake.

During the rise of the Łàcic’élena in Łocǫ́lhəo, and other raiders who followed, the Puebloans and Shoshone often came into conflict with one another. Both Kòki’ínahəo (Crow Canyon) and Łùłi'heothə́na (Canyon of the Ancients) are settlements that are described in Puebloan sources as having been reconquered during this time, implying that the Shoshone had only recently seized these areas from Puebloan peoples. Other nearby locations further north are mentioned as having been attacked, but not successfully captured, which are believed to be the Shoshone cities of Timbteivip (Canyonlands), Oyemposhag (Arches), and Ahbatpo (Grand Junction). In the region closest to Łocǫ́lhəo, the Tabeguache Confederacy would form as one of the earliest and strongest Shoshone states of the time, likely as a direct response to the Puebloans.

The nation’s creation is often dated to the early 1320s, when it is said that a warlord named Ouray successfully brought about its unification. Ouray’s confederacy would consist of his own people, the Weeminuche, and other Shoshonean tribes of the mountainous region, who were joined by their mutual defense against the Puebloans and other foreign groups. Ouray is later said to have been born of a mother from Taos, and he attempted to broker a lasting peace between his nation and the city of Taos. According to the Łácianątə̂otho, a northern king would travel to Taos and meet with the nobility there, and this is often believed to have been Ouray. On returning to the north he imparted numerous Puebloan building techniques upon his nation. Despite the Tabeguache being largely nomadic themselves, they ruled over a diverse number of local peoples and towns, and Ouray oversaw the growth of numerous other permanent settlements, leading to a powerful but highly decentralized collective. The town at the mountain Tavakiev would be selected as the nation’s de jure capital, although Ouray would spend most of his lifetime campaigning or traveling away from the city.

[[File:UteHideArt3.jpg|thumb|300px|A banner of the Uncompahgre Ute, made from a shaved beaver hide]]

The Yamparka, centered around Ahbatpo, the Yantarii, centered around Timbteivip, and the city state of Oyemposhag all remained independent of the early Tabeguache nation, often times becoming allies or enemies. South of Yantarii and along the ʼHakhwata (Colorado River), the nation of Kaiparowits emerged, with a capital at Kutzkibah. The rulers of Kutzikibah would enjoy several decades of informal control across the river at various points in time, occasionally warring with the Puebloans of the region, but often times peacefully vassalizing them for short periods of time. They would not be soundly pushed across the river until at least 1370, when the Puebloans of the region became more militarized in the wake of the war with the Hohokam of the south.

The center of the Shoshone sphere would come to be dominated by a few, vast kingdoms, which often warred with each other and the smaller city states of the south. The Sevier Desert was dominated by the Kingdom of Pahvant, centered around the city of Pag‘adüt. Inhabiting a highly arid region, the nation would not prosper until the incorporation of southern-style irrigation techniques, which helped to transform their capital from a small outpost to a major city by the end of the fourteenth century. Initially supported through raiding, the nation conquered east toward more mountainous terrain by the 1320s, where it built the city of Wypaa. Additionally, the nation seems to have incorporated the Quiumputs nation of Paunsaugunt to their south peacefully, possibly through a diplomatic marriage. The kingdom would be formally declared in 1331 by the ruler Kanosh. During his lifetime the nation also allied with the Moanunts of Mokitawanih to the east, while warring with the city states of Ankaparia and Suh’dutsing to its south unsuccessfully.

Northwest of the Pahvant were the Kutsipiuti, who controlled numerous towns around the Great Salt Lake, and in the desert to its west up to the mountains. To their east arrose the Timpiavat, who controlled the city of Timpanogas. The Timpiavat thrived as a usually neutral mediator located between the great powers of the Shoshone region, leading to the city of Timpanogas gaining a reputation as a meeting site, both during and after the kingdom’s reign. North of these nations resided the Northern Shoshone, a powerful empire originating from the far north. Originally settlers of the Yam-pah-pa (Snake River), the Shoshone were led by a warlord named Pinaquanah in a conquest of the south, where they came upon the independent towns of the Great Salt Lake.

The Shoshone likely only raided the region initially, causing great strain upon the already declining Fremont culture. By the 1310s Pinaquanah had established towns such as Moson Kahni as bases of operation further south, and by the year 1318, according to a chronicle later compiled by the Timpiavit, he conquered the Shoshonean city of Uintah and subjugated the valley region. The city of Pi’a-pa was conquered two years later and turned into the empire’s capital. Over time the empire would concentrate its population around the Great Salt Lake, adopting Fremont customs into their own. As a result Pi’a-pa was rebuilt on a grand scale, becoming one of the largest cities of all the Shoshonean cities. After the death of Pinaquanah in 1323, the nation began to lose its grip over further reaches of the empire, but this was seemingly allowed or ignored by Pinaquanah’s successors in favor of consolidation in the south. As a result the nation would make the Yam-pah-pa its northern border, ceding land north of it to other Shoshonean groups. In particular the Tukudeka, who were more nomadic and true to the region’s pre-Pinaquanah customs, remained a constant threat to the Northern Shoshone to their northeast.

====Age of Shoshonean Cities====

By the mid 1300s the Shoshone had consolidated into dozens of nations and city states, largely spurred on by necessity, after hostile confrontations with the Puebloans and other groups. At the same time as the Puebloan confrontations in the south against the Hohokam, the Shoshone engaged in numerous wars themselves. Due to its reputation as a neutral mediator, the nation of Timpiavat accumulated a plethora of local records of the time, leading to the majority of extant documents from this time originating from this region. The city of Timpanogas likely housed the region's first library, along with scholars tasked with transcribing documents into Shoshonean. According to chronicles from the city, after the initial wars with the nation of Łocǫ́lhəo ended in the Puebloan conquest of Kòki’ínahəo (Crow Canyon) and Łùłi'heothə́na (Canyon of the Ancients), and the formation of an alliance against the Puebloans that would later constitute Tabeguache, conflict in the region persisted.

[[File:Stone towers at Canyons of the Ancients.jpg|thumb|300px|The remains of a border tower near Łùłi'heothə́na, believed to have been destroyed in warfare against the Shoshone.]]

Beginning around 1312, a coalition of mountain Shoshone managed to capture the region between the Tàłułi’ína (San Juan River) and the ʼHakhwata (Colorado River), but disputes arose between the eastern Shoshone and those of Yantarii, who claimed the town of Timbteivip. A crucial battle would occur in the Valley of the Gods, in which Yantarii and Kaiparowits successfully defeated the easterners. A war would also be fought around the same time between the Kaipa'pici and the Xópi, which helped to confirm Xópi's status as a major city in the region. An alliance would be cemented between Xópi and Moapa, as the latter attempted to seize control over an important stretch of the ʼHakhwata. Despite being settled later than other Shoshone states, and encountering higher degrees of hostile from locals, Moapa would eventually emerge as a powerful state in the southwest of the Shoshone region.

Further south of Moapa, the city state of Pah-Rimpi emerged at an important oasis, leading to it becoming an important town southwest of the primary Shoshonean settlements. The Shoshoneans would be unsuccessful in crossing the river in this region, but battled with the local Patayan of the 'Aha Kwahwat for decades, with some foreigners managing to integrate into Patayan society. West of the river the Shoshone were more successful, and on the northwest border of the Patayan the tribe of Nuaguntits was settled. In 1321 a major campaign was launched by the still largely nomadic Nuaguntits, in which northwest Patayan was occupied. This expedition would ultimately fail, with the nation being firmly weakened and relegated westward. South of the Nuaguntits, the nation of Tantáwats was more prosperous, establishing itself as a middleman between the Patayan and the lands to the west, with numerous trade outposts and settlements being established across its territory.

Tantáwats eventually made peace with the Patayan and established a cooperative trade relationship. Weakened by past wars, and with Pah-Rimpi attracting trade away from its borders, the Nuaguntits were eventually conquered by the nation of Taaqtam and its Shoshonean neighbors, with the original nomads of the region integrating into the trans-desert trade of the far south. Likewise, a trade route emerged that ran northeast through the major Shoshonean nations of the southwest, with caravans reaching Moapa, Si'tucagar, Xópi, and Suh'dutsing, and from here east to the other states of the southern rivers, or north through the Pahvant toward the Great Salt Lake. In this region a complex relationship developed between cities such as Xópi, Uinkar, and Si'tucagar, with these three cities often holding brief wars for dominance of the eastern trade routes.

During these wars more nomadic groups often distinguished themselves as mercenaries and deciding factors in war. The Tsouwaraits, northwest of Si'tucagar, managed to thrive off these early wars, despite being low in population and commodities, by carefully picking sides between the stronger city states. In 1369 the balance of power was finally altered, as a Xópi-Moapa-Ankaparia alliance managed to subjugate the Kaipa'pici, before sacking the city of Si'tucagar. This would be largely orchestrated by a warlord named Suwasaavaru of Ankaparia, who transformed his city state to one of the most dominant in the south. In addition to annexing Kaipa'pici, he likewise managed to subjugate the Kaiparowits, who were in decline from Puebloan attacks across the southern river.

[[File:Kiva ruins at Canyons of the Ancients.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A southern-style kiva built to commermorate the Peace of Timpanogas, showing a synthesis of Shoshone and Puebloan cultures.]]

The largest wars of the time would often be fought between the Northern Shoshone, Kutsipiuti, and Pahvant, with Timpiavt as a buffer between the three. After the death of Pinaquanah in 1323, his successor Paseego attempted to capture the rest of the Great Salt Lake from the Kutsipiuti, who had begun to inhabit parts of its western bank. This initial war would end inconclusively after three years, with the Kutsipiuti managing to convince Cameahwait, leader of the Shoshonean bands north of Pi’a-pa to raid south against Paseego. Another war broke out in 1342, when the Kutsindüka attacked both the Northern Shoshone and Moanunts, but when Kutsipiuti attempted to take advantage of the situation by attacking the Northern Shoshone, Pahvant declared war on Kutsipiuti. This conflict would be one of the few to force Timpiavat to broke its neutrality, as it defended itself in a battle against Kutsindüka in 1343.

The Northern Shoshone quickly gained the upper hand in the war, pushing back both Kutsindüka and Kutsipiuti, and nearly subjugating the latter in an unequal treaty. This compelled the southern Ute to switch sides in 1345, leading to a war between the Northern Shoshone and a Pahvant-led coalition. The 1348 Treaty of Timpanogas would formally end the Pahvant-Pi'a-pa War, although hostilities resumed between the Northern Shoshone and the Kutsindüka soon after, with the latter often receiving covert aid from its southern neighbors. In 1360 the Northern Shoshone, in conjunction with nations such as Yamparka, managed to fully defeat the Kutsindüka, allowing for the Northern Shoshone to begin their ascension to the dominant power of the region. By this time Suwasaavaru of Ankaparia had ascended to the throne in the south, and in the east Tabeguache had established itself as the dominant power.

====Athabaskan Migration====

The Athabaskan-speaking peoples of North America are believed to have originated in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest, where the Northern Athabaskans continue to live to the present. The Navajo and Apache are Athabaskan-speaking peoples who migrated from this region to the Southwest, beginning after the year 1200. The present day Navajo and Apache began a migration southeast, traveling across the Great Basin through Shoshone lands, likely many successive waves, rather than in one complete journey. The Navajo are often linked to the unnamed raiders who are described by the Shoshone in their early history. According to the Shoshone, a nomadic people emerged from the far north, and fought against the Western Shoshone and Paiute heavily throughout the 1300s.

[[File:Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London.jpg|thumb|300px|Navajo dancers recreating ancient attire used at the time of the great migration, 1900]]

The first leader of the Navajo mentioned in Shoshone sources by name was Bistłahałání, who in 1345 was contracted by the Paiute city of Moapa to raid against the city state of Suh’dutsing. This would begin a tradition of the Navajo often being contracted by southern Ute cities, leading to them familiarizing themselves with the region, and being further attracted to the south. Numerous Navajo tribes would form in southern Nevada, after successfully subjugating or pushing away Shoshonean tribes already residing in the region. In the 1350s the Navajo successfully conquered the Tsouwaraits and parts of Pah-Rimpi, before leading a successful raid against Moapa in 1353. Another band of Navajo is known to have been led into Ngáchishtemal, successfully raiding Pah-Rimpi in 1357 and conquering the city of Atcamséʼish for a brief period in 1358. It is believed that these raids likely contributed to the rapid decline of Tantáwats to the east.

The first of the so-called Navajo-Shoshone Wars broke out in 1363, when a Navajo chief named K'aayelii declared himself king of all Diné, and led the first organized attack against the city states of the south. The city of Suh’dutsing was likely conquered by this invasion, while the city of Si'tucagar was sacked, allowing for its later conquest by its neighbors years later. K'aayelii would settle his people on the northern banks of the ʼHakhwata (Colorado River), and other Navajo bands soon followed. During this period the Navajo remained decentralized, with territory often being highly disputed. However, almost all of Uainuints south of Si'tucagar became undisputably Navajo, as did Tonaquint.

====Great Basin War====

The stage would be set for a major across the Shoshonean world, with clear spheres of influences emerging. In 1373 this war finally came, after a rebellion broke out Kutsipiuti against northern influence, and the Pahvant sent aid to the rebellion. The Northern Shoshone, led by Pinaquanah II, now stretched from their original territory at the Yam-pah-pa (Snake River) to the southern reaches of Kutsindüka, and included allies such as Yamparka. They would be met by the Pahvant and their allies Moanunts, Yantarii, and various tribes of the far west, who were largely unified by their conflict against the Navajo. A third alliance existed, spearheaded by Suwasaavaru of Ankaparia, that controlled the region south of Pahvant, watched attentively. Likewise, the Tabeguache and Oyemposhag led a fourth alliance of eastern Shoshone.

The majority of Kutsipiuti was quickly occupied by the Pahvant and western Shoshonean nations, although the northerners retained control over the city of Pa'honopi in the northeast. By the end of the year, however, the Tabeguache attacked the distracted nation of Yamparka, leading to the eastern coalition declaring war on the northern coalition. The Navajo remained a co-belligerent to the Northern Shoshone, on account of their ongoing wars against Pahvant allies in the west. In southern Nevada, the Navajo came under attack from Tümpisa, Pah-Rimpi, Atcamséʼish, and a coalition of desert city states, who had their trade disrupted by the Navajo migration. Likweise, the southern alliance led by Ankaparia began to strategically aid against the Navajo, allowing the alliance to push the the Navajo away from their core cities in the north.

[[File:16 21 2006 monument valley.jpg|thumb|left|300px|An example of a Navajo camp that would have been used during the Great Basin War]]

Suwasaavaru would personally lead an army to liberate Suh'dutsing from the Navajo, before turning north and securing a surprise victory against the Pahvant south of Paunsaugunt. Also in early 1374, a Northern Shoshone general named Ohapitesadee was tasked with pacifying the west, and marched with an army first against the Mahaguadüka of northeast Nevada. At the Battle of Toiʼya-bi, Ohapitesadee would achieve a major victory against Pahvant's allies, which caused those in the immediate area to surrender. With the westerners withdrawing, the Northern Shoshone soon retook the western city of Ai'bĭmpa in Kutsipiuti. The Navajo would take advantage of the situation to win a battle in Nevada as well, however, K'aayelii would be killed in battle, leading to the Navajo largely losing their gains in the west.

The success against the Navajo by the traders of the south motivated the creation of a formal alliance. Representatives from Tümpisa, Pah-Rimpi, the Taaqtam capital of Juyubit, the largest merchant companies, and other nomads, mercenaries, and traders, met at a tent city in the west, that had been a popular location for caravans to rest. There they established the Hayikwiir Alliance, and elected a warlord named Nyamasav'iipa as the organization's first overall war-time commander. Their meeting place would eventually evolve into The Hub, one of the largest and most important cities of Ngáchishtemal. At their first campaign against the Navajo, the Hayikwiir responded to a call for aid from the city of Moapa, only to discover that Suwasaavaru of Ankaparia had signed a favorable treaty with the Navajo, and now fought alongside them and Moapa to ambush the Hayikwiir.

The resulting Battle of Moapa ended in a decisive victory for Ankaparia, and the Navajo retook much of their lost territory. In command of a large following of Navajo, Suwasaavaru ordered his son, Mamakonika, to march north around Pahvant territory, to ambush the Pahvant-Western positions Kutsipiuti from behind. After numerous setbacks and skirmishes against the Pahvant along the way, the attack did not go unnoticed as hoped. In early 1375 Mamakonika and the Northern Shoshone assaulted the city of Toi'ba, which was held by the Pahvant, but were unexpectedly defeated by the Pahvant king Moshoquop. Elsewhere, Suwasaavaru directed his attention toward splitting the Pahvant-Eastern alliance in two, by marching against the nations of Moanunts, Yantarii, and Oyemposhag. The Siege of Mokitawanih, in which Suwasaavaru attacked the Moanunts city, resulted in the city's fall to him, however, he withdrew in mid 1375 south to Kaiparowits, where the easterners were raiding his supply lines, with Puebloan aid inadvertently.

Suwasaavaru's campaign in the later half of the year would consist of covert missions across the river, in which he marched through Puebloan territory in an effort to liberate and collect as many Kaiparowits settlers as possible, augmenting his fighting force. Just before the new year he would return to defend Ankaparia itself, where the Tabeguache suffered a defeat. Having caught wind of the Ankaparia efforts against the Moanunts, the Northern Shoshone sent an army to march around Timpiavat territory, hoping to apply pressure against the easterners from two directions. The northerners under the command of Aingabitebui would not arrive in time, instead spending the next two years campaigning across Kutsindüka.

In 1376 Suwasaavaru devised a plan to continue harassing the easterners, while concentrating his main force against the Pahvant, in the hopes of allowing a victory in the north. He successfully sacked the city of Wypaa, which drew out Pahvant forces, and later in the year the Second Battle of Toi'ba ended in a victory for the Northern Shoshone. A ceasefire was called in 1377, negotiated at the Timpiavat city of Timpanogas, in which Kutsipiuti was recognized as belonging to the Northern Shoshone. However, this peace largely ignored the Navajo and the other Athabaskans, who were not viewed as belonging in a Shoshonean treaty. Suwasaavaru ensured that Ankaparia was recognized as the premier state of the south, with most of its neighbors either formally annexed or assumed to be vassals of his.

[[File:FrancesCanyon 6.jpg|thumb|300px|Ruins near the ancient site of Moapa]]

During the peace, the Navajo effectively switched sides, in an effort to conquer the Ankaparia alliance with Hayikwiir and Pahvant aid. To this end they successfully conquered the city of Moapa by the end of the year, and aided an anti-Ankaparia rebellion in sections of its territory. The King of the Diné, Hastiin Dághaaʼ, successfully defeated Suwasaavaru in battle in the east, but would die in 1378 of disease. Content that the Navajo kingdom was partially splintered, Suwasaavaru made peace with them and recognized the fall of Moapa to them. This angered many of his vassal allies, most notably Xópi, whose leadership considered a split away from Ankaparia hegemony. Suwasaavaru would sponsor a coup in 1378, which led to the city's government being overthrown, effectively allowing the annexation of Suwasaavaru's many dependent vassals. Although achieving his goal of a strong southern kingdom, Suwasaavaru had effectively surrounded himself completely by enemies, with only the Northern Shoshone backing him.

Around this time the issue of the Apache could no longer be ignored by the Shoshone, as numerous groups entered the region from the northwest. Long since divided beforehand, the majority of the Western Apache became temporarily united by a warlord named Alchesay, who fought his way through southern Nevada. Nicknamed the "King Beyond the Walls" by the Hayikwiir, based on his large contingent without a central city to speak of, Alchesay conquered Pah-Rimpi and traveled beyond into Patayan lands. Some ten years later, when the Yavapai Confederacy was declared along the Paayu (Little Colorado River), Alchesay successfully took the throne of that nation for a time, allowing the Apache into Puebloan lands.

A second group, the Héndé, who before Alchesay had perpetually fought with the Western Apache to no avail, invaded east, hoping to break through the Kutsipiuti-Pahvant region. One group, led by the chief Jlin-tay-i-tith, successfully took most of Kutsipiuti and weakened the Pahvant. His declared kingdom stole from both sides of the greater conflict, and both the Northern Shoshone and the Pahvant attempted to tip the scales against the other, with the Apache settlers in between. The Pahvant were the first to make peace with the Héndé in 1378, hoping they could establish a puppet kingdom at the expense of the northerners' territory. Still hoping to preserve peace, a Timpiavat delegate of twenty chiefs attempted to persuade the Apache out of Kutsipiuti. Initially this failed, but having scouted through Timpiavat and beyond, in 1379 the Héndé abandoned the west in favor of the east, and passed through neutral territory to Kutsindüka.

Timpiavat withdrew its attempts to make peace, as its own towns were occasionally looted by the passing Apache, although it attempted to unify both the Pahvant and Northern Shoshone against a common enemy. Instead the Héndé entered Kutsindüka and another proxy war ensued, this time between the northerners and easterners. Ultimately the Héndé would carve out a kingdom of primarily easterner land, which by 1380 bordered Yamparka. With the illusion of peace broken, in late 1379 a coalition of Navajo, Pahvant, Moanunts, Yantarri, and Tabeguache attacked Ankaparia, hoping to eliminate the main ally of the Northern Shoshone. Both the cities of Si'tucagar and Kutzkibah were captured, with Suwasaavaru's defeat seemingly imminent.

The actions of Alchesay inadvertently helped Ankaparia, as although the Western Apache were not friends to either side, they harmed the Navajo more often due to proximity. Taking advantage of “Hevacuḑ's Peace”, which brought about a temporary ceasefire between the Puebloans and O'odham, Suwasaavaru attracted an alliance with the Hopi, convincing them to attack their common enemy, the Mountain Shoshone, who Suwasaavaru had uprooted from Hopi territory years before. Those who were annoyed by the pretext of peace in the south were sent north to fight in the Shoshone war, and veterans of both sides of the conflict were attracted to Ankaparia's side. At the Battle of Sipapu, on the road to Ankaparia itself, the invaders would be narrowly defeated, allowing Suwasaavaru much needed time to prepare.

The Northern Shoshone under Pinaquanah II marched through Kutsindüka and fought the easterners at a decisive battle in spring of 1380, brought the Northern Shoshone to the doorstep of the south. Oyemposhag withdrew its armies to defend the city, while in Yamparka infighting occurred between the original pro-north faction and those installed by Tabeguache. Yamparka would choose the north, after the Battle of Ahbatpo ended in a Tabeguache defeat. Later in the year, despite the western half of his territory being assaulted, Suwasaavaru and the Hopi besieged Timbteivip and took the city, nearly cutting the enemy alliance in two as he had hoped years ago. By 1381 a series of surrenders occurred in the east, as many switched sides to support the Northern Shoshone.

Despite victory seeming imminent for the Northern Shoshone, fortunes changed with two major events. The Haisndayin (Jicarilla Apache) crossed through the northern reaches of the Shoshone world, putting pressure on nations such as Tukudeka. With the Northern Shoshone allowing this to the detriment of its northern neighbors, Tukudeka attacked the Northern Shoshone. The Northern Shoshone were decisively defeated at the Battle of Boa Ogoi, and the city of Moson Kahni was captured soon after. The Haisndayin continued their march east, raiding the Shoshone as they traveled. The second event came in mid 1381, when Suwasaavaru was killed, supposedly in an assassination by a family member that had been disowned early in the war. His son Mamakonika ascended to the throne, but the chaos that occurred caused a breakdown across the kingdom. Within months the cities of Xópi and Suh’dutsing had fallen in the west, and the defense at Timbteivip remained only through the aid of Hopi commanders.

Nonetheless, Pinaquanah II coordinated costly attacks against the Eastern Apache, and in late 1381 managed to repulse a Tukudeka invasion into his core territory. In 1382, having captured or subdued the eastern stretches of the North Shoshone domain, the Haisndayin continued on into Tabeguache lands, effectively moving on to harming the other side of the conflict as well. At the end of that year, another Apache band, known as the Shis-Inday, were successfully negotiated with by Pinaquanah II, and they were directed against south into Puebloan lands with little hassle to the Shoshone. In the meantime, Ankaparia finally fell in 1382, and the Northern Shoshone lost their main ally. The Navajo took for themselves the western half of the nation, while the Pahvant took the north, and this quickly led to animosity between the former allies. The east of the nation, the city of Timbteivip held out, and the commander in charge of the remaining Hopi-Ankaparia forces, a mercenary named Lomayumtewa, declared a new Hopi-ruled kingdom centered around the city, which he called Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna.

[[File:Ordaz Chaco Canyon.jpg|thumb|300px|Remnants of a city wall razed in the final years of the Great Basin War]]

In 1383 Lomayumtewa took advantage of the Apache invasion in Tabeguache to attack and seize the city of Oyemposhag. He would be aided by the dispossessed Ankaparia king, Mamakonika, who would continue harassing the conquerors of his realm for some time. Pinaquanah II would continue to fight both the Pahvant and the Tukudeka, only forming an uneasy peace with the latter in 1384. In that year he returned to Pahvant proper and marched against the enemy capital. With Pahvant's major allies now occupied by other invasions, the campaign was largely successful. The city of Pag‘adüt fell at the start of 1385, while the following year Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna captured the city of Mokitawanih, albeit with Mamakonika being killed in the process. With the last Pahvant strongholds falling that year, a ceasefire was finally arranged.

Negotiations in Timpanogas solidified victory for the Northern Shoshone, and their conquests were recognized by the defeated parties. In the south, where war had broken out between the Navajo, Apache, and Hayikwiir, the enemies of the Shoshone were largely left to their own devices. Ankaparia remained in enemy hands, although the Kingdom of Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna was recognized, leading to a new ally in the region for the Northern Shoshone. In the east the Apache largely spelled the end for the Tabeguache Confederacy, before continuing on to invade the Pueblo Empire and beyond further south.

====Creation of the Shoshone Empire====

The victory of the Northern Shoshone against the Pahvant, and their other adversaries in the south, established the Northern Shoshone as the dominant power in the region, with the nation continuing to quickly expand in the coming years. The nation of Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna effectively acted as a Shoshonean puppet, propped up by frequent aid from Pi'a-pa in the coming years, as Lomayumtewa expanding the kingdom to include much of Moanunts. There is evidence of frequent rebellion in the region, which would be narrowly crushed during Lomayumtewa's lifetime, leading to the southeast region of the Shoshone largely stagnating. At the same time, Pinaquanah II would spend the next several years rebuilding his territory and integrating the region under the hegemony of Pi'a-pa. A Puebloan-style road would be built running north to south along the eastern side of the Great Salt Lake, in the style of the Puebloans to the south. Pinaquanah would also commission similar projects to connect Pi'a-pa to Pa'honopi in 1389, a road running through Pahvant in 1392, and a road from Pi'a-pa to Timpanogas in 1394.

In 1393 Pinaquanah II would also lead a military expedition to the north, hoping to finally drive out the Tukudeka and other northerners, who had crossed over into his territory during the later phase of the war. A second battle at Boa Ogoi would result in a Northern Shoshone victory, and he spent a year campaigning in Tukudeka to some success, despite suffering a high number of casualties in the region's mountainous terrain. After the Tukudeka swore to pay tribute to him, he left content and weathered at Moson Kahni, before launching a similar excursion over the Yam-pah-pa (Snake River) in the spring of 1394. A wooden bridge would be constructed by the king to aid in the crossing, shocking the locals of the north. After several minor battles, all the Shoshonean tribes of the north were nominally annexed to the nation, although they remained largely autonomous, and this relationship would temporarily lapse after Pinaquanah II's death.

In the south the Navajo and Apache continued to grow unopposed from Pi'a-pa, leading to conflict with many surrounding city states. Alchesay's kingdom around Pah-Rimpi successfully invaded the newly formed Patayan Confederacy, leading to a period of Apache dominance in the region. A new leader named Hoskininni ascended to the throne of the Diné, with an empire now stretching from Kutzkibah to Moapa. In 1396 Pinaquanah II set his sights to this region once more, first spending much of the year in the cities of Pahvant. Here he arranged marriages of the Ute and Shoshone nobility, and attempted to merge their various customs. A large portion of his people would settle the region, while others from the south migrated to the growing capital in the north. A call was raised among the Pahvant to push back the Navajo once more, from both sides of the Pahvant nobility, as many sought to use the Northern Shoshone to expand their own territory, while others hoped a conflict might weaken their overlords. Regardless, Pinaquanah II began planning a military campaign, but fell ill before his plans could come to fruition. At the end of 1396 Pinaquanah II died, leaving his son Washakie to succeed him.

[[File:Book of Mormon Lamanite Scene.jpg|thumb|300px|Non-contemporary depiction of the crowning of the Shoshone emperor]]

The young prince, who had served as a military commander during his father's wars, rushed to the capital to be crowned. Across the nation rebellions soon struck that would threaten the empire established by his father, forcing him to act quickly. As the late king died while in Pahvant lands, the region rose up in rebellion, although members of the late king's entourage and their forces managed to stall the situation. In January 1397 Washakie arrived in Toi'ba with a small force, having received word that enemy forces were being raised in Pag‘adüt. He would detach his army and supplies and travel with only a band of his quickest runners, catching the enemy off guard. Shocked by his quick arrival, the city soon surrendered to the king, and the rebel army being raised was forced to regroup to the south. At the end of the month the king and his army met a second rebel army east of Ai'bĭmpa and defeated them in battle, confirming the subjugation of Kutsipiuti.

Southern Pahvant was raided by the Navajo, who took the city of Paunsaugunt around the same time. The nation of Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna pledged to aid the new king, but took both Navajo and Pahvant lands alike whenever available. A decisive battle would eventually come in the center of Pahvant, in which Washakie was able to defeat the rebels. The rebellion's base of operations, a town in the center of the nation, would be razed completely by the king, with its name and history erased from records. Fearing the wrath of the emperor, and also fearing attack from the Navajo, the rest of the region soon surrendered. In March the Battle of Paunsaugunt would be fought, in which the Navajo were repulsed and a truce was signed with them. This was to allow the king the ability to focus on the north for the time being, where there was also rebellion.

Washakie would travel west of the Great Salt Lake, managing to persuade numerous tribes to back down. Upon reaching the Yam-pah-pa (Snake River), he launched a full invasion of the northerners, which a high degree of brutality against them for their insurrection. Numerous prisoners would be taken and brought to the south, with many local towns razed. The primary tribe responsible would be destroyed, with other tribes promoted to replace them. Seeing this, the Tukudeka withdrew from rebellion, offering the king double the amount of tribute and prisoners typically taken. With the rebellion in the north crushed, Washakie marched south, but augmented his army by ordering the Tukudeka and other northerners to give him their able-bodied men. This had an effect of preventing them from rebellion while he was away as well.

He continued into Kutsindüka in 1399, stopping at the city of Ahbatpo, which had remained loyal. He would campaign against both the Tabeguache and the Apache, successfully taking Tavakiev at the end of the year. The region would be split into two autonomous governorships, roughly split between north and south, with the nobility of Ahbatpo making up the region's highest positions. While in Tabeguache, Washakie's ally Lomayumtewa had died, leading to civil war in Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna. In a move to endear himself to the eastern Shoshone, and in response to Tə́ʼupǫ̏’óna's earlier acts against the Shoshone, Washakie invaded in 1400, quickly annexing the nation. He would be welcomed by most of the nation's inhabitants, as the region was largely Shoshonean but under Puebloan occupation. Now in command of the majority of the Shoshonean world, Washakie marched to the city of Timpanogas. The nation of Timpiavat was now completely surrounded, and in exchange for the ability to retain their autonomy and neutrality, they surrendered to the king. While in Timpanogas, Washakie would declare his domain the Shoshone Empire, and would be crowned in a new ceremony. Here he would make a famous pledge to unite the Great Basin, setting off with an army made up from across his vast domain.

===Fifteenth Century===

====Washakie's Conquests====

In 1400 the newly crowned Emperor of the Shoshone, Washakie, set out to the south, intending to subdue the Navajo. Led by the king Hoskininni, the Navajo had raided against the Shoshone and greatly expanded their kingdom, and after the Great Basin War had established domain over important southern cities, such as Ankaparia, Xópi, and Moapa. Washakie first arrived at Suh’dutsing, and the city quickly rebelled in his favor. He sought to quickly march on Xópi, where it was expected the Navajo would likewise being quickly ousted. When Hoskininni learned of this, he ordered the city abandoned so that they could meet up with the main northern force in Ankaparia, forcing Washakie to turn there first. Likely overconfident after easily besting the Ute some time ago, the Navajo commander in the city marched out to meet the Shoshone, but was killed in battle, and his army defeated.

Soon after, at the Battle of Si'tucagar, Hoskininni himself would be directly defeated, leading to the end of his kingdom. With most of the north of the nation already seceding to join the Shoshone, Washakie placed the southern half of the nation, where Navajo settlement was strongest, under the rule of Hoskininni's brother-in-law as a protectorate. Just as he did previously, he recruited heavily from the Shoshone to augment his army, and from the Navajo demanded most of the able-bodied men to join him, in addition to sending prisoners and tribute to the north. He would spend the rest of 1400 and 1401 in the region, ensuring that his will was carried out over the once independent-minded cities of the south.

====Late Puebloan Classical Period====

[[File:Pueblo-peoples.jpg|thumb|300px|A typical neighborhood in Póyuopǫ̏'óne during the Late Classical Period]]

In the aftermath of the Hų́łothə́na Wars, the Puebloans had established themselves as the dominant power of the southwest, with the Hohokam people in full retreat. The nation of Póyuopǫ̏'óne (the Three Nations) was the preeminent power among the Pueblo, with the war having strengthened their influence over other Puebloan city states. The first widely recognized king of Cíwena was Cìbikína, who according to legend was a soldier in the army of Cǫ́ltòbúna, whose outstanding bravery and feats of strength during the defense of the early city elevated him to the position of its leader. Wǫ́nemąxína of Łocǫ́lhəo would marry into the newly established throne of Cíwena, ensuring peaceful relations between the two powers for the foreseeable future. Cǫ́ltòbúna's sister, Łosȕléna, had been wed to Cìbikína, while his brother, Totą̀tə̀’na, had been wed to Wǫ́nemąxína's daughter Phàc'íene.

Now capable of developing his nation in matters other than war, Cìbikína proved a capable administrator. His capital settlement quickly grew into a major city, due to its strategic location, attracting Puebloan colonists and O'odham refugees alike. It's location along the river Keli connected it to the Aha Kwahwat in the west, allowing the Patayan nations and beyond to reach Cíwena by boat, and continue on to the Mogollon cities in the east, while the Haka'he:la River (Verde River) allowed passage to the city from the Yavapai in the north. This influx of new ideas allowed the city to be rebuilt in a grand scale, with Puebloan style architecture allowing for dense city center. Early chronicles show that Cìbikína took inspiration from the ancient city of Snaketown, seeking to elevate the new city to overtake the ruins of the once great city.

The most important aspect of the city's growth would be its water supply, brought by the many rivers and irrigation systems constructed by the Hohokam. Cìbikína would undertake a vast rebuilding and expansion project, creating a city interlaced with canals, which traveled out into the countryside for neighboring farmland. A decree discovered from around the 1390s showed that Cìbikína gave first pick of land to families that constructed canals. Whoever undertook this offer was allowed to own the section of land they claimed, while the canal and any water supply was to be jointly owned by the community. Dams were also constructed to better control water supply, with any excess being diverted to Puebloan style cisterns or reservoirs. In the center of the city was placed several Mesoamerican-style ballcourts, where major sporting events were held, as well as O'odham style dance floors used for celebrations and ceremonies. A Puebloan temple would mark the city center, which connected to a northern highway.

Starting around the year 1382, when the Northern Shoshone allowed the Shis-Inday tribe to pass into Puebloan lands, the Apache became a frequent problem for the Puebloans. That initial invasion damaged the city of Taos, stalling the conclusion of the Hų́łothə́na Wars, and allowing many Apache to settle the lands north of the city. Towns such as P’ókána were seemingly conquered, with a rough territory being carved out in the northeast corner of the nation, running from the edge of Taos into eastern Tabeguache. In 1385 the Haisndayin pushed the Shis-Inday southward, beginning a major invasion of the Puebloans. The major settlements would prove to be difficult to seize, but smaller towns between Ohkay Owingeh and Thǫ́ne were sacked, as was the town of Abó further south, and the towns of the P'aeyok'ona River were conquered. Preoccupied elsewhere, the Puebloans paid the Apache a large amount of tribute and ceded half of Taos' territory to them.

The Shis-Inday would launch a war against the Mogollon, eventually coming to rule the region from southern Taos to the banks of the Paslápaane. It would not be until 1390 that the Pueblo were able to strike back against the Apache, with Cǫ́ltòbúna launching an invasion of the Haisndayin. Their war would last for the next several years, with the Puebloans manage to retake most of the Taos region, but accepting that the Haisndayin would rule the northeast edge of their former territory. The mountains east of the Paslápaane effectively became the new border, leaving the P'aeyok'ona settlements definitively under Apache control. The city of Abó would be conquered by the Puebloans around the year 1396, but they did not pursue the Apache south toward the former Mogollon territory they now occupied.

[[File:Vol8 050.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A fantastical modern depiction of the death of Cǫ́ltòbúna]]

Cǫ́ltòbúna would spend the rest of his reign in relative peace, although in the early 1400s he is known to have undertaken a campaign to unite the lower Paslápaane (Rio Grande) settlements with Taos. As most of these settlements were colonized by his people, many of them peacefully united with the Three Nations in the north. For the most part these settlements would continue to be largely autonomous as they had been before hand, with strong ties to Taos, Chaco, and Łocǫ́lhəo. A mutual fear of the Apache also motivated many of these settlements to accept the rule of the Three Nations. By 1410 only Thǫ́ne remained as a truly independent city state, and the city took up arms against Taos to protect against its growing influence. Seeking peace, Cǫ́ltòbúna negotiated the following year, eventually leading to an agreement in which Thǫ́ne was annexed. However, the city would remain autonomous and preeminent over the other southern settlements. In practice this led to Thǫ́ne essentially being the capital of a southern province, controlling everything south of Ohkay Owingeh. As a result, later governors in Thǫ́ne would nickname their city the "Fourth Nation".

Cǫ́ltòbúna is believed to have died in that same year, leading to a question of succession. The late king had preferred that his eldest son, Wǫ́nemąxína, succeed him as king of all three cities, further uniting the Three Nations in a continued personal union. Instead, at the time of his father's death Wǫ́nemąxína was in the east, due to his involvement in the war with Thǫ́ne. He marched on Taos first, where he was accepted as the city's king, however, there he received word that his sister, Yíakwóna, had crowned her husband Cìacǫ́lsə́on as king of Łocǫ́lhəo. In Chaco a noble named Íałoną was appointed king, whose father, Cìyúna, had died fighting in the Hų́łothə́na Wars, and whose grandfather, Muuyawmoʼa was the first ruler of a unified Chaco.

Although considering warfare to reunite the nation under him solely, Wǫ́nemąxína attempted a peaceful option, and requested a meeting between all three parties in Ohkay Owingeh. Despite this, an initial battle took place east of Łocǫ́lhəo, as supporters of Wǫ́nemąxína attempted to win him back that city. Although in possession of much of the nation's army, allowing him the upper hand in negotiations, an alliance between Chaco and Łocǫ́lhəo compelled Wǫ́nemąxína to not fight further. At the negotiations in Ohkay Owingeh it was confirmed that the three cities would be ruled by their perspective three rulers, but the union of the three cities would continue to exist.

====Alijivit's Tongva====

[[File:Istockphoto-924142152-612x612.jpg|thumb|300px|The red wastes of Ngáchishtemal, which connected the 'Aha Kwahwat to the coastal cities]]

It is said that news of the imperial being’s death traveled to the south on the backs of trade caravans and in the hulls of creaking Coastcutters, before making its way into the dunes of the Ngáchishtemal. In the land between the walls of Yaa (Los Angeles) and the 'Aha Kwahwat (Lower Colorado River), the eastern trade routes passed through the Maarrenga Valley and into the lands of the Lord of Humwichawa (Joshua Tree), whose hub was the shining jewel of the sandlands. His empire dominated the great Pal Heluwut (Cahuilla Lake), whose canals supplied the valleys and the trails, making him the premier Watergarch in personal wealth, and a careful emissary in matters of religion.

All along the longwalk east and west, Humwichawa-branded Burned Men carried gifts of íngill and tesnekgawic (salt and gold), tattooed with messages across their bodies. Scorched for generations, the miraculous Pal Heluwut had begun to diminish in size just as the region had fallen under the sway of ʔívil̃uqaletem (Cahuilla), and after a century of such rule, the center of the kingdom’s population had shifted westward. Humwichawa remained a lasting eastern bastion still, with ambitions toward the great river. But to those across the sands, the decrepit Pàlocrats and desert people paled in comparison to their own kingdom; the Great Delta, centered at Shuhthagi Ki:him.

Where the great river drained into the sea below, the Kingdom of the Delta had emerged as a colossal figure in the region. Descended from the Patayan Confederacy, which controlled the upper river in the north, the Delta People, had emerged only a century prior, as the [[Pueblo Empire (Merveilles des Morte)|Anaasází]] (Ancestral Puebloans) were rising and falling in the east. By this time the Delta had built a colossal city to rival even Siwañ Waʼa Ki or Oraibi, becoming rich from the politics of the Southwest. A city of reeds had been transformed to a city of stone, with bejeweled, sloping walls, and expansive floating farms. The city marked its wealth with colorful fauna and grandiose gardens, which boasted its abundance of precious water to the desert dwellers of beyond.

[[File:Fribergabinadi.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The supposed opulence of the Kingdom of the Delta]]

The trade routes of ʔívil̃uqaletem terminated at the garden city, but from there many walked the path east across the deserts and plains, speaking the sign language of travelers. The Delta tolerated those around them, as even the fastest ships could not make their way around the peninsula quicker than they could transport goods across the desert. In the court of Humwichawa there was employed a high minister to oversee these affairs, and to serve as an ambassador to the Delta and other neighbors, named Alijivit of Jajamovit. Alijivit was born a Tongva outsider, becoming a mercenary leader in the Puebloan wars, and then a merchant across Ngáchishtemal. When the Emperor in the west died, according to legend, Alijivit led a group of hundreds of slaves and dissidents, marching upon his homeland. By some accounts Alijivit arrived at the head of an invading army, having seemingly betrayed his old homeland, but others say that he marched on the city after he heard the news about the Emperor, and took a band of rebels who rose up to follow him over their lord.

In any case, the city bowed to Alijivit, who wed an influential medicine woman named Toypurina soon after. The ancient city was the site of the legendary hero Chinigchinix, who became the chief deity in a six god pantheon for the region long before the present, and so held immense power in the rest of the region. Soon after his return to his homeland, his former masters, Lord Humwichawa and the King of ʔívil̃uqaletem, are said to have invaded Alijivit’s domain, as they grew upset over his refusal to honor their control over Tongva’s trade. To the surprise of the invaders, Alijivit’s knowledge of the region and his strong alliances allowed him to achieve victory, and within years of that initial victory the balance of power would be shifted in the opposite direction. Elsewhere, a new Emperor would be elected later that year, but he would die only eighteen months later, which led to a highly contested and prolonged election. The domination by the Dynasty of Yelamu (San Francisco) had come to an end, with numerous other claimants being proposed over the reigning Yelamu in Ompuromo. Although the Elector of Mutsun remained loyal, the influential Elector of Miwok, Lord Cosomne, spearheaded a Miwok faction at the imperial election, while a northern faction led by Klamath developed as well. In the center of the empire war would break out, eventually drawing in states from across the region. It was under these circumstances that Alijivit of Tongva joined the war later on, successfully saving the anti-Miwok coalition at the Battle of Quiroste. For this feat, the unsuspecting minor lord was elected emperor, although he was not crowned.

After the Battle of Quiroste and his nominal election as Emperor in the West, Alijivit continued from the Ramaytush region into Miwok. Despite proclaiming him leader, very few nobles trusted him with their own forces, and the Tongva army remained far smaller than those of its allies. Despite this, the Tongva army would achieve a second, smaller victory in Karkin soon after, which decisively pushed the war north of the bay. Soon after (late 1395), Alijivit would be pulled back toward the south, arriving the following spring, as news reached the emperor of an invasion by a southern coalition against Tongva proper. In response to the embarrassment inflicted upon him by Alijivit earlier in the emperor’s career, Lord Humwichawa organized the largest army the region had ever seen in order to strike at the distracted emperor. The ruler of ʔívil̃uqaletem had died of old age soon after his anticlimactic venture with Humwichawa years earlier, and with the disaster looming over the kingdom, Humwichawa forced his way to the throne over the previous king’s young son. In conjunction, an army was raised of mercenaries and sympathizers from the eastern trade routes. A small number came from the Kingdom of the Delta and the Patayan Confederacy, while most arrived from the trade routes in between, who sought to squash the independent minded Tongva, restoring southern control over trade in and out of the empire. Alijivit framed his defense as a defense of the empire as a whole, attracting some support from other local, newly inspired neighbors. Additionally, he promised the spoils and lands gained from the war to allied Serrano instead, allowing him to gain their loyalty and lose their jealousy toward himself. This gamble would prove successful, as Humwichawa would be killed during the battle by one of his former slaves, collapsing the war front against Tongva.

====Conflict of the Pàlocrats====

[[File:Native-american-traders-underwood-archives.jpg|thumb|300px|A modern day courier taking part in the long walk, as was common during the era of the Pàlocrats]]

The Great Interregnum (1388-1410) eventually came to a close, after over two decades of internal strife, and a half dozen claimants or elected individuals vying for the imperial throne. The emperor would be Momsam of Nisenan, who was crowned following the death of the last unofficial rulers of the empire. The chaos of the interregnum had led to conflict across the empire, with feuding and violence among lesser lords becoming increasingly common. Likely the threat of a Shoshone invasion finally confined some sense of unity upon the fragmented states of the north, while elsewhere a trend of disconnectedness continued. The state of Tongva, whose claim to fame had been the ruler Alijivit, a brief contender for the imperial throne, largely fell from the spotlight after his death in 1408, with Alijivit’s son Tomasajaquichi ascending to the throne of the region. He would continue his father’s policy of controlling trade across the Ngáchishtemal, as early in his reign he would launch a war against the Payómkawichum, in what would become known as the First Pál War (1412-1418). The instability of the region had led to the rise of dozens of lesser warlords, merchant bands, and smugglers, commanding armies that remained after the fall of Humwichawa. Known as Pàlocrats, these lords often fought amongst themselves, fighting for control over the sparse resources of the region. In particular water was considered the most valuable commodity in the desert, with communities clinging to small lakes and rivers.

The cities of Tongva benefited greatly from the state of affairs, as the individual groups were expected to pay high tariffs while traveling into the empire. Additionally, Tongva gained a reputation as a region of a thousand gods, as the region’s rulers welcomed its multicultural population, and placed a great collection of idols and temples in the region. Fearing divine wrath, those in Tongva acted considerably more civilly than in the desert, and the region became famous for its safety and neutrality in regards to trading. By the time of Tomasajaquichi’s ascension, the region produced a substantial portion of its income from holy pilgrimages and the selling of relics, its high tariffs to traders, and from spending and gifts from dignitaries, who desired a safe meeting place in the south. To the east, ʔívil̃uqaletem remained less tame, as the region descended into dozens of petty lords, both of native and northerner descent. Northwest of the great Pal Heluwut (Cahuilla Lake), where the lands of Humwichawa ended, sat Tongva’s only rival in religious matters; Hatauva, or The Eye of God. Considered one of the holiest sites of the south, the enormous quartz dome and temple complex was said to be the eye of the Taaqtam creator Kruktat. As the shrine was literally in the gaze of a deity, the temple was exceptionally peaceful and influential as well, with a trade city emerging outside the boundaries of the temple. North of Hatauva was The Hub (OTL Barstow), which was one of the epicenters of the Pàlocrats and the merchants of the south, controlling an important crossroads of the empire. A common route would take a longwalker from Shuhthagi Ki:him to Pal Heluwut to Hatauva to The Hub, which were approximately equidistant from each other, and either northwest to the fertile imperial valley, northeast to bustling Grand Canyon metropolis, or southwest back to Tongva.

Tomasajaquichi’s war would be conceived in order to preserve Tongva’s importance along these routes, as to the Payómkawichum had rode Tongva’s coattails during the time of prosperity, and had grown as an alternative to Tongvan cities along the southern coast. Initially Tomasajaquichi overwhelmed the southerners, seizing the capital at Mixéelum Pompáwvo (OTL Escondido) after a year. This would spark alarm in other southern states, such as the Kumeyaay, who was Tongva’s other coastal rival. South of Kumeyaay, the Cochimí were split on the matter, depending on which neighbor was locally prefered, leading to conflict in that region. During the next three years, the First Pál War focused primarily on the southern peninsula (Baja), which would be unique compared to later Pál Wars, with the Tongvans campaigning far to the south from their homeland. After four years (early 1416), the Kingdom of the Delta joined the war against Tongva, collapsing Tongva’s ally, the Taaqtam-ʔívil̃uqaletem puppet regime. It would not be until the Treaty of Tái (Palomar Mountain) that the war concluded. The annexation of Payómkawichum by Tongva would be confirmed, but at great cost to the nation, while its eastern connections were damaged. Almost immediately after the treaty, a smaller proxy war began in the east, over who would come to dominate the northern connection to The Hub, with the Kingdom of the Delta securing numerous vassals in Humwichawa. Tongva would prioritize the middle route to the Kwtsaan lands along the Aha Kwahwat, which terminated at the city of Ku'npa'sa (Blythe).

[[File:Surrender mormon painting.jpg|thumb|300px|Defeated soldiers surrendering their arms in the aftermath of the First Pál War]]

The nation’s success in the First Pál War would not be a lasting peace in the region. For years it had been custom that the great powers on either end of the desert reap the benefits of trade, but leave the central lands as the land of traders and independent peoples, who facilitated the trade between nation to nation. With the interior land itself being of little value, most nations benefited greatly from leaving it to its own devices. Recent conflicts had shown that this was changing, as the Ngáchishtemal came to be inhabited by a growing population, which began to specialize in other industries. In particular, after centuries of facilitating the gold trade, gold was discovered in Ngáchishtemal itself, with entrepreneurial pàlocrats diversifying into gold and other commodities. Just north of The Hub sat another, older gold producing region, known as Payahǖǖnadǖ (OTL Owens Valley), where gold mines were abundant along the Wakopee River from north to south. The Hub would become partially propped up by the gold trade having to pass through its borders if heading southward, however, this relationship would be damaged by the arrival of the Shoshone, who threatened the region from the east. Fearing the encroaching army from the west, many of the region’s investors looked south. One such leader would be Pahinawa, a Nyyhmy man who had tried to strike it big in the Payahǖǖnadǖ gold fields. Instead he became a mercenary, leading a successful company around the periphery of the Shoshone wars. He would be present at the famed Battle of Ongtupqa, in which the Shoshone came across the great canyon cities of the Patayan and Hopi, and later he would lead soldiers for the Kingdom of the Delta at the conclusion of 1418. Two years later he launched an exodus to the south, and with his experienced mercenary company following him, he managed to capture the Oasis of Mara from the local pàlocrat, loosely uniting the lands of Humwichawa once more.

Gradually the domain of Pahinawa came to extend east to the Aha Kwahwat and as far northeast as the city of ʼAha Kuloh (OTL Needles). Pahinawa took advantage of the region’s wealth, capturing and expanding gold mines and other endeavors. His capital at the oasis was built up considerably with new architecture, dwarfing the old tent city that surrounded it, and to this end he launched raids of his neighbors in order to capture engineers, architects, and artisans. This would not go unnoticed, leading to the Second Pál War in 1423. A coalition was formed, spearheaded by Yuracizhi of the Patayan and the paramounts of the Delta to the south. Around the same time, the Shoshone arrived in the southern region of the empire, and took an interest in propping up Pahinawa’s kingdom to spite their enemy Patayan. At the Battle of Iipa’ahwat a string of early defeats was reversed by Pahinawa and his allies. After this victory, the nation of Tongva entered the war on the side of Pahinawa. The nation would launch an attack on The Hub, hoping to capture the prosperous trade city of the north. Instead the nation would suffer an unexpected defeat, and by that time the war had been ended in the south inconclusively. The Shoshone did not leave the south however, and in late 1424 they launched an invasion westernward. They first came upon the nation of Timbisha and captured the region with a siege at the city of Tümpisa (OTL Death Valley). From there they fell upon the region of Payahǖǖnadǖ, capturing the gold mines that had been the competitor of their ally, and part of the bankroll for their enemies. With his domain now threatened, Emperor Momsam ordered a war to liberate the southeast border of the empire, but he would be primarily answered by southern states such as Tongva, Yokuts, and Taaqtam.

====Shoshone Conquests of the South====

As conflict in the south escalated, the Shoshone made peace in the north of the western empire. By 1425 they had captured Dá’aw (Tahoe) and the major cities Waashiw, and had advanced far into eastern Modoc, Achumawi, Atsugewi, and Maidu. This war of the northern coalition would end with the Shoshone seizing much of the land around the border, but ultimately not advancing into the empire further. Shielded by the central mountains (Sierra Nevada), the center of the empire remained intact, leaving the south as the Shoshone’s main focus. After the death of the emperor, Cucunuchi III of Yokuts would be elected as emperor, due to his military experience and fervent disdain for the Shoshone, which attracted votes from Miwoks, Klamath, and other electors most affected by the prospect of an invasion. Almost immediately after his election, the emperor expanded the coalition against the Shoshone, primarily attracting southern nation sot his cause. The nation of Tübatulabal fell completely to the Shoshone, putting them on the doorstep of Yokuts. Their armies continued on to the other southern states around Tongva, only halting at the mountains that marked the northern border across much of the nation. Initially The Hub acted as a central point of resistance against the Shoshone, electing a Yokut-Chumash warrior named Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos, born in a family of wealthy sweat house proprietors, as a leading general.

He arose at a time when Ngáchishtemal had fallen into chaos. It is said that cannibalism was practiced by the most desperate desert dwellers of the south, while others turned to kidnapping and slaving. A common practice arose of raiding the southern peninsula, capturing slaves, and exporting them to the north, with the middleman of the Delta becoming rich off the trade. Warlords would brand and tattoo their people and slaves, training large private armies that walked the southern wastes. One such warlord of the peninsula was Kwanamasuplisával (“Six Skin”), so called for his career as part of six cohorts, before he rebelled against his former captor and established his own slaver company. In 1426 Kwanamasuplisával daringly began to raid northward, skirting along the warzone with the Shoshone. He followed the path of exiles and refugees, finding the towns that remained and forcing them to submit to his rule.

By the end of the year he accepted a contract with the Shoshone directly, in which he was traded supplies and men in exchange for his experienced scouts, intelligence, and tribute. The warlord would accomplish what the Shoshone had failed to do earlier, when he turned east and crossed the 'Aha Kwahwat to invade the Patayan. Plagued by internal strife at the time of his invasion, the Patayan were unable to mount a proper defense, and were defeated near the city of Huwaalyapay Nyava. After forming an unofficial peace with the easterners, Kwanamasuplisával made this city his capital, demanding that those who sought refuge from the Shoshone pay him tribute. Around the same time, the Shoshone continued into the central valley to the west, winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Baana’an'hiy', against the Yokut, Chumash, Tongvans, and others.

In early 1427 Kwanamasuplisával’s ambitions caused him to turn on his former supporters, and he formed an unholy alliance with Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos and one of the other dominant lords of Ngáchishtemal, Pahinawa. Their triumvirate would reverse the poor fortunes of the war, as that spring a Shoshone army would be defeated at the Battle of Atcamséʼish. The death of the Shoshone emperor, Wirasuap, occurred soon after, which caused a lull in the Shoshone war effort. A temporary peace ensued, as the majority of the nation’s armies returned north. The rise of Cameahwait as emperor renewed hostilities, as he personally led an army to crush Yokut in battle. The triumvirate would be instrumental in dislodging the Shoshone from taking the valley, while aided by Tomasajaquichi IV of Tongva, and other local rulers. North of Wa'aach, another battle would see an army under Kwanamasuplisával and the Tongvan general Lord Isanthcogna successful, however, Kwanamasuplisával would be killed while leading a charge against the attackers. In early 1428 the Shoshone managed to isolate The Hub and surround it, with Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos only narrowly escaping from the city into the south. He would be disgraced by his former army, and after a brief siege The Hub surrendered. Although partially destroyed, the Shoshone would later declare the city their local capital in the region, and the former epicenter of the anti-Shoshone alliance became a Shoshone headquarters.

[[File:Nephites-and-Lamanites.jpg|thumb|300px|A modern recreation of the conquests of Wirasuap]]

Yat’eeshanaw would go on to become a minor lord in the far south, eventually turning to slaving and other ways to make a living. After a year in the wilderness, he would manage to talk his way into the Kingdom of the Delta, where he was employed in the court as their desert advisor. The states from Tongva to Salinan effectively became tributary states of the Shoshone, who focused their efforts on an ill-fated attempt to pacify up to the Delta, and other wars in the far north. During the next five years the Shoshone would focus elsewhere, successfully creating tributary states out of their northern neighbors. The western empire would launch a war under its new emperor, Gmok'am'c III of Klamath, which would be far more unified in scope. This war would be far more successful, culminating in the death of Wirasuap in 1435. The Shoshone would largely fragment into various kings, with the southern tributaries in the western empire being liberated. The Hub would remain a Shoshone capital for sometime, as the center of the Degwanate of Jookympin, one of the main breakaway chiefdoms.

After the death of Emperor Wirasuap, a temporary peace with the Shoshone ensued over the south of the western empire, however, this would not mark a complete return to pre-war normalcy. Gmok'am'c III of Klamath would order a daring but costly invasion in the north, in effect to avenge the raiding done against how own home kingdom, despite the south of the empire being more pressing overall. There he achieved numerous initial victories, but was ultimately beaten by a local Paiute general, Numaga, who later became the brother-in-law of the Shoshone Emperor, Washakie. Nonetheless, Gmok'am'c returned to the west with plunder and a desirable peace treaty, which he hoped would ensure peace completely with the Shoshone. This proved initially successful, as Washakie would become preoccupied with civil war across his vast empire. Numerous Degwanates emerged, with the Degwanate of Jookympin showing the most longevity, partially due to its quick assimilation into local southern culture.

This kingdom would fall to Winnemucca the Younger, who was the nephew of the Shoshone emperor, and would be centered around The Hub, which was rebuilt as a fusion of both cultures, through the capturing of dozens of local architects and engineers. The last active leader of the triumvirate of Ngáchishtemal, Pahinawa, would die of natural causes during the war against Jookympin, and his empire of the wastes largely fragmented. The nominal heads of the desert would all swear fealty to Jookympin in the coming year, leading to Shoshone consolidation over the south. In 1436 Winnemucca would lead an invasion of the west once more, pouring into the fertile central valley, which was the breadbasket of the west. The states of the region were rallied, from the remnants of the Yokuts, to the Miwok and bay cities, to the imperial state of Klamath in the north. Over the course of the next two years the Shoshone enacted a brutal occupation of the region, stretching for a brief time to even the great bay of the west. Gmok'am'c III would die in 1439, with the throne being hastily given to a leading general, Xigmacse of the Ohlone.

Fortunes changed in 1440, as infighting among the Shoshone forced Winnemucca to return east. Additionally, the Kingdom of the Delta would declare war, with the formerly disgraced resistance leader Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos accompanying the Delta army, and they would be joined by Patayan in the east, who quickly reclaimed its territory up to the river, and Tongva in the west. The Delta’s army would feature an army of their own citizens, which had never before been raised in such large numbers, as well as a giant assortment of mercenaries and slaves, who were highly pricey but experienced in desert combat. The Delta would also experiment with the so called “Ahwitkapa” (Red Man) army, which was an army comprised entirely of slaves, trained since childhood to be highly disciplined and loyal. The war would prove successful, not only in advancing north into the Degwanate’s land directly, but also in forcing the Shoshone to abandon the center of the western empire, leading to a chain reaction across the region. Xigmacse would successfully liberate Yokuts by the end of the year, and in early 1441 secure an important victory at the Battle of Tehachapi.

Winnemucca would not be completely pushed out of the region however, and at the end of the year he signed a treaty with the exhausted western empire, as well as with the Delta-led coalition. Elsewhere, Washakie proved to be a successful and influential emperor, as after the conclusion of the civil war in his favor, he oversaw the transformation of the empire into a modern state. Centers of learning were promoted in the capital, where scholars, theologians, writers, and artists were gathered from across the west. It was during his reign that the Ghost Dance reformation began in nearby Paiute lands, which led to a series of rebellions and wars in that nation over the matter of religion. Despite the best efforts of the Cahokians, the Ghost Dance continued to spread, reaching Shoshone lands in the west, and the Sioux Empire in the east. With the Paiute severely weakened, Washakie would order an invasion of the state, successfully conquering the last remaining Paiute kingdom. Unlike his predecessors in the region, Washakie would not outright persecute the religion, instead hoping to use the religion’s message of unity as a way to establish order across the vast empire. In 1459 he would formally convert to the Ghost Dance, which would elevate its spread across the west.

====Rise of the Delta====

{{Main|Kingdom of the Delta (Merveilles des Morte)}}

[[File:Waldeck Hängende Gärten der Semiramis.jpg|thumb|300px|A mythologized depiction of the ancient city of the Delta]]

An era of Shoshone conquest in the south had come to an end, with the Degwanate of Jookympin, being the last vestige of their presence there. Despite supplanting a Shoshone aristocracy, along with its architecture, culture, and stylings, into the southern region, particularly in the rebuilding of The Hub, which became a metropolitan blending of Shoshone culture with local influences, Winnemucca became largely compelled to embrace southern culture. He would be married to a noblewoman named ʔívil̃uqaletem, with his sons Natchez and Tambiago being raised in a more southern style. After its success against the Shoshone, the Kingdom of the Delta continued to prosper. The southern end of Ngáchishtemal, which had been contested between the Delta and various other local powers for some time, became firmly under the control of the Kingdom of the Delta, with the nation’s borders now extending to the southern end of the Pal Heluwut.

The Delta’s king, Oacpicagigua II, sought to continue outward expansion with its newfound military prowess, and looked to the south. One of the nation’s rivals for control over the southern gulf, Yoreme, was of particular interest. The nation had broken free from the Mogollon empire, which once stretched from the great metropolis of Wainom Wo:g (Casa Grande) and the Paslápaane (Rio Grande) in the north, to the doorstep of Mesoamerica in the south, and would become a hybrid of the Mogollon, Hohokam, Aztecan, and Deltan cultures. The islands of Tahejöc and Coftéecöl (Tiburón and San Esteban), which had only recently been conquered from the Hohokam by Yoreme, was a particularly unstable but profitable portion of the southern nation, as trade to the Delta from the south passed through its waters. The native Comcaac, who made up a large portion of Yoreme’s population around the islands, had been harshly assimilated after a previous revolt, leaving the situation on the islands tense.

To seize these islands, Oacpicagigua heavily expanded the nation’s navy. Traditionally, the nation had operated a large number of smaller, river going vessels, which sailed along the delta and river throughout the nation. The gulf had been controlled by small galleys and a plethora of trade ships, which were primarily coastcutters of western design. Oacpicagigua’s fleet would consist of ships made purely for ocean voyages, which were far larger than any ship of the region, and armed with more advanced instruments of war. These ships would be highly ornate and decorative, with dark red wood and orange sails, embedded with silver patterns along their hulls, as a sign of the nation’s great wealth. In 1448 the Delta’s fleet departed for the coast of Yoreme, taking the native fleet by surprise. At the Battle of Hast the Delta navy successfully destroyed Yoreme in battle, forcing them to make peace soon after, and grant the Kingdom of the Delta ownership of all the gulf. The nation sought further domination of the peninsula, which had been reduced largely to a state of fragmentation and infighting by recent wars in the north. Both the Kingdom of the Delta and its neighbors had profited greatly from the conflict thus far, with slavers using the peninsula as a hunting ground to supply the Ahwitkapa Army, and other slave bands. Emboldened by this trade, the northern warlords of the peninsula became increasingly powerful and demanding of the Delta and other nations, requesting larger payment to venture into the south on slaving endeavors.

Seeking to bypass this, in 1449 the nation declared war on the city state of Adac (Bahía de los Ángeles), to gain control over a city directly in the middle of the peninsula. After a brief siege of the city by the nation’s navy, the city surrendered the Delta forces. This would not go unnoticed by the local population, with several local clans and cities declaring war to liberate Adac. Likewise, an alliance of northern tribes united, along with support from Tongva and Kumeyaay, who saw the Delta as attempting to circumvent their monopoly over the coast. Collectively the conflict would evolve into the Third Pál War, as the nations of the coast became more invested in dislodging the Delta. The former leader of the south against the Shoshone, turned to a Delta advisor and general, Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos would be placed at the head of an army of his own command, after convincing the government of his utility in the north. His experience was largely exaggerated, as at his first encounter, in which he was ambushed by northern Cochimí tribesmen, resulted in the Delta army retreating. Fearing retribution if he returned to Shuhthagi Ki:him empty handed, Yat’eeshanaw targeted communities of the region for new recruits and slaves, and and around the border with Jookympin, before marching west into Kumeyaay. This resulted in a more upfront battle, as he was matched by Kumeyaay and Tongva’s armies, along with a small number of mercenaries, and the battle would result in a Deltan victory.

After the Kingdom of the Delta’s initial victories against Tongva and its allies, the Third Pál War continued with Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos leading an invasion of Kumeyaay directly. By 1451 he had successfully reached the coast, while in the south a second Deltan army had made progress in the peninsula. In Jookympin, Winnemucca the younger died to old age, and his second son, Tambiago, ascended to the throne of the degwanate. He ascended to the throne at a time of strife in the Shoshone Empire to the north, with the Ghost Dance Reformation plaguing the region, and even spreading to Jookympin in small numbers. Despite a lack of support from the Shoshone, in 1452 Tambiago broke his peace with the western empire, and launched an expedition to resubjugate Chumash, Yokuts, and other neighboring states.

At the Battle of Kagismuwas, an army of Chumash, Tongvans, and other groups would successfully repulse the attackers, before Tambiago was defeated and killed later that year while in Yokuts. The result was an inconclusive war, which only served to weaken Jookympin and other states. The poor state of affairs plunged the Degwanate of Jookympin into crisis, as the young king died without a direct heir, and areas on the periphery of the nation conspired for independence. A cousin of Winnemucca, named Tiovanduah, seized control over the northern half of the nation, controlling the few Shoshone majority towns, as well as important cities such as Tümpisa and Ongtupqa, the latter of which taken by force from a local uprising. Another leader, Tondzaosha, who was the brother-in-law of Winnemucca, managed to secure the capital and receive backing as well, especially after he offered numerous concessions to the locals of The Hub. The south of the nation was less contained, with local warlords gaining autonomy once more.

[[File:53b79bc17ceb8de4a73e8ed87213c6b7--scripture-journal-scripture-study.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The elite soldiers of the Delta at the time of their rise to power]]

In the meantime, the Delta took advantage of Tambiago’s war to then invade Tongva. Although not resoundingly defeated like Kumeyaay, Tongva sought to avoid a similarly poor fate as them, and sued for peace on more favorable terms, which allowed the Tongvans slightly more autonomy than the south. This largely ended the Third Pál War, with Oacpicagigua of the Delta reigning supreme as the premiere king of the southwest. The Treaty of Wa-cuatay was concluded in 1454, which saw the Delta firmly annex most of Kumeyaay, while the north of the peninsula was organized into a series of warlords, which swore fealty to the Deltan king. During this time the Delta would open up trade all across the gulf, as well as south to Xalisco, the Tarascans, and the Aztec Empire. Oacpicagigua’s treasure fleet would embark on an ambitious trade mission, and also a show of force. He would also strengthen ties to the west, establishing port cities on the western coast.

In the meantime, Yat’eeshanaw Xo’mos would be appointed a governor in the new territories of the west, after his successful campaign there. He became increasingly interested in the war in Jookympin, looking toward his old benefactor, The Hub. Without clear authorization from the government, in 1455 he launched an expedition north, which saw him capture or free a large number of slaves and settlers, gaining a great deal of prestige for the Delta. Soon after, Tiovanduah would defeat Tondzaosha in battle, uniting the nation once more for the most part. In 1460 Yat’eeshanaw returned to the north again, but this time sought to liberate The Hub and formally expand Deltan territory. After initial victories in Ngáchishtemal, the Shoshone sent envoys to the Delta to sue for peace, unaware that their governor was largely acting independently. They struck a deal, in which the area around Pal Heluwut was ceded to the Delta, and in exchange the Deltans would help quell rebels elsewhere for Jookympin, and recall Yat’eeshanaw.

The Deltans honored their end of the deal, stripping Yat’eeshanaw of support, and lending troops to Jookympin. Yat’eeshanaw found himself surrounded in enemy territory, with his supplies and manpower quickly dwindling. Despite this he continued his exploits, raiding all across the nation, and supplementing his poor situation with captured slaves and treasures. In 1462 he stationed in the northwest of the nation, with plans to flee into Yokuts to live out his days as a wealthy man. Instead he became tempted by the prospect of one last raid, after he learned The Hub had been ungarrisoned, as the Shoshone became distracted in the north. He launched an attack on the city, but soon discovered it was a trap, as Shoshone, Tongvan, and even Deltan soldiers surrounded his small band. Nevertheless the old man rode into battle, perishing in a final charge outside the city’s walls.

[[File:Lamanites vs nephites.jpg|thumb|300px|Deltan archers at the Battle of Pimugna]]

The reign of Oacpicagigua II would be considered a golden age for the Kingdom of the Delta, as under his leadership the nation successfully defended against numerous invaders, had expanded significantly past its borders for the first time, and had prospered in aspects of culture and art. During the later half of his reign, the Kingdom of the Delta would undergo a military reformation of the Ahwitkapa, as the nation recognized the need to continually upgrade its military capabilities following its outward expansion. The result was the Hûmok (“Three) System, in which veteran pikemen, swordsmen, and ranged units would be mixed together into mobile squares, organized into groups of three. In 1462 this system was tested, as the nation went to war with Chumash to the northwest. Initially a war at sea, the Deltan navy successfully defeated the Chumash at the Battle of Pimugna, to gain control over the seas directly south of Tongva. On land the Chumash would attempt to incite the Tongvans to rebel, leading to a fierce series of battles near the nation’s border. By 1563 the war had ended, with the Deltans occupying the southern islands, and successfully repulsing the invasion at the border.

Oacpicagigua II would die in 1470 at the age of 62, and was succeeded by his grandson Ohatchecama. Less ambitious than his predecessor, Ohatchecama continued peace in the region, but continued naval-based exploration of the west. In the following years the region encountered a drought much larger than normal, which strained the resources of the region. Although the Delta had one of the most intricate water retention systems in the region, as most nations by this time have many forms of irrigation and water acquisition, the kingdom would still be hit by the negative environmental effects. Under these circumstances the Pàlocrats thrived, as the shortage caused the price of water to surge. Trade caravans across the Ngáchishtemal carried water in high numbers, backed by the trained guards of the Delta. The drought would cause a chain of events further to the east, as many Apache settlers migrated south or west, pushing others northwest toward the Delta. Ohatchecama would die unexpectedly in 1471, having only fathered a young daughter named Stotahiosigam. Instead he was succeeded by his nephew, Irataba IV, although this was not without disagreement from his uncle, the brother of both Irataba IV’s father and Oacpicagigua II, Avihavasuts.

During the instability in the Degwanate of Jookympin, many local leaders reasserted their autonomy, with some being subsequently crushed when Tiovanduah ascended to the throne as sole leader. One such leader who managed to prosper during the chaos, by siding with the winning faction of the civil war, was a minor lord named Tʼòyłóna of Thə̀łołíne (Las Vegas), whose domain was a small Puebloan-Patayan city in the eastern edge of the nation. Having been the site of numerous recent wars, from the recent conquest by the Shoshone from the Patayan, and the Shoshone wars near the Grand Canyon, the region was left relatively poor compared to other former Patayan cities. Nevertheless, for aiding him in retaking the nation, Tiovanduah promoted the city of Thə̀łołíne greatly. Under the leadership of the new king, a trade route would be established to the great metropolis of Pi'a-pa (Salt Lake City), running due northeast, rather than along the older routes, which traveled north through more difficult terrain and over a longer distance. The older routes prioritized traveling through Shoshone territory, but with the Degwanate of Jookympin’s relationship with the Shoshone Empire largely breaking apart, Tiovanduah instead bypassed them, and passed through the neutral nation of Diné. A clear route emerged, running from the capital at The Hub to the town of Atcamséʼish (Baker), and then to Thə̀łołíne. From here traders exited Jookympin to reach the city of Xópi (Zion), and then continued north toward Pi'a-pa. Because of this new found utility, the city of Thə̀łołíne grew immensely, while the capital in the west also prospered. Tiovanduah would also open relations with the Western Empire states to his northwest, with many of the states of the central valley returning to the Tongva region to trade and export goods via the sea.

====Deltan Civil War====

[[File:Forgotten-Voyagers.jpg|thumb|300px|A possible Deltan trade ship during the 15th century]]

In 1478 King Irataba IV of the Delta died unexpectedly at a young age, leaving his son to become Kaviu V. Only eight years old at the time of his father’s death, Kaviu’s great uncle Avihavasuts became regent of the nation. As the young king grew older, the regent claimed the king was proving unfit to rule, due to mental disability, and Kaviu was slowly phased out of government. One leader who emerged would be Espanesay, who was the son-in-law of Pahinawa of Humwichawa, who formed a careful alliance with the old guard of Shuhthagi Ki:him. This faction would come to support Stotahiosigam, the daughter of the late king Ohatchecama, as a possible new monarch. Alternatively, the noble Cooswootna of Saahatpa was also proposed as an alternative, as he was the nephew of Avihavasuts via the ʔívil̃uqaletem nobility. A rebellion broke out in 1482, after the king attempted to purge the nobles of the capital who were collaborating with Stotahiosigam. The queen pretender fled the city east to Patayan, under the guidance of Espanesay. At the Battle of Gel 'Oidag, Avihavasuts successfully recaptured the northeast corner of the nation, sending Espanesay into retreat. While in Patayan, Stotahiosigam would negotiate a royal marriage with one of the princes of the confederacy, Gakoḑk, in exchange for military aid back to the nation. Unbeknownst of this brewing alliance, Avihavasuts marched northwest to capture Cooswootna.

Despite possessing little in the way of Deltan soldiers, other than a small number who had settled the region after the region’s conquest, Cooswootna managed to rally a large number of natives from ʔívil̃uqaletem, as well as contract a large number of desert mercenaries of Ngáchishtemal. At the Battle of Wíhahyut, Avihavasuts managed to initially defeat Cooswootna in battle, however, Cooswootna captured Kaviu, who had been left to sit idly in camp during the battle. Having not yet stated his claim to the throne, Cooswootna proclaimed that Kaviu had relayed to him that Avihavasuts was a traitor, and called upon the nation to turn against the attempted usurper. Soon after Stotahiosigam crossed into the nation at the head of a Patayan army. After both of these developments, Avihavasuts fled south into the southern peninsula, hoping to regain his strength among the tributary states of the nation.

Still claiming to be king, Avihavasuts proclaimed that he would allow the nations of the region fully independence, in exchange for support in ousting the other claimants. In 1483 Stotahiosigam marched on the capital city, leading to a battle against Cooswootna, in which she ultimately retreated from. Also that year, the Degwanate of Jookympin caught wind of the instability in the south, and sought to exploit the situation. Tiovanduah would successfully capture the area around Pal Heluwut, which had partially been Cooswootna’s powerbase before taking the capital. Stotahiosigam escaped into Jookympin lands, as Tiovanduah also attacked her benefactor, Patayan. The 1484 Battle of Ki'i'musill saw Stotahiosigam return to the nation, successfully defeating the Shoshone east of Tongva, and supposedly saving the west of the nation from total collapse. This action earned her the support of much of the northwest, as the king and his regent remained in the south, depicted as craven.

While she traveled west to Tongva to form alliances, Stotahiosigam left a Patayan general named Ban'ikuade in command of her forces, with him winning another battle soon after near Pal Heluwut. Tiovanduah became preoccupied in the east, ravaging the Patayan region. This left their army in the west without any support, and contributed to the complete collapse of the nation. By the end of the year he had captured Huwaalyapay Nyava (Kingman) and the Grand Canyon, followed by Havasu early the following year. The leader of the confederacy, Delshay IV, was killed that spring, leading to further disunity. The south of the nation proclaimed Anasa VII as king, but by this time the Patayan Confederacy had largely broken up. Cooswootna would order an invasion into the south of Patayan as well, capturing what remained of the nation.

[[File:35666 all 034 21.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A battle during the Deltan Civil War]]

Anasa VII remained a thorn in the side of both the Delta and the Shoshone, maintaining a successful resistance to both nations for several years. He would work closely with Espanesay, who had organized militias across the border region in Jookympin. The Delta effectively lost control over the northwest of the nation, which supported Stotahiosigam, the north, which was occupied by the Shoshone, and the southwest, which supported Avihavasuts, which continued to divide Cooswootna’s efforts. Operating as the supposed Queen of the Delta in the northwest, Stotahiosigam formed alliances with Tongva, Chumash, and Yokuts, hoping to organize a resistance against the Shoshone. This coalition proved highly successful, with the Yokuts retaking Baana’an'hiy'in late 1484, which threatened the capital of Jookympin. While making his way back west to defend the region.

Tiovanduah suddenly fell ill and died, ending the nation’s ambitions. The Yokuts would advance as far as the city of Tehachapi, gaining control of the territory up to the surrounding mountains, while in the north the two duchies of Tümpisa and Thə̀łołíne became independent. The latter managed to retain control over the occupied territories in Patayan, due to the duchy’s close relationship with the late king. The lands in the south faced rebellion from the native, non-Shoshone population, which saw the establishment of several short-lived nations, including the Hub Commune, which operated under a republican form of government. In Tongva a leader known as Azucsagna ascended to the throne, declaring Tongva to once more be independent from any overlord. He would successfully wage war against the weakened Shoshone and Deltan factions, and by 1485 had seized the west coast of the Kingdom of the Delta completely. Stotahiosigam would go on to marry one of the last Shoshone claimants to Jookympin after the death of her first husband, and would unite the last remnants of the nation.

The Degwanate of Jookympin formally ceased to exist, after the last self-proclaimed Degwan, Cameahwait of Atcamséʼish, was killed in battle against Stotahiosigam. The queen would declare herself ruler of all Ngáchishtemal, conquering The Hub as a capital in 1486. After years of fighting, the Treaty of Pal Heluwut would finally be reached, which saw Stotahiosigam, Avihavasuts, and Kaviu/Cooswootna formally make peace. Avihavasuts would die of natural causes later that year, with his son, Navijhu, declaring the Kingdom of Xwattssa in the northern peninsula. The states of the region would remain in fierce competition for years to come. Inheriting the naval prowess of the Delta, each nation developed its own navy, which competed for trade dominance in the southwest, but also in the western sea.

===Sixteenth Century===

{{Main|1500-1599 (Merveilles des Morte)}}

====Keli Kings Period====

[[File:Gila box nca.jpg|thumb|300px|The cities of the central rivers came to dominate the end of the 15th century]]

The Kingdom of the Delta's rule over the remains of the Patayan Confederacy forced it to look eastward, as rebellion persisted and conflict arose with neighboring eastern nations. The O'odham, who had previously been defeated by the Deltans, promoted these insurrections, while also strengthening their ports on the Hiac'eḑ
Ka:ck (Gulf of California). After being pushed from their homeland in the north, the O'odham came to play an important role in trade to Mesoamerica. Their migration launched a series of conquests southward, resulting in an increase in exchange of ideas between north and south. Along the western coast the city of Hiakim along the Hiak Vatwe (Yaqui River) was conquered by a warlord named Ban'ikuadc, which along with Kapaḑvadam to the north, served as important O'odham port cities. From here O'odham traders reached Xalisco and other Mesoamerican city states. On land they traded with the Tepehuán, a nation that developed south of the Mogollon and O'odham in the interior of the region. The Tepehuán were bordered by the Chichiman nations, who served as the last buffer on land between the Aztec dominated south and the Puebloan culture of the north.

North of the Delta, the independent Thə̀łołíne state proved to be short lived, as in the 1490s the Shoshone aristocracy was toppled by the region's Puebloan, Apache, and Navajo inhabitants, who eventually divided the former nation. The Deltans under cwould launch a minor war in 1492, which saw their Patayan territory extended north. Hoping to ensure peace, Hidoḑmakai III of the O'odham mediated the situation, and wed his daughter to Cooswootna. Around the same time Navijhu's Kingdom of Xwattssa continued to expand along the southern peninsula, with the chieftains of Cochimí being conquered or sworn as vassals by 1496. Afterward, Navijhu turned his attention to the few tribes who still swore allegiance to the Delta, and began to coerce them to his allegiance instead. Aside from those immediately around the city of Adac, where Deltan settlement and strong trade kept the area loyal, the rest of the peninsula north of the Guaycura fell to Xwattssa.

In 1499 the leader of the O'odham, Hidoḑmakai III died and was succeeded by his son Komkïcuḑ. The new leader of the O'odham would be much more zealous than his father in dethroning Deltan supremacy, and he raised tariffs on their goods, promoted trade with peninsular raiders, and supported non-Deltan nobles in the Patayan region. Cooswootna chose to strike against the O'odham breaking the peace in the region once more. His initial invasion in early 1500 was stalled by poor supplies, leading to little progress. At sea the Deltans assembled a massive navy under the command of Skiitlanoyah, which sought to quickly capture the port city of Kapaḑvadam. Instead, at the Battle of Tahejöc the Deltans were ambushed in the narrow strait east of the island, and suffered a major defeat to a numerically inferior O'odham force. With the Delta's seemingly invincible navy having been defeated, support for the Delta in the peninsula broke down. With all but the city of Adac itself defecting, Navijhu declared war and besieged the city, taking it a month a later.

At the end of the year, Cooswootna launched another invasion, this time following the Keli river eastward into Cíwena lands. He managed to sack the city of Taḍ Memelkuḍ, as well as other towns, before turning back west. At the same time a smaller Deltan force was tasked with attacking the peninsular forces. The Deltan general Wehabesuwa managed to defeat Navijhu in battle, but did not advance further into the south. With the O'odham threatened, the growing resurgence of the Delta inspired Tongva and Ngáchishtemal to go to war. Queen Stotahiosigam of Ngáchishtemal would be responsible for bringing the Tongvans and other allies into the war, due to her extensive number of intermarriages in the region. Through her second wife, a Patayan, she sought to claim the former Patayan Confederacy and create a dual kingdom, stretching along both banks of the 'Aha Kwahwat. The Delta's encroachment on their territory likewise annoyed Cíwena, although the kingdom initially remained undeclared but supportive of the anti-Deltan alliance.

[[File:Blob2.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A typical army during the Keli Kings period]]

Despite attacks by the other belligerents, the Deltans managed to decisively defeat Komkïcuḑ at the Battle of Kaij Mek in early 1501, and fearing an attack against the capital, Komkïcuḑ agreed to cede the northwest region of the nation to the Deltans, and also lift the harsh trade policies leveled against them. With the O'odham removed from the war, Cooswootna returned north, but was unable to stop Stotahiosigam's takeover of much of the Patayan region. This marked Cíwena's formal entrance into the war, as the nation's king Łółácianą joined Stotahiosigam in battle near Aha Kwahwat. Cooswootna would be killed in battle, and Stotahiosigam pushed to have her son-in-law, Ohatchecama, crowned as the new King of the Delta.

Much to the dismay of the Deltan nobility and people, Ohatchecama moved the capital to the city of Yuum, which sat at the divergence of the Keli and 'Aha Kwahwat. Due to its position, the city sat under the influence of Cíwena, with Łółácianą dictating that Puebloan lords from the river region being appointed in Ohatchecama's government. As a result this period in Deltan history becomes known as the Keli Kings period, as a series of puppets and other rulers governed from the river rather than Shuhthagi Ki:him. A small amount of territory in the west was ceded to the Tongvans, while Stotahiosigam continued its occupation of the Patayan lands. Ohatchecama would accept this, while instead becoming distracted by the O'odham, who began to lapse in their agreement. A contingent of O'odham and Mesoamerican mercenaries, mostly from Xalisco, would successfully raid Deltan territory in late 1501.

With many of the Delta's generals being purged from positions of power during the succession, Ohatchecama dispatched the general Wehabesuwa to the east in the hopes of dislodging the O'odham. Wehabesuwa would spend the next several years in the region, often disconnected from the Delta and unaware of the political situation. He would manage to travel across OTL Mexico to the eastern coast, serving among the Chichiman nations, before returning to O'odham with an army long after the war had ended. In the meantime, an inconclusive naval battle would occur in the gulf, which managed to prevent an O'odham raid against the Delta itself. A ceasefire would eventually be called in 1503, after a series of smaller naval battles and skirmishes. In late 1503 hostilities arose once more after the Delta's nobles attempted to block Stotahiosigam's seizure of the city of Ku'npa'sa, which had been one of the few Patayan cities that the Delta retained.

Fearing that the current king was ineffective against this threat, a palace coup occurred that forced Ohatchecama under house arrest. A nobleman named Takodawa took control over the army and marched against Stotahiosigam, but was defeated at Ku'npa'sa. Ohatchecama would later be assassinated, and despising Stotahiosigam's puppeting of their kingdom, Takodawa and his contingent backed Tòpháy’ȕ, a noble from Cíwena who was distantly related to the Deltan royalty, and betrothed to the daughter of the late Cooswootna. Tòpháy’ȕ entrance into the city of Yuum would result in a brief skirmish with several men from Ngáchishtemal, which resulted in the death of one of Stotahiosigam's nephew-in-laws. As king, Tòpháy’ȕ attempted to strike a balance between Ngáchishtemal and Cíwena. Although he recognized the loss of Ku'npa'sa to Stotahiosigam, elsewhere he supported Cíwena and brought Yuum's trade policies closer in line with the east instead of the north.

An incident occurred in the city in which a friend of the king, a minor lord from Cíwena, was found dead. This made the king increasingly paranoid and crazed, with him breaking his self isolation to lead an attack against the supposed perpetrators of the attack, who had fled into the desert of the southeast. After traveling into the desert, the king was reported by his followers as going mad, attacking his own men, and having to be led back to the palace. The king would henceforth be locked in solitary confinement, supposedly due to his fear of being touched or seen. Opponents of the king would theorize that this was actually a ploy to control the Deltan government further. One of the king's closest advisers would prove to be Hoseckrua, the Puebloan governor of Siwañ Wa'a Ki, who was stationed in Yuum by Łółácianą. He would become the king's regent during this time, and this tipped the government firmly toward Puebloan dominance.

One of Stotahiosigam's sons, Paquala, who had managed to marry into the nobility of the southern Delta, would arrive in the capital in 1505. He quickly became a rival adviser for the king, after befriending the king's mother, and according to rumors, beginning an affair with her. The following year the king died of sickness, and his young son Irataba V became king. Paquala would officially become regent for the new king, much to the annoyance of Hoseckrua. As a result, in early 1506 Paquala would be assassinated while on a boat ride down the Keli. Hoseckrua had himself reinstated as regent, and also had Irataba V betrothed to Łółácianą's neice. The murder of her son caused Stotahiosigam to invade, and she was joined by Takodawa, who secretly switched sides in the conflict.

[[File:Zenobia-captive-edward-john-poynter.jpg|thumb|250px|A 19th century painting loosely inspired by the Deltan queen]]

The queen declared that she would install Huttami, Lord of Ku'npa'sa, who was married to her daughter, was a cousin of Irataba V, and was a cousin-in-law of Takodawa, as Huttami II. Initially Stotahiosigam was unsuccessful, as Cíwena's support for Irataba V's government grew. In 1507 an opportunistic commander assassinated Irataba V, his grandmother, and several others, in an attempt to endear himself to Huttami II. Instead the king entered Yuum and had those responsible for the plot executed. Hoseckrua managed to flee back east before the fall of the city. A conference between Stotahiosigam and Łółácianą, in which Stotahiosigam proposed that the two wed and join their kingdoms instead of fighting, as Stotahiosigam's second husband had died that year. Łółácianą rejected this and formally declared war on her for the first time.

Seeking other allies, Stotahiosigam married the ruler of the Yokuts instead. Huttami II also remained an ally, although much of his rule was preoccupied with battling threats within his nation. Despite being initially outnumbered after leaving the conference at the border, Łółácianą marched with a small army and defeated Stotahiosigam's son Aspamekelyeho in battle, which allowed him to advance into Patayan territory. He captured the cities of Huwaalyapay Nyava and ʼAha Kuloh soon after, before Stotahiosigam met him at the river border of the Patayan in 1508. At the Battle of Kwahwat, Stotahiosigam would suffer a major defeat, leading to Cíwena claiming all land east of the river as its own. Hoseckrua returned to the Delta with an army, this time claiming the throne for himself after marrying Tòpháy’ȕ's sister. However, while negotiating with Huttami II to have the kingdom surrendered, Huttami II ordered Hoseckrua to be hacked to pieces by his guards.

While Huttami II was battling in the northeast against the Puebloans, another claimant named Oacpicagigua III arrived in Shuhthagi Ki:him, having won the support of the nation's nobility. He would manage to defeat Huttami II in battle, but was not able to capture him, leading to the rival king living out his reign in exile. Oacpicagigua III took Yuum soon after, where he sent envoys to make peace with Cíwena. Łółácianą accepted due to his ongoing war in the north, effectively ending the Keli Kings period after years of strife, however, the capital remained in Yuum throughout Oacpicagigua III's reign. In Tongva, Alijivit II aided the new king in the Delta, hoping for support in repulsing raids from the peninsula. Alijivit II would also attack Stotahiosigam's domain in the years following the defeat against Cíwena, marking the beginning of Tongvan expansion once more.

Stotahiosigam would spend several years contending against Oacpicagigua III and Łółácianą, but ultimately would not regain her lost territory. She would annul her marriage to the Yokuts leader in 1510, and after the war with Tongva marry Alijivit II's son in the peace deal. Łółácianą of Cíwena would begin to be stylized as Łółácianą the Great in later years, as his kingdom had more than doubled, becoming one of the dominant powers of the region. The Delta would recover but would not again eclipse Cíwena or Tongva for clear dominance over the south.

====Early European Contact====

[[File:The_Conquest_of_Tenochtitlan.jpg|thumb|300px|The conquest of the Aztec Empire by the Spanish]]

In 1520 the Spanish under Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico, beginning the conquest of the Aztec Empire. After the fall of Tenochtitlan, word eventually spread north of arrival of these foreigners. The Tarascans were partially subdued in 1522, and fully by 1530. From here they continued north to attack the Chichimeca in 1540, bringing the Spanish to the edge of Oasisamerica. News of the Spanish traveled north to the Mogollon and O'odham peoples almost immediately, while the Spanish learned of rumors kingdoms through the north from traders traveling south. In 1546 the Spanish discovered silver in the Zacatecas region, which preoccupied them for a short while from continuing north, but also led to a decades-long conflict with the natives of the region, known as the Chichimeca War. The region of Colima was conquered by 1524, and Xalisco was conquered by 1530, leading to the Spanish making direct contact with northern ships.

Nuño de Guzmán, conqueror of Xalisco, was named the first governor of northwest Mexico, called New Galicia. In 1531 he launched an expedition toward O'odham lands, in search of the trade ships arriving in his territory. He entered the region with 300 conquistadors and 5,000 indigenous allies, quickly conquering the region of Sinaloa. His expedition was especially brutal, with all encountered natives being killed or enslaved, and any towns being sacked in search of valuables. After conquering a port city on the coast, Guzmán rechristened it as Compostela, and made it a headquarters for his administration. The Spanish had greatly disrupted the economy of the O'odham, and disease and attacks soon began to cause chaos in the O'odham government. Guzmán next conquered Hiakim, but was temporarily driven back by a raid of several thousand natives.

[[File:NunoBeltranGuzman-1.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán as depicted in the Codex Telleriano-Remensis]]

Later that year he marched as far as Kapaḑvadam and sacked the city. He would successfully capture a large amount of gold and other goods, but believed had not found the ultimate source of these goods. Partially because of his harshness against the region, the natives launched a fierce campaign against him, with the O'odham being joined by the Chichimeca and the remnants of the Tepehuán. Guzmán would also commandeer several trade ships and commission the first Spanish naval expedition in the Gulf of California, initially to help supply his expeditions in the north. This voyage would be attacked by the O'odham in the north and defeated, but not before a ship returned south with news of great riches to the north.

In 1532 Guzmán on Cemamagĭ Doʼag, where he managed to secure the subjugation of the O'odham. Guzmán would have much of the city destroyed, and its nobility tortured and executed. Many inhabitants would also be imported south as slaves to work mines in Mexico. Guzmán would not stay in the north long, leading to the northern half of the O'odham nation largely becoming autonomous once more soon after. He would also encounter the Kingdom of the Delta for the first time, after straying into their territory and coming under attack by a small Deltan force. Forts would be constructed in O'odham territory, but these were often destroyed by local natives. In 1535 Nuño de Guzmán would be arrested and brought back to Spain by Diego Pérez de la Torre, due to his brutality and abuse of power in the region.

In 1527 Pánfilo de Narváez launched an expedition to claim the Gulf Coast for Spain, arriving in Florida and intending to march west around the gulf to Mexico. The expedition encountered numerous problems, with Narváez himself being killed. By the time they reached Texas and encountered the Apache, only 80 survivors remained. After traveling west toward the Rio Grande, they came into contact with Puebloan settlers. According to the account of the survivors, they were taken north to a great city along the river, and met with a local king. After spending time in the Puebloan Empire, the survivors traveled southwest. In 1536 only four people remained in the group when they reached Cemamagĭ Doʼag and encountered other Spanish people for the first time in years. The survivors would be brought to Mexico City, where their description of a great city of gold in the north inspired many to follow in their footsteps.

====Coronado Expedition====

[[File:Coronado-Remington.jpg|thumb|300px|Coronado's expedition into Oasisamerica]]

The survivors of the Narváez expedition returned to Mexico with tales of the north, including a fabled city of vast wealth, known as Cíbola. A scouting party led by Friar Marcos de Niza and Estevanico, a survivor of the earlier trip, entered Puebloan territory in 1539. The group came across Zuni territory, where they said to have witnessed a wealthy city as large as Mexico City, and where Estevanico was murdered. The group returned south and met with Vázquez de Coronado, the new governor of the Kingdom of Nueva Galicia, a province of New Spain comprising the contemporary Mexican states of Jalisco, Sinaloa and Nayarit. Intrigued by this tale, Coronado began preparations for a larger expedition to the north.

Scouts from the northernmost Spanish outpost at San Miguel de Culiacán were dispatched, under the command of Melchior Díaz. They attempted to investigate the findings of Friae de Niza but were turned back due to inclement weather, however, he also reported that there was evidence of great wealth to his superiors. As the expedition was organized, its contingent was split into two groups. One group, led by Hernando de Alarcón, was dispatched to travel with the expedition's supplies along the Guadalupe River, while another group traveled by land, led by Coronado, along the route that Friar Marcos de Niza had traveled. Their mission was to find the mythical Seven Cities of Gold, and both Coronado and Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza invested heavily in the mission as a result.

Coronado's group departed on 23 February 1540, at the head of 400 European soldiers, 2,000 native allies, five Franciscan friars, including Marcos de Niza and Juan de Padilla, the provincial superior of the Franciscan order in the New World, and a few hundred slaves, servants, and civilian family members. The group marched along the Gulf of California until they reached San Miguel de Culiacán, where they departed inland using reconnaissance gathered by Melchior Díaz to gather food and water along the route. The large expedition force split into smaller groups, establishing outposts and camps, and gathering more information on the region.

In late April Coronado reached the Sinaloa River, and followed the river valley through the rough terrain to the Yaqui River. The encountered several Tepehuán towns around Sinaloa, where scouts and information was acquired about the surrounding area. Following a trade route north, Coronado learned of the O'odham cities, and came upon the major port city of Hiakim at the mouth of the Hiak Vatwe (Yaqui River). Remembering the brutal attack on his city and on Kapaḑvadam a few years prior, the ruling chief there, Ban'ikuadc II, barred the Spanish from the city. Coronado camped outside the city, with his encampment eventually turning into a siege. Ships from the north began to arrive in the city's harbor with reinforcements, leading Coronado to believe he had found the source of the naval attacks against recent naval expeditions.

The O'odham were considered nominally part of New Spain since the expedition of Nuño de Guzmán, and Coronado sent word south of a rebellion taking place against the Spanish crown. Hernando de Alarcón's naval contingent of three ships, which had been docked off the coast nearby awaiting a rendezvous with Coronado, instead was met by Melchior Diaz. Together the pair led a combined attack on Hiakim by land and sea, bringing approximately 250 Spanish soldiers, 500 native allies, and several cannons to Coronado's aid. At the same time dozens of warships had been assembled by Ban'ikuadc II, and an allied army of several thousand soldiers was marching south to aid him.

[[File:La conquista del Colorado.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Spanish soldiers in Puebloan territory]]

On 11 June Alarcón's ships arrived near the city in late afternoon and opened fire on the harbor. The attack killed an estimated 300 people and sank three native ships, without Alarcón suffering any casualties himself. Despite this, the O'odham launched a counterattack, managing to swarm one of his ships, the ''San Pedro''. The vessel was boarded and its defenders killed, while the Spanish aboard the nearby ''San Gabriel'' attempted to destroy additional incoming smaller ships. The third ship, the ''Santa Catalina'', landed on the coast south of the battle, attempting to land reinforcements and cannons near Coronado's camp. The landing site would be attacked that night, with 50 survivors fleeing inland, while those on the ship were killed or captured. The following morning the survivors would be saved by Melchior Diaz's arrival.

By morning the naval attack had ended, with Alarcón fleeing with only one ship remaining. Nonetheless, Coronado launched an assault of the city. The attack proved successful but costly, with nearly 400 deaths being suffered by Coronado in the process. Ban'ikuadc II would be killed in the defense of the city, and most of the remaining population was slaughtered. The O'odham navy managed to flee carrying as many people as it could hold, and Coronado sent word south for naval reinforcements to track them down. The ''Santa Catalina'' would later be recovered, although the vessel was eventually scuttled, while the ''San Pedro'' was confirmed to have sunk.

Coronado would spend time in the city building a defensive outpost and awaiting aid. In the meantime the leader of the O'odham Navijhu II, who had been installed shortly after the tumultuous destruction of Cemamagĭ Doʼag, sent word to Hiakim that he would stand down and surrender in exchange for mercy from the Spanish. Coronado followed these envoys back to the city with his army, demanding that the O'odham pay a high price in slaves and gold as tribute, and provide soldiers for his expedition. Two of the Franciscans, 200 Spanish soldiers, and 200 slaves, natives, and settlers would also remain in the city, creating the first impromptu mission among the O'odham in the king's former citadel.

The Spanish continued north with a native contingent, but were persuaded by the O'odham by tales of the riches of Cíwena to turn northwest from their original route. Likely the O'odham were eager to use the Spanish against their old enemy, and claimed that a city of gold was there instead. When the group arrived at Siwañ Wa'a Ki messengers were dispatched in the hopes of inciting the population to defect from Cíwena, with limited success. Anticipating an attack since the first fall of Cemamagĭ Doʼag, the Puebloans preemptively struck against the Spanish camp south of the Keli Akimel with an estimated 6,000 soldiers.

In the ensuing battle the Spanish suffered heavy casualties, but managed to repulse the attackers back across the river, thanks in part to Coronado leading several cavalry charges into the riverbank. Coronado would be wounded in the process and refrain from commanding in battle for the remainder of the expedition. Additionally 184 Spanish soldiers, about 1,400 allied natives, and another 200 non-combatants were killed, along with countless wounded, while the attackers suffered an estimated 2-3,000 casualties themselves.

In the following days many of the surrounding settlements surrendered and brought aid to the Spanish, while Cíwena dispatched envoys to negotiate. Half of his native army remained in Siwañ Wa'a Ki and was tasked with building fortifications, while Coronado marched to Cíwena to meet with the city's king in early July. Coronado entered the city and stationed himself in the city's palace. There he demanded that the Puebloans gather the city's gold and silver, but discovered the city was not as rich as he had hoped. While garrisoning the city, Coronado hoped to gain reinforcements and scout the area. He dispatched Pedro de Tovar and Friar Marcos de Niza to continue on to the city that the friar had previously seen to the northeast, he dispatched Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas to travel north along the Haka'he:la (Verde River), and lastly he dispatched Hernando de Alvarado to travel west to hopefully find the mouth of the Keli Akimel (Gila River).

Meanwhile Hernando de Alarcón assembled a new fleet and sailed north with additional reinforcements by sea, arriving in the vicinity of the Kingdom of the Delta. He was instantly convinced that Shuhthagi Ki:him was the fabled city of gold and sent scouting parties in and around the ʼHakhwata (Colorado River). Unlike many of his contemporaries, Alarcón was more tolerant and humane toward the natives, and managed to stay docked near the city for considerable time trading and studying the population. He would also explore the gulf and confirm that Baja California was a peninsula instead of an island. Melchor Díaz, who had been left in command of the Spanish outposts across O'odham territory, also began assembling reinforcements to march north along the coast in the direction that Coronado had departed.

[[File:23f608c069fe427c7f193b78e7ad580b.jpg|thumb|300px|A skirmish between the navies of the Spanish and the Delta]]

Hernando de Alvarado reached Yuum and Shuhthagi Ki:him in mid July, but departed before realizing that Alarcón would soon be in the city. While attempting to travel back to Coronado's location he was ambushed and captured, and his report would be delayed. Tovar's contingent managed to reach the Zuni city of Hawikku, that the Friar had sighted the year prior, but found that the Friar had also heavily exaggerated his story. Short on supplies and facing starvation, the Spanish demanded entry into the city and were refused, leading to a battle. Tovar managed to capture the city, but him and most of his men were wounded. They would stay in the city unable to retreat.

Cárdenas was the most successful of the three, managing to scout out Cíwena's northern half. He witnessed the immense stronghold of Kánałó and was driven away by its defenders, not daring to try and assault it. Cárdenas would make contact with the Hopi and cities such as Oraibi. He would also explore as far west as the Grand Canyon, becoming the first European explorer to witness the site, before turning back. Melchor Díaz would depart north around the same time by following the coast, eventually discovering a supply cache that Alarcón had buried during his scouting of the gulf. Díaz would learn of the fate of Alvarado outside Yuum and launch a rescue mission, managing to rescue his group. However, while returning to Cíwena, Díaz would die of an accidental injury in early August.

By this time Coronado had been inside the city for over a month when Alvarado returned. Although a large amount of gold had been seized, Coronado realized the natives were also stalling to raise their own reinforcements, and heard reports of thousands of men marching south toward the city. A skirmish ensued in the streets of the city, which ultimately resulted in a Spanish victory and the death of most of the Cíwena royalty. Approximately 100 Spanish defenders were killed, which accounted for a considerable portion of Coronado's men and their supporters, as well as hundreds of natives on both sides.

The city surrendered soon after, with the Spanish taking a great deal of slaves and gold as tribute, and turning the city into a Spanish outpost. Coronado would appoint a puppet king in the city, selecting a descendant of the late king named Juan Cìbikína, who was baptized as a Catholic by the Spanish. The new king would order the rest of the kingdom to stand down, ending initial resistance to the Spanish. By October Coronado had also received envoys from many surrounding kingdoms, as they chose to ally with the Spanish rather than fight them. This left the Pueblo Empire in the north as a politically isolated hold out to Spanish rule.

Coronado would send would to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, hoping to acquire additional reinforcements. However, due to the ongoing Mixtón rebellion, these reinforcements would be delayed for the next year. Coronado would spend the rest of the year residing in the city of Cíwena, while sending out additional scouting missions. Garcia Lopez de Cárdenas would lead one detachment southeast into Mogollon territory, to receive the surrender of the Mogollon and raise an army, while Hernando de Alvarado returned with an army west to the Delta, with instructions to establish relations with them.

In October a Pueblo counterattack was launched into Zuni territory, which resulted in Pedro de Tovar's death and the destruction of his outpost. Friar Marcos de Niza survived the attack and fled south, eventually relaying the events to Coronado. Additionally a small scouting party would be ambushed near the town of Homolovi later that month, leading Coronado to investigate. In November he arrived in Homolovi and the town surrendered, but he encountered the nearby Petrified House, a heavily fortified stronghold to the east. Unable to assault the stronghold, Coronado laid siege instead. After 80 days the defenders abandoned the fortress, and Coronado received approximately 1,000 reinforcements from the Mogollon there as January 1541 came to a close.

At the time of Coronado's arrival in the Pueblo Empire, the empire was facing internal strife. The traditional capital of the alliance, Łocǫ́lhəo, had been largely surpassed by Taos in terms of population and prestige. The ruler of Taos, Píyía, launched a war to assert control over the empire's governance by force, after Tą̀tə̀’ə́wyu II of Łocǫ́lhəo's reforms limited his authority. Although neither side had engaged in any major engagement up to this point, the distrust between both sides made a response to the events in the south limited. As such the first ruler to raise forces against Coronado was Lutakawi, Governor of the Zuni, who had retaken Hawikku months prior.

Coronado ordered brutal reprisal against the Zuni capital at Shiwinna, resulting in the city's near destruction. Hawikku was also retaken, with the city's outpost and mission being reinstated. The King of Chaco, Tòpháy’ȕ III, sent diplomats to Shiwinna after learning of this event, and also raised about 5,000 soldiers to defend the city.

==Footnotes==

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Nympho Guns

2024-11-17T23:47:49Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|Music|FA|Altverse II|Paracosmic}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Nympho Guns
| image = Clash 21051980 12 800.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| landscape = yes
| caption = The Nympho Guns in 1976
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[File:Flag of San Joaquin.svg|25px|border]] [[Bernheim, San Joaquin|Bernheim]], [[San Joaquin]], [[Sierra]]
| genre = {{W|Punk rock}}
| years_active = 1974–1978
| label =
{{flatlist|
*[[Polygon Music Group|Pacific]]
*[[Warner Records|Warner]]
*[[Avocado Records|Avocado]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
*[[The Vacants]]
*[[The Public Images]]
*[[Jack Hell]]
*[[The Dry]]
*[[The False Digitals]]
*[[The Amateurs]]
}}
| website = {{URL|nymphoguns.ks}}
| past_members =
* [[Tommy Toxic]]
* [[Mac Kennedy (musician)|Mac Kennedy]]
* [[Billy Brixton (musician)|Billy Brixton]]
* [[Patrick Cook (musician)|Patrick Cook]]
* [[Vic Savage]]
* [[Jack Jane (musician)|Jack Jane]]
}}
The '''Nympho Guns''' were a [[Sierra|Sierran]] {{W|punk rock|punk band}} that formed in [[Bernheim, San Joaquin|Bernheim]] in 1974. Although their career at the forefront of Sierran punk only lasted about two years, the Nympho Guns are regarded as one of the most groundbreaking musical acts in the history of {{W|popular music}}. They are considered one of the groups responsible for initiating the {{W|punk subculture|punk movement}} in [[Music of Sierra|Sierran music]] and for inspiring many of the punk and {{W|alternative rock}} musicians of the next several decades. They are also famous for their leftwing and {{W|anarchism|anarchist}} messages and their influence on the {{W|punk fashion|punk image as a whole}}.

The Nympho Guns’ most famous lineup consisted of Tommy Toxic (born Thom Holloway) on lead vocals, Vic Savage on bass and vocals, Billy Brixton on guitar and backing vocals, Mac Kennedy on guitar, and Patrick Cook on drums. In 1977 Cook was replaced by drummer Jack Jane, while Cook’s cousin, Jack Cook, became the band’s manager and publicist. The band first rose to prominence after an impromptu, profanity-laced rant on public television, which captivated many and appalled others. Throughout their career their antics and music became highly controversial, with hit songs such as “Anarchy in Sierra” and “God Save the King” being banned on the [[Royal Broadcasting Service|RBS]] and other major broadcasters—the latter song would be nicknamed “the most heavily censored song in Sierran history.”

The band’s only album ''[[Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns]]'' was released in 1977 to critical acclaim and conservative backlash, becoming a Sierran number one album. The album has since become regarded as one the quintessential albums of punk rock, and one of the best albums of all time. In January 1978, after a controversy-laced, turbulent international tour, Toxic announced the breakup of the band on stage extempore, leading to shock and confusion. The rest of the band under Jack Cook’s influence would go onto create a number of new songs, some of which appearing on the 1979 soundtrack ''The Decline of Western Civilization'', however, this production led to a series of legal battles over Cook’s unethical use of Toxic’s contributions and image, as well as theft of royalties and song credits throughout the band’s tenure. On 31 January 1979 Vic Savage died of a heroin overdose while on bail for the alleged murder of his girlfriend the previous Halloween.

The Nympho Guns have been recognized as one of the most influential bands of all time. In In 2002 the magazine ranked the Nympho Guns as 55th in its list of the “100 Greatest Artists of All Time”. In 2006 the Nympho Guns—its six core members, including Savage—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, but they refused to attend the ceremony, calling the hall of fame “a piss stain”.

==History==
===Origins===

[[File:sheila-rock-punk-photos-27.png|300px|thumb|From right to left: Billy Brixton, Mac Kennedy, and Patrick Cook during The Shams, taken in Bernheim Public High School.]]

In late 1974, a group of Bernheim high school friends formed a group known as The Shams, which included Mac Kennedy on vocals, Patrick Cook on drums, and Billy Brixton on guitar. According to one account by Kennedy, both Brixton and him stole their instruments. Neither member had any musical experience, but regularly met at Cook’s garage to practice and learn songs, much to the ire of Cook’s father, who the band described as an “alcoholic factory worker who hated rock music”. By the summer of the following year, all the members of the group had become immersed in the local Styxie rock scene. Brixton, a year older than the other two at the age of 17, began skipping his compulsory summer school to spend time going to rock shows, dropping out at the end of summer. He began working at a factory in east Bernheim, often couchsurfing for a place to live. Meanwhile, Kennedy became a fast food worker at a local [[Toxi's]]. It was there in August that he was first introduced to Thom Holloway, who walked into the restaurant wearing a tattered [[The Landing]] shirt, which had been modified with the handwritten words ''I Hate'' above the band’s name. Sparking a conversation, Holloway was soon asked to hang out with the rest of the band at a local pub called [[Silver Creek (Bernheim)|The Silver Creek]] (a Republican establishment named for the famous Republican victory during the [[Sierran Civil War]]), run by a friend of Cook’s dad.

[[File:09d23d548d0f237f6380105f2deb057c.jpg|190px|thumb|left|Tommy Toxic around the time he joined the band, 1975]]

The group got along well, although Holloway soon made a name for himself at the Silver Creek for his boisterousness and crass language. According to Kennedy, “he was smart, but he was an asshole.” Brixton later recalled their first meeting, saying, “he walked in with this I Hate The Landing shirt and some messed up, black hair…right away I liked his look. Right away he started talking and I knew he knew what he was talking about.” It was during one of these early encounters that Holloway first adopted the nickname “Tommy Toxic”, which he would use for the rest of his life. According to the other band members it was either a reference to meeting him at a Toxi’s, or the fact that he “always had a toxic mouth on him”, according to Kennedy. After Toxic began drunkenly singing along to the [[Planetaria]]’s "Dear Liza" playing on the jukebox one night, the group decided to invite him to their band practices. The group would spend the rest of the summer and early fall skipping school, practicing, drinking and smoking weed, and causing local havoc, getting caught shoplifting on at least one occasion. During this time the band members and their friends regularly hung out at a local clothing store in Bernheim called [[Planet Lawless]], where they met assistant manager Barry Sullivan, and later in the summer, Jorie Reed. Reed, then aged 17, began working at the store full time in August, becoming well known for her spiked, dyed hair and wildly styled looks. Planet Lawless became one of their most frequent hangout spots, and the growing nexus of the local rock scene.

[[File:feature-battle-of-the-bogsi.png|320px|thumb|The 17 September riots in downtown Bernheim.]]

Sullivan and his girlfriend, Britney Matlock, were both associated with the [[Sierran Liberation Army]], interesting Toxic in the group. In the fall of 1975 a period of intensified political violence erupted in [[Styxie]] as part of [[The Disturbances]]. Sullivan became involved in an armed militia and self proclaimed defense group for republican areas after the 28 August event, in which a series of stores on Commonwealth Street in downtown Bernheim were vandalized or burnt out. According to a 2002 memoir by Mac Kennedy, the band members joined Republican mobs throughout that summer “out of boredom”. On one occasion in September, Kennedy, Toxic, and Sullivan joined a group driving east into neighboring Stuart, burning out a rival clothing store ran by a monarchist as retribution for the Commonwealth Street attack; according to Kennedy, “[Toxic] wasn’t a Republican he just liked lighting shit on fire.” Events such as this led to the San Joaquin Curfew, in which the [[Sierran Royal Army]] was called in to search for weapons in the province and put an end to the violence. However, the military searches and seizures only caused more local unrest. On 16 September a column of armored vehicles passed into East Bernheim after being tipped off by an informant. The convoy successfully uncovered a Republican safehouse, seizing a cache of rifles, pistols, and a large quantity of ammunition. As the soldiers were leaving, locals pelted them with stones and bottles; after the violent events that summer locals perceived the action as the government taking away their only means of defense. The following day, Toxic, Kennedy, and Sullivan were among those who took part in rioting, with Kennedy wielding a slingshot to launch gas canisters back at the soldiers. Toxic would be arrested for smashing a store front and would spend 24 hours in jail, returning home a local legend.

Inspired by the events, the group began channeling their rage into music. With Sullivan’s help the group was able to rehearse after hours at Planet Lawless, becoming their unofficial manager. During this time they had a revolving door of various members, as others in the local scene or among their friend group joined the band. In October Gene Beverly joined the group as their lead singer, and the band was renamed to The Damned. Toxic also began singing and playing guitar, while Kennedy pivoted more toward guitar. They would also play with Billy Severin on bass, but he was pushed out of the group in November. Severin later became a writer for Rolling Rock magazine, leading to Toxic quipping, “he gave us horrible reviews ever since.” At first believing they needed a guitarist to lead the group, as well as a bassist, the group attempted to recruit from more locally renowned musicians. Jack Idol, later becoming famous as part of The Ultraviolent, auditioned for the band but was rejected for his look, and because the band found Idol’s competent guitar playing as too good for their style. Frustrated with the group’s direction, Beverly quit soon after. The band decided to adopt a new name, eventually settling on the Nympho Guns.

[[File:8b1545f2a2a06102eeddbd606c1ecc14.jpg|320px|thumb|left|Toxic during a performance in 1976.]]

Deciding to take music more seriously at the start of 1976, the group began showing up to classes less and spending more time performing. They managed to secure a number of gigs at local pubs and parties that spring, and attracted a following of like minded music fans and members of the emerging punk scene centered around Planet Lawless. In April they received their first “major gig”, as the opening act for The Vacants performing at a party near [[University of Sierra, Bernheim]]. Lacking equipment, the band arranged to borrow the Vacants’ drum set and amps. Britney Matlock would later recall, “there were something like a hundred of us in that house. The boys were surprisingly listenable, and extremely loud.” The group would perform a number of cover songs as well as two originals, becoming increasingly loud and erratic during their performance and knocking over parts of the drum set. Seeing their equipment was being trashed, Vacants frontman Tommy Jones turned the power off in the house to shut them down, but this caused a fight to break out in which Toxic punched the Vacants’ drummer in the face. Toxic would later recall in an interview, “We hated the way they looked. They were too polished, that wasn’t punk. We were all ugly ‘cause we were working class. We had messed up teeth and cheap haircuts. That was the test back in the day, we’d let you in the band if you had messed up teeth.”

[[File:f82040051644589313124a5651948d2e.jpg|190px|thumb|Jorie Reed, a close associate of the early Nympho Guns.]]

The group also became more interested in revolutionary politics and anarchist thought. Sullivan would be arrested in May 1976, prompting the group to write a protest song and perform it at the Silver Creek later that week. At some point during this time Toxic also began seeing Sullivan’s girlfriend Britney Matlock romantically, later contributing to a violent falling out between the two. Many of the members of the band also took part in protests in and around Bernheim as part of the Disturbances. Using crafting supplies meant for protest banners, the Nympho Guns instead used the supplies to make banners advertising themselves, adopting a ransom-style of writing using cut out letters from newspapers and magazines. Their shows took up a more political slant, with band members often going on drunken rants on stage espousing left-wing politics. They would subsequently be banned from several bars and restaurants in the region for their violent acts while performing, with Toxic often throwing chairs into the audience and “breaking everything he could find.” During a performance at local club [[The Good Bear (Bernheim)|The Good Bear]], Toxic spent half the show in the audience or at the bar drinking. Jorie Reed, who was rumored to be in a relationship with Toxic, was “thrown off the stage and on top of the crowd”, according to one witness. Toxic and Kennedy were heckled by a crowd member, which evolved into a fistfight. The group would be banned from The Good Bear, but the incident also caused widespread local press for the group.

[[File:the killers 1976.jpg|330px|left|thumb|The Killers, 1976]]

Around this time, seminal records such as [[The Killers]]’ [[The Killers (album)|self titled album]] and ''London Underground is Flooding'' by The Banshees had begun to popularize the emerging punk genre. Toxic would later rebuke the claim that The Killers were an influence on the Nympho Guns, calling the Killers “long-haired idiots of no interest to me. We didn’t like anything about them.” The Nympho Guns began to gain new attention in the summer of 1976, and decided to go on tour around San Joaquin, playing at small clubs and bars in cities such as Pittsburg, Antioch, and Brentwood. They were accompanied by several local creatives and musicians, including Matlock, now acting as an unofficial manager and creative muse, Cook’s cousins Jack and Brian, fellow band The Public Images, and singer Jack Hell. The tour would make the group local stars, and their antics attracted nationwide press. Still lacking a permanent bass player, that summer another Planet Lawless regular named Vic Savage was recruited despite having never played the instrument before. He subsequently provided backing vocals and played bass, although the band often left his instrument unplugged during shows. It was during this time that Toxic penned the song “Anarchy in Sierra”, a boisterous anti-monarchist song which soon became their most popular addition at shows.

===Commercial Breakthrough===

[[File:on the air scene.jpg|350px|thumb|The Nympho Guns appearing on the show ''On the Air'' would ignite their commercial breakthrough]]
{{listen
|type=music
|filename=Anarchy in the UK.ogg
|title="Anarchy in Sierra"
|description="Anarchy in Sierra" became the band's first hit single
}}

While on tour in San Francisco, the group would record the song as well as four others for a demo tape. They would also make their first television performance on the Sierran music show ''On the Air''. Despite being told to play only a single, brief song, the group would quickly play through several profanity-laced songs before being cut off by producers. They would take part in a multi-band concert the following night, now attracting attention from all across Sierra’s music industry. Music journalism would report the phenomenon of loud, fast songs by bands “unable to play their instruments”, however, fans of the band would retort that the Nympho Guns were developing into a well tuned live act when sober. After a boisterous performance was witnessed by music executive Freddie Grundman, who remarked, “this is the future”, the group was signed to [[Polygon Music Group|Pacific Records]] with a two-year contract in August 1976. The group signed up in exchange for a large up-front bonus, much of which was quickly spent on drugs and repairing their antics. The group entered the studio with producer James East, who had famously worked on several Dylan Davies albums, however, the group found his professional style and his demands too cumbersome. Nevertheless, they would record a version of “Anarchy in Sierra” which was released as the group’s first single that October. The single would steadily climb up the singles chart over the course of the next year, eventually peaking at number 35, but in addition to its commercial performance, the song would be heralded as one of the quintessential punk songs of the era and highly influential on subsequent bands. According to James Thomas writing for Music Box magazine, “this is the rallying cry for a generation.”

[[File:Sex Pistols in Paradiso.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The Nympho Guns performing "Anarchy in Sierra", 1976]]

Unlike earlier forays into the genre, the Nympho Guns’ song shocked audiences with screams of “destroy!”, “I am an antichrist”, and calls for anarchism. Their emerging sound would be called “nihilistic, euphoric, and above all else, loud” by Thomas in 1977. Additionally, promotional art for the group featured Toxic wielding a ripped and vandalized Sierran flag, while the cover art for the single was an all black cover, both becoming punk icons. Continuing to play shows and do press following the single’s release, controversy followed the group wherever they went. On 3 December 1976, the group would make their first nation-wide television appearance on the Johnny Carson Show, having been hastily booked after singer-songwriter [[Bruce Fleetwood]] pulled out of the performance at the last minute due to illness. However, their interview would go disastrously after the band members and several other entourage members got incredibly drunk backstage. While on the air, the band members got increasingly belligerent and explicit, with Toxic also drunkenly adding the band had spent their entire advance, and later threatening to fight Carson. The band would be cut off the air after they continued to curse incessantly. Soon after a media firestorm took place as publications covered the events, and many criticized the band’s vulgarity. A moral panic intensified and complaints began to flood into Pacific Records. Royalist senator [[Stephen Shepard]] would become at the forefront of the backlash, stating, "Most of these groups would be vastly improved by sudden death. The worst of the punk rock groups I suppose currently are the Nympho Guns. They are unbelievably nauseating. They are the antithesis of humankind. I would like to see somebody dig a very, very large, exceedingly deep hole and drop the whole band down there.”

[[File:524d03585ef0b73adbfa0496bf5c2a46.jpg|220px|thumb|Ramona Flowers in 1977]]

Nevertheless the band set out on a nationwide tour in early 1977, but upon landing in [[Porciúncula]] for the first time at the start of January, the group was reportedly “too drunk to walk” and facing potential legal trouble for what had transpired during the flight. Around the same time, Sullivan broke from the band after discovering Toxic was sleeping with his now ex-girlfriend, and the two got into a fight in which Toxic was hit over the head with a pool cue. During a famous performance later that January, Vic Savage would throw a bottle at a crowd member, causing shattered glass to hit someone in the eye, causing his arrest briefly. As the moral panic increased, shows began to be canceled on the tour and Pacific experienced stores refusing to sell the band’s single. Finally caving to pressure, in February the Nympho Guns were dropped from their label. While in Porciúncula the band hired John Temple to produce the remainder of their debut album at {{W|Sunset Sound Recorders}}. All the members of the band became experimenting with drugs more frequently as well as spending time with groupies and mistresses. Toxic sparked up a brief relationship with lead singer of The Public Images, Debbie Foxx, who was often present during recording. It is during this time that Vic Savage met a local prostitute named Ramona Flowers, becoming inseparable from her. Infighting also plagued the band, with Toxic despising Patrick Cook for siding with Sullivan during their feud, and later for dating Jorie Reed. Cook eventually decided to resign from the band that spring.

According to Toxic, Cook was fired due to his “incessant ramblings”, while according to Cook he voluntarily left by “mutual agreement”. Reed was subsequently exiled from the group’s entourage as well. It was during this time that Toxic emboldened himself as the group’s self-proclaimed leader. The group would record their second single “God Save the King”, a belligerent and cynical take on the Sierran monarch, which Cook supposedly disliked for his lyrics “going too far in the other direction politically”. Arguments also flared on the exact lyricists behind the song, before Toxic credited several others on the track. Toxic would push for a friend and occasional guitarist for The Public Images, Jack Jane, to replace Cook, which Savage later called “stuffing the group so he could outvote us.” However, within months this strategy backfired as their friendship began to deteriorate. Tensions would eventually develop in the band as both Toxic and Savage came to describe themselves as the “lead singer” of the band, becoming two conflicting egos at the front of the group. The other members would describe Vic Savage as “having a deteriorating mental state”, with Kennedy recalling, “[Savage] was always childlike. He loved spectacle and chaos, and didn't care at all about the music or the job part of it. He was a star now, and that went straight to his head. He was being inspired by [[Charles Manson]] interviews and taking to heart the batshit stuff he said.”

[[File:4fe80575ac32731f207f9835bb3ac057.jpg|220px|thumb|left|Vic Savage (left) performing with the band in 1977]]

Flowers, who was already a frequent drug user, introduced heroin to the group in the spring of 1977, especially Savage. She would become a permanent fixture at their recording sessions and shows, despite being hated by the rest of the band, and a frequent supplier of drugs. Savage and Flowers would decide to move in together at the {{W|Chateau Marmont}} in Hollywood, although Savage’s mood fluctuated erratically, believing on some days that Flowers was attempting to kill him. Friends of the band would describe Savage as occasionally becoming abusive, while Flowers seemed to be continuing work as a prostitute. All the while the band continued recording and performing shows, while Jack Cook, estranged cousin of Patrick who sided with the band over him, became their full time manager and shopped around for a record deal. Despite growing controversy, it soon became clear that punk music was on the rise and that the Nympho Guns would be in high demand.

As a result, on 1 March they signed a new record deal with Warner Records, however, this deal fell through soon after. After a public ceremony announcing the signing, the band attended a party at the Warner headquarters where they became highly intoxicated and fought with other attendees. Savage apparently vandalized a company bathroom and cut his foot and hand smashing items in the office, trailing blood all over the floor and walls before he had to be escorted to a hospital. Meanwhile, Toxic reportedly abused attendees and attempted to have sex with one of the company’s employees. The band fought constantly with label directors, and as a result their record deal was canceled on 12 March. Thousands of copies of the band’s next single which had been pressed by Warner were subsequently destroyed.

{{listen|filename=God Save the Queen Sex Pistols 23 sec.ogg|title="God Save the King"|description="God Save the King", the second single released by the group.}}
[[File:Nympho Guns.jpg|thumb|300px|The Nympho Guns recording in early 1977.]]

The group signed a new deal, this time with [[Avocado Records]] on 27 March. Eager to debut their next single, production was delayed due to the single’s content causing protests at factories. Nonetheless, in May 1977 “God Save the King” was released with a cover depicting [[Louis III of Sierra|Louis III]]’s face obscured by cut out letters. The single’s anti-monarchy content – with such lines as “God save the king/he ain’t no human being/And there’s no future/in Sierra’s dreaming” – caused public backlash and the song was banned from [[RBS]] and other major radio services in Sierra, leading to the song being called “the most censored song in Sierran history”. Toxic would be proud of this fact, taunting that they were “the only real band on the planet”, while Brixton would remark, “I don’t think we’re even political. I don’t know who the prime minister is.” The band would plan an outdoor concert in the nation’s capital to promote the single, timed so that the monarch would potentially be out at the time. The playing of the song soon caused chaos, with police shutting down the concert and dispersing the gathered crowd. Despite the many setbacks the band faced, the single would sell an estimated 150,000 copies and was expected to debut at number 1 on the [[Sunset 100]]. Instead it debuted at number 2, leading to a controversy alleging that the charts had been rigged to prevent the Nympho Guns from taking the top spot.

The single sparked violence against the band, and the punk community as a whole. Toxic would reportedly be jumped by two assailants while in the capital one night, suffering tendon damage and other injuries. The [[Sierran Loyalist Defense Force]] allegedly put out a bounty calling for the murder of the band members, while at the same time they were played under investigation by the [[Royal Intelligence Agency]]. Their brief tour in the spring of 1977 was mired with problems, including a show in [[Providencia, Gold Coast|Providencia]] where a man stormed the stage and knocked out Savage with a punch to the back of the head. Several of their shows would be ended by police or devolve into riots. Jack Cook also came under fire after having his picture taken half naked in front of a [[Derzhavism|derzhavist]] flag. Their third single, “Holiday in Cambodia”, would be released in July and peak at number 3. The song would be a protest song against Sierran intervention in southeast Asia, and would spark criticism for its lyrics alluding to the assassination of Sierran politicians and the use of racial slurs.

===Debut album===

{{Main|Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns}}

[[File:Nympho Guns Cover.png|350px|thumb|''Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns'', released October 1977]]

Work continued all throughout the first half of 1977 on the band’s debut album. Initially titled ''God Bless our Nympho Guns''. Initially expected to take only a couple weeks, recording extended over the course of several months, with numerous versions of songs being recorded. However, most of the band’s time in the studio was spent unproductively, with parties often erupting. As Kennedy recalled, “We were coming at 3 or 4 PM every day and not leaving ‘til at least sunrise. We were high out of our minds…I would wake up for a second and think ‘who are all these people? How did they get in here?’ It was packed.” Having burned through their own money and racking up a massive bill for their new label, Avocado pressured the group to deliver a finished album. Feeling burnt out themselves, Billy Brixton and Jack Jane took it upon themselves to urge the band toward productivity. Most of the band’s subsequent album would begin with instrumental tracks of drums and guitar parts, being built up from there, instead of a typical workflow of drums and bass. It became increasingly clear that Savage was the least focused of all of them, and also the least skilled by far. On tour this had led to his bass often being unplugged during shows, but in the studio Savage insisted that he record and was hostile to criticism. According to Kennedy, “[Savage] finally showed up and wanted to play…it was all trash, just completely unusable.” Luckily for the other members, Savage would often not show up or would be too high to play.

On other tracks, James East would re-record the band’s parts on his own time while members were asleep. In the initial weeks after the breakup with Patrick Cook, the drummer would be invited back to the studio on occasion as a “hired musician”, while on other tracks Jack Hell’s touring bassist Glen Smith was called in, both of which later led to legal disagreements regarding lack of pay and credit. According to East, “Savage’s bass parts appear on some tracks. On some days he would just insist we let him do a take, and I’d record a new take later and leave his playing in there really, really low in the mix.” On one occasion, Toxic reportedly threw a coat on top of an exposed lightbulb, causing a fire in the studio that halted production. With the band banned from Sunset, and facing thousands of dollars in repair costs, Avocado decided to move the band to their own studios where they could keep a closer watch on the band. The label decided to put up with delays and exorbitant costs as the band continued to produce the occasional single; their next release would be “White Riot” in August, which became another top ten hit. The song would come from the band’s experiences with the [[White Rose Brigades]] and other racist organizations that opposed punk music, facetiously describing their anger as a “white riot”. The band would be accused of possible racism or instigation of a race war, which the band denied; Toxic would claim in an interview, “the song’s not about that at all. The only thing we’re saying about other races is they've got their problems and they're prepared to deal with them. But white men, they just ain't prepared to deal with them – everything's too cozy. They've got stereos, drugs, hi-fis, cars. The poor blacks and the poor whites are in the same boat, and we need to join up.”

After numerous delays the band’s debut album would finally be released in October, under the name ''[[Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns]]'' (“maca” being a [[Glossary of Sierran terms not widely used elsewhere|popular Sierran slang term]] for bad or trash). The album would shoot to number 1 in Sierra and chart high in numerous other countries, with the notable exception of the [[United Commonwealth]] where the album was prohibited from shelves and radioplay. Rolling Rock would praise the album as “the most exciting rock & roll album of the decade”, praising the band’s “explosive energy that descends into complete madness”. Others would raise skepticism of the appearance of all the band’s previous singles, which filled out the album’s run time. The album would be noted for his high profanity, which led to songs being censored in broadcast, and many stores in Sierra refusing to sell the album. Conservative member of parliament Gerard Harvey would call the album, “proof of society’s rapid and ongoing decline.”

[[File:3-Sid-V.jpg|220px|left|thumb|Vic Savage during the Winter 1977 tour]]

Avocado would push the band to tour immediately as the band was now at the peak of their popularity, arranging for a grueling months-long international tour beginning that fall. Tour dates would be disrupted or canceled due to countries such as [[Manitoba]] refusing to issue visas to members of the band with criminal backgrounds, but nonetheless the tour took off starting with shoes in southern Sierra. The band would regard the tour as poorly planned, with infighting and constant conflict breaking out. After the band’s dissolution, it would be admitted that the label had sought out shows in towns where the band was hated to provoke altercations and publicity. However, this led to many shows ending in physical altercations with audience members. Vic Savage, who was now deep in the throes of a heroin addiction, was increasingly belligerent and distracted by his pursuit of drugs in each town they went to. At a show in {{W|Seattle}}, [[Astoria]] a show came to an abrupt close after Savage reportedly began to receive oral sex while on stage. After the show, Savage claimed that security guards had attacked and beaten him. While in Astoria, Savage would disappear all night in search of drugs, often showing up to shows injured or high. As the first leg of the band’s tour came to a close for the holiday season in late December, the members had a brief period of reprieve in their native Sierra, with at least one recording season taking place in Bernheim toward the end of the year. In January they returned to the road even less focused and interested in touring.

On 19 January, while performing in Apfelhein in northern Sierra, Savage appeared at the show covered in cuts and bleeding. He began to carve a message on his chest with broken glass while on stage, which he later called “his suicide note”. The show came to an abrupt halt as he was rushed to the hospital. Relationships within the band continued to deteriorate, with Toxic becoming fed up with the other members, and Savage attempting to lead the band with his own songs that he had begun writing. On 30 January the band played a show at the {{W|Winterland Ballroom}} in San Francisco, and after completing their set Toxic said to the crowd, “You ever get tired of doing the same shit? That was the last ever show of the Nympho Guns. Good night,” and stormed off stage. Toxic’s declaration was a shock to the rest of the band. The few remaining tour dates for the band were canceled, and Toxic abruptly drove off to the nearest airport and left the country. He would announce the following day while in London that the band was breaking up. The rest of the band, as well as the label, debated the next course of action for the band, with Avocado floating the idea of Toxic being replaced.

===Post-Breakup===

[[File:teri-francis-freaked.jpg|270px|thumb|The Hotel Cecil, where Vic Savage would make his home]]

In the meantime Kennedy, Savage, and Brixton returned to Bernheim and at Jack Cook’s insistence they began experimenting on new songs in the studio. In February, now completely broke, Toxic called up the head of Avocado Records asking for a return flight to Sierra from London. Savage meanwhile was checked into the hospital by friends after he began dramatically losing weight. During these February sessions, many of which without Toxic present, the band recorded a handful of tracks, mostly written by Savage. A demo would be produced for a “Savage solo single”, which the other members of the band and producer James East found too unfit to release. After a drunken altercation with the press on 20 February, Savage declared to them that, “the Nympho Guns aren’t over, far from it”, causing a media uproar. Toxic returned to sessions at the end of the month but this sparked arguments as he found some of Savage’s song “detestable”, and he also squabbled with Cook, who he thought was trying to milk the band’s image for as much money as possible. At the end of the month Cook put forth the idea of creating a feature length film starring the band and their music, which Toxic disapproved of. Around this time a second, unofficial album comprised of leaked tracks recorded over the course of the last two years was bootlegged and widely distributed, called ''Bernheim is Burning'', which caused Toxic to want to abandon the songs featured on that album as well, despite Cook’s protests. On 28 February, Savage and Ramona Flowers booked a plane to Porciúncula without the band’s knowledge and began living together at the {{W|Cecil Hotel (Los Angeles)|Cecil Hotel}}, a reportedly haunted and cursed place in the infamous Skid Row district of the city. Toxic also became disillusioned with recording and quietly disappeared from the band once more.

{{Listen
|type=music
|filename=Clash-Complete Control.ogg
|title="Complete Control"
|description=Sample of "Complete Control" (1978)
}}

Without Toxic’s knowledge or involvement, Cook would push for the release of the band’s next single in March, the song “Complete Control”. The song would feature vocals from Toxic that were heavily lowered in the mix, with Savage doing the lead vocals, and the song would be officially credited to Savage, Brixton, Kennedy, and Cook as writers. With rumors and confusion of the band’s breakup in conversation, the single peaked at number 2 on the Sunset charts. Toxic would later find out about the song’s release and consider it a betrayal, but at the time he claimed he was “too depressed and off the drugs to do anything about it”. That spring he would take up an invitation to meet up with frequent collaborators and old friends in San Francisco, including guitarist Zach Nolan of The Public Images, who began formulating an idea for a new band. Meanwhile, Kennedy, Brixton, and Jane would fly out to Brazil at Cook’s request to finish work on a potential new album. Still focused on the concept of a feature film, Cook had now pivoted to having the band create a soundtrack. Working with producer Keith Chelsea in Rio de Janeiro, Cook arranged a number of tracks by skimming through the band’s old demos and rehearsal tapes. A number of songs would be created by taking old vocal performances done by Toxic, some a few years old, and adding new music to them by the rest of the band or session musicians. Also while in Brazil, the band would meet up with Ronnie Biggs, a famous exiled British criminal who was staying in Brazil to avoid extradition, and the group recorded the song "No One Is Innocent" with Biggs providing vocals. This would later be released as the band’s next single that summer.

[[File:vic savage in new york.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Vic Savage with Patrick Cook, 1978]]

Vic Savage, who was without the band in Porciúncula, became increasingly destructive. Running out of money and facing legal trouble, Savage agreed to meet up with the band once more in [[Manhattan|New York]] to film scenes for Cook’s envisioned mockumentary. Upon landing in the city, Savage was rushed to the hospital after falling into a drug-induced coma. Although he was revived, he would be told that if he did not quit drinking within the next several months he would be dead. While in New York, Savage’s mood swung heavily, on some days cooperating with film production, on other days violently threatening Cook. One day on set Savage attacked Cook with a knife and demanded that he immediately sign an agreement releasing Savage from his contract and from Cook’s supervision. Flowers, who had been forbidden from the film set, staged a suicide attempt on 13 May as retribution for being “abandoned” at the couple’s hotel room, causing Savage to go into a rage at Cook. The couple would abandon New York and fly back to Porciúncula on 18 May. By coincidence, Savage would run into Patrick Cook, the former Nympho Guns drummer, while on the street in the city, and the two would decide to begin playing together. They would create a new group, called the Bare Naked Savages, and play one show in Hollywood, with Savage on lead vocals, Cook on drums, Flowers on backing vocals (although her mic was unplugged by Cook), Arthur Allen of The Pets on guitar, and John Stanley on bass.

Savage took a liking to the idea of performing under a new band in more low-pressure settings, and with Flowers as his self-proclaimed manager, he began playing a number of small venues around the city. Eventually as word spread of Savage’s endeavors, the crowds grew and became belligerent at Savage for his “bad Toxic impressions”, causing Savage to insult and fight his audience. The couple would move back into the Cecil Hotel, supporting themselves with money from shows and money that Flowers swindled from her parents. Savage began casually seeing other women, including actress Jill Colvin and Toxic’s ex-girlfriend Britney Matlock. On 18 August, Savage would meet up with Cook at a show in North Hollywood, where he was introduced to several other musicians, including bassist Scott Pelerinage from The Public Images. Although the group initially celebrated and talked, an altercation broke out between Pelerinage and Savage in which Savage smashed a bottle on the other man’s head and attempted to stab him. Savage would be arrested two days later and charged with assault. He would be sentenced to 14 days in prison on account of breaking his previously given parole, and was placed into forced detoxification.

[[File:Sex Pistols in Paradiso - Johnny Rotten & Steve Jones.jpg|thumb|300px|The Nympho Guns' 31 November concert would contribute two songs to the live album ''Live from Sierra'']]

Immediately following his release from prison, Savage reunited with Flowers and began using drugs once more. The duo would partake in a show with Arthur Allen on 23 October, which would be their last performance together. Becoming increasingly paranoid, Savage trashed and pulled apart the couple’s hotel room at the Cecil. Savage would also book a week-long studio session in Porciúncula, where he recorded the song "Too Drunk to Fuck", as well as a cover of an old Nympho Guns song, "Who Killed Bambi?". When the rest of the band returned to Sierra that fall, neither Savage nor Toxic met with them. Under Cook’s guidance a double-LP soundtrack album had been hobbled together, later released as ''The Decline of Western Civilization''. The album would feature unauthorized Toxic tracks with his vocals, songs written and sang by Savage, instrumental songs, and songs featuring other band members or guest singers providing lead vocals. In the meantime, a live album called ''Live from Sierra'' was released in October 1978 with recordings made in the winter of 1977/78.

On 30/31 October a party would be held by Savage and Flowers at their room in the Cecil Hotel. Savage was reportedly blacked out from taking over 30 barbitutes, while guests came and went into the hotel room. At around 11:00 AM on the morning of 31 October hotel staff would discover a disheveled and high Savage wandering the hotel halls covered in blood. The hotel room would be entered to discover the body of Ramona Flowers on the bathroom floor, having been stabbed with a knife in the abdomen. A hunting knife, which had been a possession of Savage’s, was discovered soon after in the hotel room covered in blood. According to witnesses, Flowers had been alive around sunrise when they left. Savage was subsequently arrested and charged with second-degree murder, telling police while in a erratic state that he had murdered Flowers, before repeatedly changing his story to having no knowledge of what happened, to saying he didn’t do it, and then that Flowers had stabbed herself. Savage would make numerous, incoherent statements while in custody. Jack Cook and Avocado Records would arrange for a team of lawyers to aid in Savage’s case, arguing that any number of guests could have been responsible for the killing, and criticized the city’s police for not pursuing other leads.
[[File:vic savage mugshot.jpg|280px|left|thumb|Vic Savage's mugshot would become a heavily commercialized image.]]

Much to the shock of the prosecutors, Savage would be released on a $50,000 bail on the conditions that he not leave the city, and that he sign in daily at both the city homicide unit offices and at a methadone center. During a psychiatric evaluation the following week, Savage would slit his wrists with a broken lightbulb after briefly being left alone, and he would spend the next few weeks in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. All the while, members of the Nympho Guns expressed support for Savage and the belief that he was innocent. An album and potential benefit concert to support Savage’s legal defense was also teased by Jack Cook, and shirts with Savage’s picture were quickly sold. Toxic would reportedly try to reach out to Savage during this time, but his calls were blocked by Cook and by Savage’s aunt. Savage would remark to the press that. “[Flowers’] death was meant to happen. She always wanted to die.” Upon being released from the hospital, Savage returned to the Cecil Hotel and remained unable to stay out of trouble. On 3 January he trashed a bar while drunk and narrowly escaped arrest. He was forced into a rehab program in mid January by Cook.

On the morning of 30 January 1979 Savage was released from his program. He would return to the Cecil Hotel and meet up with his friend and occasional lover, Sydney Lavin, where the two used drugs all throughout the night. Lavin reportedly would leave the hotel around 3:00 AM. That morning, Savage would be discovered dead from a drug overdose in his sleep, although it would immediately be claimed that his overdose was not unintentional, with close friends citing a “suicide pact” that Flowers and Savage had made, and the cryptic letters discarded all around the hotel room. Despite wishes to be buried with Flowers in her hometown in New Jersey, Flowers’ family refused this and Savage was instead cremated. Toxic would remark in an interview years later, “The only way he could live up to what he wanted everyone to believe about him was to die. That was tragic, but more for him than anyone else. He really bought his public image."

[[File:8725eecb54efb512ab82311278b3807c.jpg|300px|thumb|Fans marching through the streets of Bernheim the day that Vic Savage's death was announced.]]

Also at the start of the year, Toxic initiated a lawsuit against Jack Cook, claiming that non-payment of royalties, unfair contractual obligations, that Cook was using his compositions, image, and name illawfully, and claiming damages for “all his criminal activities”. Initially allied against Toxic, the rest of the band switched sides when it became clear that Cook had been withholding payments that they were all rightfully due and was pocketing hundreds of thousands of dollars himself. Cook would subsequently be ruled against, with Cook’s upcoming film and soundtrack being placed into receivership for addressing the band members’ financial claims. ''The Decline of Western Civilization'' would be released in March, despite Toxic’s apprehension, producing a number of hit singles. Savage’s rendition of “Something Else” would peak at number 2, becoming the biggest-selling single under the band’s name.

In late 1978, Toxic formed a new band known as The Fall Digitals, with Zach Nolan of The Public Images on guitar, Glen Smith of the Jack Hell band on bass, and Jonas Baker of The Dry on drums. The band became quickly publicized as a “punk rock supergroup”. The band would release their debut single “Public Order” in January 1979, a song that Toxic had begun writing while he was still in the Nympho Guns. The single would be received well and peak at number 9 on the Sunset charts, and also performed well on import in the [[United Kingdom]]. The band would play a series of shows in Porciúncula, although these shows soon became rife with controversy as Toxic often verbally jousted with audience members, and the band refused to do business with the major concert promoters or their label, preferring local management.

On 25 January the band would make their sole television appearance, appearing on the teenage music show Sierran Bandstand. The performance proved chaotic, with lip syncing quickly being abandoned, Toxic inviting audience members onto the stage, and the band’s equipment being trashed. The band rehearsed and wrote music for the next month, however, Toxic’s legal battles and the death of Vic Savage halted production. According to Toxic, many of the lyrics written so far for the band’s album were diatribes against Jack Cook or Savage, the latter Toxic came to regret after Savage’s death. Toxic would meet with the other members of the Nympho Guns in February, attempting to make amends. He was diagnosed with severe laryngitis and bronchitis on 20 February and was hospitalized for the rest of the month, ensuring that work with either band would not continue for some time.

[[File:Paul Simonon The Clash September 20 1979 Palladium NYC.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Billy Brixton performing with The Amaterus in 1980.]]

Similarly, Brixton reunited with Patrick Cook, the band’s original drummer, eventually forming The Amateurs. Eagerly hoping to obtain a successful act akin to the Nympho Guns, Avocado heavily promoted the Amateurs as the next evolution of the band, something Toxic spoke out against. The Amateurs would release their debut single that summer, “I Didn’t See it Coming”, which Toxic had previously dismissed during the time of the Nympho Guns. The single would go on to peak at number 23 on the Sunset charts.They recruited session musician Ray Myers to play bass on the band’s subsequent debut album, however, this led to legal problems as Myers was never signed to Avocado, and the label refused to pay or credit him initially. In 1981 the Amateurs reunited with Toxic for the first time in two years and Toxic decided to join the band on their tour bus as they traveled between Vancouver and Everett, Astoria. Brixton and Toxic drew playing cards to determine who would take an available bed at the front of the bus. Drawing an {{W|ace of spades}}, Toxic won the bet. Brixton would give up his bed to Toxic, with Brixton instead taking a bunk toward the back of the bus. Around 7 AM on 30 January 1981, according to the driver, the bus skidded off the road and flipped over onto the grass. Brixton would be thrown violently through the window of the bus and then crushed by the bus turning over, killing him instantly.

According to the driver, the crash occurred due to icy conditions, although the band members would later accuse the driver of having been drinking. The following day police failed to find ice on the road, and local newspapers speculated that the driver had fallen asleep at the wheel. The driver was determined not at fault for the accident and no charges were brought against him. The 1981 accident would mark the end of The Amateurs, and would be heavily traumatizing for Toxic, who blamed himself for Brixton’s death. Toxic’s stress over the matter led to his resignation from Fall Digitals sometime after. He became a noted recluse during this time, and also experimented heavily with a {{W|dreamachine}} installed in his house, and showed a paranoid fascination with the occult. After an intervention put on by friends, fellow musicians, and Avocado Records executives, Toxic entered a detox program on 9 June 1981, however, on 20 June he escaped the facility by jumping a fence and booked a flight back to New York City. Toxic would be discovered on 13 June, having committed suicide by gunshot. A suicide note was discovered which included the line, “I have not felt the excitement of listening to as well as creating music, along with really writing ... for too many years now". A high concentration of heroin and other trace substances was discovered in his system. He was 21 years old.

==Legacy==

[[File:Sid vicious madrid.jpg|thumb|300px|Graffiti of Vic Savage in Spain, 2006]]

The Nympho Guns are considered one of the most groundbreaking acts in the history of {{W|popular music}}. Writing upon the 50th anniversary of their debut album, Rolling Rock remarked, “their importance, both in the direction of contemporary music and more generally in regards to culture, can hardly be overstated.” According to Music Box magazine, “the Nympho Guns are the perfect encapsulation of the frustration felt by the people of Sierra, the era of heightened fear brought about by the Disturbances, and the opposition to the complacency and stardom trappings prevalent in Hollywood.” In 2002 the magazine ranked the Nympho Guns as 55th in its list of the “100 Greatest Artists of All Time”. Leading music critic Lester Roberts would call the band “unquestionably the most radical new rock band of the 1970s”.

The Nympho Guns are not considered the first ever punk band, but they are considered the leaders of the movement, and one of the first bands to break through into the mainstream from Sierra. Their brief existence was one of the catalysts for the movement’s rise to prominence, and they are fondly regarded as one of the most influential acts in the genre. The release of their hit singles “Anarchy in Sierra” and “God Save the King”, as well as their album ''Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns'', are considered some of the most important moments in the history of popular music, with ''Nevermind the Maca'' often cited as one of the greatest albums of all time. In 2006 it was voted the 24th best album by Sierran voters, while in 1987 Rolling Rock placed it at number 2 in its “Top 100 Albums of the Last 20 Years”. AllMusic has called it “one of the greatest and most inspiring rock albums of all time”.

{{Quote box|width=23.5em|quote=Nothing would have happened without the Pistols. It was like, "Wow, I believe in this." What they were saying was: "It's a load of shit. I'm going to do what I do and I don't care what people think." That was the key to it. People forget that, but it was the main ideology for me: we don't care what you think—you're shit anyway. It was the attitude that got people moving, as well as the music.|source=– Pauline Murray}}

Much of the style of modern punk rock, its fashion, and its subculture, draws heavily from the precedent set by the Nympho Guns. According to Inon Clarke, “the Guns challenged every aspect and precept of modern music-making, thereby inspiring countless groups to follow their cue on stages around the world. A confrontational, nihilistic public image and rapidly nihilistic socio-political lyrics set the tone that continues to guide punk bands to this day.” Music critic Jackie Nolan would note, “contrary to the popular image of punk rockers, the Nympho Guns were serious about their music. They developed a massive wall of sound based on the most simple, ear-catching guitar riffs. They reinforced the true spirit of rock and roll: that you don’t need the best technique or the best equipment to make music.” From their influence an “inner circle” of punk bands emerged from central Sierra that has credited the Nympho Guns as their inspiration. As the leading voice to come out of the [[Styxie]] during the time of The Disturbances, the Nympho Guns set the tone for youthful rebellion, nonconformity, and dissatisfaction with the royal government that punk music exemplifies. Many of their songs have become rallying cries not just against the Sierran government, but internationally as anthems for change.

Outside of music the Nympho Guns remain influential in numerous different pursuits. Their minimalist, rough graphic design remains one of the most influential and recognizable styles of the 1970s, and continues to influence bands decades later. The band pioneered a “do-it-yourself” approach to music and marketing, emphasizing the creation of custom, all-encompassing branding, which they had a hands-on approach in making. They are credited with commercializing the popular “t-shirt-selling icon”. After the breakup of the band and the untimely death of many of its members, the Nympho Guns came to personify the rock & roll mythos, and the idea of the inevitable failure of the archetypal doomed youth.

==Band members==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Official members
* [[Tommy Toxic]] – lead vocals (1975–1978)
* [[Mac Kennedy (musician)|Mac Kennedy]] – lead guitar, backing vocals(1975–1978)
* [[Billy Brixton (musician)|Billy Brixton]] – rhythm guitar, backing vocals(1975–1978)
* [[Patrick Cook (musician)|Patrick Cook]] – drums (1975–1977)
* [[Vic Savage]] – bass, vocals (1976–1978)
* [[Jack Jane (musician)|Jack Jane]] – drums (1977–1978)

{{col-2}}
;Guest musicians
Musicians other than the band members who contributed to various songs:
* Ronnie Biggs – lead vocals on "No One Is Innocent"
* Max Dean – lead vocals on "Decline of Western Civilization”
* [[Jack Cook (musician)|Jack Cook]] – lead vocals on "You Need Hands"
* [[James East (record producer)|James East]] – bass on “Seventeen”
* Jerry Allan – bass on "Silly Thing (single version)"
* Glen Smith – bass on "Submission"
{{col-end}}

===Timeline===

{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:20
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Alignbars = justify
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1975 till:31/12/1979
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ScaleMajor = increment:3 start:1975
ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1975

Colors =
id:lvocals value:red legend:Vocals
id:bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals
id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar
id:bass value:blue legend:Bass
id:drums value:orange legend:Drums
id:studio value:black legend:Studio_album
id:live value:gray(0.7) legend:Other_release
id:bars value:gray(0.95)

BackgroundColors = bars:bars

LineData =
layer:back color:live
at:20/10/1977
at:01/03/1979
layer:back color:studio
at:19/10/1977

BarData =
bar:Toxic text:Tommy Toxic
bar:Kennedy text:Mac Kennedy
bar:Brixton text:Billy Brixton
bar:Savage text:Vic Savage
bar:Cook text:Patrick Cook
bar:Jane text:Jack Jane

PlotData=
width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(11,-4)
color:lvocals
bar:Toxic from:start till:30/01/1978
bar:Kennedy from:start till:01/01/1979 width:3

color:guitar
bar:Kennedy from:start till:01/01/1979
bar:Brixton from:start till:01/01/1979

color:bass

bar:Savage from: 01/06/1976 till: 01/01/1979

color:drums
bar:Cook from:start till:15/05/1977
bar:Jane from:15/05/1977 till:01/01/1979

color:bvocals width:3
bar:Kennedy from:start till:01/01/1979
bar:Brixton from:start till:01/01/1979
bar:Savage from:01/06/1976 till:01/01/1979 width:3

}}

==Discography==

===Studio albums===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Certifications
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UC
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|NA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UK
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|GER
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SCA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|FRA
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns|Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns]]''
|
* Released: 19 October 1977
* Label: [[Avocado Records|Avocado]]
| 1 || 106 || 23 || 15 || 100 || 12 || 96
| style="text-align:left;" |{{W|Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA}}: 2x Platinum 
{{W|British Phonographic Industry|BPI}}: Platinum
|}

===Other albums===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Album details
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Certifications
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UC
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|NA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UK
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|GER
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SCA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|FRA
|-
! scope="row"|''Bernheim is Burning'' (Bootleg)
|
* Released: 1978
* Label: N/A
| — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|

|-
! scope="row"|''Live from Sierra'' (Live)
|
* Released: 20 October 1977
* Label: [[Avocado Records|Avocado]]
| 6 || — || 30 || 46 || — || 50 || —
| style="text-align:left;" |{{W|Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA}}: Gold

|-
! scope="row"|''The Decline of Western Civilization'' (Soundtrack)
|
* Released: 1978
* Label: N/A
| 3 || — || 19 || 26 || — || — || —
| style="text-align:left;" |{{W|Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA}}: Gold

|-
! scope="row"|''Anarchy in Sierra: The Nympho Guns'' (Compilation)
|
* Released: 1984
* Label: N/A
| 10 || — || 40 || 89 || — || 53 || —
| style="text-align:left;" |{{W|Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA}}: Gold

|-
! scope="row"|''Nympho Guns'' (Compilation)
|
* Released: 1998
* Label: N/A
| 29 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|}

===Singles===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Single
! colspan="7" | Peak chart positions
! rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UC
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|NA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|UK
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|GER
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|SCA
! scope="col" style="width:2.6em; font-size:90%;"|FRA
|-
| 1976
| style="text-align:left;" | “Anarchy in Sierra”
| 35
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="5" |''[[Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns|Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns]]''
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1977
| style="text-align:left;" | “God Save the King”
| 2
|—
|38
|21
|—
|3
|—
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | “Holiday in Cambodia”
| 3
|—
|8
|11
|—
|9
|—
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | “White Riot”
| 6
|—
|11
|13
|—
|18
|—
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | “Pretty Vacant”
| 8
|—
|15
|20
|—
|18
|—
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978
| style="text-align:left;" | “Complete Control”
| 2
|—
|8
|37
|—
|13
|—
| rowspan="5" |''The Decline of Western Civilization''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | “No One Is Innocent”
| 7
|—
|12
|68
|—
|—
|—
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979
| style="text-align:left;" | “Something Else”
| 2
|—
|5
|26
|—
|31
|—
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | "C'mon Everybody"
| 3
|—
|10
|44
|—
|—
|—
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1980
| style="text-align:left;" | "Silly Thing"
| 6
|—
|15
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1983
| style="text-align:left;" | "Anarchy in Sierra" (reissue)
| 89
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="1" |Non-album single
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1984
| style="text-align:left;" | "Pretty Vacant" (live)
| 28
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="1" |''Anarchy in Sierra: The Nympho Guns''
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1986
| style="text-align:left;" | "Who Killed Bambi?"
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="1" |''The Decline of Western Civilization''

|-
| rowspan="1" | 1992
| style="text-align:left;" | "Anarchy in Sierra" (2nd reissue)
| 33
|—
|92
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="1" |''Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns''
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1998
| style="text-align:left;" | "God Save the King" (reissue)
| 18
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| rowspan="1" |''Nympho Guns''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| style="text-align:left;" | "Anarchy in Sierra" (3nd reissue)
| 70
|—
|—
|—
|90
|—
|—
| rowspan="3" |''Nevermind the Maca, Anywhere Here’s our Nympho Guns''
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | "Pretty Vacant"
| 59
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | "God Save the King" (2nd reissue)
| 38
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|30
|}
==See also==

{{Avocado}}
[[Category:Nympho Guns]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in San Joaquin]]
[[Category:Avocado Records artists]]
[[Category:Controversies in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Sierran punk rock groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1978]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1974]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Bernheim, San Joaquin]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Pacific Records artists]]
[[Category:Warner Records artists]]

Mák’ai language

2024-11-17T23:46:45Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|FA|PE|Paracosmic}}
:''This article is part of [[Project Exodus]].''
{{Infobox language
|name = Mák’ai language
|nativename = [[File:Makai-wa.svg|25px]]''Mák’ai-wa''
|image = [[File:Makai-wa.svg|200px]] [[File:Mak'ai-wa calligraphy.svg|100px]]
|imagecaption = '''Above:''' ''Mák’ai-wa'' written in traditional Mák’ai logographs.'''Below:''' ''Mák’ai-wa'' written in Mák’ai script calligraphy.
| ethnicity = [[Mák’ai people|Mák’ai]]
| familycolor = Niger-Congo
| speakers = TBD
| date = TBD
|region = Central [[Ejawe]], [[Makaigan]]
|minority =
|agency = [[Institute of Language]], [[Mk'ái-t̗ir̗]]
| nation = [[Mák’ai]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Pan-Ejawan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Raa-Makaiganic]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Makaiganic]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Mák'ai]]
| ancestor5 = [[Middle Mák'ai]]
|fam1 = [[Pan-Ejawan]]
|fam2 = [[Raa-Makaiganic]]
|fam3 = [[Makaiganic]]
|fam4 =
|fam5 =
|sign = [[Makaiganic Sign Language]]
|iso1 = mk
|iso2 = mkw
|iso3 = mkw
|script = [[Mák’ai script]] (officially), [[Mák’ai logographs]] (often), [[Kto script]] (historically).
|notice = IPA
}}
The '''Mák’ai language''', or '''Mák'ai-wa''' ([[File:Makai-wa.svg|15px]], {{Audio-IPA|Mak'aiwa.ogg|/mákʼɐ̀ɪwɐ̀/}}, literally 'people's language'), sometimes anglicised as '''Mak'ai''' or '''Maakkai''' is a [[Pan-Ejawan languages|Pan-Ejawan]] language spoken in central [[Ejawe]], predominantly on the island of [[Makaigan]]. It is the national language of [[Mák’ai]] where it is spoken by approximately TBD million people, although significant groups of Mák’ai-speakers also exist outside of Mák’ai proper. Traditionally, Mák’ai was also an important regional language as the language of the political elite in many countries under the political and/or military influence of Mák’ai, such as TBD and TBD, although gradually came to be subsumed by [[Coastal Makaigan]] as a trade language beginning around TBD. Nowadays, although not as widely spoken outside of Mák’ai as it once was, the influence of Mák’ai-wa on neighbouring languages may still be found, primarily through {{W|loan words}} and {{W|borrowings}}.

Modern Mák’ai-wa is a {{W|language typology|polysynthetic}} language that implements {{W|Morphosyntactic allignment|split ergativity}} and is characterised by complex verbal morphology, the use of {{W|nominal classification|noun classifiers}}, and a relatively strict VSO sentence structure. Sentences consist at a minimum of an unconjugated lexical verb and a highly-inflected auxiliary verb, which is marked for {{W|person}}, {{W|number}}, {{W|tense}}, {{W|aspect}}, {{w|modality}}, {{w|evidentiality}}, and, to a certain extent, {{W|degree adverb|degree}}. These auxiliary verbs also exhibit {{W|incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation}}, whereby other parts of speech, typically nouns or adjectives, may be incorporated into the verb itself. Nouns in Mák’ai-wa are declined by case, of which there are six, with declension realised on obligatory but variable noun classifiers, which exhaustively divide all lexemes in Mák’ai-wa into 13 categories on the basis of function. Noun classifiers are also declined by {{W|number (linguistics)|number}}, of which there are three - {{W|singular}}, {{W|dual}}, and {{W|plural}}. Mák’ai-wa, as a Pan-Ejawan language, employs a base-12 counting system which is based on counting with the hand.

As a [[Pan-Ejawan languages|Pan-Ejawan language]], Mák’ai-wa shares a number of demonstrable geneological similarities with other [[Ejawe|Ejawan languages]], in particular the [[Raa-Makaiganic languages]] of western Ejawe. During the [[Mák’ai#Ancient Mák’ai|ancient Mák’ai]] period, Mák’ai-wa began to split off from [[Proto-Raa-Makaiganic]] in isolation on the island of [[Makaigan]], forming [[Proto-Makaiganic]]. After the settlement of the Mák’ai people near what is today [[Mkái-t̗ir̗]], Mák’ai-wa came to be steadily influenced by the neighbouring [[Ktoic languages]], in particular [[Kto language|Kto]]. During this period the Mák’ai both adopted the [[Kto script|Kto writing script]] and concurrently developed [[Mák’ai logographs]], themselves derived from earlier divination practices. These two writing systems would coexist during this period until the emergence of the Mák’ai as a regional political power around TBD, at which time Mák’ai-wa developed a [[Mák’ai language#Orthography|new script]] better suited to writing the language. Earlier forms of writing, in particular Mák’ai logographs, persisted for many centuries, acting as important sources for information on the earlier stages of Mák’ai-wa. By TBD, Mák’ai-wa had become mutually unintelligible with most other varieties of [[Makaiganic languages]], and would continue to develop as the prestige language variety in Makaigan under the [[Mák’ai Empire]] in subsequent centuries.

Note that throughout this article the terms 'Mák’ai language' or 'Mák’ai-wa' will be used interchangeably, as both terms are conventionally used to refer to the language. The term 'Mák’ai-wa language' is generally incorrect and will be avoided here.

==History==
===1. Old Mák’ai-wa===
:''Main article: [[Old Mák’ai-wa]].''

Modern evidence suggests that Mák’ai-wa first began to deviate from [[Makaiganic languages|Proto-Makaiganic]], itself a subbranch of the [[Raa-Makaiganic languages]], around TBD. At this stage, the Makaiganic languages formed part of a broader dialect continuum running north-south in [[Makaigan]]. As a result, Mák’ai-wa distinguished itself from the northern Makaiganic languages of [[Northern Tjuwa]] and [[T'umak]] at a much earlier stage than it did from the southern languages of [[Wák'ai]] and [[Ngumaya-wa]], maintaining a relatively high level of mutual intelligibility well into the TBD century. It was around TBD, after Mák’ai's initial deviation from northern and central Makaiganic languages, that Mák’ai-wa began to be written down. As a result of extensive trade and contact with the much more advanced [[Kto people]] of eastern Makaigan, Mák’ai-wa came to be written using [[Kto script]]. The earliest documentation of the Old Mák’ai-wa language from this period come from Ktoic documents describing the language of the Mák’ai, with whom they traded. Later, literacy would increase among the Mák’ai themselves, as they began using a modified version of the Kto script for early poetry and trade documents.

Concurrently to the adoption of [[Kto script]], traditional Mák’ai-wa shamans also developed [[Mák’ai logographs]] as a form of early divination. Gradually, the use of Kto script came to be at least partially supplanted by these Mák’ai logographs, largely as a result of the unsuitability of the Kto script to convey phonological differences in Mák’ai-wa. By the TBD century, almost all Mák’ai-wa texts were written exclusively using logographs. The logographic systems used through Mák’ai were, however, disunified, and uses of characters varied significantly across Mák’ai territory. This problem was exacerbated by political disunity during this period, which prevented the creation of a single, codified logographic system.

Old Mák’ai-wa was itself substantially different from modern Mák’ai-wa in terms of its grammar and vocabulary. Mák’ai-wa has remained relatively phonologically stable since its evolution from [[Makaiganic languages|Proto-Makaiganic]] but has undergone significant grammatical changes. Most dramatic of these is the significant reduction in grammatical complexity for verbal paradigms. Notably, verbs in Old Mák’ai-wa were additionally conjugated for politeness, with a four-tiered system of deference. Additionally, there were multiple auxiliary verbs which could be used which had their own semantic meanings depending on the type of action occurring. An example of this is given below, with the same sentence in Old Mák’ai-wa and Modern Mák’ai-wa for comparison:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Old Mák’ai-wa:''' ''T̗ák’ísnuduwkh'a'nkhámut̗ kh'ung ayír'thá butuk nawwa '' 
|t̗á-k’ís-nu-duw-kh'a'l-khámut̗ kh'ung ayír'thá butuk nawwa
|{{gcl|DIST|distal}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}.{{gcl|ACC}}-move.using.hands.{{gcl|PST}}-{{gcl|DEF|deferential}} throw stick red {{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|INST}}
|'You two ''Ngárduk'', whom I highly respect, threw the red stick.'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Modern Mák’ai-wa:''' ''Nngaírul k'ung átá-na káiya'' 
|nngaí-ru-l k'ung átá-na káiya
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}-{{gcl|PST}} throw stick-{{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|INST}} red
|'You two ''Ngárduk'' threw the red stick.'
}}
</blockquote>

Note the high level of grammaticalization that has occurred in the Modern Mák’ai-wa auxiliary - the original semantic distinctions based on movement type have disappeared, and productive agglutinating processes for pronoun formation have since become more obscure. Note that the degree of similarity between older and modern pronominal forms in Mák’ai-wa varies considerably. For example, the dual '-nu' suffix is absent in the Modern Mák’ai-wa second person dual, but present in the third person dual form ''kúngnu''. Besides these differences in pronominal forms, there is also no grammatical means of encoding the politeness information present in the Old Mák’ai-wa example. Syntactic change is also evident in the broader clause - in Old Mák’ai-wa, noun classifiers existed as postpositions appended at the end of the entire phrase, rather than as nominal affixes, as is the case in Modern Mák’ai-wa.

===2. Middle Mák’ai-wa===
:''Main article: [[Middle Mák’ai-wa]].''
By the Middle Mák’ai-wa period, beginning around TBD, the state of Mák’ai itself had centralised to the point that efforts towards language unification became viable. Under TBD, a new [[Mák’ai script]] was developed to replace the disjointed logographic system. An alphabetical system based off the [[Kto script]], which was still in limited use for documenting Mák’ai-wa itself, was created. For subsequent centuries, the new Mák’ai script came to be used almost exclusively in court, with the supplementary use of particular common logographs. This blended orthographic system was common until well into the modern era, when the Mák’ai state officially decreed Mák’ai script as the sole means of writing Mák’ai-wa in the Literacy Act of TBD.

During this period, Mák’ai as a political entity came to be increasingly influential. As a result of political expansion and increased contact with neighbouring languages, Mák’ai-wa changed both in terms of its grammar and its lexicon. Numerous new loan words were adopted for foreign concepts, particularly from the eastern [[Kto people]] and the people of [[Nungái-la]]. In particular, as a result of the increased number of foreign-language learners of Mák’ai-wa who had been brought into the Mák’ai state, Mák’ai-wa's grammar began to simplify. Many of the most complex aspects of Old Mák’ai-wa grammar, such as the formality distinctions and differences in auxiliary verbs, ceased to be productive. This process of grammatical simplification was long and uneven over the course of the Middle Mák’ai-wa period, but eventuated in a grammatical system much more similar to what is found in Mák’ai-wa today.

An example of a sentence in Middle Mák’ai-wa is given below:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Middle Mák’ai-wa:''' ''Nngaínuruwal k'ung áytá káiya naw'' 
|nngaí-nu-ruw-al k'ung áytá káiya naw
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|DU}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}-{{gcl|PST}} throw stick red {{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|INST}}
|'You two ''Ngárduk'' threw the red stick.'
}}
</blockquote>

Note the relative simplification of the verbal morphology when compared to the Old Mák’ai-wa example above, as well as the adoption of the foreign loan word ''káiya'' from [[Ktai]]. It is also important to note that Mák’ai-wa syntax was in a considerable state of flux during this Middle Mák’ai-wa period, most notably in that nominal classifiers were transitioning from phrasal clitics to nominal suffixes. This is seen in the mutual attestation of the sentence given above as well as the alternative form ''nngaínuruwal k'ung áytá-naw káiya'', dated to TBD and TBD respectively. The Middle Mák’ai-wa period can hence be seen as a period of grammatical flux between the more complex grammatical structures of Old Mák’ai-wa and the grammar of Modern Mák’ai-wa found today.

===3. Modern Mák’ai-wa===
Mák’ai-wa came to resemble what is now considered its modern form beginning around TBD, when a series of legal reforms under TBD resulted in the establishment of the centralised [[Institute for Language]] in [[Mk'ái-t̗ir̗]]. This was coupled with the production of the first Mák’ai-wa dictionary in TBD and saw a period of rapid linguistic codification and standardisation of rules of spelling and grammar. While Mák’ai-wa grammar has unavoidably continued to change in subsequent centuries, speakers of Mák’ai-wa usually have very little difficulty understanding Mák’ai-wa texts from the Modern period as a result of this standardisation, with the exception of changes in lexical meaning.

This period also saw the rise of many of Mák’ai's greatest literary figures who helped establish Modern Mák’ai-wa as an important cultural language. Figures such as [[Káiya Lak]], [[Girá Nggút̗ir̗]], and [[Makawu R̗ú]] are well known authors who helped establish the Modern Mák’ai-wa language.

==Distribution==
[[File:Distribution of Mak'ai-wa.PNG|450px|center|thumb|Countries in [[Ejawe]] in which Mák’ai-wa is spoken.]]
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"
|- style="background:none"
! style="width: 100%; text-align:center;" colspan="2" |
|-valign="top"
| style="width:33%;" |
{{legend|#FFE680|{{W|Official language}} ([[Mák’ai]] only)}}
{{legend|#E9C6AF|{{W|Unofficial regional language}} with high number of speakers ([[Imai]] and [[Mtasai]])}}
{{legend|#FFF6D5|Countries with a significant portion of Mák’ai-wa speakers in diaspora, or where Mák’ai-wa has had historic importance ([[Nga]], the [[Ktoic Confederacy]], and [[Kstania]])}}
|}
As of TBD, there are approximately TBD million speakers of Mák’ai-wa globally. In the modern world, Mák’ai-wa is only an official language in one state - [[Mák’ai]] - which is also the state in which the majority of its speakers are found. Historically, however, Mák’ai-wa was spoken to a much higher extent outside of Mák’ai proper as a result of the expansion of the [[Mák’ai Empire]] in TBD. As a result, minority groups of Mák’ai speakers are now found in many of the places where Mák’ai-wa was formerly spoken to a much larger extent, including western [[Ejawe]], primarily [[Mtasai]], and in some parts of [[Nga]]. The largest groups of Mák’ai speakers outside of Mák’ai proper are found in [[Mtasai]] and [[Imai]], although Mák’ai-wa is not recognised as an official language in either state.

As a result of the regional importance of Mák’ai in [[Ejawe]], however, Mák'ai-wa has a growing number of second language learners in addition to its communities in diaspora. The largest countries in which Mák’ai-wa is taught as a second language are its closest neighbours of [[Mtasai]], [[Imai]], and [[Nga]], themselves unsurprisingly the countries with the highest populations of Mák’ai-wa speakers outside of Mák’ai. Outside of [[Ejawe]] proper, many university-level Mák’ai-wa programs exist, most notably in the countries of TBD and TBD. The relatively limited use of Mák’ai-wa within Ejawe has meant, however, that foreign language programs are usually limited to specialised areas of study abroad. As a result, Mák’ai-wa is rarely taught below a university level in countries outside of Ejawe.

==Classification==
[[File:Cultural groups in Ejawe.svg|thumb|right|350px|Language subfamilies in [[Ejawe]]. All these languages are part of the broader [[Pan-Ejawan languages|Pan-Ejawan language family]]. Mák’ai-wa is part of the [[Makaiganic languages|Makaiganic subgroup]] of the [[Raa-Makaiganic languages]] (in green).]]
Mák’ai is a [[Pan-Ejawan languages|Pan-Ejawan language]] belonging to the [[Makaiganic languages|Makaiganic subgroup]] of the [[Raa-Makaiganic languages|Raa-Makaiganic subfamily]]. As a Pan-Ejawan language, Mák’ai exhibits characteristics common to most other languages in [[Ejawe]], including {{W|noun classifiers}}, {{W|Syntax|VSO sentence structure}}, and the use of an undeclined {{W|lexical verb}} in combination with a morphologically complex {{W|auxiliary verb}}. Mák’ai, along with the other Raa-Makaiganic languages, split off from Proto-Pan-Ejawan with the isolation of the western [[Ejawan people]] on [[Makaigan]] around TBD. As continued migration westward led to the isolation of the Makaigan Ejawans from the Raa-Mtasaic peoples of [[Mtasai]] and [[Raa]], Proto-Makaigan began to separate itself from other Ejawan languages, losing many of the phonological features of its related languages and developing simple {{W|tone (linguistics)|tone systems}}. Mák’ai-wa would later diverge from other languages on the Makaiganic dialect continuum around TBD. Its most closely related living languages today are the minority languages of [[Ánagai language|Ánagai]] and [[Lárk'ai language|Lárk'ai-wa]], as well as the endangered languages of [[Wák'ai language|Wák'ai]] and [[Ngumaya-wa language|Ngumaya-wa]], all of which are southern and central Makaiganic languages. Mák’ai is also closely related to the derived language of [[Coastal Makaigan]] - a form of trade {{W|creole}} derived primarily from Mák’ai-wa, [[Nga language|Nga]], and [[Kto language|Kto]] during the TBD century as a common trading language around the [[Ejawan Sea]] and [[Sea of Nga]].

Mák’ai-wa was subject to a number of significant phonological shifts in its early stages, which further served to differentiate it and the other Makaiganic languages from other Pan-Ejawan languages. Most notable of these changes was the near complete loss of {{W|fricative (linguistics)|fricative sounds}}, which are maintained in all other subfamilies of Pan-Ejawan to a greater or lesser extent. This decrease in consonantal breadth is hypothesized to be part of the cause for the laminal-apical consonant distinction that emerged in Makaiganic languages to a greater extent than other Pan-Ejawan languages, although a scientific consensus is yet to be reached to confirm that this was the case.

Mák’ai-wa vocabulary is considerably different from other western [[Raa-Makaiganic languages]] as a result of the influence of the neighbouring [[Ktoic languages]], in particular [[Kto language|Kto]], which was instrumental in influencing earlier stages of Mák’ai as a prestige language variety on Makaigan. Around 15% of modern Mák’ai's vocabulary originates from Kto, a much higher proportion than any other Raa-Makaiganic language. As a result, Mák’ai is not mutually intelligible with any other language in [[Ejawe]] with the possible exception of the endangered [[Wák'ai language]], itself having also been subjected to the influence of Ktoic languages to a similar extent. Furthermore, dialects of Mák’ai-wa spoken in areas near Ktoic languages, in particular in the east of modern-day [[Mák’ai]], exhibit higher degrees of Ktoic influence on their vocabulary than Standard Mák’ai, with a large degree of {{W|language mixture}} having historically occurred in this region.

==Phonology==
:''Main article: [[Mák’ai-wa phonology]].''
===1. Consonants===
The Mák’ai language has a consonant inventory consisting of five places and six manners of articulation, along with a lateral/central distinction for approximants. Mák’ai-wa employs both pulmonic and non-pulmonic ejective consonants. Modal voice is its only form of phonation, although creaky voice may sometimes occur allophonically in low tones (see section on tone below). Oral stops and ejectives come in contrasting aspirated/unaspirated pairs, with aspirated stops having an average voice onset lag of approximately 150 milliseconds and unaspirated stops an average lag of approximately 15 milliseconds. True voicing is only contrastive for nasals, which come in voiced/devoiced pairs. These contrasts are summarised in the table below. Note that the orthographic representation of each phoneme is given in angled brackets before the corrosponding IPA symbol.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2"|
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Bilabial}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Lamino-dental}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Apico-postalveolar}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Palatal}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Velar}}
|-
! colspan="2"| {{W|Ejective plosive}}
|
| ⟨t̗'⟩ t̪ʼ
| ⟨t'⟩ t̠ʼ
|
| ⟨k'⟩ kʼ
|-
! rowspan="2"|{{W|Pulmonic plosive}}
! {{W|Aspiration|Aspirated}}
| ⟨p⟩ pʰ
| ⟨t̗⟩ t̪ʰ
| ⟨t⟩ t̠ʰ
|
| ⟨k⟩ kʰ
|-
! {{W|Aspiration|Unaspirated}}
| ⟨b⟩ p
| ⟨d̗⟩ t̪
| ⟨d⟩ t̠
|
| ⟨g⟩ k
|-
! rowspan="2"|{{W|Affricate}}
! {{W|Aspiration|Aspirated}}
|
|
| ⟨tj⟩ t̠͡ʃ̠ʰ
|
|
|-
! {{W|Aspiration|Unaspirated}}
|
|
| ⟨j⟩ t̠͡ʃ̠
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|{{W|Nasal}}
| ⟨m⟩ m
| ⟨n̗⟩ n̪
| ⟨n⟩ n̠
|
| ⟨ng⟩ ŋ
|-
! colspan="2"|{{W|Trill}}
|
| ⟨r̗⟩ r̪ ~ r *
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2"|{{W|Approximant}}
| ⟨w⟩ <w>
|
| ⟨r⟩ ɹ̠
| ⟨y⟩ j
| ⟨w⟩ <w>
|-
! colspan="2"|{{W|Lateral approximant}}
|
| ⟨l̗⟩ l̪
| ⟨l⟩ l̠
|
|
|-
|}
[[File:Mak ai-phonology.ogg|thumb|left|The consonant inventory of Mák’ai-wa]]

===2. Vowels===
Mák’ai-wa has a very simple three vowel system, consisting of three monophthongs and one diphthong. The lack of significant distinction within the vowel space means that there are great deals of allophonic variation in the production of vowels in Mák’ai-wa, some of which is unpredictable. The vowel system of Mák’ai-wa may be illustrated as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Vowels of Mák’ai-wa
!
! {{W|Front vowel|Front}}
! {{W|Back vowel|Back}}
|-
! {{W|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{Angbr|i}} {{IPA link|i}}~{{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{Angbr|u}} {{IPA link|u}}~{{IPA link|ʊ}}
|-
! {{W|Open vowel|Open}}
| colspan=2 |{{Angbr|a}} {{IPA link|a}}~{{IPA link|ɐ}}~{{IPA link|ə}}
|-
! {{W|Diphthong}}
| colspan=2 | {{Angbr|ai}} {{IPA link|a}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|ɐ}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|ə}}{{IPA link|ɪ}}
|}

There has been some historical debate over the status of the phonemic status of the diphthong /aɪ/ above, with some theorists arguing that it is better analysed as a series of two vowels. Modern analysts tend to note two distinct phonotactic patterns in Mák’ai-wa which have different realisations resulting in this possible interpretation. Firstly, /aɪ/ can occur as a single phonemic diphthong with one tonal segmental over the entire vowel, as in a word like ''áigu'' 'warm', or /aɪ/ can occur as a sequence of two syllables, hence rendering it more accurately /a.ɪ/. In this latter case, high tone on one but not the other segment may lead to a rising or falling contour tone, as in ''ngaí'' (a pronoun).

===3. Tones===
Mák’ai-wa is a {{W|tone|register tone}} language with two tone levels - high, marked orthographically by an acute accent, and low, which remains unmarked in its orthography. Tonemes occur on both vowels and sonorants. There is a marginal third, central tone, which appears only in reduced syllables in particular phonemic environments. Contour tones also occur in some words, but usually occur only as a result of morphological or historical processes. Examples of the tones of Mák’ai-wa are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Minimal Toneme Pairs in Mák’ai-wa
! Tone type
! Mák’ai-wa
! IPA
! Audio
! Translation
|-
! High
| ''nk'á''
| [ǹ̠kʼá]
| [[File:High tone.ogg]]
| 'god, deity'
|-
! Low
| ''nk'a''
| [ǹ̠kʼà]
| [[File:Low tone.ogg]]
| 'bird'
|-
! Reduced/Central
| ''nk'a w k'á''
| [ǹ̠kʼà w̄ k'á]
| [[File:Central tone.ogg]]
| 'bird and horse'
|-
! Rising
| ''nka-á''
| [ǹ̠kʼǎ]
| [[File:Rising tone.ogg]]
| 'the Bird-God (accusative)'
|-
! Falling
| ''nká-a''
| [ǹ̠kʼâ]
| [[File:Falling tone.ogg]]
| 'God'
|}

===4. Phonotactics===
Syllables in Mák’ai-wa are relatively simple. All consonants consist of a nucleus which may either be a vowel, liquid, or nasal. Syllables may have a single consonant onset and/or coda, with only non-bilabial aspirated plosives or nasals or rhotics being possible coda consonants. Syllables where the nucleus is a nasal or liquid consonant cannot have an additional onset or coda syllable. Furthermore, diphthongs typically do not take codas. As such, the following syllable structures in Mák’ai-wa are as followsː
*(C)V(C)
*N
*L

==Writing system==
[[File:Mak'ai in Kto.svg|thumb|right|150px|The word 'Mák’ai' written in the [[Kto script]], the writing system first used to write Mák’ai-wa.]]
Modern Mák’ai may be written using a number of different writing systems. By far the most common and standardised in the modern day is the use of [[Mák’ai script]], an {{W|alphabet|alphabetic}} writing system developed during the Middle Mák’ai-wa period. Historically, however, Mák’ai has also been written using [[Kto script]], a syllabary designed for the [[Ktoic languages]] of Eastern Makaigan that was poorly adapted to Mák’ai-wa phonology. In response to the early use of the Kto script for Mák’ai, ancient Mák’ai-wa literates developed Mák’ai logographs based on earlier divination pictograms. Mák’ai logographs were heavily used throughout the Middle Mák’ai period but had limited standardisation due to political instability and low levels of general literacy. In the 1st century [[Numur̗ian calendar|tk]], a mixed system of logographs for key words and Mák’ai script for grammatical particles was common, but was gradually replaced with the exclusive use of Mák’ai script in the modern day. Nowadays, Mák’ai logographs are commonly used as an unofficial shorthand, particularly in businesses and in personal names.

For countries which do not use the Mák’ai script, the [[Institute of Language]] in [[Mk'ái-t̗ir̗]] has developed an official romanisation using the {{W|Latin alphabet}} (see [[Mák’ai language#Phonology]] above). Alternative romanisations exist and are also given in section 5.3 below.

===1. Mák’ai script===
:''Main article: [[Mák’ai script]].''
Mák’ai script is an {{W|alphabet}} consisting of 26 core segmental characters, 2 ligature (representing the high-tone diphthong ''ái'' and the syllable ''yí''), and 3 diacritics. The script is written top-down and left-to-right. Individual segments have varying forms depending on their position in a word as initial, medial, final, or in isolation. Tones are indicated through the use of separate segmental characters in the case of high-tone vowels, or through the use of diacritics in the case of low-tone vowels. These are shown below. Mák’ai script also includes numerals corresponding to the base-12 counting system in Mák’ai-wa. These are given in the section [[Mák’ai language#4. Numbers]] below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ The Mák’ai alphabet
|-
! rowspan="2"| Name
! rowspan="2"| Romanisation
! rowspan="2"| {{W|IPA}} equivalent
! colspan="4"| Forms
! rowspan="2"| Notes
|-
! Initial
! Medial
! Final
! Isolated
|-
! colspan="8"| Segments:
|-
| ''ai tak''
| ai
| àɪ
| [[File:Ai (high) - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ai (high) - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ai (high) - final.svg|100px]]
|
| Exclusively low-tone, see ligature below for high-tone variant.
|-
| ''á r̗í''
| á
| á
| [[File:A - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:A - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:A - medial.svg|100px]]
|
| Medial form may optionally be connected to subsequent segment, but is traditionally separate.
|-
| ''í r̗í''
| í/y
| ɪ́, j
| [[File:I - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:I - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:I - final.svg|100px]]
|
| See ligatures below for ''yí'', which would otherwise result in this segment duplicated.
|-
| ''ú r̗í''
| ú
| ʊ́
| [[File:U (high) - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:U (high) - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:U (high) - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''n̗á''
| n̗
| n̪
| [[File:Nh - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Nh - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Nh - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''an''
| n
| n̠
| [[File:N - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:N - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:N - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''ang''
| ng
| ŋ
| [[File:Ng - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ng - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ng - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''t̗'á''
| t̗'
| t̪ʼ
| [[File:Th' - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Th' - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Th' - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''t̗á''
| t̗
| t̪
| [[File:Th - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Th - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Th - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''d̗á''
| d̗
| d̪
| [[File:Dh - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Dh - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Dh - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''t'á''
| t'
| t̠'
| [[File:T' - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:T' - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:T' - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''tá''
| t
| t̠
| [[File:T - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:T - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:T - final.svg|100px]]
|
|-
| ''dá''
| d
| d̠
| [[File:D - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:D - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:D - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''k'á''
| k'
| k'
| [[File:K' - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:K' - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:K' - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''ká''
| k
| k
| [[File:K - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:K - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:K - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''gá''
| g
| g
| [[File:G - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:G - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:G - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''pá''
| p
| p
| [[File:P - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:P - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:P - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''bá''
| b
| b
| [[File:B - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:B - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:B - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''am''
| m
| m
| [[File:M - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:M - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:m - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''tjá''
| tj
| t͡ʃ
| [[File:Tj - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Tj - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Tj - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''já''
| j
| d͡ʒ
| [[File:J - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:J - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:J - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''r̗á''
| r̗
| r
| [[File:Rh - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Rh - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Rh - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''ar''
| r
| ɹ̠
| [[File:R - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:R - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:R - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''wá''
| w
| w
| [[File:W - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:W - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:W - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''l̗á''
| l̗
| l̪
| [[File:L - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:L - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:L - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
| ''lá''
| l
| l̠
| [[File:L (real) - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:L (real) - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:L (real) - final.svg|100px]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="8"| Ligatures:
|-
| ''ái r̗í''
| ái
| áɪ
| [[File:Ai (high real) - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ai (high real) - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:Ai (high real) - final.svg|100px]]
|
| Used exclusively for high tone. Individual segment used for low tone.
|-
| ''yí''
| yí
| jɪ́
| [[File:yi - initial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:yi - medial.svg|100px]]
| [[File:yi - final.svg|100px]]
|
| Used instead of duplicating the segment for y/í.
|-
! colspan="8"| Low-tone vowel diacritics:
|-
| ''a tak''
| a
| à
| colspan="4"| [[File:A (low).svg|100px]]
| Placed to the right of the main segment to form a syllable. Typically placed in the bottom right, unless main segment has a right-facing descender (ie, ''k''), in which case placed in the top right.
|-
| ''i tak''
| i
| ɪ̀
| colspan="4"| [[File:I (low).svg|100px]]
| Placed to the centre left of the main segment to form a syllable. May be placed to the right instead if the main segment is left heavy (ie, ''m'').
|-
| ''u tak''
| u
| ù
| colspan="4"| [[File:U (low).svg|100px]]
| Placed to the centre right of the main segment.
|-
! colspan="8"| Punctuation:
|-
| ''áwuk tak''
| -
| n/a
| colspan="4"| [[File:Aawuk tak.svg|100px]]
| Used to link noun classifiers to their head nouns. Converts final segment of preceding noun to a medial form with an extended tail that links to the classifier.
|-
| ''n̗ajún̗''
| .
| n/a
| colspan="4"| [[File:Nhajuunh.svg|100px]]
| Equivalent to a full stop in English. Not connected to main word.
|-
| ''taktak''
| ,
| n/a
| colspan="4"| [[File:Taktak.svg|100px]]
| Used as a comma in lists. Not connect to main word.
|}

===2. Mák’ai logographs===
:''Main article: [[Mák’ai logographs]].''

Mák’ai logographs were historically used as the primary means of writing Mák’ai-wa, and in most cases texts from earlier stages of Mák’ai-wa are written exclusively using logographs. Following the development and official adoption of the Mák’ai alphabet four centuries ago, however, the use of Mák’ai logographs in everyday contexts has gradually decreased. Of the some 40,000 documented Mák’ai logographs that exist in the historical record, less than 1,000 are in common usage today. A much higher number of logographs are maintained in personal names, in particular last names, of which there are relatively few in modern [[Mák’ai]]. Logographs are otherwise commonly used in shorthand or in signs, such as the character TBD, which is usually used to indicate a grocery store or supermarket. School children in Mák’ai are taught the most common characters in school, but are typically not taught enough to be able to exclusively write using logographs. A few common logographs are given below (hover to see the translation):

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
See.svg|''palí'', 'to see', 'sight'
Shop logograph.svg|''wulung'', 'shop'
Makai-wa.svg|''Mák’ai-wa'', 'Mák’ai language'.
House logograph.svg|''ḿt̗a'', 'house', 'home'
Maarduk.svg|''[[Gender and sexuality in Mák’ai#Márduk|márduk]]''
</gallery>

===3. Alternative romanisations===
Mák’ai-wa also has a number of alternative romanisations. The most common of these is given below, and is predominantly used in cases where it is difficult to type diacritics:
*Tones may be written as double letters - 'á' as '''aa''', 'í' as '''ii''', and 'ú' as '''uu'''.
*{{W|Laminal sound|Laminals}} may be written with a 'h' rather than a subscript acute accent - 't̗' as '''th''', 'd̗' as '''dh''', 'l̗' as '''lh''', and 'n̗' as '''nh'''.
*The {{W|trill|trilled}} 'r' is written in some transcriptions as '''rh''', thereby representing the trill as part of the laminal series, or in others as '''rr'''.
*Ejectives are written as double letters - k' as '''kk''', t' as '''tt''', and t̗' as '''tth'''.
As an example, compare the following two transcriptions of the Lord's prayer ([[Mák’ai language#The Lord's Prayer|see below]]) in standard romanisation and in the alternate romanisation that avoids diacritics:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
''át̗á-a tai-áyú nga mk'angán''

''raguyán juŗ-wa nga laingán''

''túnangayí pákuyí t̗'ur̗gín-d̗al̗a nga laingán''

''baranangayí d̗ai l̗ámúgai-a nga laingán''

''úr̗t̗á-d̗ar, t̗ak tai-áyú''

{{Col-break}}
''aathaa-a tai-aayuu nga mkkangaan''

''raguyaan jurr-wa nga laingaan''

''tuunangayii paakuyii tthurrgiin-dhalha nga laingaan''

''baranangayii dhai lhaamuugai-a nga laingaan''

''uurrthaa-dhar, thak tai-aayuu''

{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}

==Grammar==
:''Main article: [[Grammar of Mák’ai]].''
===1. Verbs===
[[File:Verb examples makai.PNG|thumb|right|400px|Two examples of an auxiliary verb in Mák’ai illustrating their basic structure, one with and one without incorporation. An auxiliary with this basic structure is required in combination with an unmarked lexical verb to form a grammatical sentence in Mák’ai. The upper sentence translates to 'it appears that I could have X-ed it', the lower sentence translates to 'it appears that I could have almost X-ed a bed'. Note that as there is no lexical verb here, which would normally appear unmodified after the auxiliary, no exact translation can be given. 'X' here substitutes for whatever unconjugated lexical verb would occur after the auxiliary.]]
====1.1 Basic structure====
All basic sentences in Mák’ai-wa contain an obligatory {{W|auxiliary verb}}, which is the main inflected verb in the sentence, as well as a typically unconjugated {{W|lexical verb}}. In an unmarked sentence, the auxiliary is sentence-initial and is followed immediately by the lexical verb. The auxiliary verb is polysynthetic and is the most morphologically complex aspect of Mák’ai-wa grammar.

The auxiliary verb is, at a minimum, conjugated to encode information about the {{W|grammatical subject}}, {{W|grammatical object|object}} (if present), {{W|tense}}/{{W|aspect}}, and {{W|evidentiality}}. Person agreement with the subject and object is typically such that a separate subject or object pronoun is not required. As such, the most basic sentence in Mák’ai-wa can consist of simply an auxiliary and lexical verb. Additionally, the auxiliary verb may also encode information about {{W|grammatical mood}},{{W|evidentiality}}, and {{W|qualifier (linguistics)|qualifiers}}. Noun incorporation is also common place and is used to refer to a generic nominal object.

To summarise, the auxiliary verb can contain the following grammatical components, strictly in the following order. Optional components are given in brackets.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Auxiliary verb structure in Mák’ai-wa
| Subject pronoun'''OR'''(Causative + causer pronoun<ref>Note that having a causative moves the role of thematic subject to the position of the direct object, and the thematic direct object to the position of the indirect object. See [[Mák’ai language#Causatives]] for more information.</ref>)
| (Direct object pronoun)'''OR'''(Incorporated noun/adjective)
| (Indirect object pronoun)'''OR'''(Applicative + benefactor pronoun)
| rowspan="2"| (Adverb qualifier)
| rowspan="2"| Tense/aspect
| rowspan="2"| (Mood marker)
| rowspan="2"| Evidentiality marker
|-
|}

Given this, the most complex auxiliary verbs in Mák’ai-wa can therefore consist of up to nine individual components. The following example illustrates the maximum possible complexity of Mák’ai polysynthetic auxiliary verbs:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.1.''' ''Yangak’awun̗uluyarálurmaugaí aya'' [[File:Makai-sentence-50.ogg]]
|Ya-nga-k’a-wu-n̗ulu-yará-lur-ma-ugaí aya
|{{gcl|CAUS}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|APPL}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-almost-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|COND}}-{{gcl|INDIR|indirective}}.{{gcl|UNREP|unreported}} cook
|'it appears that I could have almost made you cook for him'
}}
</blockquote>

Contrastingly, an example of the most basic sentence in Mák’ai-wa is as followsː

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.2.''' ''Ngák'an palí'' [[File:Makai-sentence-1.ogg]]
|Ngá-k'a-n palí
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}<ref>For the purposes of this article, the more traditional glossing conventions of MASC for masculine gender, FEM for feminine gender, and NEUT for neuter gender will be used to correspond to the Mák’ai genders of ''[[Ngárduk]]'', ''[[Márduk]]'', and ''[[T̗’úkai]]'' respectively.</ref>-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}<ref>Note that in the second person the distinction is only between ''Ngárduk''/''Márduk'' and ''T̗’úkai''.</ref>-{{gcl|PRES}} see
|'I (''Márduk''<ref>''[[Márduk]]'' is one of the three Mák’ai genders, roughly equatable to 'feminine' women. For more information, see [[Gender and sexuality in Mák’ai ]].</ref>) see you (non-''T̗’úkai'').'
}}
</blockquote>

This sentence consists of two parts. The lexical verb, ''palí'', simply conveys the meaning 'see'. The auxiliary verb, ''ngák'an'', consists of three parts - the final tense/aspect root ''n'', which denotes a present action, the initial subject prefix ''ngá-'', which denotes a first person singular nominative subject of the ''[[Márduk]]'' gender, and the medial object prefix ''k'a-'', which denotes a second person singular accusative object. As the auxiliary already conveys information about the subject and object, separate subject and object pronouns are not required.

In the case where a specific noun is used for the subject, the auxiliary verb must agree with the subject in both person, number, and case. For exampleː

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.3.''' ''Nguk'an palí Mák’ai-pa'' [[File:Makai-sentence-2.ogg]]
|Ngu-k'a-n palí Mák’ai-pa
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}ː{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}
|'The nearby (Mák’ai) man sees you (non-''T̗’úkai'').'
}}
</blockquote>

This also applies when one wishes to specify the object but not the subject. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.4.''' ''Ngák'un palí Mák’ai-pak'' [[File:Makai-sentence-3.ogg]]
|Ngá-k'u-n palí Mák’ai-pa-k
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}ː{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'I (''Márduk'') see the nearby (Mák’ai) man'
}}
</blockquote>

Both may simultaneously be done simultaneously to specify a particular subject and object. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.5.''' ''Nguk'un palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-pak'' [[File:Makai-sentence-4.ogg]]
|Ngu-k'u-n palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-pa-k
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} see ák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}ː{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}} Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}ː{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'The nearby (Mák’ai) man) see the (other) nearby (Mák’ai) man'
}}
</blockquote>

In example 1.1.5 above, omitting the nouns following the verb will produce the less specific meaning 'he (nearby) sees him (nearby)'. As such, it is usually unnecessary to add the noun outside of the verb unless introducing a new actor in a sentence.

The maximum number of arguments which can be incorporated into an auxiliary verb is three, typically for ditransitive verbs or by using valence-increasing processes to transitive verbs (see [[Mák’ai language#Applicatives]] and [[Mák’ai language#Causatives]] below). An example of a sentence using three incorporated arguments is as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.1.6.''' ''Kúngnur̗úgun̗ulul púkú mpalá-yun̗u'' [[File:Makai-sentence-47.ogg]]
|Kúngnu-r̗úgu-n̗ulu-l púkú mpalá-yun̗u
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-bread-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} give child-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}
|'those two nearby men gave some bread to the nearby girl'
}}
</blockquote>

====1.2 Incorporation====
Mák’ai exhibits {{W|Incorporation (linguistics)|incorporation}}, wherein the slot normally occupied by a direct object pronoun can be replaced by a noun, adjective, or location. Noun incorporation occurs when the speaker wishes to form an indefinite construction, as specifying any kind of noun outside of the axuiliary verb necessitates that that noun be definite. In other words, if a noun is incorporated, it translates to as 'an X' or 'some X', whereas if it is external to the auxiliary verb it may translate to 'the X'. To illustrate this, consider the following sentence, which includes a specified (unincorporated) noun:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.1.''' ''Ngárul n̗ígu kábá-nak'' [[File:Makai-sentence-5 1.ogg]]
|Ngá-ru-l n̗ígu kábá-nak
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} buy bed-{{gcl|CL}}ːtool.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'I (''Márduk'') bought the (nearby) bed'
}}
</blockquote>

To create the indefinite meaning 'I bought '''a''' bed', as opposed to 'I bought '''the''' bed', we can incorporate the generic noun ''kábá'' in the place of the object pronoun, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.2.''' ''Ngákábál n̗ígu'' [[File:Makai-sentence-6 1.ogg]]
|Ngá-kábá-l n̗ígu
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-bed-{{gcl|PST}} buy
|'I (''Márduk'') bought a bed'
}}
</blockquote>

It is important to note that noun incorporation in Mák’ai can only occur for a particular set of nouns (typically concrete objects) and never for the subject. Furthermore, only the head noun can ever be incorporated into the verb. If the incorporated noun is modified in any way, the modification must be included in a separate clause in most cases, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.3.''' ''Ngákábál n̗ígu, lákíd̗ímakul már'' [[File:Makai sentence 23.ogg]]
|Ngá-kábá-l n̗ígu, lá-kíd̗ímak-ul már
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-bed-{{gcl|PST}} buy, {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-comfortable-{{gcl|PST}} very
|'I (''Márduk'') bought a very comfortable bed' (lit. 'I (''Márduk'') bought a bed, it was very comfortable').
}}
</blockquote>

If special emphasis needs to be placed on the attribute to the incorporated noun, then the modifier may be placed after the incorporated noun's classifier, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.4.''' ''Ngákábál n̗ígu nak kíd̗ímak már '' [[File:Makai sentence 24.ogg]]
|Ngá-kábá-l n̗ígu nak kíd̗ímak már
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-bed-{{gcl|PST}} buy {{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|ACC}} comfortable very
|'I (''Márduk'') bought a ''very comfortable'' bed'
}}
</blockquote>

Incorporation of adjectives and location phrases can also occur, but only in the context of subject-predicate compounds (such as 'I am tall' or 'she is at the beach' in English). In both of these cases, the attributive phrase is simply incorporated into the auxiliary in the place of an object, including any classifiers if necessary. Any further modifiers are simply included after the auxiliary as if the auxiliary was the head of the adjective/location phrase. The following two examples illustrate this:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.5.''' ''Tánguyanáiyun ń̗gut̗íwu'' [[File:Makai sentence 25.ogg]]
|Tángu-yanái-yu-n ń̗gut̗íwu
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-doctor-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|NOM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} renowned
|'he/she is a renowned doctor'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.2.6.''' ''Gangdar̗anaran múk'ulu k'igá-nal̗a'' [[File:Makai sentence 26.ogg]]
|Gang-dar̗a-nar-an múk'ulu k'igá-nal̗a
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-table-{{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|PRES}} old book-{{gcl|NC}}:tool.{{gcl|ERG}}
|'those two (distant) books are on the old table'
}}
</blockquote>

[[File:Makai chart.PNG|thumb|right|400px|A paradigm for pronouns in the nominative case for Mák’ai verbs. Note that other paradigms also exist for the accusative, ergative, and absolutive cases.]]

====1.3 Pronouns and pronoun incorporation====
Pronominal forms used in verbs form very complicated paradigms with several categories. These include {{W|Case|case}} (nominative/accusative or ergative/absolutive depending on the agents involved, or dative for indirect objects, see [[Mák’ai language#Case]] below), {{W|Person|person}} (first, second, and third), {{W|Grammatical number|number}} (singular, dual, and plural), {{W|Clusivity|exclusivity}} (inclusive or exclusive, for first person only), {{W|Distance|proximity}} (proximal or distal, for third person only), {{W|Animacy|animacy}} (inanimate and animate), and {{W|Grammatical gender|gender}} (for each of the three Mák’ai genders, as a subcategorisation of animate pronouns). Historically Mák’ai also had five separate pronoun paradigms according to which part of the body the movement involved, however, this system is no longer fully functional in modern Mák’ai. Many irregular pronominal forms are derived from this earlier five-type system. A typical example of a pronoun declension chart is given on the left for the nominative case. For a full list of pronouns, see [[Mák’ai language/Lexicon]].

These pronominal forms may also be used externally to the verb with the suffix ''-ngán''. In these cases, the reduplication of the pronoun serves to emphasise the pronoun, and is therefore only done under particular discourse conditions. An example of this is as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.3.1.''' ''Tánguk'ulka palí? - R̗u, tángut'úl palí t'úngán'' [[File:Makai-sentence-9.ogg]]
|tángu-k'u-l-ka palí? - r̗u, tángu-t'ú-l palí t'ú-ngán
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}-{{gcl|INTER|interrogative}} see - no {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
|'did he see him?' - 'no, he saw ''him'' (where the second 'him' refers to a different person standing further away)'
}}
</blockquote>

In the above example, the independent pronoun ''t'úngán'' is only used outside of the verb to emphasise that it was another person the subject saw rather than the one initially supposed in the question.

====1.4 Adverb incorporation====
Auxiliary verbs in Mák’ai-wa can also incorporate up to one qualifying adverb that indicates the extent to which the action was completed. Eligible adverbs for incorporation include certain {{W|temporal adverb|temporal adverbs}} ('already', 'yet') and {{W|degree adverb|degree adverbs}} ('almost', 'somewhat'). Other adverbs cannot be incorporated into the verb and must be used separately after the auxiliary verb. An example of adverb incorporation in Mák’ai is as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.4.1.''' ''Jágun̗jíyarálur aya'' [[File:Makai sentence 36.ogg]]
|Já-gun̗jí-yará-lur aya
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-meat-almost-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} cook
|'those distant ''T̗’úkai'' have almost finished cooking the meat'
}}
</blockquote>

====1.5 Tense and Aspect====
Mák’ai verbs also conjugate according to {{W|tense}} and {{W|aspect}}. Mák’ai has three main tenses, which are given below:
*''l'' - past tense, ie, ''ngak'al palí'', 'I saw you'
*''n'' - present tense, ie, ''ngak'an palí'', 'I see you'
*''r̗'' - future tense, ie, ''ngak'ar̗ palí'', 'I will see you'
Note that these affixes sometimes exhibit allomorphic variation when the preceding segments end in a consonant or a diphthong. In these cases a vowel, usually 'u', is inserted before the affix, as in ''kúngwatágáiul palí'', 'those nearby men saw those far-away women'.

Mák’ai also has an additional affix ''-ai'' which may be used after the past tense or future tense marker to indicate an event in the distant past or future. For example,:
*''ngak'alai palí'' - 'I saw you (long ago)'
*''ngak'ar̗ai palí'' - 'I will see you (far in the future)'
Typically, the ''-ai'' affix is used in literary or story-telling contexts, or for hyperbole in everyday speech.

Mák’ai also employs a distinction between {{W|perfective}} and {{W|imperfective}} aspect. The default form of a verb is imperfective and implies that an action is ongoing or uncompleted. The perfective form is created by using one of the following affixes instead of the above forms in the past or future tense:
*''lur'' - past perfective.
*''na'' - future perfective.
The perfective aspect is used to view an action as a completed whole, as opposed to being ongoing/uncompleted. Examples of the differences between the imperfective and perfective aspect in Mák’ai are given below:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.5.1.''' ''Ngalul párla'' [[File:Makai-sentence-28.ogg]]
|Nga-lu-l párla
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}} call.for
|'I (''Márduk'') called for you (''T̗’úkai'') (and there was no result)'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.5.2.''' ''Ngalulur párla'' [[File:Makai-sentence-29.ogg]]
|Nga-lu-lur párla
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} call.for
|'I (''Márduk'') called for you (''T̗’úkai'') (and there was a result, ie, you answered)'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 1.5.1 above uses the imperfective aspect, and therefore describes the action as having been ongoing or uncompleted. The emphasis in this example is on the action in general as occurring without any particular result or outcome - that is, 'I was calling for you'. Example 1.4.2 uses the perfective aspect, and therefore focuses on the result of the action. Here, there is an implication that something came out of the speaker calling for his interlocutor - ie, the interlocutor answered him, etc.

Other more subtle distinctions in aspect can also be produced in Mák’ai by using various other linguistic processes. For example, the {{W|progressive aspect|progressive}} is formed through {{W|reduplication (linguistics)|reduplication}} of the lexical verb, as in example 1.5.3 below:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.5.3.''' ''Nugun̗jír̗ r̗ákí aya-aya'' [[File:Makai-sentence-30.ogg]]
|Nu-gun̗jí-r̗ r̗ákí aya-aya
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-meat-{{gcl|FUT}} soon cook-cook
|'I (''T̗’úkai'') will be cooking some meat soon'
}}
</blockquote>

====1.6 Mood====
Mood in Mák’ai is indiciated by the use of affixes on the auxiliary verb. A lack of any explicit affix automatically implies the {{W|indicative mood}}. There are six irrealis moods that are communicated through the use of affixes. The first of these is ''-ma'', which marks the {{W|conditional mood}}. ''-ma'' is used when the event described is dependent on another condition - that is, it can only be realised if something else happens. This is roughly translated with 'would' or 'could' in English. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.1.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arlur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'úlurma palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 31.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-lur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-lur-ma palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|COND}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'you (''T̗’úkai'') could have seen the king when you were in Mk'áit̗ar'
}}
</blockquote>

The affix ''-ngayí'' is used to mark the {{W|optative mood}}. ''-ngayí'' is used when the event described is hoped, expected, awaited, or desired/wished by the speaker. Usually it is used to express that the speaker wants something to be a certain way, but it isn't. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.2.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arlur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'úlurngayí palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 32.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-lur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-lur-ngayí palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|OPT}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'you (''T̗’úkai'') had hoped to have seen the king when you were in Mk'áit̗ar'
}}
</blockquote>

The affix ''-baru'' is used to mark the {{W|necessitative mood}}. ''-baru'' is used when the event described is necessary but not necessarily desired, when an event is destined to be, or when the event has been predetermined or prescribed. The necessitative is roughly translatable as "to be to" in English. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.3.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arlur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'úlurbaru palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 33.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-lur Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-lur-baru palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|NEC|necessitative}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'you (''T̗’úkai'') were to see the king when you were in Mk'áit̗ar'
}}
</blockquote>

The affix ''-tak'' is used to mark the {{W|potential mood}}. ''-tak'' is used when the event described is considered probable or likely to occur. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.4.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arna Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'únatak palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 34.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-na Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-na-tak palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|POT}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'you (''T̗’úkai'') will probably see the king when you are in Mk'áit̗ar'
}}
</blockquote>

The affix ''-ji'' is used to mark the {{W|dubitative mood}}. ''-ji'' is used when the event described is uncertain, doubtful, or dubious. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.5.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arna Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'únaji palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 35.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-na Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-na-ji palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|DUB}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'you (''T̗’úkai'') might see the king when you are in Mk'áit̗ar (although it is unlikely)'
}}
</blockquote>

The affix ''-bu'' is used to mark the {{W|imperative mood}}. ''-bu'' is used when the event is directly ordered or requested by the speaker. It may also be used to express desires or to plead. For example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.6.6.''' ''Gánai d̗a laid̗arna Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lait'únabu palí t̗'ur̗-pak'' [[File:Makai sentence 36.ogg]]
|Gánai d̗a lai-d̗ar-na Mk'áit̗ar̗-d̗ar lai-t'ú-na-bu palí t̗'ur̗-pak
|when {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}} Mk'áit̗ar̗-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|IMP}} see king-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'(you (''T̗’úkai'')) see the king when you are in Mk'áit̗ar'
}}
</blockquote>

====1.7 Evidentiality====
Mák’ai verbs also contain information about {{W|evidentiality}} - that is, what the source of the information given in the statement is. Strictly speaking, Mák’ai distinguishes between {{W|Evidentiality#Indirectivity|indirectivity}} rather than evidentiality, in that a distinction is made between whether there is a source for the statement or not, but not as to what the source itself is. Modern Mák’ai has a three-way distinction between different kinds of evidential marking - direct, reported indirect, and unreported indirect. The direct form is unmarked and implies that the information is being reported directly - that is, that there is some kind of evidence for it. It focuses on the fact of the statement as an event. Contrastingly, the indirect forms focus on the recipient of the information by the speaker, rather than the factualness of the information itself. This is seen in the following examples:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.7.1.''' ''Mk'árlul palí'' [[File:Makai-sentence-34.ogg]]
|Mk'ár-lu-l palí
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|EXCL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}} see
|'we ''Márduk'' (not you) saw them (''T̗’úkai'') (direct)'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 1.7.1 above is unmarked and therefore shows direct information, focusing on the event that occurred. Example 1.7.2 below is marked with unreported indirect marking. As such, the focus is not on the actual event that actually occurred, but rather on the speaker's reception of the knowledge of the event.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.7.2.''' ''Mk'árluluk palí'' [[File:Makai-sentence-31.ogg]]
|Mk'ár-lu-l-uk palí
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|EXCL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}}-{{gcl|INDIR|indirective}}.{{gcl|UNREP|unreported}} see
|'allegedly, we ''Márduk'' (not you) saw them (''T̗’úkai'')'
}}
</blockquote>

Mák’ai further distinguishes two types of indirect marking - reported and unreported (or non-reported in some sources). ''Reported'' indirect marking focuses on the reception of information through a secondary source - ie, one which 'reports' the event to the speaker. This could be through hearsay, writing, or rumour, for example. The reported indirect marking is also used in quotative contexts, where the speaker is reporting someone else's speech. ''Non-reported'' indirect marking instead focuses on the reception of information through perception - ie, by witnessing or observing the event. Example 1.7.2 above uses the reported indirect marking ''-uk''. Example 1.7.3 below conversely uses the non-reported indirect marking ''-ugaí'':

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 1.7.3.''' ''Mk'árlulugaí palí'' [[File:Makai-sentence-32.ogg]]
|Mk'ár-lu-l-ugaí palí
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|EXCL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}}-{{gcl|INDIR|indirective}}.{{gcl|REP|reported}} see
|'it appears that we ''Márduk'' (not you) saw them (''T̗’úkai'')'
}}
</blockquote>

The non-reported indirect marking can also be used to show inference. Hence, 1.7.3 above could also be translated as 'as far as we understand, we ''Márduk'' (not you) saw them (''T̗’úkai'')'.

The differences between these three different evidentials are summarised in the table below:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Indirectivity in Mák’ai-wa
! colspan="2"|Indirectivity type
! Meaning
! Marking
! Example
! Possible translations
|-
! colspan="2"|Direct
| A stated fact, focus is on the information itself
| n/a (unmarked)
| ''ngák'al palí''
| 'I saw you'
|-
! rowspan="2"|Indirect
! Reported/Quotative
| Focuses on the ''reception'' of the information by the speaker via a secondary source (ie, it is reported to the speaker). Also used for quoted speech.
| ''-uk''
| ''ngák'al'''-uk''' palí''
| 'I allegedly saw you', 'I reportedly saw you', 'they said that I saw you', etc.
|-
! Non-reported/Inferential/Experiential
| Focuses on the speaker's experience of receiving the information through ''perception'' or ''inference''.
| ''-ugaí''
| ''ngák'al'''-ugaí''' palí''
| 'it appears that I saw you', 'I saw you (with my own eyes)', 'one could see that I saw you', etc.
|-
|}

===2. Nouns===
====2.1 Noun classes and case====
Nouns in Mák’ai are marked for case, gender, and number, but not definiteness. Both case and gender are marked through the use of post-nominal {{W|Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers}}, of which there are thirteen. Classifier use is obligatory, but the assignment of a particular noun to a set noun class is not determined. Rather, the choice of classifier used reflects the exact way the object is used. For example, the classifier ''mú'' is used for nouns belonging to the vegetation class, as in ''átá-mú'', 'stick'. Conversely, the classifier ''na'' is used for nouns belonging to the tool class. The classifier ''na'' can therefore be used with ''átá'' to form ''átá-na'', with the new meaning of 'stick as a tool', rather than 'stick as a stick' (ie, a branch used as a walking stick, etc.). In this way, classifier membership is not fixed, but fluid depending on the way the object is used.

Mák’ai has eight cases - {{W|nominative}}/{{W|ergative}}, {{W|accusative}}/{{W|absolutive}}, {{W|dative}}, {{W|genitive}}, {{W|instrumental}}, and {{W|locative}}. Mák’ai also exhibits split-system ergativity, meaning that the choice between nominative/accusative marking and ergative/absolutive marking depends on the particular context of a sentence. This is explained further below in [[Mák’ai language#Split-system ergativity]]. A full table illustrating the declension of noun classifiers for case is included below:

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Noun classifiers in Mák’ai (singular)
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Case (linguistics)|Case}}
! style="width: 68px; " |''pa''(''ngárduk<ref>''Ngárduk'' is one of the three Mák’ai genders, roughly equatable to 'masculine' men. For more information, see [[Gender and sexuality in Mák’ai]].</ref>'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''yu''(''márduk<ref>See note 3 above.</ref>'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''ja''(''t̗'úkai''<ref>''T̗’úkai'' is one of the three Mák’ai genders, roughly equatable to 'masculine' women or 'feminine' men. For more information, see [[Gender and sexuality in Mák’ai ]].</ref>'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''kí''(non-Mák’ai person, most animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''a''(spirit, deity)
! style="width: 68px; " |''mú''(plant matter)
! style="width: 68px; " |''n̗i''(food, edible substances)
! style="width: 68px; " |''na''(tool, weapon)
! style="width: 68px; " |''gu''(fire, heat)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wa''(language, sounds)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wá''(water, aquatic animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''d̗a''(time and space)
! style="width: 68px; " |''ngu''(generic)
|-
! {{W|Nominative}}
| ''pa''
| ''yu''
| ''ja''
| ''kí''
| ''a''
| ''mú''
| ''n̗i''
| ''na''
| ''gu''
| ''wa''
| ''wá''
| ''d̗a''
| ''ngu''
|-
! {{W|Absolutive}}
| ''pa''
| ''yu''
| ''ja''
| ''kí''
| ''a''
| ''mú''
| ''n̗i''
| ''na''
| ''gu''
| ''wa''
| ''wá''
| ''d̗a''
| ''ngu''
|-
! {{W|Accusative}}
| ''pak''
| ''yuk''
| ''jak''
| ''kíyak''
| ''á''
| ''múk''
| ''n̗ik''
| ''nak''
| ''guk''
| ''wak''
| ''wák''
| ''d̗ak''
| ''ngut̗ak''
|-
! {{W|Ergative}}
| ''pal̗a''
| ''yul̗a''
| ''jal̗a''
| ''kíl̗a''
| ''ar''
| ''múl̗a''
| ''n̗il̗a''
| ''nal̗a''
| ''gul̗a''
| ''wal̗a''
| ''wál̗a''
| ''d̗al̗a''
| ''ngul̗a''
|-
! {{W|Dative}}
| ''pan̗u''
| ''yun̗u''
| ''jan̗u''
| ''kín̗u''
| ''án̗''
| ''mún̗u''
| ''n̗in̗u''
| ''nan̗u''
| ''gun̗u''
| ''wan̗u''
| ''wán̗u''
| ''d̗an̗u''
| ''ngun̗''
|-
! {{W|Genitive}}
| ''par''
| ''yur''
| ''jur''
| ''kír''
| ''áyú''
| ''múr''
| ''n̗ir''
| ''nar''
| ''gur''
| ''war''
| ''wár''
| ''d̗ar''
| ''ngur''
|-
! {{W|Instrumental}}
| ''pawá''
| ''yuwá''
| ''jawá''
| ''kíwá''
| ''áwá''
| ''múwá''
| ''n̗iwá''
| ''na''
| ''guwá''
| ''wawá''
| ''wáwá''
| ''d̗awá''
| ''nguwá''
|-
! {{W|Locative}}
| ''par''
| ''yuú''
| ''jur''
| ''kír''
| ''áyú''
| ''múr''
| ''n̗ir''
| ''nar''
| ''guú''
| ''war''
| ''wár''
| ''d̗ar''
| ''nguú''
|-
|}
</center>

====2.2 Number====
Mák’ai has three numbers - singular, dual, and plural - which are reflected in both its pronominal system and its noun declension. Singular nouns are unmarked while dual and plural nouns take an additional suffix on to the noun's classifier. Typically, dual is indicated by affixing ''-n̗'' and plural by affixing ''-r'' to the end of the noun classifier where the noun classifier ends in a vowel. For example, consider the following:

*''mpalá-pa'' - boy-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|SG}} - 'a boy'
*''mpalá-pan̗'' - boy-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DU}} - 'two boys'
*''mpalá-par'' - boy-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PL}} - 'boys'

Note, however, that there are many exceptions to this rule, and that this rule does not apply where the classifier ends in a consonant. The following charts therefore show the form of classifiers in the dual and plural forms respectively.

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Noun classifiers in Mák’ai (dual)
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Case (linguistics)|Case}}
! style="width: 68px; " |''pa''(''ngárduk'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''yu''(''márduk'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''ja''(''t̗'úkai'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''kí''(non-Mák’ai person, most animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''a''(spirit, deity)
! style="width: 68px; " |''mú''(plant matter)
! style="width: 68px; " |''n̗i''(food, edible substances)
! style="width: 68px; " |''na''(tool, weapon)
! style="width: 68px; " |''gu''(fire, heat)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wa''(language, sounds)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wá''(water, aquatic animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''d̗a''(time and space)
! style="width: 68px; " |''ngu''(generic)
|-
! {{W|Nominative}}
| ''pan̗''
| ''yun̗''
| ''jan̗''
| ''kín̗''
| ''an̗''
| ''mún̗''
| ''n̗in̗''
| ''nan̗''
| ''gun̗''
| ''wan̗''
| ''wán̗''
| ''d̗an̗''
| ''ngun̗''
|-
! {{W|Absolutive}}
| ''pan̗''
| ''yun̗''
| ''jan̗''
| ''kín̗''
| ''an̗''
| ''mún̗''
| ''n̗in̗''
| ''nan̗''
| ''gun̗''
| ''wan̗''
| ''wán̗''
| ''d̗an̗''
| ''ngun̗''
|-
! {{W|Accusative}}
| ''pan̗ak''
| ''yun̗ak''
| ''jan̗ak''
| ''kín̗ak''
| ''án̗''
| ''mún̗ak''
| ''n̗in̗ak''
| ''nan̗ak''
| ''gun̗ak''
| ''wan̗ak''
| ''wán̗ak''
| ''d̗an̗ak''
| ''ngun̗ak''
|-
! {{W|Ergative}}
| ''pan̗l̗a''
| ''yun̗l̗a''
| ''jan̗l̗a''
| ''kín̗l̗a''
| ''aran̗''
| ''mún̗l̗a''
| ''n̗in̗l̗a''
| ''nan̗l̗a''
| ''gun̗l̗a''
| ''wan̗l̗a''
| ''wán̗l̗a''
| ''d̗an̗l̗a''
| ''ngun̗l̗a''
|-
! {{W|Dative}}
| ''pan̗un̗''
| ''yun̗un̗''
| ''jan̗un̗''
| ''kín̗un̗''
| ''n̗án̗''
| ''mún̗un̗''
| ''n̗in̗un̗''
| ''nan̗un̗''
| ''gun̗un̗''
| ''wan̗un̗''
| ''wán̗un̗''
| ''d̗an̗un̗''
| ''ngun̗u''
|-
! {{W|Genitive}}
| ''pan̗ar''
| ''yun̗ur''
| ''jun̗ur''
| ''kín̗ir''
| ''áyún̗''
| ''mún̗ur''
| ''n̗in̗ir''
| ''nan̗ar''
| ''gun̗ur''
| ''wan̗ar''
| ''wán̗ar''
| ''d̗an̗ar''
| ''ngun̗ur''
|-
! {{W|Instrumental}}
| ''pan̗wá''
| ''yun̗wá''
| ''jan̗wá''
| ''kín̗wá''
| ''án̗wá''
| ''mún̗wá''
| ''n̗in̗wá''
| ''nan̗''
| ''gun̗wá''
| ''wan̗wá''
| ''wán̗wá''
| ''d̗an̗wá''
| ''ngun̗wá''
|-
! {{W|Locative}}
| ''pan̗ar''
| ''yun̗ú''
| ''jun̗ur''
| ''kín̗ir''
| ''áyún̗''
| ''mún̗ur''
| ''n̗in̗ir''
| ''nan̗ar''
| ''gun̗ú''
| ''wan̗ar''
| ''wán̗ar''
| ''d̗an̗ar''
| ''ngun̗ú''
|-
|}
</center>

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Noun classifiers in Mák’ai (plural)
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Case (linguistics)|Case}}
! style="width: 68px; " |''pa''(''ngárduk'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''yu''(''márduk'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''ja''(''t̗'úkai'')
! style="width: 68px; " |''kí''(non-Mák’ai person, most animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''a''(spirit, deity)
! style="width: 68px; " |''mú''(plant matter)
! style="width: 68px; " |''n̗i''(food, edible substances)
! style="width: 68px; " |''na''(tool, weapon)
! style="width: 68px; " |''gu''(fire, heat)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wa''(language, sounds)
! style="width: 68px; " |''wá''(water, aquatic animals)
! style="width: 68px; " |''d̗a''(time and space)
! style="width: 68px; " |''ngu''(generic)
|-
! {{W|Nominative}}
| ''par''
| ''yur''
| ''jar''
| ''kír''
| ''ar''
| ''múr''
| ''n̗ir''
| ''nar''
| ''gur''
| ''war''
| ''wár''
| ''d̗ar''
| ''ngur''
|-
! {{W|Absolutive}}
| ''par''
| ''yur''
| ''jar''
| ''kkír''
| ''ar''
| ''múr''
| ''n̗ir''
| ''nar''
| ''gur''
| ''war''
| ''wár''
| ''d̗ar''
| ''ngur''
|-
! {{W|Accusative}}
| ''parak''
| ''yurak''
| ''jarak''
| ''kírak''
| ''ár''
| ''múrak''
| ''n̗irak''
| ''narak''
| ''gurak''
| ''warak''
| ''wárak''
| ''d̗arak''
| ''ngurak''
|-
! {{W|Ergative}}
| ''parl̗a''
| ''yurl̗a''
| ''jarl̗a''
| ''kírla''
| ''l̗ur''
| ''múrl̗a''
| ''n̗irl̗a''
| ''narl̗a''
| ''gurl̗a''
| ''warl̗a''
| ''wárl̗a''
| ''d̗arl̗a''
| ''ngurl̗a''
|-
! {{W|Dative}}
| ''pan̗ur''
| ''yun̗ur''
| ''jan̗ur''
| ''kín̗ur''
| ''n̗ur''
| ''mún̗ur''
| ''n̗in̗ur''
| ''nan̗ur''
| ''gun̗ur''
| ''wan̗ur''
| ''wán̗ur''
| ''d̗an̗ur''
| ''ngun̗ur''
|-
! {{W|Genitive}}
| ''n̗par''
| ''n̗yur''
| ''n̗jur''
| ''n̗kír''
| ''áyúr''
| ''n̗múr''
| ''n̗iru''
| ''n̗aru''
| ''n̗gur''
| ''n̗war''
| ''n̗wár''
| ''n̗d̗ar''
| ''nguru''
|-
! {{W|Instrumental}}
| ''parwá''
| ''yurwá''
| ''jarwá''
| ''kírwá''
| ''árwá''
| ''múrwá''
| ''n̗irwá''
| ''nar''
| ''gurwá''
| ''warwá''
| ''wárwá''
| ''d̗arwá''
| ''ngurwá''
|-
! {{W|Locative}}
| ''n̗par''
| ''yurú''
| ''n̗jur''
| ''n̗kír''
| ''áyúr''
| ''n̗múr''
| ''n̗iru''
| ''n̗aru''
| ''gurú''
| ''n̗war''
| ''n̗wár''
| ''n̗d̗ar''
| ''ngurú''
|-
|}
</center>

====2.3 Non-personal pronouns====
Mák’ai-wa has a number of non-personal pronouns which can be divided into various functions (ie, to express things, places, reasons, etc.) and types (ie, queries, 'some' words, 'many' words, etc.). Some non-personal pronouns in Mák’ai-wa decline according to case, particularly where these pronouns would replace whole nouns - ie, to fill the 'thing' or 'person' function. A list of these is given below, along with their approximate English translations. Note that question words of this type also decline according to case. These are outlined in [[Mák’ai language#Questions]] below.

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Declinable non-personal pronouns in Mák’ai-wa
! style="width: 68px; " |Function
! style="width: 68px; " |Type
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Nominative}}/{{W|Absolutive}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Accusative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Ergative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Dative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Genitive}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Instrumental}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Locative}}
|-
! rowspan="2"|'This'
! Thing
| ''á'''this'
| ''ák'''this'
| ''ál̗á'''this'
| ''án̗á'''to this'
| ''ár'''of this'
| ''áwá'''with this'
| ''ár'''in this'
|-
! Person
| ''lá'''this one'
| ''lák'''this one'
| ''lál̗á'''this one'
| ''lán̗á'''to this one'
| ''lár'''of this one'
| ''láwá'''with this one'
| ''láyú'''at this one'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'That'
! Thing
| ''át̗a'''that'
| ''át̗ak'''that'
| ''át̗al̗á'''that'
| ''át̗an̗á'''to that'
| ''át̗ar'''of that'
| ''át̗awá'''with that'
| ''át̗ar'''in that'
|-
! Person
| ''lát̗á'''that one'
| ''lát̗ák'''that one'
| ''lát̗ál̗á'''that one'
| ''lát̗án̗á'''to that one'
| ''lát̗ár'''of that one'
| ''lát̗áwá'''with that one'
| ''lát̗ár'''at that one'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'Some'
! Thing
| ''muk'''something'
| ''mukuk'''something'
| ''ml̗á'''something'
| ''mn̗á'''to something'
| ''mur'''of something'
| ''mwá'''with something'
| ''mru'''in something, at something'
|-
! Person
| ''múk'ai'''someone'
| ''múk'ait̗ák'''someone'
| ''múk'ail̗á'''someone'
| ''múk'ain̗á'''to someone'
| ''múk'ayir'''of someone'
| ''múk'aiwá'''with someone'
| ''múk'ayir'''at someone'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'None'
! Thing
| ''r̗ukuk'''nothing'
| ''kur̗uk'''nothing'
| ''r̗ukl̗á'''nothing'
| ''r̗un̗ák'''to nothing'
| ''r̗urák'''of nothing'
| ''r̗uwák'''with nothing'
| -
|-
! Person
| ''r̗úk'ai'''no one'
| ''r̗úk'ait̗ák'''no one'
| ''r̗úk'ail̗á'''no one'
| ''r̗úk'ain̗á'''to no one'
| ''r̗úk'ayir'''of no one'
| ''r̗úk'aiwá'''with no one'
| ''r̗úk'ayir'''at no one'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'Every'
! Thing
| ''ír̗uk'''everything'
| ''kír̗uk'''everything'
| ''ír̗l̗á'''everything'
| ''ír̗n̗á'''to everything'
| ''ír̗á'''of everything'
| ''ír̗wá'''with everything'
| ''ír̗á'''in everything'
|-
! Person
| ''mír̗'''everyone'
| ''mír̗ak'''everyone'
| ''mír̗l̗á'''everyone'
| ''n̗mír̗'''to everyone'
| ''mír̗ur'''of everyone'
| ''mír̗wá'''with everyone'
| ''n̗mír̗'''at everyone'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'Many'
! Thing
| ''mbá'''everything'
| ''mbák'''everything'
| ''mbál̗á'''everything'
| ''mbán̗á'''to everything'
| ''mbár'''of everything'
| ''mbáwá'''with everything'
| ''mbár'''in everything'
|-
! Person
| ''mbák'ai'''everyone'
| ''mbák'ayak'''everyone'
| ''mbál̗ák'ai'''everyone'
| ''mbán̗ák'ai'''to everyone'
| ''mbárk'ai'''of everyone'
| ''mbáwák'ai'''with everyone'
| ''mbárk'ai'''at everyone'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'Most'
! Thing
| ''mn̗ábá'''everything'
| ''mn̗ábák'''everything'
| ''mn̗ábál̗á'''everything'
| ''mn̗ábán̗á'''to everything'
| ''mn̗ábár'''of everything'
| ''mn̗ábáwá'''with everything'
| ''mn̗ábár'''in everything'
|-
! Person
| ''mn̗ábák'ai'''everyone'
| ''mn̗ábák'ayak'''everyone'
| ''mn̗ábál̗ák'ai'''everyone'
| ''mn̗ábán̗ák'ai'''to everyone'
| ''mn̗ábárk'ai'''of everyone'
| ''mn̗ábáwák'ai'''with everyone'
| ''mn̗ábárk'ai'''at everyone'
|-
! rowspan="2"|'Any'
! Thing
| ''párá'''anything'
| ''párák'''anything'
| ''párál̗á'''anything'
| ''pán̗á'''to anything'
| ''pár'''of anything'
| ''páwá'''with anything'
| ''pár'''in anything'
|-
! Person
| ''lipárá'''anyone'
| ''lipák'''anyone'
| ''lipál̗á'''anyone'
| ''lin̗ápá'''to anyone'
| ''lipár'''of anyone'
| ''liwápá'''with anyone'
| ''lipár'''at anyone'
|-
|}
</center>

Mák’ai-wa additionally has the following additional non-personal pronouns which do not decline. The following non-personal pronouns typically function in adjuncts (ie, for place or reason pronouns) or as adjectives. In the latter instance, these pronouns behave syntactically like adjectives - that is, they occur after the head noun in a noun phrase. These non-personal pronouns are given below:

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Indeclinable non-personal pronouns in Mák’ai-wa
!
! style="width: 68px; " |Query
! style="width: 68px; " |'This'
! style="width: 68px; " |'That'
! style="width: 68px; " |'Some'
! style="width: 68px; " |'None'
! style="width: 68px; " |'Every'
! style="width: 68px; " |'Many'
! style="width: 68px; " |'Most'
! style="width: 68px; " |'Any'
|-
! Adjective
| ''kí''<ref>See [[Mák’ai language#Questions]].</ref>'which'
| ''á'''this'
| ''át̗a'''that'
| ''mni'''some'
| ''r̗uk'''no'
| ''ír̗u'''every'
| ''mbá'''many'
| ''mn̗ábá'''most'
| ''pá'''any'
|-
! Place
| ''t̗ayíd̗a''<ref>See [[Mák’ai language#Questions]].</ref>'where'
| ''d̗ad̗a'''here'
| ''t̗ad̗a'''there'
| ''d̗am'''somewhere'
| ''r̗ud̗a'''nowhere'
| ''ír̗d̗a'''everywhere'
| ''mbád̗a'''many places'
| ''mn̗ábád̗a'''most places'
| ''pád̗a'''anywhere'
|-
! Time
| ''t̗atjú'''when'
| ''tjúdai'''now'
| ''t̗atjú'''then'
| ''mtjú'''sometime'
| ''r̗alá'''never'
| ''ír̗lá'''always'
| ''mbár̗lá'''often'
| ''mn̗ábár̗lá'''very often'
| ''pátjú'''any time'
|-
! Way
| ''yuru'''how'
| ''yurá'''in this way'
| ''yurát̗a'''thus'
| ''myur'''somehow'
| -
| ''ír̗bagan'''in every way'
| ''mbágan'''in many ways'
| ''n̗ábágan'''in most ways'
| ''páyur'''in any way'
|-
! Reason
| ''jád̗u'''why'
| ''jáyád̗u'''for this reason'
| ''jáyád̗u át̗a'''for that reason'
| ''mjád̗u'''for some reason'
| ''jár̗u'''for no reason'
| -
| -
| -
| ''jápá'''for any reason'
|-
|}
</center>

Some examples of the use of non-personal pronouns are given below:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 2.3.1.''' ''Tákatalal palí r̗úk'ai párák mbágan''[[File:Makai sentence 64.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Táka-tala-l palí r̗úk'ai párák mbágan
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} see no_one.{{gcl|NOM}} anything.{{gcl|ACC}} in_many_ways
|'in many ways, no one saw anything'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 2.3.2.''' ''T̗atjú tjáit'úlur jíyí múk'ait̗ák d̗a tángut'ún mát̗'íník'ai-pa pá''[[File:Makai sentence 65.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|T̗atjú tjái-t'ú-lur jíyí múk'ait̗ák d̗a tángu-t'ú-n mát̗'íník'ai-pa pá
|when {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} meet someone.{{gcl|ACC}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} artist-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} any
|'when has that person ever met someone who is any kind of artist?'
}}
</blockquote>

===3. Adjectives and adverbs===
{{Mak'ai word of the day}}
====3.1 Adjectives====
Adjectives, adverbs, and other modifiers in Mák’ai are relatively simple. Modifiers of nouns occur after the head and are introduced by the particle ''d̗a'' or ''nga''. ''d̗a'' is used for {{W|alienable possession}} - that is, where the attribute given to the noun is something which can be lost; while ''nga'' is used for {{W|inalienable possession}} - that is, where the attribute given to the noun is something which cannot be lost. Note that this is used seperately to the {{W|genitive case}}, which is used where one noun possesses another. Furthermore, adjectives are not modified in any way to agree with the noun, as syntax always indicates which noun the adjectives are modifying. Examples of these are as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.1.1.''' ''Ngárul kángá yába-n̗ik (d̗a) l̗al̗a káiyá'' [[File:Makai-sentence-11.ogg]]
|Ngá-ru-l kángá yába-n̗ik (d̗a) l̗al̗a káiyá
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} eat apple-{{gcl|NC}}:food.{{gcl|ACC}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) delicious red
|'I ate the delicious red apple'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that the possessive marker ''d̗a'' is not required to be uttered in the above example, as context makes it obvious that the subsequent words are modifiers. There are instances, however, where ''d̗a'' is not optional, as will be shown later on. The example below shows modification of both the subject and the object. Again, ''d̗a'' is optional as it is obvious from context what the modifiers are modifying.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.1.2.''' ''Ngáirul pí Mák’ai-ja (d̗a) r̗ak'ul wá-wák (d̗a) ukála'' [[File:Makai-sentence-12.ogg]]
|Ngái-ru-l pí Mák’ai-ja (d̗a) r̗ak'ul wá-wák (d̗a) ukála
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} drink Mák’ai-{{gcl|NC}}:t̗'úkai.{{gcl|NOM}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) young water-{{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ACC}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}}) cold
|'the young ''t̗'úkai'' drank the cold water'
}}
</blockquote>

The example below shows the use of the inalienable possessive marker ''nga'' to mark possession by a pronoun. Here, the use of ''nga'' is not optional.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.1.3.''' ''Ngurul bit̗'a púpúk-pak nga ngungán'' [[File:Makai-sentence-13.ogg]]
|Ngu-ru-l bit̗'a púpúk-pak nga ngu-ngán
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} hurt foot-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}<ref>For body parts, the noun class used matches the gender of the person whose body part it is.</ref>.{{gcl|ACC}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
|'the old (non-Mák’ai) man hurt his foot'
}}
</blockquote>

The example below shows the use of the genitive case to mark possession, as well as both inalienable and alienable possessive markers.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.1.4.''' ''Ngutárun t̗íwu ál̗a-pa ungú-par (d̗a) múk'ulu ikáya-wak ínga-par nga ngungán'' [[File:Makai-sentence-14.ogg]]
| Ngu-táru-n t̗íwu ál̗a-pa ungú-par (d̗a) múk'ulu ikáya-wak ínga-par nga ngu-ngán
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PRES}} know son-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}} non-Mák’ai-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|GEN}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) old history-{{gcl|NC}}:language.{{gcl|ACC}} family-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|GEN}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
|'the old (non-Mák’ai) man's son knows his family's history'
}}
</blockquote>

Where a noun is incorporated into the verb, the same process as above occurs, but with the noun classifier standing by itself outside of the verb. Compare example 3.1.2 above with the example below:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.1.5.''' ''Ngáiwál pí Mák’ai-ja (d̗a) r̗ak'ul wák (d̗a) ukála'' [[File:Makai-sentence-15.ogg]]
|Ngái-wá-l pí Mák’ai-ja (d̗a) r̗ak'ul wák (d̗a) ukála
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-water-{{gcl|PST}} drink Mák’ai-{{gcl|NC}}:t̗'úkai.{{gcl|NOM}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) young {{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ACC}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) cold
|'the young ''t̗'úkai'' drank some cold water'
}}
</blockquote>

Here, the incorporation of the noun results in a more general interpretation of 'water' - hence ''some'' water rather than ''the'' water.

====3.2 Adverbs====
There is no principle difference between adjectives and adverbs in Mák’ai. To modify a verb with an adverb, simply use ''d̗a'' or ''nga'' after the lexical verb followed by the modifier. To modify an adjective with an adverb, simply use the adverb after the adjective. There is no need for an additional particle. Both of these cases are illustrated below.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.2.1.''' ''Tángnul wurang (d̗a) tjatju n̗ad̗ága-d̗ak (d̗a) múk'ulu már'' [[File:Makai-sentence-16.ogg]]
|Tángnu-l wurang (d̗a) tjatju n̗ad̗ága-d̗ak (d̗a) múk'ulu már
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} run ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) quick building-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|ACC}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) old very
|'those two far-away men ran quickly to the very old building'
}}
</blockquote>

====3.3 Comparatives and superlatives====
Comparatives in Mák’ai are formed by using the particle ''bayí'' between the two nouns being compared, after which a normal adjective is used introduced by a possessive particle if required or incorporated into the verb, as in the following example (see section [[Mák’ai language#1.2 Incorporation|1.2]] above).

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.1.''' ''Láráigun ága-gul̗a bayí jín̗í-ar'' [[File:Makai sentence 17.ogg]]
|Lár-áigu-n ága-gul̗a bayí jín̗í-ar
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-warm-{{gcl|PRES}} day-{{gcl|NC}}:fire.{{gcl|ERG}} {{gcl|COMP}} night-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|ERG}}
|'the day is warmer than the night'
}}
</blockquote>

An example using a possessive particle is as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.2.''' ''Ngal yí maká-d̗ak bayí laru-d̗a (d̗a) narla'' [[File:Makai sentence 18.ogg]]
|Nga-l yí maká-d̗ak bayí laru-d̗a (d̗a) narla
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PST}} go place-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|ACC}} {{gcl|COMP}} forest-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|NOM}} ({{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}}) quiet
|'I went to a place quieter than the forest'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that the above sentence can also be rephrased using a subordinate clause, as below:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.3.''' ''Ngal yí maká-d̗ak d̗a lárnarlal bayí laru-d̗al̗a '' [[File:Makai sentence 19.ogg]]
|Nga-l yí maká-d̗ak d̗a lár-narla-l bayí laru-d̗al̗a
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PST}} go place-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|ACC}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-quiet-{{gcl|PST}} {{gcl|COMP}} forest-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|ERG}}
|'I went to a place that was quieter than the forest'
}}
</blockquote>

In the second clause in the above example, ''bayí'' is used between the auxiliary and the noun subject to act in effect as a kind of adverb. An more typical example of this when used outside of subject-predicate compounds is as follows:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.4.''' ''Ngak'an bayí t̗íwu '' [[File:Makai sentence 20.ogg]]
|Nga-k'a-n bayí t̗íwu
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRES}} {{gcl|COMP}} know
|'I know more than you'
}}
</blockquote>

Where two nouns are not being directly compared, but one noun is still being described with a comparative, ''bayí'' is used after the adjective, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.5.''' ''Ngárul palí ngut̗ak jál̗áwa bayí'' [[File:Makai sentence 21.ogg]]
|Ngá-ru-l palí ngut̗ak jál̗áwa bayí
|{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} see {{gcl|NC}}:generic.{{gcl|ACC}} interesting {{gcl|COMP}}
|'I saw something more interesting'
}}
</blockquote>

Superlatives are formed simply by adding the particle ''pái'' after the given adjective, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 3.3.6.''' ''Mlantúl pí mwalak-wák dár̗ugai pái'' [[File:Makai sentence 22.ogg]]
|Mlan-tú-l pí mwalak-wák dár̗ugai pái
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}} drink wine-{{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ACC}} expensive {{gcl|SUPER|superlative}}
|'you (more than two ''t̗'úkai'') drank the most expensive wine'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that the possessive particle ''d̗a'' has been omitted in the above example, as would likely occur in regular speech.

===4. Numbers===
====4.1 Basic forms====
[[File:Makai numbers demo.ogv|thumb|right|200px|A demonstration of counting in Mák’ai using the hands. Beginning with one hand, the demonstrator counts to 12 by counting the three points along each finger. By adding a second hand, the demonstrator is then able to count to 24 (''yúgí'' on one hand plus ''mánju'' on the other), and then to 26. The process demonstrated here can continue up to numbers as high as 2,985,984 by using different parts of the body.]]
Like all [[Pan-Ejawan languages]], Mák’ai uses a base twelve system which is based on counting using the hand. The following key terms are used to build numbers:
*''yú'' - the little finger
*''t̗a'' - the fourth finger
*''wu'' - the middle finger
*''mán'' - the index finger
*''du'' - the hand
*''gí'' - the tip of the finger
*''bá'' - the first bend from the tip of the finger
*''ju'' - the second bend from the tip of the finger
*''payu'' - the fist
*''bar̗úk'' - the chest
*''t̗an̗'' - the thigh
Numbers are then formed from combining these terms, as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cardinal numbers in Mák’ai
|-
! Number
! Mák’ai
! Number
! Mák’ai
! Number
! Mák’ai
|-
| 1
| yúgí
| 13
| yúgí du yúgí
| 25
| yúbá du yúgí
|-
| 2
| yúbá
| 14
| yúgí du yúbá
| 26
| yúbá du yúbá
|-
| 3
| yúju
| 15
| yúgí du yúju
| 27
| yúbá du yúju
|-
| 4
| t̗agí
| 16
| yúgí du t̗agí
| 28
| yúbá du t̗agí
|-
| 5
| t̗abá
| 17
| yúgí du t̗abá
| 29
| yúbá du t̗abá
|-
| 6
| t̗aju
| 18
| yúgí du t̗aju
| 30
| yúbá du t̗aju
|-
| 7
| wugí
| 19
| yúgí du wugí
| 31
| yúbá du wugí
|-
| 8
| wubá
| 20
| yúgí du wubá
| 32
| yúbá du wubá
|-
| 9
| wuju
| 21
| yúgí du wuju
| 33
| yúbá du wuju
|-
| 10
| mángí
| 22
| yúgí du mángí
| 34
| yúbá du mángí
|-
| 11
| mánbá
| 23
| yúgí du mánbá
| 35
| yúbá du mánbá
|-
| 12
| mánju
| 24
| yúgí du mánju
| 36
| yúbá du mánju
|}

The process above continues until 144 (''mánju du mánju'') and then repeats with the addition of ''payu'' - hence, 145 is ''(yúgí) payu yúgí du yúgí'', 146 is ''yúgí payu yúgí du yúbá'', etc. This then continues to 20,736 (''mánju du mánju payu mánju du mánju'') and then repeats with the addition of ''bar̗úk '' - hence, 20,737 is ''(yúgí) bar̗úk yúgí payu yúgí du yúgí''. This then continues to 2,985,984 (''mánju du mánju bar̗úk mánju du mánju payu mánju du mánju'') and then repeats with the addition of ''t̗an̗'' - hence, 2,985,985 is ''(yúgí) t̗an̗ yúgí bar̗úk yúgí payu yúgí du yúgí''. There are no native words for numbers higher than 429,981,696 (''mánju du mánju t̗an̗ mánju du mánju bar̗úk mánju du mánju payu mánju du mánju'') in Mák’ai, and hence loanwords are used from other languages for these forms.

Where numbers are used in combination with nouns, they are added like adjectives, coming after the noun-classifier combination but before any other adjectives preceded by a possessive particle if required, as in the following example. Note that numbers are not required for 'one' and 'two', as these are implied by the singular and dual number already.

<blockquote>
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top='''Ex. 4.1.1.''' ''Kúngwatágáiul palí Mák’ai-par t̗agí Mák’ai-yurak mánju d̗a yán̗á már'' [[File:Makai-sentence-27.ogg]]
|Kúngwa-tágái-ul palí Mák’ai-par t̗agí Mák’ai-yurak mánju d̗a yán̗á már
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}} four Mák’ai-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}} twelve {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN}} beautiful very
|'those four nearby (Mák’ai) men saw twelve very beautiful far-away (Mák’ai) women'
}}
</blockquote>

====4.2 Ordinals and other number derivations====
Ordinals in Mák’ai are formed by adding the particle ''kí'' before the number. For example, 'first' is ''kí yúgí'', 'second' is ''kí yúbá'', 'tenth' is ''kí mángí'', etc. Fractions are formed using genitive nominal classifiers in combination with an ordinal, as in ''kí yúgí t̗abá-ngur'', 'one fifth', or literally, 'first of five'. Note that the generic classifier ''nga'' is always used for fractional numbers.

====4.3 Writing numerals and ordinals====
Mák’ai uses [[Mák’ai script#Numerals|Mák’ai numerals]] for numbers and ordinals in writing. Numerals are written using a {{W|place-value system}} in which there is a basic character for each of the 12 basic numerals. Moving from right to left, each number represents one place value. The corresponding word for that place value (ie, ''du'' or ''payu'') is therefore not written, but pronounced when the number is read aloud. For example, 472 in Mák’ai is ''t̗agí payu t̗agí du yúju'', which would be written as 4-4-3, or [[File:tagi.svg|15px]][[File:tagi.svg|15px]][[File:yuju.svg|15px]] (note however that numbers are normally written top-down, as is the rest of Mák’ai script).

The basic forms of these 12 numerals are as follows. They are derived from pictographs of the hand, based on the traditional counting method of the Mák’ai people illustrated in the video above.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Cardinal numbers in Mák’ai
|-
! Character
! Number
! Mák’ai
|-
| [[File:Yugi.svg|100px]]
| 1
| ''yúgí''
|-
| [[File:Yuba.svg|100px]]
| 2
| ''yúbá''
|-
| [[File:Yuju.svg|100px]]
| 3
| ''yúju''
|-
| [[File:Tagi.svg|100px]]
| 4
| ''t̗agí''
|-
| [[File:Taba.svg|100px]]
| 5
| ''t̗abá''
|-
| [[File:Taju.svg|100px]]
| 6
| ''t̗aju''
|-
| [[File:Wugi.svg|100px]]
| 7
| ''wugí''
|-
| [[File:Wuba.svg|100px]]
| 8
| ''wubá''
|-
| [[File:Wuju.svg|100px]]
| 9
| ''wuju''
|-
| [[File:Mangi.svg|100px]]
| 10
| ''mángí''
|-
| [[File:Manba.svg|100px]]
| 11
| ''mánbá''
|-
| [[File:Manju Mak'ai.svg|100px]]
| 12
| ''mánju''
|}

===5. Syntax===
{{Mak'ai language}}
Mák’ai-wa syntax is relatively free on the basis of information flow. Unmarked sentence structure is {{W|Syntax|VSO}}, consisting of an obligatory auxiliary verb inflected for person, number, and agreement, followed by an uninflected lexical verb, the subject nominal phrase, the object nominal phrase, and any additional oblique phrases.

====5.1 Split-system ergativitiy====
Mák’ai employs {{W|split-system ergativity}} with regard to its morphosyntactic alignment, meaning that at various points the language will use either nominative/accusative alignment or ergative/absolutive alignment depending on the participants involved in the action. Generally speaking, the distinction between nominative/accusative and ergative/absolutive is based on {{W|Animacy (linguistics)|animacy}}, wherein agents that are animate will require the use of nominative-accusative alignment. Typically, if the subject is a pronoun, animal, or human, nominative-accusative alignment is used. Elsewhere, ergative-absolutive alignment is used. Note that this distinction is not set in stone, and that an unexpected alignment may be used for narrative effect. Consider the following for example:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.1.1.''' ''Nguk'ul palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-yuk''[[File:Makai sentence 40.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|''Ngu-k'u-l palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-yuk
|3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}} Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'the (Mák’ai) man saw the (Mák’ai) woman'
}}
</blockquote>

This sentence uses nominative-accusative alignment, and produces a standard interpretation. As contrast, compare the following example:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.1.2.''' ''Mát̗'al palí Mák’ai-pal̗a Mák’ai-yu''[[File:Makai sentence 41.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|''Má-t̗'a-l palí Mák’ai-pal̗a Mák’ai-yu
|3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ABS}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|ERG}} Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|ABS}}
|'the (Mák’ai) man saw the (Mák’ai) woman'
}}
</blockquote>

In this case, it is implied that the man is somehow 'forced' to see the woman - that is, that he is not really agentic in this situation. Note that this usage is highly marked and generally restricted to particular literary contexts.

The table below gives examples of common sentence types in Mák’ai, illustrating the differences in use in nominative-accusative and ergative-absolutive systems.

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Animacy_(linguistics)|Animacy}}:
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Transitivity|Intransitive}}:''(one argument)''
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Transitivity|Transitive}}:''(two arguments)''
|-
! {{W|Animacy_(linguistics)|Animate}}''(nominative-accusative)''
| ''ngun páyí''he.NOM-PRES arrive'he arrives'
| ''nguk'un palí yuk'á-kíyak''he.NOM-she.ACC-PRES see woman.ACC'he sees the (non-Mák’ai) woman'
|-
! {{W|Animacy_(linguistics)|Inanimate}}''(ergative-absolutive)''
| ''lán bálagai ángu-wal̗a''it.ERG-PRES blow wind.ERG'the wind blows'
| ''lát̗’an ngúmaya wá-wál̗a mpalá-pa''it.ERG-him.ABS-PRES wash water.ERG boy.ABS'the water washes the boy'
|-
|}
</center>

====5.2 Passive and Antipassive====
Mák’ai employs the {{W|passive}} and {{W|antipassive}} voices as valence-reducing processes for both its {{W|morphosyntactic alignment|nominative-accusative}} and {{W|morphosyntactic alignment|ergative-absolutive}} systems respectively in order to focus on a particular argument. In the passive, the normal agent pronoun is replaced by ''ba'' in the auxiliary verb. The former patient is then put into the respective case of the former agent (nominative). If the agent is still included, it is placed after the object syntactically and uses the {{W|instrumental case|instrumental}} case. Examples of this are given below:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.2.1.''' ''Nguk'ul palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-yuk''[[File:Makai sentence 40.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-k'u-l palí Mák’ai-pa Mák’ai-yuk
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}} Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'the (Mák’ai) man saw the (Mák’ai) woman'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 5.2.1 above is active and uses nominative-accusative allignment. Example 5.2.2 below is passive. Note the use of ''ba-'' where the subject pronoun is normally used in the auxiliary verb, the use of the nominative for the patient, and the use of instrumental for the now oblique agent.

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.2.2.''' ''Bangul palí Mák’ai-yu (Mák’ai-pawá)''[[File:Makai sentence 42.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ba-ngu-l palí Mák’ai-yu (Mák’ai-pawá)
|{{gcl|PASS}}-3.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}} see Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|FEM}}.{{gcl|NOM}} (Mák’ai-{{gcl|CL}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|INSTR}})
|'the (Mák’ai) woman is seen (by the (Mák’ai) man)'
}}
</blockquote>

The antipassive, conversely, reduces the verb's valency by removing the object of the transitive sentence, thereby instead placing focus on the 'doer' of the action. Note that the use of ergative-absolutive alignment in Mák’ai implies a sense of inagency for the subject of transitive sentences, much in the same way the object of transitive sentences is inagentic in nominative-accusative sentences. As such, the antipassive places emphasis on this less agentic role, in a similar way to passive, although it is actually the object of the transitive sentence, rather than the subject.

To form the antipassive, the prefix ''bal̗a'' takes the place of the subject pronoun in the auxiliary verb. What was formerly in the ergative case now takes the absolutive case, and the optional object may be included using the dative case (not the instrumental, as in the case of the passive). The following examples illustrate this:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.2.3.''' ''Lát̗’al ngúmaya wá-wál̗a mpalá-pa''[[File:Makai sentence 43.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Lá-t̗’a-l ngúmaya wá-wál̗a mpalá-pa
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ABS}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}} wash water-{{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ERG}} child-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|ABS}}
|'the water was washing the boy'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 5.2.3 above uses the active voice. Example 5.2.4 below uses the antipassive. Note the use of ''bal̗a'' where the subject pronoun would normally be located, the use of absolutive rather than ergative for the subject, and the optional use of the direct object with the dative case as an oblique phrase.

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.2.4.''' ''Bal̗akáil ngúmaya wá-wá (mpalá-pan̗u)''[[File:Makai sentence 44.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Bal̗a-kái-l ngúmaya wá-wá (mpalá-pan̗u)
|{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ABS}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}} wash water-{{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ABS}} (child-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|DAT}})
|'the water was washing (the boy)'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that while the translation of 5.2.4 above may make it seem identical in meaning to the active voice, this is not actually the case, as there is no way to capture the nuance of this sentence in English. In 5.2.4, the emphasis is on the fact that the water was washing the boy - that is, it emphasises the inagentic thing which does the action. In 5.2.3, however, it is the boy which is emphasised as the recipient of the action. The differences between active and antipassive therefore reflect differences in focus, in the same way that active and passive voice in nominative-accusative systems reflect a difference in focus from the agent to the patient.

====5.3 Applicatives====
Mák’ai possesses an {{W|applicative voice|applicative}} morphological construction which may be used to increase the valency of certain verbs. Typically, the applicative may be used with intransitive or transitive verbs to add an additional argument that represents the {{W|benefactive}} of an action. In an intransitive verb, the applicative marker ''wu-'' is used before the pronoun corresponding to the benefactive, which takes the dative case, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.3.1.''' ''Nguwan̗ulun gíyar múmuk'u-pan̗u''[[File:Makai sentence 45.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-wa-n̗ulu-n gíyar múmuk'u-pan̗u
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|APPL|applicative}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} sing old_person-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}
|'she sings for the old man'
}}
</blockquote>

The same is also the case for transitive verbs, with the benefactive argument coming after the direct object, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.3.2.''' ''Ngur̗úguwan̗ulun gíyar múmuk'u-pan̗u''[[File:Makai sentence 46.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-r̗úgu-wa-n̗ulu-n gíyar múmuk'u-pan̗u
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-bread-{{gcl|APPL|applicative}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} sing old_person-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}
|'she cooks some bread for the old man'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that applicatives cannot be used with existing ditransitive constructions, as it is impossible to form auxiliaries in Mák’ai with more than three arguments.

====5.4 Causatives====
Mák’ai also uses {{W|causative (linguistics)|causatives}} to introduce a new argument that corresponds to the semantic causer of the action. Like the {{W|applicative (linguistics)|applicative}}, the causative is a valence-increasing process which increases the number of arguments in the auxiliary verb by using a prefix ''ya-'' before the introduced argument. Unlike the applicative, however, the causative argument takes the place of the subject, as in the following examples:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.4.1.''' ''Lálur aya wá-wál̗a''[[File:Makai-sentence-51.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Lá-lur aya wá-wál̗a
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} boil water-{{gcl|NC}}:water.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|SG}}
|'the water boiled'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 5.4.2 below uses the causative:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.4.2.''' ''Yanguwálur aya Káiya-pa''[[File:Makai-sentence-52.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ya-ngu-wá-lur aya Káiya-pa
|{{gcl|CAUS}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-water-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} boil Káiya-{{gcl|NC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|SG}}
|'Káiya boiled the water (lit. 'caused the water to boil')'
}}
</blockquote>

When adding a causative to a verb which already has two arguments, the semantic role of causer takes the case and position in the auxiliary of the subject, the former subject moves to the accusative/absolutive case, and the former direct object takes the dative case. This is seen in the following examples:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.4.3.''' ''Ngugun̗jílur aya Káiya-pa''[[File:Makai-sentence-53.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-gun̗jí-lur aya Káiya-pa
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-meat-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} cook Káiya-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|SG}}
|'Káiya has cooked some meat'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.4.4.''' ''Yanguk'an̗ulur aya Liwu-pa Káiya-pak gun̗jí-n̗in̗u''[[File:Makai-sentence-54.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ya-ngu-k'a-n̗u-lur aya Liwu-pa Káiya-pak gun̗jí-n̗in̗u
|{{gcl|CAUS}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} cook Liwu-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|SG}} Káiya-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|SG}} meat-{{gcl|NC}}:food.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}
|'Liwu made Káiya cook some meat'
}}
</blockquote>

====5.5 Relative clauses====
Relative clauses in Mák’ai-wa are introduced using the possessive particle ''d̗a'' after the antecedent noun, with the modifying clause occurring afterwards. In this way, the structure of a relative clause mimics the structure of adjective modifiers. An example of a relative clause is as follows:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.5.1.''' ''Ngumúmuk'un pa lúrba d̗a ngák'ulur lúrága palí''[[File:Makai-sentence-55.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-múmuk'u-n pa lúrba d̗a ngá-k'u-lur lúrága palí
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-old_person-{{gcl|PRES}} {{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} grumpy {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} yesterday see
|'that's the grumpy old man who I saw yesterday'
}}
</blockquote>

Example 5.5.2 below is a rewording of 5.5.1 above demonstrating alternative uses of relative clauses in Mák’ai-wa:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.5.2.''' ''Ngulúrban múmuk'u-pa d̗a ngák'ulur lúrága palí''[[File:Makai-sentence-56.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngu-lúrba-n múmuk'u-pa d̗a ngá-k'u-lur lúrága palí
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-grumpy-{{gcl|PRES}} old_man.{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} yesterday see
|'the old man who I saw yesterday is grumpy'
}}
</blockquote>

====5.6 Questions====
Yes-no questions in Mák’ai are formed by adding the particle ''-ka'' to the end of the auxiliary verb. Additionally, the particle ''n̗a'' can be added after another element of the question to emphasise that that is the part of the statement being questioned. Without using ''n̗a'', the default interpretation of the question is that it is a question about whether the event happened or not. Examples of this are given below:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.1.''' ''Ngít'úlurka palí?''[[File:Makai sentence 57.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngí-t'ú-lur-ka palí
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|INTER|interrogative mood}} see
|'did you ''see'' him?'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.2.''' ''Ngít'úlurka palí ngíngán n̗a?''[[File:Makai sentence 58.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngí-t'ú-lur-ka palí ngí-ngán n̗a
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|INTER|interrogative mood}} see {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRO}} {{gcl|INTER|interrogative}}
|'did ''you'' see him?'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.3.''' ''Ngít'úlurka palí t'úngán n̗a?''[[File:Makai sentence 59.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngí-t'ú-lur-ka palí t'ú-ngán n̗a
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|INTER|interrogative mood}} see {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRO}} {{gcl|INTER|interrogative}}
|'did you see ''him''?'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that it is impossible to use the emphatic interrogative particle ''n̗a'' within an auxiliary verb. As such, to emphasise a particular argument of the auxiliary, the argument must be reduplicated externally, as in examples 5.6.2 and 5.6.3 above.

Other questions may be formed by using interrogative pronouns. A list of interrogative pronouns in Mák’ai-wa is given below:

<center>
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable article-table" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
|+ Interrogative pronouns in Mák’ai-wa
! style="width: 68px; " |Type
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Nominative}}/{{W|Absolutive}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Accusative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Ergative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Dative}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Genitive}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Instrumental}}
! style="width: 68px; " |{{W|Locative}}
|-
! Thing
| ''t̗aí'''what'
| ''t̗ayík'''what'
| ''t̗al̗aí'''what'
| ''t̗an̗aí'''to what'
| ''t̗araí'''of what'
| ''t̗awaí'''with what'
| ''t̗aíyú'''where'
|-
! Adjective
| ''kí'''which'
| ''kíkí'''which'
| ''kíl̗í'''which'
| ''kín̗í'''to which'
| ''kír'''of which'
| ''kíwí'''with which'
| ''kíyú'''at which'
|-
! Person
| ''laí'''who'
| ''layík'''whom'
| ''lal̗aí'''who'
| ''lan̗aí'''to whom'
| ''laraí'''whose'
| ''lawaí'''with whom'
| ''laíyú'''at who'
|-
! Place
| -
| ''t̗ayíd̗ak'''to where'
| -
| -
| ''t̗ayíd̗ar'''from where'
| -
| ''t̗ayíd̗a'''where'
|}
</center>

Note that there are a few question words in English which are not given in the above table. These include 'when' - ''ganái-kí'' (lit. 'which time'), 'how' - ''rur'', and 'why' - ''át̗aí'' (lit. 'for what').

To form a question using an interrogative pronoun, simply replace the position in the sentence where the desired answer would occur with the interrogative pronoun. Note that the interrogative pronouns above behave like noun classifiers syntactically. This is seen in the following examples:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.4.''' ''Ngílayíkulur palí?''[[File:Makai sentence 60.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ngí-layík-ulur palí
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-who-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} see
|'who did you see?'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.5.''' ''Tákarulur pí mwala-kíkí?''[[File:Makai sentence 61.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Táka-ru-lur pí mwala-kíkí
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} drink wine-which.{{gcl|ACC}}
|'which wine did they drink?'
}}
</blockquote>

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.6.6.''' ''Nngaír̗úguwan̗ulul ít̗'ak Liwu-pan̗u t̗awaí?''[[File:Makai sentence 62.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Nngaí-r̗úgu-wa-n̗ulu-l ít̗'ak Liwu-pan̗u t̗awaí
|{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-bread-{{gcl|APPL}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|IMPERF}} cut Liwu-{{gcl|NC}}:{{gcl|MASC}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|DAT}} what.{{gcl|INST}}
|'what did you two cut the bread for Liwu with?'
}}
</blockquote>

Note that in example 5.6.6 above the interrogative pronoun ''t̗awaí'' can move fairly freely in around the sentence. Hence ''Nngaír̗úguwan̗ulul ít̗'ak t̗awaí Liwu-pan̗u?'', ''Nngaír̗úguwan̗ulul t̗awaí ít̗'ak Liwu-pan̗u?'', and ''T̗awaí nngaír̗úguwan̗ulul ít̗'ak Liwu-pan̗u?'' all translate as 'what did you two cut the bread for Liwu with?'.

====5.7 Negation====
Negation in Mák’ai is relatively simple. To create a negative sentence, simply use the negative particle ''ga'' before the auxiliary verb, as in the following example:

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.7.1.''' ''Ga ngák'an ái''[[File:Makai sentence 47.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Ga ngá-k'a-n ái
|{{gcl|NEG}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PRES}} love
|'I don't love him'
}}
</blockquote>

The negative ''ga'' can also be used at the end of the sentence emphatically to form a double negative. Hence, ''ga ngák'an ái ga'' would mean something like 'I don't love him at all'.

====5.8 Adjunct phrases====
Adjunct phrases in Mák’ai are more syntactically free than their complement counterparts, and can usually occur in one of three places - before the auxiliary, after the lexical verb but before the subject, or at the end of the sentence. In an unmarked sentence, it is typical for time phrases to occur at the beginning of the sentence and location phrases at the end, as in the following example.

<blockquote>
'''Ex. 5.8.1''' ''Jín̗í lúrága parák ngaírulur yí ḿt̗ayikáyar-d̗ak jál̗áwa már t̗ar̗-d̗ar''[[File:Makai sentence 63.ogg]]
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes|top=
|Jín̗í lúrága parák ngaír-ulur yí ḿt̗ayikáyar-d̗ak jál̗áwa már t̗ar̗-d̗ar
|night yesterday early {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|DU}}.{{gcl|EXCL|exclusive}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}/{{gcl|FEM}}-{{gcl|PST}}.{{gcl|PERF}} go museum-{{gcl|NC}}.place.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} interesting really city-{{gcl|NC}}place.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|LOC}}
|'we two (not you) went to a really interesting museum in the city early last night'
}}
</blockquote>

In the above example, the time phrase ''jín̗í lúrága parák'' ('early last night') occurs before the auxiliary verb, the target location complement occurs in the object position, and the locative adjunct ''t̗ar̗-d̗ar'' ('in the city') occurs at the end of the sentence. Note that the location and direction of movement are distinguished by differences in case - a destination of movement is marked with the accusative case, while a location is marked with the locative case.

==Dialects==
:''Main article: [[Mák’ai-wa dialects]].''
Mák’ai-wa possesses a number of dialects which vary according to pronunciation, grammar, and lexicology. The primary {{W|dialect chain}} existing in the state of [[Mák’ai]] runs north-south from north-eastern [[Makaigan]] to the far southern islands in the [[Ejawan Sea]]. Dialects spoken in diaspora have their origins in earlier stages of Mák’ai-wa, but have since deviated significantly from Standard Mák’ai-wa as a result of geographic and political isolation. A much higher degree of dialectal variation existed for Mák’ai-wa in the past, however, as a result of higher levels of education and exposure to national media, Standard Mák’ai-wa has displaced many of these formerly more divergent dialects.

Within [[Mák’ai]] itself, Mák’ai-wa may be differentiated into roughly six dialect groups - Central Makaiganic, of which Standard Mák’ai-wa is a form; Eastern Makaiganic, spoken in northern [[Kto-la]]; Southern Makaiganic, spoken in southern [[Kto-la]]; Nungái, spoken in the western and far northern Mák’ai islands; Wuk'ái, spoken in the eastern islands; and Insular, which is spoken in the far southern islands in the [[Ejawan Sea]]. These are illustrated in the map below:

[[File:Dialects of Mak'ai.PNG|450px|center|thumb|Major dialectal areas of Mák’ai-wa within [[Mák’ai]] proper.]]
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"
|- style="background:none"
! style="width: 100%; text-align:center;" colspan="2" |
|-valign="top"
| style="width:33%;" |
{{legend|#87CDDE|Central Makaiganic}}
{{legend|#37ABC8|Eastern Makaiganic}}
{{legend|#AFDDE9|Southern Makaiganic}}
{{legend|#DBE2E3|Nungái}}
{{legend|#216778|Wuk'ái}}
{{legend|#214478|Insular}}
|}

The most divergent dialects from Standard Mák’ai-wa are naturally those further away from the Central Makaiganic dialects - namely, Eastern Makaiganic and Insular. In particular, Eastern and Southern Makaiganic dialects have been strongly influenced by neighbouring [[Ktoic languages]], both in terms of their more distinctive phonology and the high quantity of foreign loan words. Insular dialects tend to have the largest internal variation as a result of their geographical isolation, and have been particularly influenced by [[Coastal Makaiganic]] as an important regional trade language.

The following illustrates six productions of the same basic sentence ('' 'hello! my name is Liwu. Do you cook the fish?' '') in a sample dialect from each of the six main groups, to illustrate primary differences between the various Mák’ai-wa dialectal groups. For more information on detailed phonological, grammatical, and lexical differences between dialects, see [[Mák’ai-wa dialects]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Samples of Mák’ai-wa dialects
|-
! Dialect family
! Location
! Written
! Recording
|-
| Central Makaiganic
| [[Mk'ái-t̗ir̗]](Standard Mák’ai-wa)
| ''Ít̗ák! Tákangakun ábá Liwu-pak. Ngírunka aya gíd̗uba-n̗ik n̗a?''
| [[File:Dialect - central makaiganic.ogg]]
|-
| Eastern Makaiganic
| [[Lbak]]
| ''Éyak! Taakakhakun aabá Liwu-pak. Gírunka aya gd̗eva-n̗ik n̗a?''
| [[File:Dialect - eastern makaiganic.ogg]]
|-
| Southern Makaiganic
| [[Tjurgúl Kat̗'ái]]
| ''Ét̗ák! Tákanggakun ábá Liwu-pak. Gírunka aya gd̗ubva-n̗ik n̗a?''
| [[File:Dialect - southern makaiganic.ogg]]
|-
| Nungái
| [[Nggái-t̗ir̗]]
| ''Ít̗ák! Tákongakun ábá Liwu-pok. Ngírunko ayo gíd̗ubä-n̗ik n̗o?''
| [[File:Dialect - nungai.ogg]]
|-
| Wuk'ái
| [[Wárala]]
| ''Ít̗í-ít̗í! Tákonggakun bwen Lwu-pok. Ngírunko yo gíd̗ubä-n̗ik n̗o?''
| [[File:Dialect - wuk'ai.ogg]]
|-
| Insular
| [[Patji]]
| ''Yí! Tákõgakũ bwẽ Lwu-pok. Ngírũko yo gdubä-n̗ik n̗o?''
| [[File:Dialect - insular.ogg]]
|-
|}

==Sample Texts==
==='''The Lord's Prayer'''===
:''See also: [[Mák’ai language/Poetry and songs]] for a corpus of poems and songs in Mák’ai-wa.''
[[File:Payi-wa Ata-ayu.PNG|center|thumb|450px|The Lord's Prayer translated into Mák’ai-wa.]]
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|át̗á-a tai-áyú nga mk'a-ngán
|father-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} heaven-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|LOC}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|ra-guyá-n juŗ-wa nga lai-ngán
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-hallowed-{{gcl|PRES}} name-{{gcl|NC}}:language.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|tú-na-ngayí pákuyí t̗'ur̗gín-d̗al̗a nga lai-ngán
|{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}}.{{gcl|DIST|distal}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|OPT|optative}} come kingdom-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ERG}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|ba-ra-na-ngayí d̗ai l̗ámúgai-a nga lai-ngán
|{{gcl|PASS}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|OPT|optative}} complete-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|INALIEN|inalienable}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|úr̗t̗á-d̗ar, t̗ak tai-áyú
|Earth-{{gcl|NC}}:space.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|LOC}} like heaven-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|LOC}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|áyága lai-ru-n̗k'a-na-bu r̗úgu-n̗ik áyága d̗a mk'a-ngán
|today {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|IMP|imperative}} bread-{{gcl|NC}}:food.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|ACC}} today {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|w lai-lem-n̗k'a-na-bu tjúngai d̗ak'úr-ngurak d̗a mk'a-ngán
|and {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|INANIM|inanimate}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|DAT}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|IMP|imperative}} forgive sin-{{gcl|NC}}:generic.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRO}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|t̗ak mk'a-gai-n tjúngai gai-ngán d̗a kúngwa-mgu-n d̗ak'úr
|as {{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRES}} forgive {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRO}} {{gcl|POSS}}.{{gcl|ALIEN|alienable}} {{gcl|3}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|PROX|proximate}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|PRES}} trespass
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|w ga lai-mgu-na-bu n̗awula-ár
|and {{gcl|NEG}} {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|IMP|imperative}} temptation-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|ACC}}
}}

{{Interlinear|spacing=3|italics2=yes
|r̗u lai-mgu-na-bu k'ángú búr-áyú tjai
|but {{gcl|2}}.{{gcl|SG}}.{{gcl|NOM}}.{{gcl|NEUT}}-{{gcl|1}}.{{gcl|PL}}.{{gcl|INCL|inclusive}}.{{gcl|ACC}}.{{gcl|MASC}}-{{gcl|FUT}}.{{gcl|PERF}}-{{gcl|IMP|imperative}} deliver evil-{{gcl|NC}}:spirit.{{gcl|GEN}} from
}}

{{Col-break}}

Our Father, who art in Heaven,

Hallowed be thy name.

Thy kingdom come,

Thy will be done,

On Earth, as it is in heaven.

Give us this day our daily bread,

And forgive us our trespasses,

As we forgive those who trepass against us.

And lead us not into temptation,

But deliver us from evil.
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Mák’ai lexicon]] - for a lexicon for Mák’ai-wa.
*[[Book:Mk'anbu mruk'í Mák’ai-wawá! - Chapter 1]] - a textbook for learning Mák’ai-wa!
*[[Mák’ai language/Poetry and songs]] - a corpus of poems and songs in Mák’ai-wa.
*[[Mák’ai]]
*[[Project Exodus]]

[[Category:Languages (Project Exodus)]]
[[Category:Javants' Langauges]]

[[Category:Mák’ai]]
[[Category:Ejawe]]
[[Category:Mák’ai language]]

[[Category:Polysynthetic languages]]
[[Category:Languages with split-system ergativity]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
{{Mak'ai textbook}}
{{Mtasai-Ktoic languages}}

Inland Empire

2024-11-17T23:45:27Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|Altverse II|FA}}
{{Infobox Sierra province
|Fullname = Inland Empire ({{W|English language|en)}} Imperio del Interior ({{W|Spanish language|es}}) L'empire intérieur ({{W|French language|fr}}) {{Nobold|内陆帝国}} ([[Han language|hn]]) {{Nobold|内陆帝国}} ({{W|Chinese language|zh}}) Đế Chế Nội Địa ({{W|Vietnamese language|vn}}) {{Nobold|내륙 제국}} ({{W|Korean language|kr}}) {{Nobold|インダランド・エンパイア州}} ({{W|Japanese language|ja}}) Inlandsreich ({{W|German language|de}})
|the = the
|Name = Inland Empire
|Flag = Flag of Inland Empire.svg
|Seal = Great Seal of the Inland Empire.svg
|status = [[Provinces of Sierra|Province]] of [[Sierra]]
|SealAlt =
|Nickname = The Navel Province (official), The Yellow-Blue, The Come-There Province, The Desert Province, The Empire, The Land of Sand and Snow, The Joshua Tree Province
|Motto = ''Contendunt excellentiam'' ({{W|Latin language|Latin}}: Strive for excellence)
|provincial_song = "The Navel Orange's Hymn"
|image_map = Map of Inland Empire.svg
|MapAlt =
|official_languages = {{Collapsible list
|title = 8 languages
|{{W|English language|English}}*
|{{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}*
|{{W|French language|French}}*
|[[Han language|Han]]*
|{{W|Chinese language|Chinese}}*
|{{W|Vietnamese language|Vietnamese}}*
|{{W|Korean language|Korean}}*
|{{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}*
|{{W|German language|German}}*
}}*Nationally recognized languages
|Demonym = Inlander(s)
|capital = [[Riverside, Inland Empire|Riverside]]
|largest_city = capital
|largest_metro = {{W|Inland Empire|Riverside–San Antonio–San Bernardino}}
|AreaRank = 5th
|TotalAreaKS = 27,298
|TotalArea = 70,669
|PopRank = 2nd
|2010Pop = 6,307,895 (2010)
|2010DensityKS = 231
|2010Density = 89.26
|DensityRank = 8th
|HighestPoint = {{W|San Gorgonio Mountain}}
|HighestElevKS = 11,503
|HighestElev = 3,506
|LowestPoint = {{W|Salton Sea}}
|LowestElevKS = −234
|LowestElev = −71.3
|admission_date = October 22, 1888
|admission_order = 15th
|viceroy = Sir Kent Burton
|governor = [[Carlitos Pacheco]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]])
|deputy = [[Henry McFarley]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]])
|Legislature = [[Inland Empire Provincial Assembly]] ({{W|Unicameralism|Unicameral}})
|Upperhouse = ''None''
|Lowerhouse = ''None''
|senators = [[Harriet Barry]] ([[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|CD]]) [[Hasan Finch]] ([[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|DR]]) [[Preston Barton]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]])
|commoners = '''24 total commoners''' 11 [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] 7 [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]] 3 [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]] 2 [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]] 1 [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian]]
|time_zone = {{W|Pacific Time Zone}} {{W|UTC –8}}/{{W|UTC –7}}
|PostalAbbreviation = IE
|TradAbbreviation = KS-IE, In-Em
}}The '''Inland Empire''' is a [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Province|province]] located in southwestern Sierra which encompasses most of the {{W|Mojave Desert}} as well as portions of the {{W|Colorado Desert}}. It is the fourth most populous and the fifth largest province in the Kingdom. The Inland Empire's capital and largest city is [[Riverside]], which serves as the central hub for the province's economy, education, population, and politics. The official 2010 census population was 6,307,895. The province is the 15th province to be admitted into the Kingdom, and was formally incorporated on October 22, 1888 after sections of the [[Gold Coast]] and [[Central Valley]] were partitioned.

The province was named for its vast and expansive geography, which reflected the widespread availability of cheap land offered by the federal and local governments. Historically, the region supported and sustained a large indigenous population that included the {{W|Luiseño people|Luiseños}}, the {{W|Cupeño|Cupeños}}, the {{W|Cahuilla people|Cahuilla}}, and the {{W|Tongva people|Tongva}} before European exploration and settlement. Due to its largely desert composition, it received insignificant attention and development under the Spanish colonial and Mexican systems as the area was unsuitable for the Spanish missionary system. As a consequence, the Inland Empire remained very sparsely inhabited well into the late 19th-century under the Kingdom of Sierra. Before it became a province, the Inland Empire was administered as the easternmost, interior region of the Gold Coast and Central Valley respectively, and was primarily allocated to established {{W|Californios|Californio}} ranches and families.

The establishment of transcontinental railroad systems and telegraph lines spurred economic development in the province significantly and generated a large population boom. The development of a robust irrigration system and the importation of citrus crops, particularly the {{W|navel orange|navel}} and {{W|Valencia orange|Valencia}} varieties, encouraged thousands of farmers to emigrate to the province, and spawned the establishment of numerous communities along the southwestern section of the Inland Empire. The commercial success and viability of citrus farming made the Inland Empire a major center for citrus production. Further diversification in the economy including rice farming and dairy production strengthened the province's economic growth. Continued development into the 20th century with the Interprovincial and K.S. National Highway systems facilitated the means for real-estate developers to develop hundreds of suburban neighborhoods and communities in order to meet consumer demand for affordable housing outside [[Porciúncula]].

The Inland Empire is considered a part of the [[Southwest Corridor]]. It shares borders with nine neighboring provinces–the most in the country–which are: [[Orange]], [[Gold Coast]], and [[Kings]] to the west; [[Central Valley]] and [[Clark]] to the north; [[Mohave]] and [[Maricopa]] to the east; and [[Laguna]] and [[Imperial]] to the south. It and Imperial are the only Southwest Corridor provinces which do not have a coastline in the Pacific Ocean, and are completely landlocked.

Much of the Inland Empire features a desert climate, characterized with very hot summers and mild winters. The {{W|Mojave Desert}} dominates nearly all of the province. It features a number of mountain ranges, some of which supports pine forests and even snow at higher elevations, including the {{W|San Bernardino Mountains}} and the {{W|San Jacinto Mountains}}. The {{W|San Gorgonio Mountain}} is the highest peak in the province, at 11,503 feet (3,506 m). The commercially and geographically significant {{W|Colorado River}} defines a section of the Inland Empire's eastern boundaries. The {{W|Santa Ana River}}, another major river, originates and flows out of the Inland Empire towards Orange.

Since the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] and [[Great War II]], the Inland Empire continues to enjoy one of the fastest growing population rates in all of [[Anglo-America]] and one of the highest GDP per capita in the Kingdom. The province is a major center for the logistics, defense, transportation, education, information technology, mining, government services, and real estate industries. In addition, it is a major tourist destination for outdoor recreation and other significant venues. Although it suffered a period of increased gang violence and {{W|methamphetamine}} production during the 1970s and 1980s, the province has made significant improvements in public health, public safety, and economic inequality issues. The Inland Empire has the 5th highest median average income and has ranked high on a number of metrics measuring overall health, happiness, economic success, lifestyle, and spirituality. Residents from the Inland Empire are called Inlanders.
==Etymology==
{{Infobox Sierra province symbols
| Name = Inland Empire
| Flag = Flag of Inland Empire.svg|100px
| Flagsize = 150px
| Flag link =
| Seal = Great Seal of the Inland Empire.svg
| Sealsize = 150px
| Amphibian = {{W|Western toad}}
| Bird = {{W|Anna's hummingbird}}
| Butterfly = {{W|Anise swallowtail}}
| Crustacean = {{W|Streptocephalus woottoni|Riverside fairy shrimp}}
| Dog =
| Fish = {{W|Arroyo chub}}
| Flower = {{W|Calochortus kennedyi|Desert mariposa lily}}
| Grass =
| Insect = {{W|Cicada|Common desert dodger}}
| Mammal = [[Sierran meerkat]]
| Reptile = {{W|Pacific gopher snake}}
| Tree = {{W|Joshua tree}}
| Beverage =
| Colors = {{W|Yellow}} and {{W|blue}}
| Dance =
| Dinosaur =
| Firearm =
| Food =
| Folk dance =
| Fossil = {{W|Ground sloth}}
| Gemstone =
| Instrument =
| Mineral =
| Motto = Contendunt excellentiam
| Poem = "Sweetest Bloom"
| ProvinceRock =
| Shell =
| Ships = HRMS Inland Empire
| Slogan = It always shines in the Empire
| Soil =
| Song = "The Naval Orange's Hymn"
| Sport =
| Tartan =
| Toy =
| Other = Raincross (symbol)
| Route Marker = Inland Empire Road Marker.svg
| Route Marker 2 = Inland Empire Road Marker 2.svg
}}The name "Inland Empire" was first documented in 1843 by several local newspapers that used the term to refer to the province's area. With other regions naming themselves appeasing names such as the "[[Gold Coast]]" or "[[Orange]]", developers in the area adopted the name in order to capitalize on the region's unique geographic features and economic potential. Since the westernmost parts of Inland Empire is 60 miles shy from the {{W|Pacific Ocean}}, the name "Inland" reflects its location. "Empire" was likely used to illustrate the sense that the vast amount of land available in the region was ready for economic and urban development, one that would lead to a highly successful area. When the province was admitted into the Kingdom on November 28, 1858, the official name of the province would read the "Province of the Inland Empire". Since then, the Inland Empire has always been officially and colloquially written and spoken with the article "the" preceding immediately before it.

===Nicknames===

The official provincial nickname is "The Navel Province", which features prominently on provincial vehicle registration plates, welcome signs, government websites, and tourism advertisements. The nickname highlights the major significance of the {{W|navel orange}}, which played a significant role in the Inland Empire's historic citrus industry, which was one of the world's largest and was nearly single-handedly responsible for the province's initial economic development and population growth. The province's relatively mild climate and advanced irrigation system allowed the cultivation of oranges in wide-scale orange groves and ranches, and contributed to the meteoric rise of the province during the late 19th century and early 20th century. The orange has become a prominent symbol that has represented the Inland Empire as a whole. King [[Louis I of Sierra|Louis I]], during a visit to Riverside in 1925 remarked, "Without the navel orange, the Empire would have remained nothing more than barren desert."

The "Yellow-Blue" is a popular unofficial nickname for the province. It first came into usage during the 1940s, in reference to the Inland Empire's simply-designed two-band flag, which features the colors, yellow and blue. The flag appeared on the license plates of vehicles registered there and reflected the rapid population growth the province experienced. The prevalence of Inland Empire-registered cars driving throughout Sierra's automobile-dominated society made the province all the more apparent, and residents from the provinces were sometimes derogatorily referred to as the "Yellow Blues". Since most residents were former citizens of the Gold Coast and Orange, which suffered from urban crowding, the term reflected a growing sense and awareness of a provincial identity for the Inland Empire.

Other nicknames for the province include "The Desert Province", "The Empire", "The Land of Sand and Snow", "The Joshua Tree Province", and "The Come-There Province". Similarly to how the Gold Coast is referred to as the GC and Orange as the OC, the Inland Empire is often abbreviated as the "IE" or "I.E." both in spoken and written communication by locals.

The official provincial motto is {{W|Latin language|Latin}}: "''Contendunt excellentiam''", which means "Strive for excellence".

==Geography==
[[File:San Gorgonio Mountain.jpg|thumb|250px|The {{W|San Gorgonio Mountain}}, the highest among the {{W|San Bernardino Mountains}} and the province, receives significant snowfall during the winter and early spring.]]
===Overview===
The Inland Empire is located in the southwestern interior region of Sierra. It shares its northernmost boundary with Central Valley, which runs along a line just above and parallel to the {{W|35th parallel north}}, before running diagonally from northwest to southeast with [[Clark]] along the historic California–Nevada regional line. The historic confluence of the {{W|Colorado River}} defines the eastern border between the Inland Empire and the neighboring provinces of [[Mohave]] and [[Maricopa]]. The southern border generally follows across near the halfway point of the {{W|33rd parallel north}} and {{W|34th parallel north}} between the Inland Empire and its southern neighbors, [[Imperial]] and [[Laguna]]. The {{W|Santa Ana Mountains}} guides most of the border between the province and [[Orange]], while the majority of the border with the Gold Coast follows a varied, alternating line that uses {{W|Mount San Antonio|Mount Baldy}} as a reference point and divider, with the exception of the {{W|Chino Hills}}, which extends towards the southwestern extremity of the Mount Baldy line, near the valley separating the aforementioned hills and the start of the Santa Ana Mountains. With a total area of 27,298 square miles (70,699 km{{sup|2}}), the Inland Empire is larger than {{W|Ireland}} and {{W|Georgia (country)|Georgia}}, but slightly smaller than {{W|Sierra Leone}}. It is the 7th largest province in Sierra. {{W|San Gorgonio Mountain}}, at 11,503 feet (3,506 m) is the highest point in the province, while {{W|Salton Sea}} at –236 feet (–71.9 m) {{W|below sea level}} is the lowest point.

===Topography and terrain===
[[File:San Bernardino Mountains Mojave Desert.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Royal Aeronautics and Aerospace Administration|R3A]] satellite image from space of the San Bernardino Mountains meeting the Mojave Desert.]]
The Inland Empire is almost entirely within the {{W|Mojave Desert}}, which features interlinked and isolated mountain ranges which punctuate the landscape and are scattered throughout the area. The Mojave Desert is divided into two main regions, based on elevation: the {{W|High Desert (California)|High Desert}}, which includes the desert areas between the elevations of 2,000 feet and 4,000 feet (609.6 m to 1,219.2 m), and the {{W|Low Desert}}, which includes the desert areas below 2,000 feet. Generally speaking, the High Desert dominates the Inland Empire region to the north of the {{W|San Bernardino Mountains}}, whereas the Low Desert includes the Mojave Desert sections to the southeast of the San Bernardino Mountains, as well as portions of the {{W|Colorado Desert}} (itself a subsection of the larger {{W|Sonoran Desert}}) in the province. The two areas are distinguished by {{W|biogeography}} based on differences in latitude, elevation, climate, local fauna, and {{W|plant community|plant communities}}.
[[File:Whipple Wash.jpg|thumb|250px|The mouth of Whipple Wash in the north-eastern {{W|Whipple Mountains}}, with atypical greenery and water visible during a wet winter.]]
At the southwestern base of the Inland Empire is the Riverside–San Bernardino–San Antonio metropolitan area where there are a series of valleys, basins, and hills. Over three-fourths of the province's population lives in this area, and features one of the fastest growing regions in the entire North American continent. It is dominated by two major mountain ranges: the {{W|Transverse Ranges}} and the {{W|Peninsular Ranges}}, which are predominantly localized as the San Bernardino Mountains and the {{W|Santa Ana Mountains}} respectively. A small section of the {{W|San Gabriel Mountains}} straddle the westernmost end of the province near the city of {{W|Ontario, California|San Antonio}}. Between the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains and eastern base of the Santa Ana Mountains lies {{W|San Bernardino Valley}}, the {{W|Temescal Mountains}}, and the {{W|Elsinore Trough}}, three areas where the province's populations are centered in. Other significant geographic features within this section of the province include {{W|Chino Valley}}, {{W|Cucamonga Valley}}, the {{W|Perris Plain}}, and the {{W|San Jacinto Mountains}} (including the province's second highest peak, {{W|San Jacinto Peak}}, with a height of 10,834 feet, or 3,302 meters). The ski resort communities of {{W|Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake}} and {{W|Lake Arrowhead, California|Lake Arrowhead}} lie within the San Bernardino Mountains, and sees heavy snowfall during the wintertime. The geological composition of the southwestern Inland Empire is dominated by {{W|Mesozoic}} {{W|granite|granite rocks}}, which originated from the ancient {{W|batholith}} that formed the {{W|Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada}}, and characteristic of the Peninsular Ranges geomorphic province it falls under. Several protected areas and forests in this region include the {{W|San Bernardino National Forest}} and the {{W|Cleveland National Forest}}.

[[File:Bristol Mountains.jpg|thumb|250px|Scenes such as the {{W|Bristol Mountains}} are common throughout the expansive, dry, and arid Mojave Desert which comprises much of the Inland Empire.]]
East of the Riverside–San Bernardino–San Antonio metropolitan area is {{W|Coachella Valley}}, a desert valley which extends from the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains to the northern shore of {{W|Salton Sea}}, and is bounded from the rest of the Mojave Desert from the {{W|Little San Bernardino Mountains}} to the east. The valley itself is the northernmost section of the interprovincial {{W|Salton Trough}}, a large {{W|tectonic}} {{W|pull-apart basin}} which extends further south into Laguna, Imperial, and [[Pacífico Norte]]. Significant communities in this area include {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}} and [[Pawnee, Inland Empire|Pawnee]], which lies just north of the San Jacinto Mountains. The {{W|Joshua Tree National Park}} is a major protected area within this region, and lies just north of the Coachella Valley metropolitan area. Elevations throughout the valley vary (between 1,600 feet to 250 feet below sea level), while the surrounding mountains peak at around 11,000 feet (3,400 m) and average between 5,000 and 7,000 feet (1,500 to 2,000 m). {{W|San Gorgonio Pass}} serves as the most prominent {{W|mountain pass}} between the Inland Empire core cities and Coachella Valley. Due to the region's topography and geography, the area is a large {{W|endorheic basin}}, as all precipitation drains into the {{W|Salton Sink}}, where the Salton Sea lies, or other geographic depressions, rather than the ocean.
[[File:Mount San Jacinto view.jpg|thumb|250px|Near the summit of {{W|San Jacinto Peak}}]]
Occupying the central region near the southern border of the Inland Empire are the {{W|Chocolate Mountains}}, {{W|Orocopia Mountains}}, and the {{W|Chuckwalla Mountains}}, which serve as transitional barriers between the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, as well as the province and its neighbors, Laguna and Imperial. The sparsely populated area nonetheless supports a very diverse community of local fauna and flora, and features numerous canyons, ravines, rivers, and rock formations throughout the length of the border.
[[File:Salton Sea.jpg|thumb|250px|Part of the {{W|Salton Sea}} and surrounding {{W|Salton Sink|sink}} lies within the Inland Empire.]]
The {{W|Lower Colorado River Valley}} is the region to the east of Coachella Valley and extends into the neighboring provinces of [[Clark]], [[Mohave]], [[Maricopa]], and [[Imperial]]. It encompasses all the desert and valley floor, as well associated riparian environments subject to the natural influence of the lower part of the southbound Colorado River. The region includes the {{W|Whipple Mountains}}, a mountain range, which straddles the Colorado River, and is notable for its distinct pale green formations on its western side and jagged, bright red volcanic rock formations on its eastern side. Other ranges include the {{W|Chemehuevi Mountains}} and the {{W|Dead Mountains}}, which all meet near the tri-provincial intersection at {{W|Mohave Valley}}.

North of the San Bernardino Mountains, beyond {{W|Cajon Pass}} is {{W|Victor Valley}}, where the population is centered around the city of {{W|Victorville, California|Victorville}}. Victor Valley sits at the southwestern edge of the extensive Mojave Desert and is bordered by the Gold Coast's {{W|Antelope Valley}}. Further north, towards {{W|Barstow, California|Barstow}} and the Fort Irwin Royal Army National Training Center, the elevation gradually rises, reaching to elevations as high as 4,000 feet on some parts of the High Desert floor. The northern half of the Inland Empire is dominated by the Mojave Desert and lies at the rim of the {{W|Death Valley}} geological depression, and is accentuated with a polypous network of low-lying but rugged hills, valleys, and sand dunes. The {{W|Kelso Dunes}} is the largest field of {{W|Aeolian processes|eolian}} sand deposits in the province and lie within the {{W|Mojave National Preserve}}, just east of the traffic junction community of {{W|Baker, California|Baker}} near {{W|Interstate 15 (California)|Interprovincial 3}}. The northern Inland Empire is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the Kingdom and is one of the most geographically isolated sections in the mainland, surpassed only by the northern Nevadan provinces of [[Eureka]] and [[Washumko]]. The section of the Mojave Desert near Interprovincial 3, which links the Southwest Corridor with Clark's Las Vegas metropolitan area is reputable for its high number of abandoned, roadside {{W|ghost town}}s.

The Inland Empire is a geologically active region subject to frequent {{W|earthquake}}s and other ground disturbances. The infamous {{W|San Andreas Fault}}, a prominent boundary between the {{W|Pacific Plate|Pacific}} and {{W|North American Plate|North American}} {{W|tectonic plate}}s, runs through the Inland Empire. A number of smaller, minor faults branch out from this fault, and several independently running faults exist, most of which are concentrated in the southwestern Inland Empire. Although there are no active volcanoes in the province, the fault system has produced a network of hot springs and other geothermal hot spots, most of which are concentrated around Coachella Valley. The San Andreas Fault system is a significant source of the earthquake activity in the region and has been responsible for several major earthquakes, including the [[2017 Pawnee earthquake]], which caused extensive damage and casualties throughout the Southwest Corridor.

===Climate===

With the exception of the southwestern section of the province, the Inland Empire features an arid {{W|Desert climate|desert climate}} ({{W|Köppen climate classification|Köppen}}: ''BSh''), although this varies depending on elevation, altitude, and geographical locale. The arid climate is largely the result of the Inland Empire's insular location near the {{W|subtropical ridge}}, relative distance away from the {{W|Pacific Ocean}}, and the {{W|rain shadow}} produced by the {{W|Sierra Nevada}} and coastal mountains such as the {{W|Peninsular Ranges}}. The Mojave Desert is one of the hottest and driest places in North America, often receiving less than 13 inches (330 mm) of rain each year, and reaching peak temperatures surpassing 120 °F (49 °C) between late July and early August. The {{W|Low Desert}}, especially at the lowest elevations, can experience temperatures reaching 130 °F (38 °C) during late summer afternoons, with nighttime lows of 75 °F (24 °C) to 86 °F (30 °C). Springs and autumns are generally milder, and the province receives most of its rainfall between the months of October and March. During winter, the daytime temperatures throughout the desert can range from 68 °F (20 °C) to 88 °F (31 °C), while corresponding nights range from 46 °F (8 °C) to 65 °F (18 °C). The Inland Empire's primary source of rainwater almost exclusively comes from the Pacific Northwest storm systems which travel southward towards the Inland Empire along {{W|atmospheric river}}s. Moisture from the {{W|Gulf of Mexico}} and the {{W|Sea of California|Sea of Cortez}} brings occasional {{W|North American Monsoon|monsoonal}}-patterned rainfall to the desert areas of the Inland Empire during the late summer months. Rainfall can vary year to year depending on global climate conditions, including {{W|El Niño}} and {{W|La Niña}} which can produce drier or wetter than average years respectively.

In the southwestern Inland Empire, where the majority of the province's inhabitants live, the climate is much milder, featuring a predominantly {{W|Mediterranean climate}} ({{W|Köppen climate classification|Köppen}}: ''Csa''). Although there are some variations, generally, the region experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, relatively wet winters. Temperature highs during the summer often average around 90 °F (32 °C), but can exceed 100 °F (38 °C) during some afternoons, though with low humidity. Although the southwestern Inland Empire is also subject to the seasonally restricted time window for precipitation, it receives comparatively more than the desert regions, usually averaging around 10 inches of rain. February is often the wettest month of the year while August is the driest. This region is also subject to local weather phenomena including {{W|June Gloom}}, a {{W|marine layer}} which covers much of the [[Greater Porciúncula Area]] during some summer mornings, and the {{W|Santa Ana winds}}, strong, dry {{W|Katabatic wind|katabatic}} winds which originate from the {{W|Great Basin}} and are infamously known for starting or feeding large {{W|wildfire}}s in the area. {{W|Flash flood}}s and {{W|mudslide}}s are also common, with the latter often happening after recent wildfires.

Although snowfall is rare on lower elevations, it is common during the wintertime at higher elevations (usually above 5,000 feet, but possible at elevations as low as 3,000 feet) on the mountains and in the High Desert. The San Bernardino Mountains often receives much more precipitation, in the form of snow, compared to the lower-lying parts of the province, and can receive as much as 40 inches in the form of rain or snowpack, which is important to the region's year-long water supply. Rain and snow that fall during the winter months are stored and transported in an extensive system of reservoirs, aqueducts, aquifers, and canals.

===Ecology===

====Flora and fauna====
[[File:Joshua tree.jpg|thumb|150px|left|The ''{{W|Yucca brevifolia}}'', colloquially known as the "Joshua tree", is a famous native tree found naturally in the {{W|Mojave Desert}}.]]
The Inland Empire features a highly diverse community of plants, and the native flora is well adapted to extremely hot and dry conditions typical for {{W|chaparral}} and desert environments. The Inland Empire is divided into a few distinct floristic provinces, which are determined by climate, topography, altitude, and local geography. In the Mojave Desert, most natural vegetation, with the exception of shrub and grass, is spread out in a uniform fashion across the desert floor to compensate the limited availability of water. In the southwestern Inland Empire, plant growth there are suited for the mild, relatively dry Mediterranean climate. Notable species of flora including the endemically ubiquitous ''{{W|Yucca brevifolia}}'' (Joshua tree), ''{{W|Larrea tridentata}}'' (Creosote bush), ''{{W|Encelia farinosa}}'' (Brittle bush), ''{{W|Atriplex polycarpa}}'' (allscale saltbush), ''{{W|Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa}}'' (Buckhorn cholla), and ''{{W|Ambrosia deltoidea}}'' (triangle bursage), cover the extensive semiarid valleys and hills of the province, and are well-suited and hardy plants capable of withstanding the desert's extreme conditions. Other plants include the ''{{W|California sagebush|Artemisia serra}}'' (Sierra sagebrush), ''{{W|Populus fremontii}}'' (Fremont's cottonwood), the ''{{W|Salix exigua}}'' (coyote willow), and the ''{{W|Quercus douglasii}}'' (blue oak). The Inland Empire is known for its desert wildflowers, which bloom annually across the desert valley floors on certain locations during the late spring months after the last spring showers pass. Some notable desert wildflower and shrub species include ''{{W|Xylorhiza tortifolia}}'' (Mojave aster), ''{{W|Coleogyne|Coleogyne ramosissima}}'' (blackbrush), ''{{W|Hesperocallis|Hesperocallis undulata}}'' (desert lily), ''{{W|Rafinesquia neomexicana}}'' (desert chicory), ''{{W|Abronia villosa}}'' (desert-sand verbana), ''{{W|Delphinium parishii}}'' (desert larkspur), ''{{W|Dichelostemma capitatum}}'' (blue dick), and ''{{W|Amsinckia tessellata}}'' (bristly fiddleneck).

The Inland Empire is also home to a diverse community of animals, including native, endemic species, that are adapted and well-suited for the dry, arid environment on the desert landscape. Among these include the ''{{W|Stephens' kangaroo rat|Dipodomys stephensi}}'' (Stephens' kangaroo rat), the ''{{W|Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard|Uma inornata}}'' (Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard), the ''{{W|Vulpes macrotis}}'' (kit fox), and the ''[[Sierran meerkat|Suricata suricatta serra]]'' (Sierran meerkat). Other major terrestrial species in the Inland Empire include the {{W|American black bear}}, {{W|cougar}}, {{W|bobcat}}, {{W|raccoon}}, {{W|California ground squirrel|Sierra ground}} and {{W|Western gray squirrel|Western gray}} squirrels, {{W|coyote}}, {{W|gray fox}}, {{W|mule deer}}, {{W|bighorn sheep}}, and {{W|jackrabbit}}. The historic but now {{W|Local extinction|extirpated}} {{W|California grizzly bear|Sierra grizzly bear}} once inhabited the mountainous areas in the southwestern Inland Empire before they were hunted to extinction by the early 20th century by settlers. Since them, there have been coordinated efforts by conservation groups and the local government to reintroduce the grizzly bear to these historic habitats. Native avian species such as the official provincial bird, ''{{W|Calypte anna}}'' (Anna's hummingbird), ''{{W|Geococcyx californianus|Geococcyx serra}}'' (Greater roadrunner), ''{{W|Callipepla gambelii}}'' (Gambel's quail), the ''{{W|Western scrub jay|Aphelocoma serra}}'' (Western scrub jay), and the ''{{W|Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus}}'' (cactus wren) add to the biodiversity of the province.

The Inland Empire has over 20 national parks, provincial parks, and other protected areas dedicated to the preservation and protection of the province's unique wildlife and ecosystems. The {{W|Joshua Tree National Park}} and {{W|Mojave Natural Preserve}} are some of the Kingdom's most iconic and largest federally protected desert areas, and attracts millions of visitors annually. The {{W|San Bernardino National Forest}} includes the Inland Empire's largest conifer pine forests, which are nestled along the range's slopes and subalpine valleys.

==History==

===Pre-Sierran period===
[[File:Cahuilla basket bowl.jpg|thumb|180px|A {{W|Cahuilla}} basketweave bowl on display at the Riverside Metropolitan Museum]]
Prior to European exploration and settlement in the region, present-day Inland Empire was inhabited by {{W|Luiseño people|Luiseño}} (also known as {{W|Serranos}}), the {{W|Cupeño people|Cupeño}} and the {{W|Cahuilla people|Cahuilla}} Indians. The majority of the native population resided in the more hospitable southwestern corner of the province near the {{W|Santa Ana Mountains (California)|Santa Ana Mountains}} and the {{W|Salton Sink}}. Human settlement in the Inland Empire dates as far back as 3,500 years ago. The earliest known Amerindians to inhabit the region were likely {{W|Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan}}-speaking peoples from [[Clark]] who moved southwest into the Southwest Corridor, including the Inland Empire, in search of food and water. The descendants of these early Uto-Aztecans were the ancestors of today's Serranos, Cahuillas, and {{W|Tongva}}. It has been hypothesized that prior to even these peoples, {{W|Hokan languages|Hokan}}-speaking tribes existed in the southernmost fringes of the Inland Empire, before being displaced completely by the Uto-Aztecans. The indigenous tribes lived in {{W|Hunter-gatherer|hunting-gathering}} societies, who made use of the local resources provided in nature. Archeological discoveries have revealed a history of ash and charcoal use, grinding stones, fire pits, and basket-weaving among the Uto-Aztecans. The territorial extent of the indigenous peoples in the Inland Empire prior to European contact included all of {{W|Sacramento Valley}} and the foothills of the {{W|San Bernardino Mountains}}, extending just northeast of the {{W|Mojave River}} in the {{W|Mojave Desert}}, as well as portions of the {{W|Colorado Desert}} around the {{W|Salton Sea}} and {{W|Coachella Valley}}.

In Coachella Valley, the Cahuilla had permanent settlements in water-filled canyons near present-day {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}} and [[Pawnee, Inland Empire|Pawnee]]. The Cahuilla demonstrated a sophisticated understanding and utility of irrigation skills and techniques. They used irrigation to preserve and transport water to their homes, and also built dams to prevent flash floods during the winters. {{W|Petroglyph}}s and {{W|pictogram}}s have also been found near these historical Cahuilla settlements on canyon rock walls.

Interactions between the indigenous peoples and Europeans did not begin until the late 18th century, when the Spaniards began exploring modern-day Sierra. {{W|Juan Bautista De Anza}}, a Spanish explorer, led the first known and confirmed European exploration of the region in 1774. In search for an adequate land route connecting southern Mexico to {{W|Alta California}}, de Anza transversed through modern-day {{W|Moreno Valley, California|Butterfield Valley}} and crossed the {{W|Santa Ana River}} en route to {{W|Monterey, California|Monterey}}, further up north in the modern-day province of [[Central Valley]]. At the time of de Anza's arrival, several thousand Amerindians inhabited the region, including the {{W|Serranos}}, who called themselves the Yuhaviatam, or "People of the Pines" in their native tongue. The Spanish name ''Serranos'' meant "People of the Mountains", in reference to their refuge in the San Bernardino Mountains. Additional expeditions continued under Spanish purview, including those made by {{W|Franciscan}} friar {{W|Francisco Garcés}} in the same year as de Anza. It was possible that Spanish military commander and later Lieutenant Governor of the Spanish Californias {{W|Pere Fages i Beleta}} entered the San Bernardino Valley earlier than de Anza in 1772.
[[File:Juan Bautista de Anza (horseback).jpg|thumb|250px|{{W|Juan Bautista de Anza}} led the first confirmed European expedition into the Inland Empire]]
The first European settlements in the province was a church at the village of {{W|Politana, California|La Politana}} in 1810. The church was commissioned and founded by Father {{W|Francisco Dumetz}}, who was affiliated with {{W|Mission San Gabriel Arcángel}} from the Gold Coast named the La Politana-based church in honor of {{W|Bernardino of Siena|Saint Bernardino of Siena}}. The Franciscans from this church later established {{W|San Bernardino de Sena Estancia}}, a mission farm (''{{W|estancia}}'') near {{W|Redlands, California|Redlands}}, in 1819, to support the local indigenous population and clergymen. The estancia included a small Indian rancheria made of adobe buildings, named Guachama, supported by an irrigation ditch system.

In the same year of 1819, a {{W|Temecula, California|Temecula}}-based estancia affiliated with the {{W|Oceanside, California|Oceanside}}-based {{W|Mission San Luis Rey de Francia}} was founded, which was later granted to Leandro Serrano, the {{W|majordomo|mayordomo}} of {{W|San Antonio de Pala Asistencia}}. Development and settlement of the land under Spanish rule was comparatively minimal to the coastal regions in the Gold Coast, Orange, and Laguna. The land was regarded as unsuitable for the establishment of missions due to its arid landscape, relative geographic isolation from the ocean, and the smaller indigenous population. Instead, the land was more suited for allocating individual {{W|Ranchos in California|rancho}}s to Spanish soldiers and colonists for grazing and herding through the form of land grants. Rancho owners were allowed to develop their property lands as they pleased, and were encouraged to use it to the fullest extent. Several settlements with mixed populations of Europeans, Amerindians, and mestizos emerged from these ranchos, and a network of ranchos provided some economic activity that supplemented the busier coast. Goods were exchanged between the Inland Empire ranchos and coastal southern Alta California coast, and there has been documentation of an established presence of [[Channel Islands|Channeliers]] and [[Sierran Creole people|Sierran Creoles]] in the Inland Empire, who were involved in the local economy during Spanish rule.

In 1821, [[Mexican Social Republic|Mexico]] gained its independence from Spain and gained control over all of Spain's territorial possessions in Sierra, including the Inland Empire. The power of the {{W|Catholic Church}} and the religious orders that presided over the missions lost substantial control over their mission lands, before the local friars were completely disenfranchised of their ownership over church property following the passage of the {{W|Mexican secularization act of of 1833}}. The move towards secularization across the Mexican Alta California was fueled by Mexican suspicion of Spanish influence over the Spanish missions, as most missions remained loyal to the {{W|Roman Catholicism in Spain|Roman Catholic Church in Spain}}. The Mexican government continued the Spanish colonial operation of offering massive land grants to civilians, and awarded Rancho San Bernardino to {{W|Antonio Maria Lugo}}, who sought to colonize and expand it alongside 27 other settlers. After Lugo's initial colonization efforts failed to materialize, he requested new land grants from the Mexican government on behalf of his sons, {{W|José del Carmen Lugo}}, José Maria Lugo, Vicente Lugo, and José del Carmen Lugo's friend, {{W|Diego Sepulveda}} in 1841. This ambitious plan was approved and proved successful as Lugo offered his land to willing settlers. Among those who benefited from Lugo's colonization scheme were former New Spanish colonists and their {{W|genízaro}}s who hailed from the Mexican province of {{W|Spanish New Mexico|New Mexico}}. This group was led by Don Lorenzo Trujillo and included Anglo-American colonists William Workman, {{W|John A. Rowland}}, and {{W|Benjamin Davis WIlson}} near the Indian village of La Politana. After two years, some of these colonists, including Trujillo and his family, moved southward and founded the settlement ''{{W|La Placita, California|La Placita}}'', which is located in present-day {{W|Jurupa Valley, California|Jurupa Valley}}, just north of [[Riverside]].

In 1843, another party of colonists, this time led by Don José Tomas Salazar, arrived to La Politana, and included Anglo-American men {{W|Louis Rubidoux}} and {{W|Christobal Slover}}. Salazar's party moved closer to the {{W|Santa Ana River}}, about a mile northeast of La Politana, and founded the town of {{W|Agua Mansa}}. In order to maintain La Politana, the Lugos hired Cahuilla tribesmen under the leadership of {{W|Juan Antonio}}, to settle there. During this time, the area came under the threat of the {{W|San Timoteo Canyon#Irving Gang, Cahuilla posse, and American militia|Irving Gang}} and the {{W|Sydney Ducks}}, a band of American and Australian bandits who raided and harassed people there including La Politana. Under orders of the local justice of peace and the Lugos, the Cahuilla men pursued and killed all but one of the Irving Gang members, after the gang refused to surrender. Miscommunication and rumors led many to believe the Cahuilla tribesmen involved were leading an "Indian insurrection" against white settlers, which damaged the reputation of Juan Antonio and his men among the local white population. Following the incident, the inhabitants of La Politana relocated to {{W|Saahatpa, California|Saahatpa}}, a rancheria near {{W|Banning, California|Banning}} by the {{W|San Gorgonio Pass}}. The new settlement was later absorbed by the future town of Banning.

During the Mexican administration of the Inland Empire, the Inland Empire slowly saw the arrival of [[Anglo-America]]n settlers en route to [[Porciúncula]] who followed the {{W|Old Spanish Trail}}. In 1826, {{W|Jedediah Smith}}, an American hunter and explorer, led the first known party of Americans through the Mojave Desert, and crossed over the San Bernardino Mountains along the {{W|Mojave Trail}} over {{W|Monument Peak}}. {{W|Kit Carson}} was another American frontiersman who led an expedition through the Inland Empire in 1830 through {{W|Cajon Pass}}, which had become an established, commonly used throughway for other Anglo-Americans traveling into southern Alta California. The continuous flow of Anglo-American settlers into Mexican territory would lead to tensions that led to the outburst of the [[Mexican-American War]] and consequently, the birth of the [[California Republic]], and later ultimately the Kingdom of Sierra and the Inland Empire. There was a significant Anglo-American minority present in the Inland Empire prior to the war's outbreak, alongside the few hundred Mexican and Californio colonists who lived around San Bernardino Valley and Temescal Mountains, where their ranchos averaged around 18,900 acres (76 km{{Sup|2}}) each in size.
[[File:Fort San Bernardino.jpg|thumb|250px|An 1865 sketch of the Mormon {{W|Elder (LDS Church)|Elders}}' residence in Fort San Bernardino]]
The Anglo-Americans and some Californio settlers in the Inland Empire pledged their allegiance to the Bear Flag Revolt and the self-proclaimed California Republic in northern Sierra, and took up arms in evicting the Mexican authorities from the land. Small, minor skirmishes between the Anglo-Americans/Californio rebels and Californios loyal to the Mexican government took place in the Inland Empire, although they were mainly bloodless, before the Mexican and pro-Mexican Californio forces completely surrendered control over the region following the signage of the {{W|Treaty of Cahuenga}} in January 1847.

One of the earliest [[Anglo-America]]n settlements in the region that was established following the war was a small town of {{W|Mormon}} pioneers from the modern-day [[Deseret]] who crossed {{W|Cajon Pass}}, down to the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains near {{W|San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino}} in 1851. The Mormon colony purchased {{W|Rancho San Bernardino}} (40,000 acres or 160 km{{Sup|2}} for $77,000 with $7,000 down payment) from the Lugo Family and San Bernardino County was founded shortly thereafter in 1853 as one of the historical counties of the Gold Coast. Captain {{W|Jefferson Hunt}}, the military commander of the {{W|Mormon Battalion}}, was ordered by [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] to station his troops at the southern end of Cajon Pass for the purpose of protecting the Mormon-occupied San Bernardino.

Church leader {{W|Brigham Young}} saw Southern Sierra as a supply source for the Deseret and wanted a link between [[Salt Lake City]] and [[St. Pierre-Chah, Gold Coast|St. Pierre-Chah]]. Nearly 500 Mormons traveled from the Deseret to San Bernardino, and arrived in 1851. The Mormons built Fort San Bernardino on the rancho land, and several buildings, including some stores, a multi-purpose council house, homes, and farms were constructed. The settlers laid down a road system and two schools, and applied for incorporation in 1854. At the time of incorporation, the town had ballooned to a population of 1,200 residents, 900 of whom were Mormons. In 1857, a year before California was reformed as the Kingdom of Sierra, the majority of San Bernardino's Mormons were recalled to the Deseret, due to a myriad of issues the Church faced including persecution, conflict, and apostasy back on the home front. The Mormons in California were thus called upon to return to help defend the Church from these threats, although a small number remained in San Bernardino. The depopulation derailed the local economy but those who remained were able to keep the city under control, and avoided de-incorporation.

===Early Sierran period===
[[File:Eliza Tibbets.jpg|thumb|175px|left|{{W|Eliza Tibbets}} is commonly regarded as one of the most influential figures in Inland Empire history, most notably for her introduction of the {{W|navel orange}} and the birth of the province's lucrative citrus industry.]]
Under the [[California Republic]], the Inland Empire formed constituent parts of both the Gold Coast and Central Valley, with all areas south of the San Bernardino Mountains going to the former and all the rest going to the latter. The region was divided according to the surveys of Colonel Henry Washington, a state surveyor and future administrator of the [[Royal Surveyors' Corps]], who created the {{W|San Bernardino Meridian|San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian}}, for California's official maps. In the Gold Coast, its portion of the Inland Empire was organized under one county, San Bernardino County, with San Bernardino designated as the county seat. During the first official census in 1850, there was a total of 8,381 people living in San Bernardino County. Meanwhile, the Central Valley portion of the Inland Empire, which covered large swaths of the Mojave Desert, remained virtually uninhabited and undisturbed by human activity.

In 1858, the Californian states were reorganized as provinces under the [[Kingdom of Sierra]], but the pre-kingdom borders were preserved in the transfer of regime. In the 1860 census, the first under the Kingdom, there was a total of 39,810 people living in the Inland Empire area, with about two-thirds of them living in San Bernardino or nearby communities. The discovery of gold in {{W|Holcomb Valley}} encouraged further emigration into the San Bernardino Valley, and several boomtowns emerged, including {{W|Belleville, California|Belleville}}, which swelled to 1,500 in 1860. In 1867, when [[Kings]] was formed, there were talks within the [[Parliament of Sierra|Sierran Parliament]] to cede the Central Valley section of the Inland Empire to the new province, but it failed to reach the House floor. During the [[War of Contingency]], the Sierran federal government established several military depots and stations in the Inland Empire including Fort Baxter near {{W|Indio, California|Indian Springs}}. The government developed a contingency plan in case the [[United Commonwealth]] chose to invade Sierra and viewed as the Inland Empire as a main line of defense from the sensitive center of Sierran operations around the capital
areas of Porciúncula.

In 1870, {{W|John W. North}}, an Anglo-American {{W|temperance movement|temperance}} and {{W|abolitionism|abolitionist}} worker from {{W|Tennessee}} emigrated to the Inland Empire, escaping the political volatile situation of the United Commonwealth in the post-Contingency period. He, alongside a group of [[Superior]] colonists, and members of the {{W|California Silk Center Association}} founded the city of Riverside near the Santa Ana River and {{W|Mount Rubidoux}}. The small community planted by North continued to grow as more and more Anglo-American emigrants arrived from the east in search of employment and new lives. In 1873, {{W|William Saunders (botanist)|William Saunders}}, a Scottish-American {{W|botanist}} and {{W|horticulture|horticulturist}} commissioned by the Ministry of Finance's Bureau of Agriculture, introduced three {{W|navel orange}} trees from {{W|Bahia, Brazil}}. Saunders, seeking prospective growers, looked to his friend, {{W|Eliza Tibbets}}, a local {{W|Spiritualism|Spiritualist}} and {{W|progressivism|progressive}} activist, to plant and cultivate the oranges. Two of the three oranges Tibbets received survived and yielded oranges which inspired Saunders to continue experimenting with the oranges. After trial and error, Saunders created the {{W|Orange (fruit)#Navel oranges|Washington Navel Orange}}, a cultivar of oranges that was seedless and sweet. The oranges would not be publicly advertised until 1879 when it was first displayed at a national fair in Porciúncula.
[[File:Orange trees in 1899.jpg|thumb|250px|An orange grove, circa 1899, growing in Riverside]]
The trees, which were successfully grown, proved popular due to its seedlessness, texture, size, and taste. The commercial success of the Washington navel orange orchids encouraged farmers throughout the region to grow the citrus fruits in the province. The Inland Empire's {{W|citrus industry}} rapidly expanded, causing an economic boom akin to the 1849 Gold Rush. Tens of thousands of acres of desert land was converted into orange groves through carefully engineered irrigation systems. The size, scale, and pace of the Inland Empire's development was considered one of the agricultural marvels of the time, and received well over $300 million direct and indirect investment from the Sierran government and other countries. Investors and urban developers also worked to enlarge existing communities such as Riverside and San Bernardino as well as new communities including {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}}, {{W|Hemet, California|Hemet}}, and {{W|Fontana, California|Fontana}}. The unprecedented growth in the agricultural industry continued to thrive despite the outbreak of the [[Sierran Civil War]] in 1874. Fearing a possible [[Republicanism in Sierra|Republican]] insurrection in the Inland Empire, the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]] reinforced its presence in the region and established additional bases to keep it firmly under government control. The majority of Inland Empire male residents participated in the war effort, forming several battalions including the 72nd Infantry Battalion (Bernardino Boys).

Following the end of the war in 1877, the Sierran government awarded war veterans with land grants, similar to those done under Spanish and Mexican rule, in an effort to boost economic production in the Inland Empire. The towns of San Bernardino, Riverside, and others benefitted greatly from this federally subsidized program, and tens of thousands of families settled in the area. In addition, established farming families from Northern Sierra, on a mass exodus from the war-torn [[Styxie]], emigrated to the Inland Empire because the province offered similar agricultural opportunities as the Central Valley did.
[[File:Orange trees in 1920.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A large-scale grove, circa 1920, growing in Riverside]]
The completion of the [[Joillet, Topéque and Santa Fe Railway]] and the {{W|Santa Fe Railroad}} in 1885, coupled with the development of refrigerated train cars and other inventions (including {{W|fumigation}} and modern fruit packing), expanded the economic and logistical opportunities of the Inland Empire substantially. The Ministry of Interior's Office of Agriculture divested hundreds of thousands of dollars into agricultural research for the Inland Empire's citrus industry and dedicated entire projects to improve the efficiency of the industry. The Inland Empire became a major trading link between Porciúncula and the Anglo-American East Coast, and contributed to the growing national economy. In recognition of the Inland Empire's rising importance, residents in San Bernardino County petitioned to become their own province, a bid which proved successful. In 1888, Parliament passed a motion to partition San Bernardino County and the southern half of Inyo County from the Gold Coast and Central Valley respectively, officially creating the province of the Inland Empire. The Inland Empire government designated Riverside as its capital and the new province divided itself into four counties: Mojave, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Valle Vista. By the 1890s, the Inland Empire had become a major hub for agriculture and logistics, and transported millions of dollars worth of goods between the Greater Porciúncula Area and the rest of Anglo-America.

Although the development of the citrus industry served to displace wheat as the principal crop grown in Sierra and in the Inland Empire, other industries emerged during the 1890s, especially the dairy industry, with hundreds of farms setting up in communities like {{W|Chino, California|Chino}}. Thousands of Chinese and Han laborers were employed in the railroad and agricultural industries, and several Asian communities began appearing across the Inland Empire. Their presence ranged from wary tolerance to outright hostility depending on the area, but became one of the largest concentrations outside the Bay Area and Porciúncula by the start of the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]].

===Early 20th century===
[[File:Tract housing in Fontana.jpg|thumb|250px|{{W|Tract housing}} and {{W|suburbia}} has become common features tied locally to the Inland Empire due to intensive real estate development and demand.]]
The Inland Empire's population approached a quarter of a million at the start of the 20th century, and continued to increase at unprecedented rates during the Sierran Cultural Revolution. Continued development on the railroad industry and agricultural business led to new communities expanding in Coachella Valley. The resort community of Palm Springs attracted thousands of tourists for its health spas and natural hot springs, and became a symbol of the Inland Empire's image as a pleasant, sunny paradise. Overcrowding in the Gold Coast and Orange pressured Sierrans to emigrate to the Inland Empire which offered cheap and widely available housing. The thriving communities of San Bernardino, San Antonio, and Riverside continued to expand as their local economies diversified, which included local mining in the mountains, retail, government services, educational research, and manufacturing. The emergence of Hollywood in the Gold Coast also saw the Inland Empire used as a shooting location for various silent films, including the 1912 ''Midnight Wind'' and 1916 ''The Faded Sun'', which featured shots and scenes showcasing the natural landscape of the Mojave Desert and the San Bernardino Mountains in the Inland Empire.

The province underwent massive change during the Sierran Cultural Revolution. Becoming the fourth most populous province in the Kingdom by 1920, it became a hotbed for the intellectualism movement surrounding the [[Pacific School]], and was the home of numerous prominent Revolution figures including [[Mark Culler]], [[Francis Chih]], and [[Walter B. Feng]]. The province became increasingly multi-ethnic in composition, as whites, Asians, Hispanics, blacks and Creoles made their home around the Santa Ana River-based communities. After a record-killing freeze that devastated the citrus industry, lawmakers scrambled to pour more investment in horticulture research. The establishment of the {{W|University of California Citrus Experiment Station|University of Sierra Citrus Experiment Station}} in 1907 paved the way for new advances in horticulture that improved the production and vitality of citrus fruits, and also allowed the viable cultivation of rice and other water-sensitive crops in the Inland Empire and other parts of Sierra. Transportation between the Greater Porciúncula and the Inland Empire also improved with the development of the {{W|Pacific Electric Railroad}} and later, the start of the Sierra National Route system. During Sierra's involvement in [[Great War I]], the Inland Empire's manufacturing sector took off, mainly focusing on steel production and munitions for the war effort.

Although the Inland Empire suffered a slump during the start of the {{W|Great Depression}}, the flood of migrants from [[Brazoria]] and the [[United Commonwealth]], derisively referred to by locals as "{{W|Okies}}", as well as continued investment from Porciúncula ensured the local economy remained afloat. The {{W|Los Angeles flood of 1938|Great Flood of 1938}} caused significant damage to the Inland Empire, but the province was able to fully recover due to intensive government fiscal intervention. During Great War I, the Inland Empire was a major center for manufacturing. Agricultural output increased by three-folds during the war, which was used to go towards food rationing under the supervision of the Ministry of Defense's Home Front Agency.

===Contemporary era===

Following [[Great War II]], the Inland Empire moved its economic focus away from citrus farming in favor of real estate, tourism, and military defense. The post-war prosperity in the Inland Empire resulted in vast {{W|tract housing}} development projects, an economic development that has become a defining characteristic for the province and remains one of the most important industries in the province in the present-day. The continued development of the freeway system, with the introduction of the Interprovincial Highway System made commuting easier to the Gold Coast and Orange, where the job market was plentiful, and made it easier for residents to live in cheaper yet more spacious homes in the Inland Empire, while maintaining their jobs in the Greater Porciúncula Area core region. Integral to the Inland Empire's economic growth and success was water, which allowed the population to sustain itself in the arid desert climate. During and after Great War II, the Inland Empire, alongside the Gold Coast, Kings, and Orange battled with Central Valley, and later Maricopa and Clark over water rights across several water sources, which were drawn out and dominated national politics for decades. Today, the province's economy mostly specializes in tourism, defense, warehousing, retail, and logistics although Riverside has become a growing financial center in recent years. While agriculture no longer dominates the province's economy, it nonetheless maintains a continued, important presence, with farming establishments concentrated around the rural areas of Sacramento Valley and Coachella Valley.

On December 5, 2015, Pakistani Sierrans {{W|Rizwan Farook and Tashfeen Malik}} committed a {{W|2015 San Bernardino attack|terrorist attack in San Bernardino}}, which resulted in 14 deaths and 22 injuries, and resulted in a national discussion on terrorism, immigration, and gun control. The incident became the deadliest Islamic terrorist attack in Sierran history, and was the deadliest mass shooting in national history at the time before being superseded by the {{W|2017 Las Vegas shooting}}.

On January 11, 2017, a [[2017 Pawnee earthquake|7.8 earthquake]] with its epicenter near [[Pawnee, Inland Empire|Pawnee]] caused widespread damage and casualties across the Inland Empire and the rest of the Southwest Corridor. The natural disaster cost the province over $40 billion in losses and caused over 1,000 localized deaths and tens of thousands of more injuries. Historic buildings and older parts of various communities suffered extensive damages, which required renovation or demolition. Since the earthquake, the Inland Empire has received billions of dollars from the federal government in earthquake recovery and retrofitting, and is undergoing an intensive transportation and infrastructural revitalization project.

==Demographics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; width: {{{width|15em;}}}; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; float: {{{align|right}}}; margin: {{ #switch: {{{align|}}} | left = 0 1em 1em 0 | #default = 0 0 1em 1em }};"
|-
! colspan="3" class="navbox-title" style="font-size: 110%; background:#ccccff;" | {{{title|Historical population}}}
|- style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; width: {{#ifeq: {{{percentages|}}}|off|30%|20%}};" | Year
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;" | Pop.
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;" | %±
|-
|'''1850'''|| 8,381 || —
|-
|'''1860'''|| 39,810 || 375.0%
|-
|'''1870'''|| 45,221 || 13.59%
|-
|'''1880'''|| 90,372 || 99.85%
|-
|'''1890'''|| 292,664 || 223.84%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''1900'''|| 319,573 || 9.19%
|-
|'''1910'''|| 413,798 || 29.48%
|-
|'''1920'''|| 549,234 || 32.73%
|-
|'''1930'''|| 630,507 || 14.80%
|-
|'''1940'''|| 694,818 || 10.20%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''1950'''|| 839,536 || 20.83%
|-
|'''1960'''|| 1,147,643 || 36.70%
|-
|'''1970'''|| 1,659,281 || 44.58%
|-
|'''1980'''|| 2,335,072 || 40.73%
|-
|'''1990'''|| 3,598,281 || 54.09%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''2000'''|| 4,732,055 || 31.50%
|-
|'''2010'''|| 6,307,895 || 33.30%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''''2018'''''|| 7,257,427 || 15.05%
|-
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Small|K.S. Decennial Census}}
|}
The [[Sierra Royal Bureau of Census]] officially recorded a population of 6,307,895 people in the Inland Empire. On January 2018, the Bureau estimated that the population of the Inland Empire was 7,257,427, indicating a population increase of 949,532, or 15.05%. This includes a {{W|natural increase}} of 201,873 (that is 354,662 births minus 152,789 deaths) and an increase of 540,652 due to net migration from other Sierran [[PSA]]s into the province. Immigration from outside the Kingdom of Sierra resulted in a net increase of 207,007 and migration within the county represented a net decrease of 68,966. According to the 2010 Bureau of Census, 22.5% were born in the Inland Empire, 55.1% were born in another Sierran PSA or territory, 0.4% were born abroad to Sierran parent(s), and 20.0% were foreign-born. Over 75 percent of Sierra's native-born residents had parents or grandparents who were foreign-born. The {{W|center of population}} was near downtown {{W|Moreno Valley, California|Butterfield Valley}} in 2017, following a southeast-oriented trend observed since the 1980 Census.

The Inland Empire's primary source of population growth have generally been {{W|migrant}}s from neighboring provinces, particularly those from the [[Gold Coast]] and [[Orange]], or the Pacific Northwest provinces, where the cost-of-living is increasing. The province, which is famous for its tract housing, provides an attractive real estate market with large amounts of expendable land. Some immigrant groups, particularly those from {{W|Latin America}} and {{W|Asia}} have arrived to the Inland Empire with similar reasons to domestic migrants. About 22% of the population were foreign-born at the time of the 2010 census.

The Inland Empire consistently ranks as one of the "greatest places" to live in the Kingdom according to polls with an average of 76% of respondents rating their areas favorably. According to a majority of respondents, the climate, housing, and community area are common reasons for the rating. However, the province has also earned its recognition as the second most {{W|obesity|obese}} province in the Kingdom (where 30.8% of the province are obese or {{W|overweight}}), after the [[Gold Coast]]. In fact, one of the province's largest cities, [[Pawnee, Inland Empire|Pawnee]], is ranked the fourth most obese city in the country. Other negative indicators include the concern of the province's notorious {{W|smog}} and crime.

The Inland Empire is home to three of the 20 [[Template:Largest cities of Sierra|largest cities]] in Sierra: [[Riverside]] (4th), [[San Bernardino]] (13th), and [[Palm Springs]] (20th). There were 123 communities, of which 56 were cities, 67 were unincorporated communities. The largest city was Riverside, which had a population of 2,102,831 in 2010. The smallest incorporated city in the Inland Empire was {{W|Yucca Valley, California|Yucca Valley}}, which had a population of 27,136 in 2010. The Inland Empire is the second most populous province in the country, ranking behind only the [[Gold Coast]].

===Racial and ancestral makeup===
According to the Sierra Royal Bureau of Census, the 2010 racial makeup of the Province of the Inland Empire was as follows according to self-identification.
*61.8% {{W|White people|White}} (3,898,279)
**40.4% {{W|European White|Non-Hispanic White}} (2,548,389)
*11.8% {{W|Asian people|Asian}}/{{W|Pacific Islander}} (744,331)
*7.5% {{W|Black people|Black}} (473,092)
*18.9% Other or {{W|Multiracial|mixed-race}} (1,192,194)
*43.9% {{W|Hispanic}} of any race (2,769,165)
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Inland Empire Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990 !! 2000 !! 2010
|-
| White || 81.2% || 76.3% || 61.8%
|-
| Asian || 6.9% || 8.4% || 11.8%
|-
| Black || 4.1% || 6.5% || 7.5%
|-
| Two or more races || 1.2% || 4.3% || 5.7%
|-
| Native || 0.6% || 0.5% || 0.4%
|-
| Other race || 6.0% || 6.6% || 13.2%
|}By ethnicity, 56.1% were non-Hispanic and 43.9% of the population was Hispanic or Latino (of any race), while 94.1% were non-[[Sierran Creole people|Creole]] and 5.9% were Creole. Non-Hispanic Whites made up of 40.4% of the province's population in 2010. In 2016, 62.6% of all births that year were to Hispanic or Latino parents of any race, one of the highest rates in the nation. Mexican Sierrans make up the overwhelming majority of those who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino, accounting for nearly 80% of all respondents as full or partial ancestry. About a quarter of the Inland Empire's Mexicans were born in [[Mexican Social Republic|Mexico]] or the Sierran territories of [[Pacífico Norte]], [[Pacífico Sur]], or the [[Yucatán]]. About a tenth of the community traces their ancestry back to the Californios, or Spaniard colonists who lived under the Spanish colonial rule and Mexican administration of Sierra. The Inland Empire is home to some of the highest concentrations and proportions of Mexicans living in a community, including [[Surrey Creek, Inland Empire|Surrey Creek]] and [[La Cumbre Heights, Inland Empire|La Cumbre Heights]]. Other significant Hispanic or Latino nationalities which are represented in the Inland Empire include Guatemalans, Salvadorians, Colombians, and Cubans.

Like whites in most other Sierran provinces, European Sierrans in the Inland Empire descend mainly from English and Scots-Irish settlers from Anglo-America. The largest ancestry groups of non-Hispanic whites in the province were neither of the two aforementioned ancestries were Germans, Swedes, Norwegians, and Irish. The overwhelming majority of European Sierrans in the Inland Empire are descendants who arrived from [[Anglo-America]], including [[Brazoria]], [[Superior]], and the [[United Commonwealth]]. Although the percentage of Anglo-Americans in the Inland Empire have declined over recent decades, they continue to constitute a plurality in the province, and have historically been the dominant group both politically and demographically. The first influx of Anglo-American settlers arrived with the Mormons during the 1850s, followed by the mass emigration that accompanied the economic boom during the 1880s and 1890s. During the Great Depression, tens of thousands of Anglo-American farmers, most from the southern United Commonwealth and Brazoria, moved to Sierra following the uprooting of their livelihood from the {{W|Dust Bowl}}. Other common European ancestries reported included English, Italian, French, Spanish, Polish, Greek, Armenian, and Russian.

There are significant communities of Scots-Irish and [[Sierran Jacobites|Jacobites]] in the Inland Empire. These communities include {{W|Apple Valley, California|Appleton}} and {{W|Victorville, California|Lane Crossing}}, where thousands emigrated because of the sociopolitical turmoil of [[The Disturbances]] during the 1970s and 1980s. There were over 20 ethnic Jacobite chapters and clubs registered throughout the Inland Empire in 2017, 14 of which have memberships exceeding 200.

Asian Sierrans constitute slightly more than a tenth of the Inland Empire's total population. The largest Asian ethnic groups are Chinese, Han, Korean, Vietnamese, and Japanese. The first ethnic groups to reach and settle the Inland Empire were Chinese and Japanese workers who were employed on farms and railroad construction during the 1860s and 1870s. Population growth among Asian Sierrans continued to grow during the late 19th century as the Inland Empire expanded its agricultural output and other industries. The [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] was initially started from individuals hailing from the large Asian population that existed in the Inland Empire, including [[Francis Chih]].

The Inland Empire has the highest concentration of Sierran {{W|Native Americans|Amerindians}}, the fourth largest Hispanic and Asian populations, the second largest concentration of blacks, and the third largest non-Hispanic white population. Notable Amerindian reservations in the province include the {{W|Morongo Band of Mission Indians}}, the {{W|Cabazon Band of Mission Indians}}, and the {{W|Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians|Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians}}, who all represent the province's various tribal groups, including {{W|Cahuilla}}, {{W|Serrano (people)|Serrano}}, and {{W|Luiseño people|Luiseño}} peoples.

===Religion===

{{Main|Religion in Sierra}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" font-size:80%;" style="margin-left:1em; float:left"
|+ style="font-size:100%" | Religious affiliation in the Inland Empire
|-
! Affiliation
! colspan="2"|% of Sierra population
|-
| [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] {{W|Christianity|Christian}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|78||2||background:darkblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] {{W|Protestant}}/{{W|Evangelicalism|Evangelical}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|39||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[File:USVA headstone emb-46.svg|15px]] {{W|Catholic}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|36||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[File:USVA headstone emb-05.svg|15px]] {{W|Eastern Orthodox}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|2||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"| [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]] {{W|List of Christian denominations|Other Christian}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:mediumblue}}
|-
| [[File:Five-pointed star.svg|15px]] Other Faith
|align=right| '''{{bartable|7||2||background:darkgreen}}
|-
| [[File:USVA headstone emb-16.svg|15px]] {{W|Irreligion|Unaffiliated}}
|align=right| '''{{bartable|14||2||background:purple}}
|-
| [[File:Question mark.svg|10px]] Don't know/refused answer
|align=right| '''{{bartable|1||2||background:darkorange}}
|-
| '''Total''' || '''{{bartable|100||2||background:grey}}'''
|}

About 78% of Inland Empire residents identify themselves as {{W|Christianity|Christian}} with 39% as {{W|Protestant}} or {{W|Evangelicalism|Evangelic}}, 36% {{W|Catholic}}, 2% {{W|Eastern Orthodox}}, and 1% another denomination or church. The Ministry of Culture's 2016 ''Religious and Spiritual Data in Sierra Report'' indicated that the largest religious Christian denomination by number of adherents is the {{W|Roman Catholic Church}} with 1,583,201 adherents affiliated with the Archdiocese of San Bernardino. The Church's local body is represented by the {{W|Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino|Diocese of San Bernardino}}. The next largest churches are the independent Evangelical churches, {{W|Baptists}}, {{W|Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists}}, {{W|Mormons}}, {{W|Restorationist}}s.

The next largest group are the {{W|irreligion|irreligious}} (which includes {{W|atheism|atheists}}, {{W|agnosticism|agnostics}}, {{W|antitheism|antitheists}}, and {{W|apatheism|apatheists}}) who comprise of 14% of the population. The largest non-Christian religion is [[Canaanism]] at 3% with the [[Sanctuary of Isachul]] accounting for more than 80% of the Canaanite population. {{W|Judaism}} accounts for 2% of the Inland Empire residents and the remaining 2% include {{W|Islam|Muslims}}, {{W|Buddhism|Buddhists}}, {{W|Hinduism|Hindus}}, and others.

A 2016 poll conducted by the Ministry of Culture's Research Data group revealed that approximately 87 percent of Inlanders say they were "absolutely certain" of their belief in God, compared to the national average at 76 percent. In the same survey ,about 54 percent of Inlander repspondents stated that religion is "very important" in their lives. In terms of church attendance, about 1 out of 3 Inlander Protestants stated they attended church services "weekly or more", while Catholics had slightly higher numbers. Among all Christians, over three-fourths answered attending church "occasionally" or "seldom". Attendance to religious services among other religious groups varied, with higher attendance rates among Canaanites and Muslims, and lower for Buddhists and Jews in the Inland Empire.

===Languages===

The official languages of the province include the nine languages recognized nationally ({{W|English language|English}}, {{W|Spanish language|Spanish}}, [[Han language|Han]], {{W|Chinese language|Chinese}}, {{W|Vietnamese language|Vietnamese}}, {{W|Korean language|Korean}}, {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}, and {{W|German language|German}}), thus requiring all official government documents in the province to be published with all of the aforementioned languages. The Inland Empire is the most populous province without an official language aside from the national languages. Like most provinces in Sierra, although the Inland Empire enshrines the nine national languages, English is the ''de facto'' operating language for all government agencies and courts, and government documents are reproduced in various languages in order for accessibility to non-English speakers. [[Sierran Hanzi]] is officially used as an extension of written English in the Inland Empire.

In 2010, the Royal Bureau of Census reported that 68.02% (3,972,830) of people age 5 or older spoke only English at home, while 31.98% spoke a different primary language at home. In 2010, 77% of people who spoke a language other than English could speak English well or very well, 7.7% could not speak English at all. Among English native speakers, [[Sierran Hanzi]] literary rates was around 64%; this was much lower among secondary speakers, where the rate was much lower at only 36%. In total, 6 languages other than English were spoken as a primary language. The second most commonly spoken language at home was Spanish, which accounts for nearly a third of the population. The Inland Empire has the second largest concentration of speakers of {{W|Cambodian language|Cambodian}}, {{W|Hmong language|Hmong}}, {{W|Romanian language|Romanian}} and {{W|Hungarian language|Hungarian}}; and the third largest concentration of {{W|Arabic language|Arabic}}, {{W|Hindi language|Hindi}}, {{W|Punjabi language|Punjabi}}, and {{W|Thai language|Thai}}; the fifth largest of Chinese, Korean, Han, and Vietnamese speakers in the country.

The Inland Empire is one of the most linguistically diverse provinces in the country, and is home to over 70 languages, of which 23 were indigenous languages of Mexico (all being endangered languages) spoken among the Inland Empire's migrant workers. 9 different varieties of Chinese were spoken among Sierra's Chinese and Hainanese communities, with Mandarin Chinese displacing the traditional Cantonese and Hokkien Chinese spoken in the Inland Empire's traditional, older Chinatowns.

==Culture==
[[File:Coachella 2014.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A panoramic view of the {{W|Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella}} festival in 2014.]]
The Inland Empire's culture is similar to the rest of Sierra, but as a suburban, insular province, its intermediary location between the Southwest Corridor and Southeastern Sierra, and its historical connection to colonial Spain and Mexico, the Inland Empire's culture has a pronounced Mexican influence locally. In addition, it is seen as one of the primary centers where the New Culture of the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] emerged from, due to its pluralistic, multiethnic population, with high concentration of Asian Sierrans. The province's association with suburbia and citrus farming have also contributed to the culture and understanding of the province. An ideal location for families, youth, and the elderly, the Inland Empire is often portrayed as a getaway destination and a land for opportunity and freedom from the confines of the urban life. It is also pejoratively seen as a province filled with "mindless, haphazard real estate development" and accused of having no real culture for being merely the "bedroom" for many Sierrans whose work is actually in the Gold Coast or Orange. Rural areas of the Inland Empire, especially those in the northern parts, exhibit more features common in the [[Styxie]] including the Styxie dialect and importance of [[Republicanism in Sierra|cultural republicanism]] or [[Sierran Jacobites|Jacobitism]].

Home to the {{W|San Bernardino Mountains}} and the {{W|Mojave Desert}}, the Inland Empire offers residents and tourists alike the option for {{W|swimming}}, {{W|mountain climbing}}, {{W|hiking}}, recreational driving, and dirt bike riding. During the winter, alpine destinations such as {{W|Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake}} offer {{W|skiing}} and {{W|snowboarding}} at their ski resorts and mountain slopes. The {{W|San Jacinto Mountains}} is also popular for hiking and mountain climbing, and hosts a number of private resorts and retreat camps on its slopes. The {{W|Cactus to Clouds Trail}} is a notoriously difficult yet popular {{W|hiking trail}} for {{W|San Jacinto Peak}}, which takes hikers up a net elevation of 10,400 feet (3,200 m), one of the greatest elevation increases of any Anglo-American mountain trails, and one of the steepest (10,400 feet gained in just 16 miles or 26 km). {{W|Gambling}}, although illegal under provincial law province, is permitted at casinos on Indian reservation land including the {{W|Morongo Resort, Casino & Spa|Morongo}} ({{W|Cabazon, California|Cabazon}}) and {{W|Pechanga Resort and Casino}} ({{W|Temecula, California|Temecula}}), which are not subject to the province's gambling laws. The Inland Empire's {{W|Interstate 15 in California|Interprovincial 3}} is frequently traveled by Sierrans in the southwestern region including the province itself to travel to {{W|Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas}} in the neighboring province of [[Clark]], across the Mojave Desert.
[[File:Victorian Historical Mansion.jpg|thumb|250px|A Victorian home in the Riverside Historic District]]
Riverside's Historic District, one of the largest {{W|historic preservation}} districts in the Kingdom, features {{W|Victorian architecture}}, and hosts a number of major festivals each year, including the Festival of Lights during [[Christmas in Sierra|Christmas]] season. The neighborhood also includes old-grown willow trees and oaks, which line up the streets and provide extensive coverage beneath the tree canopy over the area. The neighborhood has been the setting place for several Hollywood films and the famous Sierran poet [[Judith Fonseca Lestrange]] spent her final years living here in the Willoughby House. Parts of Downtown Riverside are coterminous with the Historic District and include the {{W|The Mission Inn Hotel and Spa|Mission Inn}}, a {{W|Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival-styled}} hotel built in 1902. The Mission Inn is a major landmark and is the center of major local events year-round. A large network and maze of underground tunnels, nicknamed the "Catacombs" exists directly below the Mission Inn and vicinity, and have been the subject of urban legends and paranormal stories.

The National Orange Show Festival, a major exposition fair, is held annually in San Bernardino during the last week of March, in commemoration of Sierra's agriculture. It also hosts a widely covered orange-eating contest and an orange juice judging competition, which attracts thousands of orange growers across Anglo-America as participants. The city also hosts the Route 66 Rendezvous, a four-day long celebration held in downtown San Bernardino every September in honor of the historic Route 66, a former highway that ran through the city and much of the Inland Empire, that has often been hailed as the first "All-Sierran" road in the country.

Although the Inland Empire lacks any coastline, several lakes and reservoirs including {{W|Lake Mathews}}, {{W|Lake Elsinore}}, {{W|Lake Perris}}, {{W|Lake Arrowhead}}, {{W|Lake Hemet}}, {{W|Big Bear Lake}}, and the northern shore of {{W|Salton Sea}} have public beaches which are very popular during the springtime and the summer. Recreational activities available at these locations range from swimming and fishing to boating and jet-skiing.

===Art and literature===

The Inland Empire, home to a bustling, growing population, has allowed the arts and innovation to flourish in the province. The province includes over 35 museums, theaters, and art centers including the [[Riverside Metropolitan Museum]], the {{W|Fox Performing Arts Center}}, the {{W|Cabazon Dinosaurs}}, the {{W|Western Science Center}}, and the {{W|Robert and Frances Fullerton Museum of Art}}. The City of Riverside has proclaimed itself as the "City of Arts and Innovation" and hosts seasonal arts events, including ArtWalk and the Inland Independent Film Festival. Major fine arts museums include the {{W|Palm Springs Art Museum}} in Palm Springs; US Riverside ArtsBlock in Riverside on the campus of [[University of Sierra|University of Sierra, Riverside]]; Judith Fonseca Lestrange Museum of Sierran Art in Rancho Cucamonga; and the Tibbets Museum of Art in Politana.

===Music===

The province is also known for its prevailing culture and influence on local Sierran music. Various bands and individuals originate from the Inland Empire including {{W|Frank Zappa}}, [[Thomas Winslow]], Yo{{Sup|3}} Black, {{W|Alien Art Farm}}, Awkward Prom Dates. The world famous {{W|Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival}} is held annually in the city of {{W|Indio, California|Indian Springs}} of the {{W|Coachella Valley}}, which brings in nearly 250,000 attendants each year and features lineups of major headlining artists across a broad range of musical genres and styles. The three-day weekend event, which is currently held every springtime (late March or early April), showcases both popular and emerging artists from Sierra's domestic music scene, as well as artists from the rest of Anglo-America, and occasionally artists and bands from Europe, Asia, and Oceania.

===Sports===

As the most populous province without a single {{W|major league}} sports team, the Inland Empire nonetheless has a number of minor league and collegiate-level sports teams. In recent years, efforts to form a professional-level sports team have grown stronger, especially among the baseball-loving community in the province. A source of pride, the Inland Empire has produced over 30 individuals in the past 20 years who have played in professional baseball teams throughout [[Anglo-America]]. There have been recent efforts to bring a major league franchise into the Inland Empire, which would most likely be based in the province's largest city, Riverside.

The Inland Empire is also home to the {{W|Auto Club Speedway}}, based in {{W|Fontana, California|Fontana}}, where it hosts the {{W|NASCAR}} {{W|Sprint Cup Series}} and the [[Von Holt 500]]. Two other racetracks, the {{W|Ontario Motor Speedway|San Antonio Motor Speedway}} and the {{W|Riverside International Speedway}} have ultimately been closed down due to lack of funding and public support.

{{W|Golf}}, which is ideal in the Inland Empire due to its abundance of golf courses and presence of professional golf clubs, has been the primary sport of choice among residents. The golfing community is especially prominent in {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}}. In fact, the city has the most golf courses per capita and in total in the entire Kingdom, where it hosts the {{W|PGA Tour}}'s {{W|Humana Challenge}} and King's Royal Palm Tourney.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Club
! scope="col" | League
! scope="col" | Sport
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Founded
! scope="col" | Titles
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino|Inland Empire 66ers}}
| {{W|California League|Minor League Baseball}}
| Baseball
| {{W|San Manuel Stadium}}
| align=center | 1941
| align=center | 6
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|High Desert Mavericks}}
| Minor League Baseball
| Baseball
| {{W|Heritage Field at Stater Bros. Stadium|Stater Bros. Stadium}}
| align=center | 1993
| align=center | 3
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Lake Elsinore Storm}}
| Minor League Baseball
| Baseball
| {{W|Lake Elsinore Diamond}}
| align=center | 1994
| align=center | 2
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Rancho Cucamonga Quakes}}
| Minor League Baseball
| Baseball
| {{W|LoanMart Field}}
| align=center | 1993
| align=center | 1
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Palm Springs Power}}
| {{W|Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association|Southwest Corridor Collegiate Baseball Association}}
| Baseball
| {{W|Palm Springs Stadium}}
| align=center | 2003
| align=center | 2
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Ontario Reign|San Antonio Reign}}
| {{W|ECHL|Southwest Hockey League}}
| Ice hockey
| {{W|Citizens Business Bank Arena}}
| align=center | 2008
| align=center | 0
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | {{W|Los Angeles Temptation|Porciúncula Temptation}}
| {{W|Legends Football League|Women's Royal Football League}}
| Indoor football
| {{W|Citizens Business Bank Arena}}
| align=center | 2004
| align=center | 3
|-
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;" | San Antonio Fury
| {{W|Professional Arena Soccer League|Southern Soccer League}}
| Indoor soccer
| {{W|Citizens Business Bank Arena}}
| align=center | 2013
| align=center | 0
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Boxcars in the Inland Empire.jpg|thumb|250px|Boxcars carrying goods in the city of {{W|Rialto, California|Lilac Foothills}}]]

The Inland Empire has historically been dominated by agriculture, and at one point, relied primarily on citrus farming. It was the site of major advancements and research in horticulture, and was noted for its excellent soil conditions, which allowed for the growth of various crops, not limited to citrus, including various berries, rice, wheat, avocados, and more. Following [[Great War I]], citrus fields were plowed in favor of urban housing. As more agricultural jobs moved to moe rural provinces such as [[Central Valley]] and [[Imperial]], and the Inland Empire began shifting its focus towards industrial and service sector jobs, the {{W|dairy industry}} became the dominant agriculturally-related sector in the province. The dairy industry is especially prominent in {{W|Eastvale, California|Eastvale}} and {{W|Chino Hills, California|Chino Hills}}. The Inland Empire still produces about 10% of the province's total agricultural produce however with much of the crops growth reflecting a very diverse spectrum that includes {{W|apple}}s, {{W|date palm|dates}}, {{W|lemon}}s, {{W|lime}}s, {{W|orange}}s, {{W|bell pepper}}s, {{W|lettuce}}, {{W|broccoli}}, {{W|spinach}}, {{W|watermelon}}s, and {{W|strawberry|strawberries}}. In 2017, the province's agricultural sector brought in more than $4.5 billion in revenue.

Due to the large expanse of unoccupied, cheap land, its location between [[Porciúncula]] and [[Las Vegas]]/[[Phoenix]], and access to transportation links, the Inland Empire has prospered in the {{W|logistics}} and {{W|warehouse|warehousing}} industries. Much of the Kingdom's largest {{W|manufacturing}} companies base their logistical and distributive operations in the Inland Empire, which are connected to the Inland Empire's extensive network of railroads, freeways, and airports. The distribution centers act as intermediaries between international goods received in the Greater Porciúncula Area's seaports and buyers from eastern Sierra, [[Brazoria]], the [[United Commonwealth]], and other regions of Anglo-America. The Inland Empire's shipping sector accounts for over 80% of the movement and distribution of goods and products.
[[File:Victoria Gardens American Apparel.jpg|thumb|250px|An {{W|American Apparel}} store at the {{W|open-air market|open-air}} {{W|Victoria Gardens (Rancho Cucamonga)|Victoria Gardens}} in {{W|Rancho Cucamonga, California|Rancho Cucamonga}}.]]
The housing and real estate industry that emerged after Great War II and the Sierran Cultural Revolution transformed the Inland Empire from a rural to a suburban environment that has become increasingly urbanized in recent years. The steady rise in population and continuous demand in housing has allowed the development of thousands of single-family homes that have clustered into large neighborhoods and full-fledged {{W|commuter town|bedroom communities}}. Consumer preferences among middle-class and working-class families, availability of land, and business practices of housing developers and banks have encouraged low-density development and suburban sprawl, as opposed to the high-density development found at the core region of the Greater Porciúncula Area. This suburban development, although not unique to the Inland Empire, has been one of the key characteristics of the modern province's landscape and economy. The housing market suffered greatly during the {{W|Great Recession}} in 2008 when the housing bubble collapsed and forced tens of thousands of homeowners to foreclose. Since 2009, economic recovery, new regulations on mortgages, and depreciated interest rates have the continuation of the Inland Empire's housing development, where housing prices remain some of the cheapest in the entire country.

Although the Inland Empire remains primarily suburban with many residents still commuting to work in neighboring provinces, cities such as Riverside have begun developing a local services and financial sector. Aided by local retailing, public utilities, and liberal business laws, local corporations and businesses have been encouraged to start business in the province. A relatively new entry to the national financial sector, the Inland Empire has attracted the attention of emerging banks, hedge funds, and insurance firms interested in branching out or migrating from the traditional sector established in the Gold Coast and [[Laguna]].

The total gross provincial product for 2017 was $200.73 billion with a GPP per capita of $27,921, while the per-capita personal income was $32,110. As of April 2018, the unemployment rate was 3.9%, reflecting a downward trend since it peaked at 6.9% in 2009.

===Agriculture===
[[File:Yorba Slaughter Adobe.jpg|thumb|250px|The {{W|Yorba-Slaughter House}}, a historic barn in {{W|Chino, California|Chino}} which symbolizes the Inland Empire's beef and dairy industries.]]
Agriculture has traditionally been the cornerstone of the Inland Empire's economy, and continues to be a major component of the province's overall economy. Although agriculture only constituted less than 4% of the province's total production output in 2017, it generated over $4 billion in revenue. The Inland Empire's largest agricultural products are {{W|milk}} (which represented a $200 million industry), {{W|Plant nursery|nursery stock}}, {{W|grape}}s, {{W|lemon}}s, {{W|hay}}, {{W|egg}}s, {{W|date}}s, {{W|bell pepper}}s, {{W|carrot}}s, and {{W|grapefruit}}s. Historically, oranges represented the Inland Empire's most well-known and largest agricultural crop, but orange production decreased substantially during the mid-20th century as orange groves were destroyed to make way for suburban development. Although oranges have been outpaced by other tree and vine crops, oranges remain a significant crop, with the orange industry accounting for approximately $17 million in revenue in 2015. Between 2010 and 2015, orange production increased by about 25%. Various other agricultural products are grown and raised, including {{W|avocado}}s, {{W|rice}}, {{W|lettuce}}, {{W|spinach}}, {{W|broccoli}}, {{W|apple}}s, {{W|potato}}s, {{W|onion}}s, {{W|artichoke}}s, and {{W|watermelon}}s. Most field and seed crops, as well as {{W|cotton}}, are grown in Coachella Valley, whereas dairy and tree and vine crops are grown around the San Bernardino Valley. Rice, an important crop in Sierran cuisine, is grown in the artificially flooded plains near the {{W|Salton Sea}} in Coachella Valley. Pest control and pesticide production is also significant and represents a multi-billion industry tasked with protecting and preserving the province's crops.

===Business===
[[File:First McDonald's.jpg|thumb|250px|Site of the world's first {{W|McDonald's}} restaurant in {{W|San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino}}]]
The Inland Empire is home to an emerging financial, banking, and insurance services sector, with over 350 firms represented in the province, including the [[Bank of Sierra]], Equity Services, [[Heartwell Properties and Investments]], [[Cabrillo Technologies]], and [[Lewis & Sons]]. Sixteen of Anglo-America's 1,000 largest publicly traded companies are headquartered in the Inland Empire including [[Hervieux]], [[Sweetum's]], [[Starco Industries]], [[Shirley's]], [[Overton]], {{W|Altura Credit Union}}, {{W|Monster Beverage}}, {{W|The Icee Company}}, {{W|Stater Bros.}}, [[Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad]], and [[Salad Shak]]. The fast-food chain company {{W|McDonald's}} was founded in the city of San Bernardino in 1940, and based its administrative operations there until 1955 when the original owners sold the establishment to [[United Commonwealth|Continental]] businessman {{W|Ray Kroc}}. The {{W|integrated delivery system|healthcare}} {{W|consortium}} {{W|Kaiser Permanente}} was also originally based in the Inland Empire, opening its first location in the town of {{W|Desert Center, California|Desert Center}}.

The Inland Empire has also seen the rise of technology {{W|startup firm}}s, particularly in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals. Palm Springs-based Clarity Space, one of the world's leading geospatial imagery services, reported over $1 trillion in 2017, whose primary customer is the Sierran federal government. Temescal Electronics, based in the city of {{W|Upland, California|Euclid}}, is a major leader and innovator in the industry of semiconductor technology, and brings in over $100 million in revenue to the province annually.

===Gambling===
[[File:Pechanga Resort Lunar New Year.jpg|thumb|left|Entrance to the {{W|Pechanga Resort & Casino}} during the 2015 {{W|Chinese New Year|Lunar New Year}}]]
Casino gambling and cardrooms are illegal under Inland Empire law but are permitted on Amerindian reservations due to the 1994 Federal American Indian Reservation Gambling Act (FAIR-GA). Federally and provincially registered reservations are allowed to open gambling establishments and venues within their jurisdiction, and keep all proceeding to themselves, with the exception of standard taxes and fees collected by the Inland Empire and federal governments. In addition, charter cities are permitted to establish their own gambling establishments, provided they receive exemption status from the provincial legislature.

There were a total of 7 casinos and 3 cardrooms throughout the Inland Empire. {{W|Parimutuel betting}} is allowed for certain sporting events, and are regulated by the provincial government. The largest casino in the Inland Empire is the {{W|Pechanga Resort & Casino}}, which is owned and operated by the {{W|Pechanga Indian Reservation}} in {{W|Temecula, California|Temecula}}. It contains over a thousand rooms and about 180,000 square feet (17,500 km{{Sup|2}}) in gaming space. The resort and casino itself represents the single largest employer in {{W|Temecula Valley}} and one of the largest employers in the entire province, with over 4,100 employees. Other notable casinos include the {{W|Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa}} in {{W|Cabazon, California|Cabazon}}; {{W|Fantasy Springs Resort Casino}} in {{W|Indio, California|Indian Springs}}; {{W|Agua Caliente Casino Resort & Spa}} in {{W|Rancho Mirage, California|Rancho Mirage}}; and {{W|Spotlight 29 Casino}} in {{W|Coachella, California|Coachella}}.

In 1996, voters approved the creation of the Inland Empire Lottery, which was designed to increase funding for the province's public schools and universities. As of 2018, the Inland Empire Lottery currently runs six different in-house card games and participates in the two national multi-jurisdictional games: Super Stash and Crazyball. It also sells dozens of {{W|Scratch card|scratcher games}}. The lottery has become a major source of revenue for public education in the province. Nearly $50 million in unclaimed prizes have been awarded to the Inland Empire's schools between the years of 2014 and 2016.

===Housing and real estate===
[[File:Inland Empire neighborhood.jpg|thumb|250px|A residential neighborhood in {{W|Murrieta, California|Calvary Hill}}]]
The development of railroads and a robust highway system spurred explosive real estate development in the Inland Empire. Cheap land, heavy investment, low taxes, and high consumer demand enabled home developers to convert thousands of square acres of farmland and desert wilderness into suburban communities. Affordable housing has been crucial to the commercial success of the Inland Empire's real estate industry, and has been the primary motivator for households in neighboring provinces to move to the Inland Empire for. The widespread availability of land, developer curation to middle-class families, and good weather have contributed to the development of large single-family homes as opposed to high-density projects such as multi-story apartments or condominium buildings. This vertical development has contributed to the continued growth of {{W|Urban sprawl|suburban sprawl}} in the Inland Empire, which has affected the province's politics, demographics, economics, and environmental quality. The building practices and rapid development of real estate has caused development in the province to appear unplanned, resulting in polycentric hub cities in the Inland Empire (Riverside, San Bernardino, San Antonio, Palm Springs, and Temecula), rather than one central city as found in most other regions. This has led to criticism on the rate and scale of housing development in the province, without adequate industry and business developed to accommodate and diversify the local economy. Developers have been incentivized to invest in developing shopping centers and industrial areas alongside residential neighborhoods to increase the availability of local jobs and entice companies to expand operations and business in the province.

Since the {{W|Subprime mortgage crisis|housing bubble collapse}} and associated {{W|Great Recession}}, house prices recovered to their pre-recession values and have steadily risen at an appreciable rate, increasing by more than 7 percent annually. The median home value in 2015 was $361,100 while the median list price per foot was $204. The median home value for newly built single-family houses was $430,000 and the median home value for newly built condominiums and townhouses was $232,000, while home sales of $500,000 or more accounted for over 50% of all residential real estate sales in 2017. Buyers and homeowners in the Inland Empire have the largest shares of government-insured home loans from the [[Housing Mortgage and Finance Administration]] (HMFA) out of all Sierran [[PSA]]s.

At the end of the fourth quarter for the 2017 financial year, the mortgage delinquency rate was 3.3% (of mortgages delinquent for more than 60 days), just below the national average at 3.6%. There were approximately 117,281 delinquent loans and 47,820 {{W|foreclosure}}s in the same quarter. According to the K.S. [[Royal Bureau of Census]], the agency estimated that Inlanders spent an average of 41.5% of personal income on housing-related costs, the fourth-highest percentage in the country.

===Logistics===
The Inland Empire is home to some of the largest distribution centers and facilities in the nation, with major manufacturing companies basing their logistical operations in the province. The location of the Inland Empire makes it an ideal, intermediate location between the Tri-Port Authority seaports in the [[Gold Coast]] and [[Channel Islands]] to destinations to the north [[Las Vegas]] in [[Clark]] and east including [[Phoenix]] in [[Maricopa]] and the Albuquerque area between Sierran New Mexico and Brazoria, with the [[Royal Pacific Railroad]] mainline passing through the province along these routes. More than eighty percent of all imported goods and cargo is shipped through the Inland Empire to other parts of the Kingdom and Anglo-America. The Barstow Yard, owned and operated by Royal Pacific, is a major {{W|classification yard}}, located in {{W|Barstow, California|Barstow}}, that sees an average of 100 trains each day (over 11,500 individual {{W|railroad car}}s pass through it.

The province is serviced by two primary cargo airports: {{W|Ontario International Airport|San Antonio International Airport}} and [[Riverside International Airport]], both which handle over 250,000 tons of freight cargo. Major companies including {{W|FedEx}} and {{W|UPS}} have terminals with both airports and large distribution centers near these facilities. The San Antonio International Airport has two cargo complexes over one million square feet of space that provides cold storage for perishable goods. The location of the airports near major freeway corridors and railroad systems have been important to the modern logistics industry.

===Military===
[[File:F-4E March AFB.jpg|thumb|250px|An {{W|F-4}} at the {{W|March Air Force Base}}]]
In 2017, the Inland Empire had a total of 56,381 [[Ministry of Defense (Sierra)|Ministry of Defense]] {{W|active duty}} servicemembers and 33,945 reservists and guardsmen. All branches of the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]], including the [[Sierran Royal Army]], the [[Sierran Royal Air Force]], the [[Sierran Royal Marine Corps]], the [[Sierran Royal Navy]], and the [[Sierran Royal Coast Guard]], as well as the other uniformed service branches and reserve components ([[Inland Empire National Guard]]) have an established presence in the province. Major military installations in the province include {{W|Fort Irwin National Training Center}}, {{W|George Air Force Base|King Smith Air Force Base}}, {{W|Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms|Twentynine Palms Royal Marine Corps Base}}, {{W|Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake|China Lake Base}}, and {{W|March Air Reserve Base}}. Several major defense contractors and military technology companies are present in the Inland Empire as well, including [[Overstars]] and {{W|Lockheed Martin}}.

===Taxation and budget===

The Inland Empire utilizes six {{W|income bracket}}s to determine income tax rates, which range from 1% to 8%. There are five brackets for {{W|corporate tax}}, which ranges from 2% to 8.77% as of the 2017–2018 financial year, and four brackets for taxes on {{W|capital gains tax|capital gains}} and {{W|dividend tax|dividends}} (3% to 10%). The provincial sales tax sits at 5.35% for all tangible retail sales and goods, with exemptions to qualifying groceries (up to $50.00 waived), hygiene products (up to $10.00 waived), over-the-counter drugs, certain prescription drugs, and clothing (up to $30.00 waived). Local taxing jurisdictions are allowed to impose their own sales tax (up to 2%) on top of the province's, for a maximum combined rate of 7.35%. {{W|Property tax}} is levied on all properties (except those owned by tax-exempt organizations) ranging from 0.5% to 1.5% across all counties. Additional property taxes are levied by school districts and incorporated cities as well. The rates are adjusted annually based on inflation and prevailing market costs. The Inland Empire does not levy inheritance or estate taxes, although it does apply a gift tax on all gifts not exempted by the federal government based on a scrolling scale between 1% and 20%. Since 2015, the Inland Empire has levied a flat tax of 1.0% on all intangible personal property including bonds, notes, contracts, trusts, annuities, and loans to stockholders.

==Infrastructure and transportation==

===Energy===

{{wide image|San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm.jpg|1000px|The majority of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm viewed from atop the {{W|Palm Springs Aerial Tramway}} in the {{W|San Jacinto Mountains}} to the south. The farm continues over the hills to the north along {{W|California State Route 62|K.S. Route 62}}. {{W|Interstate 10 in California|Interprovincial 1}} traverses the image horizontally, and a small portion of {{W|California State Route 111|K.S. Route 111}} is also visible at the bottom of the photo.}}

The chief provider in electricity in the province is the Southern Sierran Electricity Corporation (SSEC), a public corporation funded by the federal government and a condominium of provincial governments including the Inland Empire's, while water is managed and provided by the Tri-Provincial Water Authority District. Much of the province's electricity is powered by {{W|wind turbine}}s or {{W|solar pane}}s with other sources of electricity such as {{W|electrical grid}}s stemming from outside provinces. Water is almost entirely supplied by the {{W|Colorado River}} through an elaborate water aqueduct system, although a large portion of this water is reserved for the more populous Gold Coast-Orange-Laguna metropolitan area.

Nearly a third of the Inland Empire's energy derives from {{W|renewable energy}}. In 2010, the Inland Empire Provincial Legislature passed a measure to increase the proportion of renewable energy in total consumption and usage to half of this by 2025. The government has committed billions of dollars of investment in green energy industries and cleaner energy technology. The two largest sources of renewable energy are solar and wind, with plans for a domestic nuclear power plant going underway. In addition, the Inland Empire utilizes energy from geothermal sources, all of which come from the {{W|Salton Sea}}. It is home to the world's largest solar farm, the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm, which is located near the town of {{W|Desert Center, California|Desert Center}} in the {{W|Joshua Tree National Park}}, is over 17 square miles (45 km{{Sup|2}}), {{W|nameplate capacity}} of over 1,600 {{W|Nominal power (photovoltaic)|MW{{Small|{{Sub|p}}}}}}, and a {{W|capacity factor}} of 27.9% in 2017. The {{W|San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm}} is the largest wind farm in the Southwest Corridor, and consists of over 4,500 units distributed across the eastern slope of {{W|San Gorgonio Pass}} in [[Coachella County, Inland Empire|Coachella County]]. There is also limited use of hydroelectric power, which utilizes the dams associated with the bodies of water and rivers connected to the Colorado River Aqueduct System.

The Inland Empire's primary source of nonrenewable energy source is {{W|natural gas}}, which is distributed along three main pipeline systems, and supplied from energy sources from [[Maricopa]] and [[Sonora]]. Dependence on {{W|coal}} has fallen dramatically, having once been the primary source of energy in the Inland Empire. {{W|Gasoline}} also remains a widely used source of energy for Inland Empire automobiles and motorists.

===Roads===
[[File:CoronaCA.jpg|thumb|250px|The interchange between {{W|Interstate 15 in California|Interprovincial 3}} and {{W|California State Route 91|K.S. Route 91}} in {{W|Corona, California|Corona}} looking north-northwestward towards the {{W|San Gabriel Mountains}}.]]
The Inland Empire Department of Public Transportation is responsible for the development, maintenance, oversight, and operation of the Inland Empire's roads and highways. As of 2018, there were 6,821 miles of public highway, of which 5,458 miles received federal funding, and of which 2,388 miles were freeways. These figures include park and recreational roads located within or near national and provincial parks. The highway fatality rate was 1.2 per million miles traveled. In addition, there were two toll highways and three standard highways which featured toll-express lanes for a portion of their entire length. The highest posted speed limit in the Inland Empire is 85 miles per hour (137 km/h), which is present at four highways. All federal and provincial highways, regardless of identification, are paved. In addition to the nationally numbered highways that are registered with the Interprovincial Highway and K.S. Route Highway systems, the Inland Empire maintains its own provincial highway system, with five highways. All highways within the province are subject to the patrol and protection by the Inland Empire Highway Patrol, which enforces traffic laws and public safety.

The Inland Empire Department of Motor Vehicles (IEDMV) is the government agency responsible for registering and inspecting motor vehicles, including automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles, as well as licensing drivers in the province. As of 2017, there were 4,379,882 registered drivers in the provincial DMV system, and over 95% of them were in force. The earliest possible age to receive a driver's license is 16, although the province allows those aged 15 ½ years old to obtain a {{W|Learner's permit|driver's permit}}. All vehicles registered must comply with mandatory {{W|Emission standard|emissions standards}} (which must be checked annually) and undergo safety inspections. The province has some of the country's toughest laws on drunk driving, with a {{W|Mandatory minimum sentence|minimum sentencing}} of 6 months in jail and yearlong license suspension for first time offenders, and two-years suspension for underaged offenders. The {{W|blood alcohol content}} (BAC) legal limit is 0.08% for non-commercial drivers above the age of 18, 0.04% for commercial drivers, and 0.01% for drivers under the age of 18.

====Major highways====
<table class="collapsible" style="width: 100%; background: transparent; color: inherit;">
<tr><th class="navbox-title">Interprovincials, K.S. Routes, Provincial Highways, and other highways in the Inland Empire</th></tr>
<tr><td>
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"
|- style="background:none"
! style="width: 100%; text-align:center;" colspan="2" | 
|-valign="top"
|style="width:50%;"|
*[[File:Interprovincial 1 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 10|Interprovincial 1}} – San Bernardino Freeway
*[[File:Interprovincial 3 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 15 in California|Interprovincial 3}} – San Antonio–Barstow Freeway
*[[File:Interprovincial 3A (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 215|Interprovinical 3A}} – Perris Freeway
*[[File:Interprovincial 3C (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] [[Interprovincial 3C]] – Cajalco–Ramona Expressway
*[[File:Route 66 (Historical 2).svg|32x30px]] {{W|U.S. Route 66 in California|Interprovincial 66}} (Historical) [[File:Route 66 (Historical).svg|32x30px]] – Mother Road
*[[File:Provincial Route 40 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 177|Provincial Route 40}}
*[[File:Provincial Route 42 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 195|Provincial Route 42}}
*[[File:Provincial Route 44 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 371|Provincial Route 44}}
*[[File:Provincial Route 45 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] Provincial Route 45
*[[File:Provincial Route 47 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] Provincial Route 47
*[[File:Route 60 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 60|K.S. Route 60}} – Pomona Freeway/Moreno Valley Freeway
|style="width:50%;"|
*[[File:Route 62 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 62|K.S. Route 62}}
*[[File:Route 71 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 71|K.S. Route 71}} – Chino Valley Freeway
*[[File:Route 74 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 74|K.S. Route 74}} – Ortega Highway (Palms to Pines Highway)
*[[File:Route 78 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 78|K.S. Route 78}}
*[[File:Route 79 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 79|K.S. Route 79}}
*[[File:Route 86 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 86|K.S. Route 86}}
*[[File:Route 86S (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 86S|K.S. Route 86S}}
*[[File:Route 91 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 91|K.S. Route 91}} – Corona Freeway/Riverside Freeway
*[[File:Route 95 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|U.S. Route 95 in California|K.S. Route 95}}
*[[File:Route 111 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 111|K.S. Route 111}}
*[[File:Route 365 (Inland Empire).svg|32x30px]] {{W|U.S. Route 365 in California|K.S. Scenic Route 365}} [[File:California Scenic.svg|32x30px]] – Apple Valley Highway
|}
</td></tr>
</table>

===Rail and public transit===

In 2017, there were 3,281 miles of railroads. The Inland Empire's public rail and transit system is provided by [[Royal Pacific Railroad]] under the management and supervision of the Inland Empire Provincial Department of Transportation. RPRR operates and runs six lines with a collective total of thirty-five different stops, and twenty trains in commission running within and through the province. All major train stops are also linked to public bus stops which are funded by the provincial and local governments. Royal Pacific, together, the {{W|Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink}}, {{W|Riverside Transit Agency}}, {{W|San Bernardino Express (sbX)|San Bernardino Express}} provide {{W|light-rail}} service in the province, allowing residents to commute from the province to the Gold Coast, Orange, Laguna, and other provinces connected to the Great Sierran Rail Network.

The first railroads established in the Inland Empire were [[Joillet, Topéque and Santa Fe Railway]] and {{W|Santa Fe Railroad}} in 1885, and both remain in operational use as of 2018, though the trackage rights to the line were acquired by Royal Pacific from JTSF in 1903. The development of the railroad system in the Inland Empire was essential for the burgeoning citrus industry during the 19th and early 20th century. Commercial rail was the primary choice of transportation until the 1940s, but continued to play an important role in community growth well into the later decades of the 20th century.

In the Riverside–San Antonio–San Bernardino Metropolitan Area, residents are serviced by the {{W|Riverside Transit Agency}} and {{W|Omnitrans}}, which both consists of fleets featuring hybrid and electric-run buses, having fully transitioned out of diesel since 2015 and 2017 respectively. The two public transit agencies operate lines throughout Santiago, Riverside, Valle Vista, and San Bernardino County. In Coachella County, the {{W|SunLine Transit Agency|SunLine}} and {{W|Pass Transit}} operates buses and trolley cars in the Palm Springs area.

===Airports===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- valign=baseline
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" | City served
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" | Code
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" | Airport name
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" | ARA Category
! style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;" | Enplanements

|- valign=top
|-
| {{W|Chino, California|Chino}}
| style="text-align:center;" | CNO
| {{W|Chino Airport}}
| General Aviation
| align=right | 60,445 (2017)
|-
| {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}}
| style="text-align:center;" | PSP
| {{W|Palm Springs International Airport}}
| Medium Hub
| align=right | 2,107,101 (2017)
|-
| [[Riverside]]
| style="text-align:center;" | RIV
| [[Riverside International Airport]]
| Primary Large Hub
| align=right | 6,472,193 (2017)
|-
| {{W|Ontario, California|San Antonio}}
| style="text-align:center;" | SAI
| {{W|Ontario International Airport|San Antonio International Airport}}
| Primary Large Hub
| align=right | 12,573,303 (2017)
|-
| {{W|San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino}}
| style="text-align:center;" | SBD
| {{W|San Bernardino International Airport}}
| General aviation
| align=right | 78,821 (2017)
|}

The {{W|Ontario International Airport|San Antonio International Airport}} ('''SAI''') in {{W|Ontario, California|San Antonio}} and the [[Riverside International Airport]] ('''RIV''') are the province's primary {{W|commercial airport}}s in the immediate area and a secondary airport in the Greater Porciúncula metropolitan area. The San Antonio International Airport was the 6th busiest airport in Sierra and the 27th in Anglo-America. In 2017, it received over 12.5 million passengers, up from 11.3 million in 2016. Over 20 airlines use the airport, with its more a total of 80 gates, and flight destinations throughout the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. The Riverside International Airport is a newer facility built in 1997 to accommodate growing passenger traffic and alleviate relief for San Antonio. It saw over 3.4 million passengers in 2017 and also provides many similar destinations as its San Antonio counterpart. Both airports are owned and operated by the Greater Porciúncula Aviation Authority.

In addition, the Inland Empire is serviced by three other major airports, located outside the province and include: the {{W|Los Angeles International Airport|Porciúncula International Airport}} ('''LAX'''; [[Porciúncula]]), the {{W|John Wayne International Airport|Queen Elizabeth International Airport}} ('''QAA'''; {{W|Irvine, California|Irvine}}), and the [[Grands Ballons International Airport]] ('''GBA'''; [[Grands Ballons]]), are also major modes of transportation to and from the Inland Empire. The Porciúncula and Grands Ballons-based airports are located in the [[Gold Coast]] while the Queen Angelina Airport is located in [[Orange]].

Several smaller commercial and {{W|general aviation}} airports are available in the area is the {{W|Palm Springs International Airport}} ('''PSP'''; {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}}), {{W|San Bernardino International Airport}} ('''SBD'''; {{W|San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino}}), {{W|Chino Airport}} ('''CNO'''; {{W|Chino, California|Chino}}), {{W|Riverside Municipal Airport}} ('''RAL'''; [[Riverside]]), {{W|Southern California Logistics Airport|Southern Corridor Logistics Airport}} ('''VCV'''; {{W|Victorville, California|Victorville}}), {{W|Apple Valley Airport}} ('''APV''', {{W|Apple Valley, California|Apple Valley}}), the {{W|Barstow-Daggett Airport}} ('''DAG'''; {{W|Barstow, California|Barstow}}), {{W|Big Bear City Airport}} ('''RBF'''; {{W|Big Bear Lake, California|Big Bear Lake}}), {{W|Cable Airport}} ('''CCB'''; {{W|Upland, California|Euclid}}), {{W|Corona Municipal Airport}} ('''AJO'''; {{W|Corona, California|Corona}}), {{W|Flabob Airport}} ('''RIR'''; {{W|Jurupa Valley, California|Jurupa Valley}}), {{W|French Valley Airport}} ('''FVA'''; {{W|Perris, California|Perris}}), {{W|Hemet-Ryan Airport}} ('''HER'''; {{W|Hemet, California|Hemet}}), {{W|Needles Airport}} ('''NED'''; {{W|Needles, California|Needles}}), {{W|Redlands Municipal Airport}} ('''REI'''; {{W|Redlands, California|Redlands}}), and {{W|Rialto Municipal Airport|Lilac Foothills Municipal Airport}} ('''L67'''; {{W|Rialto, California|Lilac Foothills}}).

===Water===
[[File:Lake Perris.jpg|thumb|{{W|Lake Perris}} is a large man-made {{W|reservoir}} that forms part of the Colorado River Aqueduct System.]]
Water, a highly contested and essential resource, has been the source of ongoing political contention within the province and among other provinces. The rapid population growth in the Inland Empire has placed enormous stress on the water supply. The resource is essential for the continued development of the province and its industries, and remains a top priority for the provincial government as demand continues to outpace the supply of the Colorado River. The Inland Empire has had several notable water trade disputes with other provinces, especially [[Maricopa]] and the [[Gold Coast]] over the usage of the Colorado River and the apportionment of water.

As with most of the country, there are periodic {{W|drought}}s and water shortages that further complicate the already tepid and tense dispute over water rights. The Colorado River Irrigation System (from the Colorado River) and the Sierran Transnational Water System (from the {{W|Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada}} and {{W|Owens Valley}}) are the province's main sources of water, which are channeled to reservoirs including {{W|Big Bear Lake}}, {{W|Lake Arrowhead}}, {{W|Silverwood Lake}}, {{W|Skinner Reservoir}}, {{W|Diamond Valley Lake}}, and {{W|Lake Mathews}} contribute to water consumption as well. The Inland Empire is also home to part of federal Sierra's largest lake outside the [[Deseret]]: the {{W|Salton Sea}}, a saltwater basin, which it shares with the neighboring province of [[Imperial]]. The sea was accidentally created by Sierran engineers in 1905 when they were developing the Colorado River Irrigation System. Since 1994, the Inland Empire and Imperial have worked together in reducing the salinity of the lake, and the amount of waste dumped into it. Two man-made outflows, the Cortez River, and the Chocolate Canal, were created to pump excess water out towards {{W|Laguna Salada (Mexico)|Laguna Salada}} and the {{W|Sea of California}} across the Trans-Peninsular Delta.

==Government and politics==

===Overview===
[[File:Inland Empire Provincial Capitol.jpg|thumb|250px|Inland Empire Provincial Capitol]]
The government of the Inland Empire is governed by the Constitution of the Inland Empire. It is a Sierran [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Province|province]] and a [[PSA]], which entitles it to at two seats in the [[Senate of Sierra]] and at least one seat in the [[House of Commons of Sierra]] (as of 2018, it holds 21 seats in the House). The government consists of three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive branch consists of the royal and civilian components, with the former headed by the Lord or Lady Superintendent (the viceregal representative of [[Monarchy of Sierra|Her Royal Majesty in Right of the Inland Empire]]) and the latter headed by the Governor. The civilian component of the executive branch also consists government agencies and law enforcement agencies. The legislative branch is the unicameral 30-member Provincial Legislature. The judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and lower courts.

The current constitution was adopted on November 11, 2004, and is the fourth version of the provincial constitution since the Inland Empire's incorporation into the Kingdom. It consists of over thirty articles and two hundred amendments, with over three-fourth of the amendments being the result of voter-based initiatives and referenda. It guarantees various rights and freedoms of the people and describes the function, purpose, structure, and duties of the government of the province of the Inland Empire. In addition to the Provincial Constitution, all laws and statutes are codified in the Inland Empire Civil Code.

===Executive===

The {{W|head of government}} is the [[Governor of the Inland Empire]], who is formally appointed by the [[Lord Superintendent of the Inland Empire|Lord Superintendent]]. By statute, the governor is indirectly elected by the general populace in the province's quadrennial gubernatorial elections as the Lord Superintendent must appoint the declared winner of such elections. The current governor of the Inland Empire is [[Carlitos Pacheco]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]]), who was elected in 2014 to succeed [[George Barton]]. The governor is the chief executive of the civilian portion of the Inland Empire Executive Branch. As governor, they are responsible for upholding the rule of law and exercising the royal prerogative on the Lord Superintendent's behalf in the name of the Crown in Right of the Inland Empire, which include, but not limited to, assenting or withholding assent for legislation, appointing and dismissing non-elected officials and judges, drafting and submitting an annual budget, addressing the legislature once a year in a State of the Province speech, commanding the province's military forces in times of distress and emergency, representing the province in official functions and events, and issuing pardons, reprieves, and clemencies.

Other elected executive officers include [[Lieutenant Governor of Inland Empire|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Henry McFarley]], Secretary of State Doug Green, Treasurer Julia Dominguez, Provincial Attorney Obadiah Freedman, Provincial Auditor Christina Sharp, and Provincial Superintendent Rosalina Schultz. All provincial-level elected executive officials in the [[Cabinet of the Inland Empire|Cabinet]], including the governor and lieutenant governor, serve renewable four-year terms and are elected indirectly by the provincial government, subject to the appointment by the Lord Superintendent. Like all of other Sierran provinces, the Inland Empire is a subject of the Crown, and the Monarch is represented in the province through the Lord or Lady Superintendent, who fulfills all the roles of the Monarch when the latter is out of the province or otherwise unable to execute their role and responsibilities. The current Lord Superintendent is Sir Kent Burton, who was appointed by [[Elizabeth I]] on March 13, 1987.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header_align = 
| header = Executive Government of the Inland Empire
| image1 = Kent Burton.jpg
| width1 = 138
| caption1 = L.S. Sir Kent Burton
| image2 = Carlitos Pacheco.jpg
| width2 = 160
| caption2 = Gov. [[Carlitos Pacheco]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]])
| image3 = Henry McFarley.jpg
| width3 = 150
| caption3 = Lt. Gov. [[Henry McFarley]] ([[Royalist Party of Sierra|R]])
}}

===Legislative===

The Inland Empire Provincial Assembly is {{W|unicameralism|unicameral}} and is one of five legislatures in the Kingdom to have this political feature. Composed of 150 members, the legislature's members are officially known as Senators and all are elected every two years. The legislative body is empowered to draft and create legislation, and elects the governor and lieutenant governor. Officially, all laws must received royal assent from the Queen, done through the Lord Superintendent, though by convention, this is understood to mean whenever the bill in question has received support through a {{W|simple majority}} in the legislature. The Legislature is further divided into committees and subcommittees, each chaired by senior legislators and tasked with proposing and reviewing laws based on the committee's field of specialty. The province also allows for provincial-wide {{W|referendum}}s with several citizen-introduced bills included along ballot tickets every electoral year. All sessions are chaired by the Speaker or a designated Speaker pro tempore, a role that has traditionally been non-partisan. Since the 1990s, the Inland Empire Provincial Assembly has been staunchly conservative-leaning, and is dominated by the [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] and [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]].

===Judicial===
[[File:Supreme Court of the Inland Empire.png|thumb|250px|Inland Empire Supreme Court Building]]
The judicial system of the Inland Empire is unified with the Supreme Court as the highest court in the province. The Supreme Court does not possess {{W|original jurisdiction}} over most case matters. Instead, it possesses {{W|appellate jurisdiction}} and chooses which cases to review from the lower courts. It also operates with a deflective model of jurisdiction, meaning it can defer decisions by the provincial courts of appeal by sending cases to them. Using the English {{W|common law}}, the Inland Empire legal system also incorporates elements from Spanish common law. Inferior courts include the Superior Courts which act as courts of appeal, and the county/municipal courts. Each of the seven counties in the Inland Empire maintains a superior court, which has original jurisdiction over cases occurring within the county. Cases settled by the Supreme Court of the Inland Empire can be appealed at the federal level with the federal courts of appeal and the [[Supreme Court of Sierra]].

===Law===

The law of the Inland Empire consists of the Constitution and legislative statutes passed by the Provincial Legislature. The legislative statutes are codified into the Inland Empire General Code, which is divided into four categories: the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Code of Civil Procedure, and the Elections Code. In addition, there is a corpus of regulations passed down by the Inland Empire executive bureaucracy, which are codified in the Inland Empire Regulations Code. The judicial branch also maintains its own rules and regulations in the Inland Empire Rules of Court. Laws pertaining heraldry and noble titles are codified in the Heraldic Code.

====Capital punishment====

{{W|Capital punishment}} is legal in the province with {{W|lethal injection}} as the primary legal method of execution since 1999 after voters voted to ban executions that used {{W|gas chamber}}s or {{W|electric chair}}. However, {{W|Execution by firing squad|fire squad}} is still reserved as a backup method in the event that lethal injection is impractical, unavailable, or unable to safely ensure a humane death for the condemned. Between 1888 and 2018, the Province of the Inland Empire carried out 168 executions. As of May 2021, there were 222 offenders enrolled on {{W|death row}}, 18 of whom were women. The Inland Empire has rejected three initiatives to repeal the death penalty by popular vote in 2002, 2007, and 2015. The Inland Empire Penal Code lists four crimes as capital offenses that may entail the death penalty: {{W|treason}} against the province and the Kingdom, {{W|murder}} (in almost all instances), {{W|perjury}} that causes the execution of an innocent person, and engaging in {{W|espionage}} activities that are detrimental to the province and the Kingdom.

====Alcohol and other drugs====

The sale of alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, and other legal drugs are restricted to individuals aged 18 and older. Minors are allowed to consume alcohol and other drugs with parental supervision in private settings. Minors aged 14 and up are permitted to consume alcohol at an established restaurant provided they finish the drink on-site and do so in the presence of a parent or legal guardian. The province enforces strict laws against drunk driving and driving under the influence, with punishments included up to two-years of driver's license suspension, six months of imprisonment, and a $5,000 minimum fine.

Drinking establishments must call their {{W|Last call (bar term)|last call}} by 2 AM, and vacate all patrons from the premises and close by 3 AM. However, liquor stores, convenience stores, and supermarkets may sell alcohol 24 hours a day without restrictions aside from existing legislation include the prohibition of sale of alcohol to minors.

The Inland Empire allows counties and cities to pass alcohol laws stricter than the provinces. As of 2018, there were 22 cities which were {{W|Dry county|dry communities}}. Historically, three counties have been dry counties (Coachella, Mojave, and Palo Verde). Mojave County was the last dry county in the province, before voters chose to become a wet county in 2006.

The Inland Empire enforces some of the strictest laws on public smoking, with a provincial-wide smoking ban in all public spaces (except in designated smoking places), including provincial parks, recreation areas, commercial areas, service areas, dining areas, most workplaces, all outdoor construction sites, shopping areas, schools, and multi-unit apartments. In addition, provincial law bans smoking 25 feet away from all building entrances and exits, except where permitted by the building owner. Cities may enforce even stricter bans and landlords may regulate their own smoking policy. The ban applies to all tobacco products and since 2016, {{W|electronic cigarette|vapes}} are also subject to the same restrictions.

====Age of majority laws====

The official {{W|age of majority}} in the Inland Empire is 18. Both the {{W|age of consent}} and {{W|marriageable age}} is 17, although minors aged 16 may marry if they have written permission from both of their parents or legal guardians. Any sexual activity between minors below the age of consent and adult citizens automatically qualifies as {{W|statutory rape}}, although exemptions are permitted if the activity was consensual and age differences between the two parties does not exceed more than three years apart. The {{W|gambling age}} in the Inland Empire is nominally 21. However, since gambling is illegal in the province, except on Amerindian reservations, actual gambling age is determined individually at every reservation area where gambling is permitted. As it stands, all reservations which operate gambling facilities place the official gambling age at 18.

====LGBT rights====

In 2010, Inland Empire voters voted in favor of Proposition 108, which legalized same-sex marriage, which overturned Amendment 401, a previously popularly voted mandate which banned same-sex marriage in 1998. Previously, domestic partnerships between same-sex couples were recognized after legislation from the Inland Empire Provincial Legislature was passed in 2005. Since 2015, all references to marriage in Inland Empire law is officially gender-neutral, after new legislation introduced by the legislature passed and was assented by the Lord Superintendent. During the Inland Empire's explicit prohibition against same-sex marriages, its laws were challenged on several occasions in the court system.

The Inland Empire Civil Code affords protections of sexual orientation and identity against {{W|hate crime}}s, and workplace discrimination. {{W|Gay panic}} and {{W|trans panic}} defenses have been prohibited since 2012 following an Inland Empire Supreme Court ruling in 2011 (''Bahlsen v. Inland Empire''). Sex and gender change is allowed in the Inland Empire, but is currently permitted only if the citizen has undergone gender affirmation surgery. Since 2016, mental health providers are prohibited from offering conversion therapy to minors. The Inland Empire was the eighth province to pass the ban.

====Gun laws====

The Inland Empire has some of the least restrictive gun laws in the Kingdom. Inland Empire residents may purchase any firearm deemed legal by federal law and do not need to undergo waiting periods to pickup a firearm after an authorized purchase. In addition, there are no restrictions on magazine capacity and citizens are allowed to open carry and concealed carry without a license. Provincial law allows local governments to impose ordinances that restrict open carry and concealed carry however, by either requiring citizens to hold locally-issued license in that area or enforcing outright prohibition. Several cities including Riverside and San Bernardino have imposed these measures by banning open carry and opting as "may-issue" cities (concealed carry licenses granted to qualified citizens at the discretion of local law enforcement).

As federally mandated, all gun owners must receive basic training, attend safety workshops, and undergo background checks that evaluate previous criminal history, mental health, and other important indicators prior to legally purchasing a firearm.

===Counties, cities, and towns===
[[File:Inland Empire Counties (Labeled).svg|thumb|250px|Counties of the Inland Empire]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!County!!County seat!!data-sort-type="number"|Year founded!!Population!!Population (2010) Percentage!!Area (sq. mi.)!!Area %
|-
!colspan="7"| Extant
|-
|| [[Coachella County, Inland Empire|Coachella]] || {{W|Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs}} || 1919 || 1,093,838 || 17.34% || 3,154.96 || 11.56%
|-
|| [[Mojave County, Inland Empire|Mojave]] || {{W|Searles Valley, California|Searles Valley}} || 1936 || 31,631 || 0.50% || 5,826.19 || 21.34%
|-
|| [[Needles County, Inland Empire|Needles]] || {{W|Blythe, California|Blythe}} || 1919 || 116,759 || 1.85% || 2,038.66 || 7.46%
|-
|| [[Palo Verde County, Inland Empire|Palo Verde]] || {{W|San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto}} || 1976 || 101,010 || 1.60% || 13,391.48 || 49.08%
|-
|| [[Riverside County, Inland Empire|Riverside]] || [[Riverside]] || 1888 || 2,346,482 || 37.20% || 735.04 || 2.69%
|-
|| [[Santiago County, Inland Empire|Santiago]] || {{W|Lake Elsinore, California|Lake Elsinore}} || 1975 || 881,181 || 13.96% || 351.94 || 1.28%
|-
|| [[San Bernardino County, Inland Empire|San Bernardino]] || {{W|San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino}} || 1888 || 1,047,771 || 16.61% || 776.88 || 2.84%
|-
|| [[Valle Vista County, Inland Empire|Valle Vista]] || {{W|San Jacinto, California|San Jacinto}} || 1976 || 690,233 || 10.94% || 1,022.85 || 3.75%
|-
!colspan="3"| Totals: 8 || 6,307,895 || 100.00% || 27,298 || 100.00%
|-
!colspan="7"|Defunct
|-
|| Temecula || {{W|Temecula, California|Temecula}} || 1888–1975 || colspan="4" |
|-
|}
The Inland Empire has eight counties. Each county maintains its own local laws, regulations, and government. All eight run on the {{W|board of supervisors}} system, which grants elected officials to operate with executive, legislative, and quasi-judicial powers over the counties. The county governments are responsible for tax collection, law enforcement, {{W|voter registration}}, road maintenance, public utilities, waste disposal and collection, animal control, schools, hospitals, jails, libraries, vital records, health inspections, and more. Counties are further divided into municipalities, supervisory districts, and electoral precincts. Municipalities are {{W|Municipal corporation|incorporated}} cities which may have their own set of laws (ordinances), elections, and services independent of or in tandem with the county government. All county areas which are not part of a municipality are known as unincorporated areas, although some communities which are not formally incorporated may be considered {{W|Census-designated place|census-designated places}} by the K.S. [[Royal Bureau of Census]]. Like most Sierran provinces, the Inland Empire does not have a legal distinction between cities or towns, as both are treated as the same political class (municipalities).

Although the Inland Empire allows counties and municipalities to interact in interlocal agreements to share services, current law prevents the establishment of {{W|consolidated city-county}} governments. In addition to counties and municipalities, the Inland Empire allows other localities ([[PSA#PSALT|PSALT]]), with the most common examples being school districts and utility districts. Parliamentary districts and provincial legislative districts are electoral constituencies which are created and revised by the federal and provincial governments respectively. In the Inland Empire, provincial legislative districts are redrawn after every census by an independent, nonpartisan commission to prevent {{W|gerrymandering}}.

In terms of total area, the largest county in the Inland Empire is Palo Verde County at 13,391 sq. mi. (34,682 km{{Sup|2}}), while the smallest county is Santiago County at 352 sq. mi. (911 km{{Sup|2}}). In 2001, the most populous county was Riverside County, which had a population of 2,346,482, while the least populous county was Mojave County, which had a population of 31,631.

===Political party strength and ideologies===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! colspan = 6 | Voter Registration and Party Enrollment (2017)
|-
! colspan = 2 | Party
! Number of Voters
! Percentage
|-
{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 770,793
| style="text-align:center;"| 22.4%
|-
{{party color|Royalist Party of Sierra}}
| [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,487,530
| style="text-align:center;"| 43.2%
|-
{{party color|Libertarian Party of Sierra}}
| [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 382,252
| style="text-align:center;"| 11.1%
|-
{{party color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
| [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 358,820
| style="text-align:center;"| 10.4%
|-
{{party color|Independent}}
| Other
| style="text-align:center;" | 441,166
| style="text-align:center;" | 12.9%
|-
! colspan = 2 | Total
! style="text-align:center;"| 3,440,561
! style="text-align:center;"| 100%
|}
The Inland Empire is regarded as a safe base for the [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] and the [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]]. Voters have tended to align themselves with {{W|Christian democracy}} and {{W|fiscal conservatism}}. The province was the epicenter of the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]], and the cultural-political effects of the Revolution have persisted in contemporary times. Voters tend to hold socially conservative values, closely aligned with the New Culture and monarchism. Royalist strongholds have traditionally been held in Santiago County, Western and Southern Riverside County, Western San Bernardino County, and Palo Verde County. Support for conservative parties is not uniform throughout the province however. Coachella County historically leaned Royalist, but has shifted towards the center as a swing county for the Democratic-Republicans. The province's [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] and [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrat]] voters are concentrated in eastern Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, Valle Vista County, Palm Springs, and [[Pawnee, Inland Empire|Pawnee]].

Although demographic shifts (mostly through foreign immigration and internal migration) and changes in party preference among Inland Empire youth have moved the Inland Empire closer to the center from the right, Inland Empire voters continue to favor moderate to conservative officials in elections both at the local and federal level. In the most recent general election in 2016, 67% of Inland Empire voters voted in favor of [[Daniel McComb]] and his Royalist government. During the Royalist leadership election in 2017, over 55% of Inland Empire Royalists voted in favor of [[Nemesis Heartwell]].

Of the 21 seats in the House of Commons that the Inland Empire currently holds, 17 are regarded as safe seats, with 11 belonging to the Royalists and 6 belonging to the Democratic-Republicans. In addition, 7 seats are perennially interchanged between the Royalists and Libertarians. The remaining seats are swing constituencies, which are more politically divided and susceptible to electoral upsets. Provincial legislature elections operate on a {{W|closed list}} {{W|party-list proportional representation|proportional representation}} voting system, using the {{W|D'Hondt method}}.

===Federal and CAS representation===

The Inland Empire is represented at the federal level by Senators Elizabeth Geffreys (R), Eric Pipitone (R), and Antonio Suarez (R). In addition, the Inland Empire is represented by 18 Royalists, 2 Democratic-Republicans, and 1 Libertarian in the House of Commons as of 2017. In the [[Conference of American States]]' [[American Parliament]], the Inland Empire is represented by 4 MAPs, 3 of whom are Royalists and 1 of whom is a Democratic-Republican.

==Education==
[[File:Bell Tower at UIR.jpg|thumb|180px|The Carillon Bell Tower at the {{W|University of California, Riverside|University of Sierra, Riverside}} (USR).]]
The scope of education is a provincial issue and is managed by the Inland Empire Department of Educational Services. Laws pertaining to education in the Inland Empire are described and regulated by Article XVI in the Provincial Constitution as well as Title IX in the Inland Empire Public Code. All public and private schools, as well as authorized homeschooling arrangements, must comply with the Inland Empire's Master Educational Plan, as defined by the Department of Educational Services. Students and schools are evaluated annually by the nationally administered Cumulative Academic Test (CAT), localized as the Comprehensive Academic Mastery Program Test (CAMP) to determine funding eligibility and assistance for underperforming schools and districts. There are 29 {{W|postsecondary education|postsecondary}} institutions including {{W|University of California, Riverside|University of Sierra, Riverside}} (USR), the {{W|California State University, San Bernardino|Sierra National University, San Bernardino}}, and the {{W|University of Redlands}}. The province has a number of religiously-affiliated universities as well including the {{W|Loma Linda University|Loma Linda}} and {{W|La Sierra University|La Sierra}} Universities ({{W|Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist}}) and the {{W|California Baptist University|Southwest Baptist University}} ({{W|Baptist}}).

The Inland Empire ranks one of the lowest in terms of test scores, college graduation, and bachelor's degree completion—a fact that has made education a top priority in the province. An elaborate financial aid and grant system is funded to support economically disadvantaged families and students seeking to attend college within the province. In 2017, 73% of high school students graduated within 4 years and an additional 11% graduated as a {{W|super senior}}. Only 40% of new {{W|kindergarten}} students in the 2017–18 academic year were previously enrolled in {{W|preschool}} or other preparatory-level instruction programs. Literacy rates are virtually universal in the Inland Empire among native-born citizens, and 78% of Sierra's high school upperclassmen were accredited with a provincial seal of biliteracy (passed a competence test demonstrating bilingualism or multilingualism). [[Sierran Hanzi]] competency rates are relatively high in the Inland Empire, with about 55% of students scoring a 3 or higher on the Sierran Hanzi High School Exit Exam (SHHSEE) in 2017.

About one-third of Sierra's adult population above the age of 25 has earned a college degree. Roughly 14% of people over 25 years old have gone to college but have not earned a degree. Only 12% of those above the age of 30 has earned a doctorate or equivalent-level degree from graduate school. In 2017, about 62% college students enrolled during at least one quarter of the 2017–2018 academic year reported that they were the first in the family or in the first generation of the family to attend college, a rate that is above the national average at 54%.

===Primary and secondary schools===

In 2017, there were 28 school districts that had a combined total of 223 schools throughout the province with a body of 650,000 students and 28,000 teachers, staff, and faculty. The Inland Empire's per-student public expenditure for primary and secondary schools was $11,496 in 2016. In 2017, the Inland Empire scored the 7th highest of all PSAs in math and science, and the 9th highest in reading and writing based on the Cumulative Academic Test. The Inland Empire's educational curriculum is determined and adjusted by the Inland Empire Department of Educational Services, under the leadership of the Provincial Superintendent of Education. About 10% of the Inland Empire's students attended private or parochial schools instead of public school. Nearly 90% of all public and private high schools offered [[Accelerated Learning]] (AL) courses and 5% offered {{W|International Baccalaureate}} (IB) programs.

===Homeschooling===

Homeschooling is permitted, although homeschooled students must be registered with a certified independent study program attached to a public school or charter school. Charter schools may be the student's home if their parents choose to operate their home as one after receiving accreditation from the Inland Empire government. Parents who opt to set up their own private school for their children must file an annual affidavit declaring the coursework the home intends to instruct the students with and agree to have their children take an annual assessment test to prove a satisfactory level of educational attainment. Students who fail the test on more than two occasions within two academic years are subject to becoming automatically enrolled with a public school, and cause the parents' homeschooling license rights to be revoked.

===Colleges and universities===

====Public====

There are 3 four-year public universities in the Inland Empire and 16 community colleges. They are as follows:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*{{W|Barstow Community College}}, 2 campuses
**Barstow Community College
**Barstow Community College, Fort Irwin Annex
*{{W|Chaffey College}}
*{{W|College of the Desert}}
*{{W|Copper Mountain College}}
*{{W|Riverside Community College District}} (RCCD), 3 campuses
**{{W|Moreno Valley College}}
**{{W|Norco City College}}
**{{W|Riverside City College}} (RCC)
*{{W|Mt. San Jacinto College}}, 5 campuses
**Menifee Valley College
**San Gorgonio Pass College
**San Jacinto City College
**Temecula City College
{{Col-break}}
*{{W|Palo Verde College}}
*{{W|San Bernardino Community College District}} (SBCCD), 2 campuses
**{{W|Crafton Hills College}}
**{{W|San Bernardino Valley College}}
*{{W|California State University, San Bernardino|Sierra National University, San Bernardino}} (SNU San Bernardino)
*{{W|California State University, San Marcos|Sierra National University, San Marcos}}, Temecula Satellite Campus
*{{W|University of California, Riverside|University of Sierra, Riverside}} (US Riverside)
*{{W|Victor Valley College}}
{{Col-end}}

====Private====
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*{{W|The Art Institutes}}
*{{W|Chapman University|Brandman University}}
*{{W|Claremont Colleges}}
*{{W|La Sierra University}}
*{{W|Loma Linda University}}
{{Col-break}}
*{{W|Mayfield College}}
*{{W|National University (California)|National University}}
*{{W|Santa Barbara Business College}}
*{{W|California Baptist University|Southwest Baptist University}}
*{{W|University of La Verne}}
{{Col-break}}
*{{W|University of Phoenix}}
*{{W|University of Redlands}}
*{{W|Western University of Health Sciences}}
{{Col-end}}

==Symbols==
<gallery>
Blue-gold pog.svg|Blue and yellow
Western toad.jpg|{{W|Western toad}}
Anna's hummingbird.jpg|{{W|Anna's hummingbird}}
Anise swallowtail.jpg|{{W|Anise swallowtail}}
Orange juice.jpg|{{W|Orange juice}}
Arroyo chub.jpg|{{W|Arroyo chub}}
Desert mariposa lily.jpg|{{W|Calochortus kennedyi|Desert mariposa lily}}
Pacific gopher snake.jpg|{{W|Pacific gopher snake}}
Sierran meerkat.jpg|[[Sierran meerkat]]
Riverside fairy shrimp.jpg|{{W|Streptocephalus woottoni|Riverside fairy shrimp}}
Ground sloth fossil.jpg|{{W|Ground sloth}}
Joshua tree 2.jpg|{{W|Joshua tree}}
Washington navel orange.jpg|{{W|Orange (fruit)#Navel oranges|Washington navel orange}}
Inland Empire License Plate.png|2018 license plate design
</gallery>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!width=25%|Insignia
!width=35%|Symbol
!width=20%|{{W|Binomial nomenclature}}
!width=15%|Year Adopted
|-
|Official provincial amphibian || {{W|Western toad}} || ''Anaxyrus boreas'' || 1989
|-
|Official provincial bird || {{W|Anna's hummingbird}} || ''Calypte anna'' || 1980
|-
|Official provincial butterfly || {{W|Papilio zelicaon|Anise swallowtail}} || ''Papilio zelicaon'' || 2000
|-
|Official provincial beverage || {{W|Orange juice}} || || 1943
|-
|Official provincial fish || {{W|Arroyo chub}} || ''Gila orcuttii'' || 1993
|-
|Official provincial flower || {{W|Calochortus kennedyi|Desert mariposa lily}} || ''Calochortus kennedyi'' || 2004
|-
|Official provincial reptile || {{W|Pacific gopher snake}} || ''Pituophis catenifer catenifer'' || 2000
|-
|Official provincial mammal || [[Sierran meerkat]] || ''Suricata suricatta'' ssp. ''serra'' || 2005
|-
|Official provincial crustacean || {{W|Streptocephalus woottoni|Riverside fairy shrimp}} || ''Streptocephalus woottoni'' || 2016
|-
|Official provincial fossil || {{W|Ground sloth}} || ''Paramylodon harlani'' || 1997
|-
|Official provincial motto || "Contendunt excellentiam" (Strive for excellence) || || 1888
|-
|Official provincial slogan || "It always shines in the Empire" || || 2000
|-
|Official provincial nickname || "The Navel Province" || || 1943
|-
|Official provincial tree || {{W|Yucca brevifolia|Joshua tree}} || ''Yucca brevifolia'' || 1946
|-
|Official provincial fruit || {{W|Orange (fruit)#Navel oranges|Washington navel orange}} || ''Citrus × sinensis'' || Traditional
|-
|Official provincial song || "The Navel Orange's Hymn" (3rd edition) || || 1901/1972
|-
|Official naval ship || ''HRMS Inland Empire'' || || 1985
|}[[File:Great Seal of the Inland Empire.svg|thumb|center|280px|The Great Seal of the Inland Empire]]

==See also==

*[[Southwest Corridor]]
*[[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|Provinces of Sierra]]
{{Geographic Location
|Centre = [[File:Flag of Inland Empire.svg|25px]] Inland Empire
|North = [[File:Flag of Central Valley.svg|25px]] [[Central Valley]]
|Northeast = [[File:Flag of Clark.svg|25px|border]] [[Clark]]
|East = [[File:Flag of Mohave.svg|25px|border]] [[Mohave]] • [[File:Flag of Maricopa.svg|25px|border]] [[Maricopa]]
|Southeast = [[File:Flag of Imperial.svg|25px|border]] [[Imperial]]
|South = [[File:Flag of Laguna.svg|25px|border]] [[Laguna]] • [[File:Flag of Imperial.svg|25px|border]] [[Imperial]]
|Southwest = [[File:Flag of Gold Coast.svg|25px|border]] [[Gold Coast]] • [[File:Flag of Laguna.svg|25px|border]] [[Laguna]]
|West = [[File:Flag of Gold Coast.svg|25px|border]] [[Gold Coast]] • [[File:Flag of Kings.svg|25px|border]] [[Kings (province)|Kings]]
|Northwest = [[File:Flag of Kings.svg|25px|border]] [[Kings (province)|Kings]]
}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef|before = [[Kings]]}}
{{S-ttl|title = [[List of Sierran provinces, states, and areas by date of admission to the Union|List of K.S. PSAs by date of admission to the Union]]
| years = Admitted on October 22, 1888 (15th)}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Flagstaff]]}}
{{S-end}}{{Inland Empire topics}}
{{Sierra PD}}
{{Sierra KS}}
{{Greater Porciúncula Area}}
{{Atbox|
{{En-WP attribution notice}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Riverside County, California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|San Bernardino County, California}}
}}
[[Category:Inland Empire]]
[[Category:1888 establishments in the Inland Empire]]
[[Category:1888 establishments in Sierra]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Provinces of Sierra]]
[[Category:Southwest Corridor]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1888]]

Grands Ballons

2024-11-17T23:45:14Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|FA|Altverse II}}
{{Infobox City
| name = Grands Ballons, Gold Coast {{Small|''Les Grands Ballons, Côte-d'Or'' ({{W|French language|fr}})}} {{Small|''Bola Grande, Costa del Oro'' ({{W|Spanish language|es}})}}
| official_name = City of Grands Ballons Ville Des Grands Ballons
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_type = [[Sierran Hanzi]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{Ruby|盛大|Grands}} {{Ruby|ʃ|(pl.)}} {{Ruby|氣球|Balloons}} {{Ruby|ʃ|(pl.)}}
| translit_lang1_type2 =
| translit_lang1_info2 =
| settlement_type = {{W|Charter city}}
| image_skyline = Grands Ballons.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top clockwise: View of the Grands Ballons Resort District, the public beaches along Petite Rivière, the St. Peter in Chains Cathedral at the Galaup Square, a view of the intersection of Rue Anemone and St. Charles Boulevard, and the HIMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' in Long Arch Bay
| image_flag = Flag of Grands Ballons.svg
| flag_link =
| image_seal = Seal of Grands Ballons.svg
| seal_link =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| shield_link =
| nickname = ''Aquatic Capital of Sierra; GRABA; The Terminal City''
| motto = "The Heart of the Creole Coast"
| image_map = Locator map of Grands Ballons.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Grands Ballons in relation to [[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|St. Anthony County]] and the [[Gold Coast]]
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS =
| longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_type =
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = {{W|Sovereign state}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Flag of Sierra.svg|22x20px]] [[Kingdom of Sierra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Kingdom of Sierra#Countries|Country]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[File:Flag of Sierra (civil).svg|22x20px]] [[Sierra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Sierra#Provinces|Province]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[File:Flag of Gold Coast.svg|22x20px]] [[Gold Coast]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of counties of the Gold Coast|County]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[File:Flag of St Anthony County.svg|22x20px|border]] [[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|St. Anthony]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[List of baronies of Sierra|Barony]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[File:Coat of arms of St Anthony County.svg|25px]] [[Barony of Bixby|Bixby]]
| established_title = Foundation
| established_date = October 8, 1797
| founder = Julian Manuel Coronel
| government_type = {{W|Council–manager government|Council-Manager}}
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party = [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|D]]
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Earl Hughes Delafose
| leader_title1 = Baron
| leader_name1 = Lord Albert, 3rd Baron of Bixby
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_sq_mi = 51.48
| area_land_sq_mi = 50.32
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.16
| area_water_percent = 2.22
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_ft = 52
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 701,567
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_density_km2 =
| population_density_sq_mi= 13274
| population_demonym = Grand Ballonian
| population_note =
| timezone1 = Pacific Standard Time
| utc_offset1 = -8
| timezone1_DST = Pacific Daylight Time
| utc_offset1_DST = -7
| postal_code_type = ZIP codes
| postal_code = 90717-90720
| area_code_type = Call codes
| area_code = 424
| iso_code =
| website = [http://example.org graba.gc.ks]
| blank_name = Patroness
| blank_info = [[Our Lady of Catalina]] (Madonna of the Gold Coast)
| blank1_name = Tourism Logo
| blank1_info = [[File:GRABA.svg|200px]]
| blank2_name = Major freeways
| blank2_info = [[File:Interprovincial 2B (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] [[File:Interprovincial 2C (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] [[File:Route 16 (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] [[File:Gold Coast Route 5.svg|32x30px]] [[File:Gold Coast Route 47.svg|32x30px]] [[File:Gold Coast Route 103.svg|32x30px]] [[File:Route 91 (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]]
| footnotes =
}}'''Grands Ballons''' (/{{W|Help:IPA/English|grænd 'bæl.loʊn}}/; {{W|French language|French}}: '''Les Grands Ballons''' <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{W|Help:IPA/French|le ɡʁɑ̃ balɔ̃}}]{{IPA audio link|Grands Ballons.ogg}}) is a major {{W|port city}} on the {{W|Pacific Ocean|Pacific}} coast of southeastern [[Gold Coast]] in the [[Sierra]]n [[Southwest Corridor]]. As of 2020, its population was 701,567. It is the second most populous city in the Gold Coast and the eighteenth largest in the Kingdom. It is the seat of [[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|St. Anthony County]] and is an integral part of the [[Greater Porciúncula Area]]. In colloquial speech, it is commonly referred to by locals of the Southwest Corridor as '''GRABA''' or '''Graba''' (from ''GRAnds BAllons'').

Grands Ballons is a major center for tourism, finance, logistics, international trade, culture, commerce, media, entertainment, music, education, and the arts. It is home to the {{W|Port of Long Beach|Port of Grands Ballons}}, which together with the neighboring {{W|Port of Los Angeles|Port of Porciúncula}} and [[Little Gibraltar, Channel Islands|Port of Little Gibraltar]], form one of the world's largest cargo ports. The strong, historical presence of maritime trade and casual boating has led the city to proclaim itself as the "Aquatic Capital of Sierra". In 2011, it was recognized as an {{W|Global city|Alpha city}}. In 2020, the city ranked fourth in Sierra in importance in terms of economic activity, human capital, culture, and political status. It is well known for its strong French and Spanish heritage, and is considered the cultural center of the [[Saintiana]], or the Creole Coast, an interprovincial region of Creole and French culture in the Southwest Corridor. It is also famous for its cuisine, music, and drinking culture (particularly for its {{W|cocktail}}s and {{W|coffee}}), as well as its year-round festivals and international events.

The city is home to over 12 neighborhoods, 9 of which are referred to as wards. Downtown Grands Ballons is home to the most of the city's banks, international firms, and business, and is located along Long Arch Bay. The famous Old Spanish Town is a predominantly Sierran Creole neighborhood and includes the city's oldest buildings and establishments. The colonial Franco-Spanish architecture can be found here, featuring brightly colored homes with balconies and archways, and narrow one-way streets. Northtown is also another predominantly Creole, working-class neighborhood and is the birthplace of Sierran funk and hip hop. The city is home to four beaches, of which the Petite Rivière, a 1.8-mile stretch of resorts and hotels, are lined up, overlooking the Pacific. The Belmont Shore and Naples section of the city is very affluent and is home to some of the nation's wealthiest millionaires and noblemen. Western Grands Ballons is primarily industrial-based and is the site of the Port of Grands Ballons and {{W|Terminal Island}}. The neighboring Porciúncula neighborhood of [[St. Pierre-Chah, Gold Coast|St. Pierre-Chah]] is the primary location of the Port of Porciúncula and is where the northern terminus of the [[Bonaparte–San Pedro Tunnel]] is (which connects the Sierran mainland to the city of [[Little Gibraltar, Channel Islands|Little Gibraltar]] on the [[Channel Islands]]' [[Santa Catalina Island|Catalina Island]]).

The [[2017 Pawnee earthquake]] caused significant damage to buildings and infrastructure in the city's historic Old Spanish Town and older neighborhoods. As much as $20 million in damages in personal property were incurred as a result of the disaster. Like many other cities in the region recovering from the earthquake, Grands Ballons is undergoing an ambitious renovation project that includes earthquake-proofing the city infrastructure and updating its telecommunications network.

==History==
{{Main|History of Grands Ballons}}
{{Quote box |width=22em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|[[File:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|22x20px]] {{W|Spanish Empire}} 1777–1821 
[[File:Bandera del Primer Imperio Mexicano.svg|22x20px]] {{W|First Mexican Empire}} 1821–1823 
[[File:Bandera Histórica de la República Mexicana (1824-1918).svg|22x20px]] {{W|Mexican Social Republic|Mexico}} 1823–1848 
[[File:1stBearFlag.svg|22x20px]] [[California Republic]] 1848–1858 
[[File:Flag of Sierra.svg|22x20px]] [[Kingdom of Sierra]] 1858–present
}}
Human settlement in the area around Grands Ballons has existed for over 10,000 years. Various Amerindian peoples built their communities around the coastal plains of the {{W|Porciúncula Basin}}, and had a rich maritime culture of boating and fishing. It is believed that although there were no permanent settlements within present-day Grands Ballons' city limits, the area was used for hunting and fishing. When the Spanish arrived to Sierra for the first time, the primary group of Amerindians who inhabited Grands Ballons were the {{W|Tongva}}, although there was a minority population of {{W|Shoshone}} peoples as well. As the Spanish and the French began to establish themselves in the region, the Amerindian population in the region dropped at alarming rates. The Tongva lacked the immunity defense against the diseases introduced by the Europeans, and the survivors were often relocated or sent either to {{W|Mission San Gabriel Arcángel}} or {{W|Mission San Juan Capistrano}}.
[[File:Día de la Almudena (2016), Patrona de Madrid (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|[[Our Lady of Catalina]] is the patroness of the Channel Islands and Grands Ballons.]]
In 1784, {{W|Charles III of Spain}} rewarded a large land grant named {{W|Rancho Los Nietos}} to Spanish soldier {{W|Manuel Nieto}}. Nieto was a Mexican-born {{W|mulatto}} who served at the {{W|Presidio of San Diego}} and later, Mission San Gabriel. With the land grant, Nieto was allowed to use it for raising cattle and allowing them to graze it. The land grant included nearly all parts of modern Grands Ballons, parts of Porciúncula's Harbor Region, and other parts of St. Anthony County. The original grant included 300,000 acres (1,200 km{{sup|2}}), but this size was reduced nearly by a half to 167,000 acres (680 km{{sup|2}}) shortly after the next year. This was made in response after Mission San Gabriel disputed the boundaries of the grant, which overlapped with the mission's southern property areas.

In 1797, Julian Manuel Coronel, a soldier from Mission San Gabriel, and a family friend of Nieto, was granted permission to build a house in present-day Grands Ballons. The Coronel Estate, which remains standing to this day, became the city's first known establishment. Coronel was also responsible for the city's future name, giving his place the name ''Bola Grande'', in reference to a large, spherical rock formation he discovered by the beachfront, a few acres away from his home.

At the turn of the century, the Spaniards had recognized the value and importance of Grands Ballons' Long Arch Bay. With wide banks and calm surf, it was an ideal place to moor ships. In addition, it was close enough to the Channel Islands, where the French had begun settling just two decades earlier. In 1768, the {{W|Marian apparition}} [[Our Lady of Catalina]] had been reported by many French and Spaniard soldiers who were convinced that the region was blessed for further development. Although the apparition was claimed to have appeared over Catalina Island from whence the title owes its name to, further eyewitnesses at Coronel's estate in Grands Ballons also reported seeing it. This event has been attributed as a major factor in Spanish development in the region, which spurred at a phenomenal rate as stories of the account spread across the Empire. With the approval by the Spanish government, Nieto and Coronel worked towards expanding Coronel's residence into a pueblo town which could be a useful link between the Channels and Porciúncula. Recognizing the great economic potential for the region, the demand for Amerindian labor was high. Many Amerindians themselves were interested in the economic opportunities offered by the Spanish, and thus Nieto established a {{W|rancheria|ranchería}} with the help of local tribesmen to attract natives throughout the region.

The majority of Amerindians who were employed and housed at Nieto's ranchería were of Tongva descent. Knowledgeable of their native lands, they provided suggestions and advice on Spanish construction projects. A large, elaborate aqueduct system built around the Porciúncula was largely done by Amerindian labor. Despite their undeniably crucial importance to the entire colonization project, they faced harsh subjugation and treatment at the hands of the Europeans, who regarded them as inferior. The concept of ''{{W|limpieza de sangre}}'' was prevalent in the Spanish New World and as the Spaniards intermarried with the Amerindian women, a new class of people emerged, which necessitated the development of the [[Sierran casta|Sierran ''casta'']] system.

In addition to the Amerindians, Coronel offered four rectangles of land (''suertes'') for farming to each settler, as his townspeople began constructing an aqueduct from the area's various water sources. Wildlife was abundant, and people could freely hunt and eat the various game and fish that roamed the wetlands and hills. Early commerce subsisted on bartering agricultural goods with crafts, animal hides, woven material, and other items. These plots of land favored farming, as opposed to the ranching-friendly practices favored in other land grants elsewhere.

Grands Ballons saw its first church built in 1804, the Cathedral of Our Lady Catalina, to commemorate the Marian apparitional event reported back in 1768. The completion of the church signaled a period of significant growth and the town's upward status as a place of utmost economic and political significance to the region. It was the focal point for trade between the Channel Islands and the Spanish towns further inland in the mainland. The Presidio Real de Bola Grande was established in 1807, and housed about 70 full-time soldiers, who also partook in agricultural work and commercial endeavors around town.

==Geography==
[[File:Belmont_Park-Naples-Peninsula_Long_Beach_California.JPG|thumb|250px|The mostly residential and affluent neighborhood of Naples.]]
Grands Ballons is located at 33° 47' North, 118° 10' West, about 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown [[Porciúncula]]. According to the [[Royal Bureau of Census|K.S. Royal Bureau of Census]], the city has a total area of 51.437 square miles (133.2 km{{Sup|2}}), with 50.293 square miles (130.3 km{{Sup|2}}) of its area being land and 1.144 square miles (2.96 km{{Sup|2}}) of it (2.22%) is water. Grands Ballons completely surrounds the enclaved city of {{W|Signal Hill, California|Porcupine Hill}}.

The city is situated at the southern coastal plains of the {{W|Los Angeles Basin|Porciúncula Basin}}, which contains most of the Gold Coast's population and segments of Orange and the Inland Empire. Facing {{W|San Pedro Bay (California)|Long Arch Bay}}, Grands Ballons is also the southernmost city in the Gold Coast. It is located directly over the {{W|Newport–Inglewood fault|Centinela–Newport fault}}, a seismic fault capable of producing a 7.4 earthquake on the {{W|moment magnitude scale}}. The {{W|Los Angeles River|Porciúncula River}}'s mouth flows into the Pacific Ocean in western Grands Ballons. The city lies just to the east of the {{W|Palos Verdes Peninsula}} and its {{W|Palos Verdes Hills|hills}}. To the east of Grands Ballons is the provincial line between the Gold Coast and Orange, and the Orange city of {{W|Seal Beach, California|Pinnipède Landing}}. The {{W|Alamitos Bay}} is situated between the two cities and includes Grands Ballons' {{W|Naples, Long Beach|Naples}} district.

===Cityscape===

The city is generally laid out in the traditional {{W|grid plan}}, with the streets in Petite Rivière and the Old Spanish Town running parallel to the coastline in a northwest-southeast orientation. The Circle Area and College Park districts feature more modern, varied street distribution and curvature. The city is bounded by {{W|Interstate 605|Interprovincial 2C}} to the east. {{W|Interstate 710|Gold Coast Provincial Route 5}} and {{W|Interstate 405|Interprovincial 2B}} are major freeways that run through the entire length and width of the city respectively. These freeways have informally marked the boundaries between the more affluent and less affluent sections of town. Generally, residents living to the south of the I-2B (and areas east of the GR-5 that are south of the I-2B) are more well-off than the opposite side.

====Neighborhoods and districts====
:''For a more comprehensive list, see [[Neighborhoods and districts of Grands Ballons]].''
=====Downtown=====

Downtown Grands Ballons is located immediately north of Half-Moon Bay, east of the Port of Grands Ballons (divided by the {{W|Los Angeles River|Porciúncula River}}), and west of Alamitos Bay. Its modern layout was developed during the mid-20th century after {{W|World War II}} with the support of private investors and the federal and provincial governments. Downtown includes most of the city's high-rise buildings and corporate offices, city and county government buildings, Soleil Square, the {{W|Aquarium of the Pacific|Grands Ballons Aquarium}}, the {{W|RMS Queen Mary|HRMS ''Queen Elizabeth''}}, and the {{W|Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center|Convention Center}}.

It is the second most visited part of Grands Ballons, after the Old Spanish Town. It is one of the most pedestrian-friendly parts of the city and is within short walking distance to the beach and other neighborhoods. The newer, more renovated East Village is considered part of downtown, and includes high-rise condos, coffeeshops, bistros, music halls, and cottages. The urban beach setting has attracted artists, writers, and young adults to the area, as well as Sierrans from other [[PSA]]s and international immigrants. The [[2017 Pawnee earthquake|2017 earthquake]] caused considerably less damage to the downtown area due in part to tougher building regulations and engineering requirements.

=====Old Spanish Town=====
[[File:Leclerc Street.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Local businesses and stores along Leclerc Street]]
The most famous and oldest section of the city is the Old Spanish Town (historically known as the Indian Rancheria or ''Ranchería India'' in Spanish), which lies just to the north of central downtown. It is listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]] (NRHP) and is separately classified as a {{W|World Heritage Site|Common Heritage Site}} by the [[League of Nations]]. The Old Spanish Town is located on the former Amerindian {{W|ranchería}} that Grands Ballons founder Julian Manuel Coronel established in 1797 and this colonial legacy is responsible for its iconic Franco-Spanish colonial architecture. The neighborhood is home to numerous local businesses, restaurants, drinking establishments, art galleries, restaurants, apartments, and offices. It is home to a large population of [[Sierran Creole people|Sierran Creoles]] and is generally regarded as the core capital of [[Saintiana]] or the "Creole Coast" as it is more commonly called. The town is the recognized birthplace of shoowah music, and has a rich musical scene. Street performances and jazz bands are common throughout the district and occur on a daily basis, serving as attractions in of themselves.

The quasi-governmental organization that manages the district is the Old Spanish Town Preservation Society. The Society officially declares that the neighborhood is bounded by East Rothenburg Street to the north, St. Charles Boulevard to the east, Nieto Street to the south, and the Porciúncula River to the west. Within this zone, there are seventy blocks, and all existing buildings and structures are protected from demolishment. The Society is entrusted with preserving and maintaining these structures, while the municipal government is responsible for the district's roads and public utilities. Renovations to the buildings, whether exterior or interior, must be approved by the Society, and must fit the historical theme and architectural style of the district. New buildings also face similar scrutiny, although the lack of new land and stringent building codes have made this case a rarity.

The Old Spanish Town has been a major tourist destination and is one of the most visited places in Southern Sierra. On certain days, streets within the Town are closed to traffic in order to allow street performers, bands, and pedestrians to use them. Neighborhood events and festivities are held throughout the year and sponsored by the municipal government as a means to promote community culture, art, and tourist attention.

=====Petite Rivière=====

Petite Rivière is bounded by Redondo Avenue on the east, Shoreline Drive and St. Charles Boulevard on the west, and Nieto Street on the north. It follows a 1.7 mile stretch of coastline along Ocean Boulevard. This district is lined up with various resorts, hotels, and upscale apartments on 51 blocks, of which 17 are directly connected to the beach proper. A popular vacationing destination for Sierrans and global travelers alike, Petite Rivière is where the majority of tourists lodge at, and it is within walkable distance to Downtown, the Old Spanish Town, and the Marina District. The district is also serviced by dedicated bus lines, taxi cabs, and bike rentals.

The beach is ideal for sunbathing, surfing, and swimming, and is the site of annual festivals and events. Other on-site amenities are provided to the public for free, including fire pits, volleyball courts, children's playgrounds, active lifeguards on duty, exercise machines, a skate park, and a dog park.

===Climate===

{{Weather box
|location = Grands Ballons, Gold Coast (Grands Ballons International Airport) 1981–2010, extremes 1958–present
|single line = Y
|collapsed =
|Jan record high F = 93
|Feb record high F = 91
|Mar record high F = 98
|Apr record high F = 105
|May record high F = 104
|Jun record high F = 109
|Jul record high F = 107
|Aug record high F = 105
|Sep record high F = 111
|Oct record high F = 111
|Nov record high F = 101
|Dec record high F = 92
|year record high F = 111
|Jan high F = 67.4
|Feb high F = 67.2
|Mar high F = 68.6
|Apr high F = 71.7
|May high F = 73.6
|Jun high F = 76.7
|Jul high F = 81.9
|Aug high F = 83.8
|Sep high F = 82.1
|Oct high F = 77.2
|Nov high F = 72.1
|Dec high F = 66.8
|year high F = 74.1
|Jan mean F = 56.7
|Feb mean F = 57.6
|Mar mean F = 59.6
|Apr mean F = 62.4
|May mean F = 65.6
|Jun mean F = 68.9
|Jul mean F = 73.2
|Aug mean F = 74.3
|Sep mean F = 72.7
|Oct mean F = 67.7
|Nov mean F = 61.4
|Dec mean F = 56.3
|year mean F = 64.7
|Jan low F = 46.1
|Feb low F = 48.0
|Mar low F = 50.5
|Apr low F = 53.2
|May low F = 57.6
|Jun low F = 61.0
|Jul low F = 64.5
|Aug low F = 64.9
|Sep low F = 63.2
|Oct low F = 58.3
|Nov low F = 50.8
|Dec low F = 45.8
|year low F = 55.4
|Jan record low F = 25
|Feb record low F = 33
|Mar record low F = 33
|Apr record low F = 38
|May record low F = 40
|Jun record low F = 47
|Jul record low F = 51
|Aug record low F = 55
|Sep record low F = 50
|Oct record low F = 39
|Nov record low F = 34
|Dec record low F = 28
|year record low F = 25
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 66
|Feb rain mm = 78.5
|Mar rain mm = 47.5
|Apr rain mm = 15.2
|May rain mm = 5.3
|Jun rain mm = 1.8
|Jul rain mm = 0.8
|Aug rain mm = 0.8
|Sep rain mm = 4.6
|Oct rain mm = 16
|Nov rain mm = 25.4
|Dec rain mm = 49.5
|year rain mm = 311.4
|unit rain days = 0.01 in
|Jan rain days = 5.9
|Feb rain days = 6.5
|Mar rain days = 5.3
|Apr rain days = 3.1
|May rain days = 1.1
|Jun rain days = 0.7
|Jul rain days = 0.5
|Aug rain days = 0.3
|Sep rain days = 0.9
|Oct rain days = 2.5
|Nov rain days = 3.4
|Dec rain days = 5.0
|year rain days = 35.2
| Jan humidity = 64.7
| Feb humidity = 66.9
| Mar humidity = 67.2
| Apr humidity = 65.4
| May humidity = 68.2
| Jun humidity = 69.6
| Jul humidity = 68.3
| Aug humidity = 68.5
| Sep humidity = 69.2
| Oct humidity = 67.6
| Nov humidity = 67.1
| Dec humidity = 66.2
| year humidity = 67.4
|source 1 = Royal Climatology Agency
}}Although temperature ranges vary depending on location in the city, Grands Ballons can be characterized with having a hot-summer {{W|Mediterranean climate}} ({{W|Köppen classification system|Köppen}}: ''Csa'') with strong {{W|semi-arid climate|semi-arid}} characteristics. Variance in temperature range increases as one moves further away from the coast, with North Grands Ballons often experiencing summer days that are 10 to 20 degrees Fahrenheit higher than Downtown Grands Ballons. Like much of the [[Southwest Corridor]], the city frequently experiences cloudy, overcast skies known as "{{W|June Gloom}}" in the mornings between the months of May and September. This fog formation generally dissipates by noontime, producing the characteristically sunny Sierran skies. Most rainfall occurs in the wintertime, with the heaviest precipitation occurring between the months of December and February. {{W|Hail}} occasionally happens once or twice a year during the heavier rainy months. Snowfall is extremely rare in attitudes below 2000 feet in Grands Ballons and the Greater Porciúncula Area, with the last recorded snowfall occurring in 1949. Just as rare, if not even rarer are {{W|hurricane}}s and {{W|tropical storm}}s, which have only directly hit mainland Sierra twice. {{W|1939 California tropical storm|Tropical Storm Francis}}, which caught the city off-guard, made landfall in Grands Ballons in 1939, causing over 120 deaths and $10 million in damages.

==Demographics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear: both; width: {{{width|15em;}}}; text-align: center; border-spacing: 0; float: {{{align|right}}}; margin: {{ #switch: {{{align|}}} | left = 0 1em 1em 0 | #default = 0 0 1em 1em }};"
|-
! colspan="3" class="navbox-title" style="font-size: 110%; background:#ccccff;" | {{{title|Historical population}}}
|- style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px; width: {{#ifeq: {{{percentages|}}}|off|30%|20%}};" | Year
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;" | Pop.
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;" | %±
|-
|'''1850'''|| 882 || –
|-
|'''1860'''|| 1,622 || 83.9%
|-
|'''1870'''|| 5,259 || 224.2%
|-
|'''1890'''|| 25,656 || 387.8%
|-
|'''1900'''|| 75,657 || 194.9%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''1910'''|| 136,319 || 80.2%
|-
|'''1920'''|| 187,366 || 37.4%
|-
|'''1930'''|| 227,383 || 21.4%
|-
|'''1940'''|| 282,710 || 24.3%
|-
|'''1950'''|| 357,611 || 26.5%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''1960'''|| 422,127 || 14.0%
|-
|'''1970'''|| 490,732 || 16.2%
|-
|'''1980'''|| 538,845 || 9.8%
|-
|'''1990'''|| 604,566 || 12.2%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''2000'''|| 642,871 || 6.3%
|-
|'''2010'''|| 664,829 || 3.4%
|-
|colspan="3"|<hr />
|-
|'''''2020'''''|| 701,567 || 5.5%
|-
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
! style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 1px;"|
|-
| colspan="3" |{{Small|K.S. Decennial Census}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Grands Ballons' Racial Breakdown of Population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990 !! 2000 !! 2010
|-
| White || 35.4% || 32.4% || 31.0%
|-
| — Non-Hispanic || 34.5% || 31.8% || 29.7%
|-
| Asian || 2.9% || 5.3% || 3.7%
|-
| Black || 42.7% || 43.6% || 47.2%
|-
| — Non-Creole || 28.3% || 30.6% || 31.8%
|-
| Two or more races || 4.4% || 5.1% || 5.2%
|-
| Native || 0.1% || 0.1% || 0.1%
|-
| Other race || 14.5% || 14.2% || 12.7%
|-
| Hispanic or Latino (of any race) || 4.7% || 5.1% || 4.6%
|-
| Creole (of any race) || 15.8% || 14.9% || 14.7%

====2020====

====2010====
|}[[File:LongBeachLongView.jpg|thumb|250px|left|View of Downtown Grands Ballons and the Port.]]The 2010 K.S. Census reported that Grands Ballons had a population of 664,829. The population density of the city was 12,913.31 people per square mile (33,447.92 km{{Sup|2}}). The racial makeup of Grands Ballons was 206,607 (31.01%) White, 314,015 (47.23%) Black or African Sierran, 637 (0.09%) Native Sierran or Amerindian, 24,824 (3.73%) Asian, 84,365 (12.69%) from other races, and 34,381 (5.17%) two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29,654 persons (4.6%). [[Sierran Creole people|Creoles]] of any race were 97,730 persons (14.7%).

The Census reported that 647,543 people (97.4%) lived in households, 9,972 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 7,313 (1.1%) were institutionalized.

There were 239,482 households, out of which 74,478 (31.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 114,472 (47.8%) were {{W|Marriage|opposite sex-married couples}} living together, 51,728 (21.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18,200 (7.6%) had a male householder with no female present. There were 16,524 (6.9%) {{W|POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships}} and 957 (0.4%) {{W|Same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships}}. 41,909 (17.5%) households were made up of individuals and 15,326 (6.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57. There were 179,844 families (75.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.78.

The population was distributed as 222,049 (33.4%) under the age of 18, 73,130 (11.0%) aged 18 to 24, 175,512 (26.4%) aged 25 to 44, 129,369 (19.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 64,488 (9.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

There were 247,521 housing units at an average density of 5,271.3 per square mile (13,652.6/km{{Sup|2}}) of which 116,087 (46.9%) were owner-occupied, and 131,433 (53.1%) were occupied by renters. The houseowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.4%. 317,788 people (47.8% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 329,755 (52.2%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 Census, Grands Ballons had a median household income of $54,573, with 24.2% living below the federal poverty line ($22,500 for a family of 4).

As of 2016, the population of Grands Ballons was 683,384. An estimate in June 2017 indicated that the population had risen to 687,284.

===Religion===
[[File:Cathédrale_de_Lima_-_Septembre_2007.jpg|thumb|200px|The Cathedral of Our Lady Catalina, the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Grands Ballons|Archdiocese of Grands Ballons]].]]
As a city with deep ties with the Spanish and French colonial past, Grands Ballons carries a prominent Roman Catholic character and tradition. The Catholic faith was the official religion under both New Spain and Mexico. The propagation of Catholicism to the natives was one of the official goals of settlement in Sierra, and this aim was initially carried out by the Californian mission system. In addition, many 19th and 20th century African-American and European immigrants, were Catholic. Roman Catholicism is the dominant faith in Grands Ballons and the surrounding Saintiana region. Within the Archdiocese of Grands Ballons, 33.4% of the population was Roman Catholic as of the 2010 census. The city's festivals, street names, architecture, parochial schools, cultural traditions, and social attitudes are indicative of its Catholic influences.

The nationally predominant Protestant tradition also has a strong presence in Grands Ballons, and is mostly practiced in the city's suburban neighborhoods. Dozens of Protestant denominations and churches are represented in the city, including the {{W|Methodists}}, {{W|Baptists}}, {{W|Lutherans}}, {{W|Presbyterians}}, {{W|Adventists}}, and {{W|Mormons}}. During the 1970s and 1980s, the city was also the epicenter of a major Charismatic movement, with the Pentecostal One World Church, the movement's largest homegrown group, still based in the city.

There is a small community of {{W|Afro-American religion|Afro-Caribbean religion}} practitioners, including Sierran Voodoo, a syncretic blend of {{W|Louisiana Voodoo}}, {{W|folk Catholicism}}, {{W|Santería}}, and local indigenous beliefs. These religions have a deep-rooted history in Grands Ballons, and their mystical ubiquity has drawn hundreds of thousands of tourists each year to the city's many voodoo shops and parlors.

==Economy==

Grands Ballons has {{W|Port of Long Beach|one of the busiest and largest container ports in the world}}, which saw some 72 million metric tons worth $110 billion in 2001. The Port of Grands Ballons, the neighboring {{W|Port of Los Angeles|Port of Porciúncula}}, and the nearby [[Port of Little Gibraltar]] form the [[Tri-Port Area]], whose combined operations form the busiest maritime port in the entire Western Hemisphere. Grands Ballons' economy was historically based on oil, after it was discovered in {{W|Signal Hill, California|Porcupine Hill}} in 1921. Oil extraction and refinement became a major source of economic activity for the city, and generated a population boom that attracted thousands of Sierrans and international migrants to Grands Ballons. It has also been an important center for several major corporations and businesses, especially those involved in finance and trading. It also hosts significant manufacturing and health care sectors, which serves the Saintiana region.

Entertainment and tourism have also been a very important contributor to the city's economy. In 2010, the city spent over $22 million in tourism-related expenditures alone, ranging from promotions to improving public transportation. The downtown area continues to be one of the fastest-growing and rapidly changing parts of Grands Ballons, which has continuously received extensive renovations and earthquake-proofing to support these particular industries.

===Port===
[[File:Aerial_view_of_the_Port_of_Long_Beach.jpg|thumb|250px|The Port of Grands Ballons as seen from the air.]][[File:Tri-Port Authority.svg|thumb|250px|Logo of the [[Tri-Port Authority]]]]
The Port of Grands Ballons is a gateway between Anglo-American and Asian trade, and spans across 3,000 acres of land just southwest and adjacent to Downtown Grands Ballons. The second-largest port in Sierra, it adjoins the {{W|Port of Los Angeles|Port of Porciúncula}}, the country's largest. The two ports and the [[Port of Little Gibraltar]] form the [[Tri-Port Area]], a multi-port complex managed under a condominium between the cities of Grands Ballons, [[Porciúncula]], snd [[Little Gibraltar, Channel Islands|Little Gibraltar]], and the governments of the [[Gold Coast]] and the [[Channel Islands]]. Many logistics-related, shipbuilding, transportation, and shipping firms are located in the Grands Ballons metropolitan area, and are directly linked to the distribution centers at the port by rail or road. Major international shipping companies have an established presence in the port, including Penco, CMN, Circumnavigators United, World Trade Shipping, Adai International, and Seven Seas Exchange.
[[File:Liberty_of_the_Seas_Miami_1.JPG|thumb|250px|The ''[[Water Sheep]]'' docked outside the Grands Ballons Cruise Hub Terminal on March 2012]]
Just miles off the coast of Grands Ballons, there are many offshore oil rigs that are still in active operation. Although oil production has gone down over the years, the Porciúncula Area and surrounding geological regions still contain large reserves of crude oil ready for extraction. The Port of Grands Ballons contains 4 major petroleum refineries and has a combined crude oil distilled capacity of nearly 400,000 barrels per day. Several major energy companies have regional headquarters in Grands Balllons including Western Gas and Bixby. The Ministry of the Interior's Department of Energy has most of its central facilities and research stations based in the Port.

In addition to commercial shipping and freight operations, the Port also functions as a full-service cruise ship port. The Grands Ballons Cruise Hub receives approximately twenty ships a day on a busy holiday schedule, and is a central hub for numerous cruise lines including the ''[[Red Star Line]]'' with destinations to Los Pacíficos, [[Rainier]], and [[Alaska]]. The Cruise Hub has four passenger terminals for cruise ships and six docks for smaller passenger watercraft. It is the homeport for several ships, most notably the ''[[Water Sheep]]'' during the wintertime.

===Banking and finance===

Grands Ballons is home to three Fortune 500 companies: Tramex, Vyndal Enterprises, and Rawlings. Other companies with headquarters or major operations in the city includes [[Del Toro Restaurants]], Big Bear Banking, Kennedy, McConnor, MegaMart, Bench & Steer, Corpus Specialists, [[Cabrillo Technologies]], Pham Pho, Fitzgerald Resorts and Entertainment, Palmer Systems, Bixby & Co., Gully's, and Howler. Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capitalist firms are also based in Grands Ballons. The Ministry of Finance's Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the Royal Monetary Authority Bank of Grands Ballons are both based in the city's downtown area.

===Tourism and entertainment===

Tourism is a staple part of the city's economy. The tourism and hospitality industries have accounted for nearly 30 percent of the city's tax revenues, and employs well over 100,000 people from within the city and the metropolitan area. Tourism-related businesses and operations are primarily concentrated in the southwestern section of town, around the downtown area and the beaches. The city has its own dedicated tourism agency, the Grands Ballons Department of Tourism and Recreational Affairs, which represents the single largest agency of its kind in the region. The city has emphasized its strong and rich history, culture, cuisine, arts, and music as reasons which have drawn many to the city, as well as its year-round mild climate and renowned beaches. It also hosts a number of annual international conventions and events, including the Mezzaluna Festival, one of the world's premier cooking competition and conventions, held annually in the month of July.

===Top employers===

According to the city's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city were:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of Employees
|-
|1
|MacLean Healthcare Systems
|17,666
|-
|2
|[[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|County of St. Anthony]]
|14,271
|-
|3
|Grands Ballons Unified School District
|13,087
|-
|4
|City of Grands Ballons
|10,539
|-
|5
|Overstars
|7,453
|-
|6
|Grands Ballons Memorial Medical Center
|5,874
|-
|7
|Tramex
|4,788
|-
|8
|[[Del Toro Restaurants]]
|4,605
|-
|9
|Anthony University
|3,501
|-
|10
|Sierra National University, Grands Ballons
|2,837
|}

==Culture==

===Cuisine===
[[File:Mayari.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The iconic [[Mayarí]] first gained mainstream appeal in Grands Ballons.]]
Grands Ballons is internationally renowned for its cuisine and is the birthplace of traditional Sierran Creole cuisine. The city's rich culinary traditions are the result of diverse, converging cultures and peoples interacting and sharing food throughout the centuries. Local ingredients have infused the culinary innovations of the French, the Spanish, the Creoles, the Mexicans, the Italians, the Germans, the Japanese, the Chinese, the Hans, the Vietnamese, and other ethnic groups who arrived and settled in the city. The city scene is dominated by cafés, coffeeshops, bakeries, restaurants dedicated towards Sierran Creole fare, dessiné shops, and bodegas. Brunch is served daily at many restaurants, and it is not uncommon for popular eateries to serve alcohol at discounted prices during extended happy hours.

Several iconic local dishes which emerged from Grands Ballons includes the chicken [[dessiné]], a savory meat-based {{W|ragout}} served with rice, and now commonly prepared as a [[hot box]] dish; the [[Ragoût Nantua]], a seafood {{W|quenelle}} stew smothered in {{W|Sauce Nantua}}; the [[Mereterre sandwich]]; and {{W|taiyaki}}-styled {{W|beignet}}s.

Aside from its local cuisine, Grands Ballons is also a hotspot for Sierran {{W|street food}} and international flavors, drawing food from Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Europe. Like many major cities in Sierra, Grands Ballons hosts prominent {{W|night market}}s, with the biggest one centered in the East Village, offering a variety of familiar foods ranging from hot dogs to potstickers, alongside unconventional, bizarre kinds including fried locusts and [[Wendall Yamada|deep-fried rat meat]].

Grands Ballons is also well-known for its strong drinking culture, which contrasts with the traditionally "drier" Sierran culture, which discourages alcoholic consumption. The world famous [[Mayarí]] was first popularized in Grands Ballons, and inspired a friendly environment for experimental cocktails. Aside from specializing in cocktails and wine, the city also has a prevalent beer and coffee tradition, hosting numerous microbreweries and coffeeshops.

===Museums, music, and the arts===
[[File:Mardi Gras Float.jpg|thumb|250px|A {{W|Mardi Gras}} procession in the Old Spanish Town]]
Grands Ballons has always been a significant center for music and art. Its musical scene is the culmination of its colonial past and multicultural development, which grew out of the musical traditions of the Sierran Creoles and the many other groups who lived in the city. The city's unique combination of Franco-Spanish music with African and Caribbean rhythms spawned shoowah music, and was a major center for the development of Sierran jazz, and later hip hop. It also developed a distinctive style of rock music, known as the ritz, which was popular during the early 70s and 80s. Spontaneous jazz band processions and parades are common throughout the city, and are commonly seen performing for weddings, funerals, baptisms, and birthdays. Historically, these processions were useful for promoting community events, and were inclusive events meant to encourage would-be bystanders to join in celebration.

Numerous music festivals are held throughout the year with the busiest season between Mardi Gras (usually around March) and Labor Day (early September). The nighttime Grands Bash by the Sea is the city's largest musical festival, held during July, showcasing locally well-known bands and musicians, performing in a variety of genres ranging from traditional shoowah to contemporary rhythm and blues. This event, along with a number of others including the French Bonanza and the Feedback Loop Festival are held at the Jean P. Chouteau Park by the Porciúncula River. Professionally, the Grands Ballons Philharmonic Orchestra and the Grands Ballons Wind Symphony performs at the Langley Hall of Music in the Circle Area district.
[[File:Zydeco Accordion.jpg|thumb|250px|A band of shoowah players]]
Due to the city's cosmopolitan and bohemian environment, Grands Ballons attracts tens of thousands of artists annually. The Old Spanish Town and East Village hosts over forty-five permanent art galleries and exhibitions, promoting art from local artists including paintings, sculptures, drawings, and other mediums. The Cantrell Museum of Art is the city's largest museum, showcasing over 1,200 works of art across several eras including Renaissance, contemporary, and modern art. In 2009, the K.S. Ministry of Culture provided a $45 million endowment grant to the city of Grands Ballons to promote the arts and art education. The Spiegel Glass Museum is another prominent art and science museum, exclusively displaying glass objects, documenting the history, and practical and artistic applications of glass.

The performing arts, including theater and dance, are all performed at the Grands Ballons Convention Center and the adjacent Grand Theater. Over the years, many major productions have been featured at the center, including ''The Count of Sardinia'', ''Dastardly'', ''Fortuna Forsaken'', and ''Landon: The Musical''. Historically, {{W|French opera}} has also been performed, and saw its golden age during the 1950s and 1960s. Due to rising popularity and demand, the city has looked into constructing additional venues to accommodate more performances and guests.

===Dialect===

Grands Ballons has a distinct local dialect of [[Sierran English]] that is similar to {{W|Caribbean English}} with French and Hispanic influences. It developed from the English speaking patterns of the [[Sierran Creole people|Sierran Creoles]], who were and continue to use French as their first language, and further influenced by {{W|African American Vernacular English}} spoken by more recent African Americans and {{W|Southern American English}} by white speakers. Phonologically, it is most similar to Haitian English with a noticeable French intonation and semi-rhoticity. Grands Ballons English is a variety of the broad spectrum of Sierran Creole English, which has many borrowed lexicon and expressions from French, Spanish, and other languages.

===French language===
[[File:Legal_fire_hall_with_a_bilingual_sign_in_the_foreground.jpg|thumb|250px|A stop sign in French and English (''Arrêt'' and ''stop'') on a North Grands Ballons street.]]
Like much of the Saintiana region and the neighboring [[Channel Islands]], the French language has thrived and its usage is protected and promoted by the local governments. As one of the country's official languages, French is also a working language in the city of Grands Ballons. The prevalence and historical significance of the French language in Grands Ballons has made the city one of the primary centers of the Francophone world in Sierra and in the Americas. Street signs, documents, and other public information is frequently displayed bilingually, with English and French. The use of Sierran French Hanzi is also common throughout the city, and is taught in French-speaking classes throughout the city's public schools. The French language emerged from the French Channeliers who settled in the region and intermarried with the natives and other people of color. Its growing reputation as a French-speaking enclave in an otherwise Spanish-speaking territory sparked interest in Francophones who felt linguistically threatened in Anglo-America. The arrival of the {{W|Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creoles}} and the Haitian ''{{W|gens du couleur}}'' and their subsequent progeny helped cement French as the predominant language in the region. The ethnogenesis of the [[Sierran Creole people]] only furthered the extent of French as a language and an identity. The Sierran Creoles fought diligently to preserve their French tongue under the English-centric Californian, and later, Sierran governments. A series of laws passed during the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution]] helped protect French use definitively, and allowed Grands Ballons' French-teaching institutions and programs to be subsidized by the federal government.

==Government==
[[File:Grands Ballons Civic Center.jpg|thumb|250px|The Grands Ballons Civic Center]]
The government of the City of Grands Ballons operates under a {{W|council–manager government}}. Citywide elections for most offices are held every two years, with the city divided into six wards. The Grands Ballons City Council includes nine members, six of whom are elected from each of the single-member wards, and three who are elected at-large. The mayor is elected from within the council as a first among equals and is chosen to chair its meetings and represent the city on ceremonial occasions. The current mayor of Grands Ballons is Earl Hughes Delafose ([[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|D]]), who was elected by the council on April 23, 2015. The council is empowered to pass citywide ordinances, adopt regulations, appoint officials in other offices, approve the city budget, set the tax rate, and carry out any other powers granted by the City Charter. In addition, the council appoints a city manager who is responsible for planning and creating an annual city budget, supervising each of the city departments, overseeing public complaints and intergovernmental correspondence, advising the council on operational affairs, organizing public events and meetings, and developing architectural plans for construction projects in the city. The current city manager is Marco Regalado ({{W|Independent (politics)|ind.}}), who was appointed on June 18, 2014.

The Grands Ballons Police Department (GBPD) has a force of over 3,500 sworn officers. The GBPD serves the City of Grands Ballons, as well as neighboring unincorporated communities, and cities which have entered into contract agreements with the department. The Chief of Police is Tyler Bertrand, who was sworn into office on February 8, 2008. Its headquarters is located in Downtown Grands Ballons on 3783 East Broadway, with two other stations in North Grands Ballons and the Old Spanish Town respectively. The Grands Ballons Fire Department has 459 full-time firefighters and works closely with the St. Anthony County Fire Department in fire prevention and firefighting. The city fire department is also responsible for providing {{W|emergency medical service}}, with all of the department's sworn members certified in performing {{W|Cardiopulmonary resuscitation|CPR}} and {{W|basic life support}}. Its emergency medical service's members are paramedics and health care specialists employed to performing {{W|advanced life support}} and assisting the department in ambulance services.

In addition to city government and services, Grands Ballons is the seat of [[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast|St. Anthony County]]. The St. Anthony Sheriff's Department, the St. Anthony Fire Department, Superior Court of St. Anthony County, St. Anthony County Jail, St. Anthony's Department of Human and Health Services, and other county institutions are all based in the city. The county's Board of Supervisors conduct their daily meetings at the county offices in the Civic Center in Downtown Grands Ballons.

===Crime and public safety===
{{Infobox crime statistics
|city_name = Grands Ballons
|year = 2016
|homicide = 11
|forcible_rape = 60
|robbery = 357
|aggravated_assault = 507
|violent_crime = 936
|burglary = 720
|larceny_theft = 1,533
|motor_vehicle_theft = 495
|arson = 8
|property_crime = 2,762
|source_url =
|source_name =
|notes = 2016 population: 683,384 Vandalism, traffic violations, and other offenses not included
}}Like most major cities, crime has always been a serious issue for Grands Ballons. Violent crimes are mainly concentrated in the city's less affluent neighborhoods, especially North Grands Ballons. The murder rate has historically been higher than the national average, although a large percentage of murders were the result of gang-on-gang violence. The number of homicides reached its peak in the 1970s when the city saw 279 murders in 1977. In response to increased crime, the city passed a series of ordinances to crack down on gang violence, including the banning of attire that depicted gang symbols and colors. In 1981, the city was listed at third place for the Top 10 Murder Cities in the country, behind [[Bernheim, San Joaquin|Bernheim]] and [[Porciúncula]].

Aside from murders, other major violent crimes committed in the city include {{W|robbery}}, {{W|assault and battery}}, {{W|car theft}}, and {{W|rape}}. Although violent crime as a whole has been in decline, the city has seen a steady rise in {{W|domestic violence}} cases, and misdemeanors by the city youth. Throughout the city, special emergency hotline poles have been installed. Brightly lit during the nighttime, citizens witnessing or escaping an active criminal act can press the pole's button to alert law enforcement authorities, and help bring attention to the location. Since the installment of the poles, crime has dropped significantly around these poles, and the police has been able to capture more criminals in such areas.

To prevent crimes against private property, many city businesses are heavily fortified with metal bars and armed with {{W|closed-circuit television|CCTV}}s and alarms. Since a 2009 ordinance, all lodging establishments have been required to deny any non-guests access to any parts of the establishment except the lobby or its affiliated restaurants or stores. In addition, a citywide curfew has periodically been issued for underaged minors to halt nighttime youth gang activity, including the Old Spanish Town (parentally supervised children and adolescents are exempt). Some have taken further measures on controlling access at the front door by manually locking it, and only allowing access to cardholders and other individuals at a case-by-case basis from a security officer. Despite this, many bars and restaurants have had very lax standards regarding public safety. Due to city tolerance, these establishments may stay open past midnight and may continue serving alcohol until 3 am.

The city also sees some of the highest rates in larceny and car-related theft, which is not limited to the underdeveloped parts of town. Theft has become an increasingly problematic issue in the more tourist-friendly parts
of Grands Ballons. Local authorities caution visitors to be vigilant about {{W|pickpocketing|pickpockets}} and con artists. These criminals frequently take advantage of tourists' unfamiliarity with the city and crime. First-time tourists and international tourists are especially vulnerable due to their general assumption of safety in being in a public, tourist section of town.

===Federal, provincial, local, and CAS representation===

{| class=wikitable border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;" | '''Federal'''
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDDDDD;" | '''[[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]]'''
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDDDDD;" | '''[[Senate of Sierra|Senate]]'''
|-
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Name'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Party'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''District'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Name'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" colspan=2 | '''Party'''
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Felix Sypher
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 7 (Bixby)
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Daniel Laaksonen]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" colspan=2 | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Jimmy Fernandez
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 8 (Putian)
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Christopher Chu]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" colspan=2 | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
|-
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | Timothy Lawrence
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | District 11 (St. Anthony)
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;"| [[Jason Alonzo]]{{Sup|a}}
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" colspan=2 | [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
|-
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;" | '''Provincial'''
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDDDDD;" | '''General Assembly'''
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDDDDD;" | '''Senate'''
|-
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Name'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Party'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''District'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Name'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''Party'''
| style="background-color:#CCCCCC;" | '''District'''
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Karen Thibodeaux
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 29
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Derrick Maloney
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 5
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Matt Branche
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 30
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Robbie Broussard
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 6
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Charlie Iwancio
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 31
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Megan Higgins
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 7
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Craig Landry
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 32
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | Romero Cardoso
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | District 8
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Ashley Menendez
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 33
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | Peter Tieu
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | District 9
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Nathan Wu
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 34
|-
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | Davis Caffery
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
| style="background-color:#EED2EE;" | District 35
|-
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | Cindy Treen
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | District 36
|-
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | Karim O'Brian
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| style="background-color:#FFC0CB;" | District 37
|-
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | Marcus Tauzin
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian]]
| style="background-color:#FFFACD;" | District 38
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Jessica Ortiz
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 39
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | Mailey Burgett
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" | District 40
|-
| colspan=12 style="text-align:center;" | '''CAS'''
|-
| colspan=12 style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDDDDD;;" | '''Parliament of America'''
|-
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" colspan=2 | Mark Sato
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" colspan=2 | [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] (Liberal Democrats of America)
| style="background-color:#DDEEFF;" colspan=2 | Saintiana
|-
| colspan=12 | {{Sup|a}}Appointed
|}

===Courts===
[[File:St. Anthony County Superior Court.jpg|thumb|250px|center|The [[St. Anthony County Superior Court]] Courthouse]]
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*'''Federal'''
**District Court for the Southern District of the Gold Coast
**Sierran Bankruptcy Court, 1st Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
**Sierran Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of the Southwest Corridor
{{Col-break}}
*'''Provincial'''
**Gold Coast Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division One
**[[St. Anthony County Superior Court|Superior Court of the Gold Coast, County of St. Anthony]]
{{Col-break}}
*'''Heraldic'''
**Court of the Lord Trenton in the Gold Coast
{{Col-end}}
As a county seat and a major city in the Greater Porciúncula Area, Grands Ballons is the site of several judicial courts, including federal and provincial-level courts. The St. Anthony County Superior Court has jurisdiction over all of Grands Ballons and St. Anthony County, and includes several divisions (Juvenile Court, Court of Small Claims, Traffic Court, and Family Law Division), all located within the city. The Superior Court gained media attention during the highly prolific 2003 ''[[Trial of J. P. Marsh|People v. J. P. Marsh]]'' murder case. Judge Maylene Takano presided over the trial, which involved former [[Sierran American Football League|SAFL]] [[Grands Ballons Martyrs]] {{W|quarterback}} [[J. P. Marsh]], the plaintiff, who was tried on two counts of murder, for the deaths of his longtime girlfriend Joyce Dawson, and their mutual friend Simon Becker. The controversial and racially-charged case, dubbed the "{{W|Trial of the century|Trial of the Century}}" by Sierran media outlets, ended with the acquittal of J. P. Marsh on both charges as ''{{W|not proven}}''.

===Federal facilities===
[[File:CarondeletCanyonBanksUpwardsNOLA.JPG|thumb|180px|left|The Royal Monetary Authority Bank of Grands Ballons]]
Grands Ballons is home to the offices of numerous federal agencies and facilities, including the [[Royal Monetary Authority Bank of Grands Ballons]], the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]], the [[Royal Bureau of Investigation]], the [[National Surveyors' Corps]], and the [[Domestic Security Agency]], In addition, several international countries have consular offices represented in the city.

The Royal Monetary Authority Bank of Grands Ballons is the federal bank for the third district in Sierra and has one of the largest collections of K.S. paper money in reserves. The bank opened for business on November 9, 1945, following World War II, in the midst of the city's oil boom. It was originally intended to house additional paper money to relieve the amount stored in the Royal Bank in Porciúncula, and to be closer to the seaport, where money could be shipped out to Sierra's overseas territories. The Royal Bank building houses numerous commissioned paintings created by Sierran painter Pietro Barbieri during the {{W|Great Depression}}, documenting the hardships of Sierran citizens during the troublesome times.

===Elections and politics===

Grands Ballons has been a reliable base for the [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican Party]] since 1953. It has voted for Democratic-Republican prime minister candidates since the 1953 election, with 57.2% Sierran Creole voters choosing [[Henry Faulkner]] over Royalist incumbent and rival [[Christopher Roux]]. The city has also elected [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]] into office, mostly at the local and provincial level, with the highest support for Social Democrats in North Grands Ballons and the Old Spanish Town neighborhoods. Since 1996, the city has had uninterrupted Democratic-Republican control over the municipal government. These political patterns mirror those reflected by the County of St. Anthony and the Province of the Gold Coast, which has primarily been under Democratic-Republican control since that same year. Despite this, some of Grands Ballons' most affluent neighborhoods, including Naples, have strong [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]] support, and are represented by Royalist policymakers in Parliament and the Gold Coast Provincial Legislature. In addition, among the city's whites, Asians, and [[Hapas|hapas]], more than half vote for Royalists or [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]].

During the 2017 leadership election for the Social Democrats, Grands Ballons voters overwhelmingly supported [[Susan Kwon]] for the party leadership post with over 93% of votes in favor of the San Francisco MP. Grands Ballons had previously voted for Grands Ballons native and MP [[Marcel Guillory]] in 2014 at similar rates. For the 2017 leadership election for the Royalist Party, roughly three-fourths of Grands Ballons Royalist voters selected [[Nemesis Heartwell]] as their choice.

==Education==

===Public schools===

The largest public school district in Grands Ballons and St. Anthony County is the Grands Ballons Unified School District (GBUSD), which composes of 97 schools and 9 charter schools, servicing the city of Grands Ballons, and portions of Putian Park, and the entirety of Porcupine Hill. The district has been uniform-mandatory since 1994, meaning all students (with exceptions) are required to wear {{W|school uniform|school uniforms}} at all times, while on campus. The District educates over 160,000 students, the fourth-largest in the country. The district has been frequently criticized for its overcrowded campuses, and has been marred with spending scandals and child sex abuse cases. Over half of its schools were classified as "underperforming" by the K.S. Ministry of Education, and the district as a whole, only had a high school graduation rate of 79%, one of the lowest percentages in proportion to its population size. More than two-thirds of its student population come from low-income families, with most receiving free or reduced-cost lunch. Since 2009, the district has offered free lunch to K-12 students, regardless of actual attendance or not, during the summer months when there is no school. During the summer, the school district offers free lunchtime to all children aged 18 and under in a district-wide coordinated effort to provide the nutritional needs of students coming from low socioeconomic backgrounds while schools are not in session.

Small sections of the city have schools falling under the jurisdiction of other school districts. Northeastern Grands Ballons is serviced by the Putian Park Unified School District whereas the schools in the Naples neighborhood are independent schools which resisted incorporation into GBUSD. The northernmost schools in Grands Ballons are served by Compton Unified School District.

===Private schools===

Private schools in Grands Ballons include both secular and parochial:
*Bixby Chartered Boarding School (9-12)
*Roxane Knolls Academy (PreK-12)
*Nazareth Christian Academy (K-12)
*Grands Ballons Adventist Academy (K-12)
*St. Anthony High School (9-12)
*Spirit of Prophecy Christian School (K-12)
*Saintiana International School (K-12)
*St. Thomas Lutheran School (K-8)
*Grands Ballons Baptist Academy (K-12)
*Grands Ballons Talmud Torah (PreK-8)

===Colleges and universities===
[[File:Walter Pyramid.jpg|thumb|250px|The {{W|Walter Pyramid}} at {{W|California State University, Long Beach|Sierra National University, Grands Ballons}}.]]
There are several institutions of higher education in Grands Ballons:

*{{W|California State University, Long Beach|Sierra National University, Grands Ballons}} (SNUGB), a large research university affiliated with [[Sierra National University]] founded in 1949
*{{W|Long Beach City College|Grands Ballons City College}}, a public community college with two extension campuses in the Grands Ballons metropolitan area
*Anthony University, a private Catholic university founded in 1927
*Southern Sierra Institute of Culinary Arts (CulArts), a culinary school founded in 1937
*Bixby School of the Arts and Music (BSAM), a visual and performing arts school founded in 1956
*Grands Ballons School of Theology, a nondenominational Christian theological seminary and Bible college

The Sierra National University, Grands Ballons is the city's largest and most prominent institution of higher education. Located just east of the Circle Area district, the university had a campus size of nearly 40,000 students. The campus is one of the most selective in the entire Sierra National University system, and has consistently ranked high in national and Anglo-American lists for its academic excellence and student life.

==Sports==
[[File:Martyrs.svg|thumb|250px|The [[Grands Ballons Martyrs]] is a football team that plays at the Von Holt Arena in Downtown Grands Ballons.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue (capacity)
!Founded
!Titles
!Record Attendance
|-
| [[Grands Ballons Martyrs]]
| {{W|American football}}
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sierran American Football League|SAFL]]
| Overstars Center (67,320)
| align=center | 1959
| align=center | 4
| align=center | 67,121
|-
| Grands Ballons Titans
| {{W|Basketball}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Continental Basketball Association|CBA]]
| Air Sierra Arena (37,809)
| align=center | 1973
| align=center | 2
| align=center | 36,553
|-
| Grands Ballons Clashers
| {{W|Baseball}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Conference League Baseball|CLB]]
| Tri-Port Field Park (40,556)
| align=center | 1968
| align=center | 1
| align=center| 22,930
|-
| Grands Ballons National 49ers
| {{W|American football}}
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Anglo-American Collegiate Athletics|AACA]] Div I (OCE-12)
| Veterans Memorial Stadium (11,600)
| align=center | 1954
| align=center | 3
| align=center | 11,829
|-
| Grands Ballons National Dirtbags
| {{W|Baseball}}
| style="text-align:center;" | AACA Div I (OCE-12)
| Blair Field (2,573)
| align=center | 1954
| align=center | 12
| align=center | 2,780
|-
| Grands Ballons Sirens F.C.
| {{W|Association football}} (soccer)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Royal League Sierra|RLS]]
| TickX Forum (32,000)
| align=center| 1989
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 27,621
|}Grands Ballons is home to three professional teams: [[Sierran American Football League]]'s [[Grands Ballons Martyrs]], who play at the Overstars Center; [[Conference Baseball Association]]'s Grands Ballons Titans, who play at the Air Sierra Arena and Exhibition Center; and [[Conference League Baseball]]'s Grands Ballons Clashers, who play at the Tri-Port Field Park. The city is also home to the Grands Ballons Comets, a women's basketball team, and the Grands Ballons Supreme, a hockey team. It is also home to the Grands Ballons National 49ers and Dirtbags, both of which are part of Sierra National University's athletic program. The program is officially part of the AACA Division I in the Occidental Conference (OCE-12). In addition to having all four major professional teams represented, Grands Ballons is also home to the [[Royal League Sierra]]'s Grands Ballons Sirens F.C., which plays at the TickX Forum in the neighboring city of Putian Hills.

In the past, Grands Ballons has hosted several sports events, including the Mega Bowl championships and venues for the Olympic Games. Both Mega Bowl championship games were held at the Overstars Center, between the Lansing Lancers and the Minnesota Junkers in 1992, and between the Porciúncula Princes and the Houston Brazos in 2007 respectively. Two of Anglo-American college football's {{W|bowl game}}s are held in Grands Ballons: the Carnival Bowl and the Dessiné Bowl. The city also hosts the Grand Ballons Prix, which features formula cars running through a closed-circuit path that loops around Downtown Grands Ballons. The Grands Ballons Marathon runs every October and draws in as many as 55,000 participants, including runners and cyclists.

Grands Ballons will host several events in the upcoming [[2028 Summer Olympics]] (including tennis, field hockey, sailing, and water polo) in an agreement with the City of Porciúncula (the primary host city) and the {{W|International Olympic Committee}}.

==Sites of interest==
[[File:RMS_Queen_Mary_Long_Beach_January_2011_view.jpg|thumb|250px|left|HRMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']]
Grands Ballons is a highly popular tourist destination, with many visitor attractions. It has consistently ranked in the Top 10 most visited cities in Anglo-America, receiving in over 18.5 million visitors each year. It sees its busiest season during Mardi Gras and spring break, attracting young adults and pensioners alike thanks to its live music concerts, happy hours, street festivities, rave parties, and dance clubs. The center of Grands Ballons' partying scene is in the Old Spanish Town, which extends into the East Village and Petit-Rivière. Aside from adult-oriented entertainment, the city also offers plenty of family-friendly forms of entertainment including the world-acclaimed {{W|Aquarium of the Pacific|Grands Ballons Aquarium}}, The Merlin {{W|amusement park|Amusement Pier}}, Splash N' Thrash Water Park, and the Grands Ballons Zoo. In addition, the city is home to the {{W|RMS Queen Mary|HRMS ''Queen Elizabeth''}} (formerly commissioned as the RMS ''Queen Mary''), a retired ocean liner permanently docked in Downtown where she remains as a public museum and hotel.

The Old Spanish Town (known locally as simply, the Town), which was historically a ranchería established by the Spanish colonial government in the late 18th-century, contains vintage hotels, bed and breakfasts, bars, nightclubs, antique stores, cafés, restaurants, and boutique stores. It has been the premier location for tourism in the city, and has attracted millions for its colonial charm, bustling party scene, and vibrant culture. Notable tourist attractions in the Town include Magnolia Street (''Rue Magnolia''), the Basilica of Our Lady of Catalina, Backpackers' Row, Edison Square, Bixby Historic Mansion, and the Hall of the Greats. The Town is also home to the Jean P. Chouteau Park, which straddles alongside the Porciúncula River, and features a prominent botanical garden and a large community center. A recently introduced attraction is the horse-drawn carriage tours, which allows visitors to explore the streets of the Town at a leisurely pace. Various tour guides are offered daily, with each offering a different theme or approach to the Town, including nighttime ghost tours and history-oriented daytime tours.

Adjacent to the Old Spanish Town is the East Village, which features contemporary, modern architecture and upscale businesses and shopping centers. Various internationally renowned restaurants have operations in this part of town, attracting gastronomes worldwide. The East Village is home to a younger population and is fully invested in an artistic, bohemian culture not unlike that in the Old Spanish Town. It is a prominent LGBT-friendly section of town and features gay-friendly bars and establishments.

In addition to the city's numerous museums, art galleries, theaters, and performance halls in Downtown and the Arts District (see ''[[Grands Ballons#Museums, music, and the arts|this section]]''), Grands Ballons has many parks and public spaces. The Jean P. Chouteau Park, the city's largest and oldest park, is home to a large botanical garden which grows over 60 native species of plants, and has one of the largest collections of flowers in the Western Hemisphere in the park's Central Arboretum. In the Naples neighborhood, the {{W|Los Cerritos Wetlands|Los Cerritos Wetlands Wildlife Preserve}}, has been protected and conserved by the Creole Conservancy Trust, which protects southern Sierra's endangered wetland ecosystems.

Aside from the city's beachfront attractions, several private companies and agencies offer boat trips and guides across the harbor. Waterborne activities including jet-skiing, kayaking, and surfing are especially popular during the spring and summer season, although is available year-round. There are also daily ferrying between Grands Ballons and [[Little Gibraltar, Channel Islands|Little Gibraltar]] in the Channel Islands, offering an alternative to the Bonaparte–San Pedro Tunnel for motorists traveling to the Channels. The highly esteemed and historic SS ''Thebes'', a steamship built in the late 19th century, remains in full operation. The steamboat offers a leisurely trip around the bay with full-service buffet or three-course meals while a live band performs variety music.

==Media==

Due to its proximity to Porciúncula, Grands Ballons shares its media market with the larger city, meaning virtually all of the city's major news channels and radio stations also serve the Greater Porciúncula Area as a whole. Each of the five largest national television networks, [[RBS]], [[Tokki]], [[Eagle News Corporation|ENC]], [[16ON]], and [[Sierra Broadcasting Company|SBC]], have high-definition television stations near Grands Ballons (in the city of {{W|Burbank, California|Providencia}}) (WRMX 2, WGS 4, WKMT 5, KPLA 7, and KPIN 11). Nearly every other significant television networks are also represented in the area and serve Grands Ballons, alongside the rest of the Greater Porciúncula Area.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*2 WRMX ([[RBS]])
*4 WGS ([[Tokki]])
*5 WKMT ([[Eagle News Corporation|ENC]])
*7 KPLA ([[16ON]])
{{col-break}}
*11 KPIN ([[Sierra Broadcasting Company|SBC]])
*13 WGBF (TV Monde)
*18 WGBA (Nueva Vida)
*22 KGAM (Ascensión)
{{col-break}}
*32 KJXL (Public Link)
*36 KPIN (Medi)
*40 KHOA (TBC)
*42 KWEX (SNN)
{{col-end}}

Grands Ballons has one local newspaper, the ''Grands Ballons Observer'', which publishes daily, covering world, national, and local news pertaining to the Saintiana region. The ''Observer'' has a daily circulation of 213,982 and a Sunday circulation of 338,309. The publishers of the ''Observer'' also produce a monthly popular culture and lifestyle magazine, the ''Grands Ballons Traveler''. Its main competitor is the Grands Ballons edition of the ''Porciúncula Times'', which sees a daily circulation of 179,014. The Sierra National University, Grands Ballons produces a student-run newspaper, the ''Forty-Niner Bee'', which publishes Mondays to Thursdays, during the fall and spring semesters.

Grands Ballons and Saintiana are part of the Greater Porciúncula Area {{W|Designated Market Area}}. Like in television, the city shares practically all of its radio stations with the rest of the region. It is the headquarters of several radio stations in both AM and FM frequencies, most of which are broadcast in French.

Due to a combination of the city's proximity to {{W|Hollywood}} and its own fame as a culturally unique and iconic city, Grands Ballons has been a frequent setting and subject in Hollywood films, television, and music. Its variety of locations and its friendly policies towards filmmakers have allowed the city to stand-in for shoots or scenes for many places around the world and within Sierra. The city has also been home to local television studios, the most famous of which is Balboa Studios, which operated from 1913 to 1997. The Kimmy Awards-winning television series ''Hempire'' takes place and is shot in Grands Ballons, with filmography and principal photography done at various locations including Grands Ballons Polytechnic High School and St. Charles Boulevard. The city was also the subject of the 2007 post-apocalyptic horror film ''The Final Coda'', which depicted Grands Ballons in ruins and inhabited by hostile mutant zombies.

==Transportation==

===Airports===
[[File:Grands Ballons Airport.svg|thumb|250px|Logo of the Grands Ballons International Airport]]
Grands Ballons and its immediate vicinity is primarily serviced by the [[Grands Ballons International Airport]], located in the Circle Area. The airport is one of the nation's busiest, and was opened in 1994 to relieve congestion from the nearby busier and larger [[Porciúncula International Airport|LAX]] as a {{W|relief airport}}. It has since expanded to accommodate its own international service flights, and is the hub for the airline [[Sierrair]]. In addition, there are several other regional airports within half an hour driving distance, including the {{W|John Wayne Airport|Queen Elizabeth International Airport}} in [[St. Anne]], [[Orange]]. Grands Ballons International contained the third busiest traffic and third largest passenger volume in the country. As of 2017, the airport has handled more than 24 million passengers per year, with service to more than 50 destinations, and hosting flights from 14 different airlines. The airport includes non-stop flights to destinations in [[Rainier]], [[Brazoria]], the [[United Commonwealth]], [[Hani]], {{W|Japan}}, {{W|China}}, [[Great Korean Empire|Korea]], [[South Vietnam]], [[Mexican Social Republic|Mexico]], {{W|Colombia}}, and [[Alaska]]. Scheduled bus stops and shuttle lines help connect travelers to and from the airport to the hotels throughout the city. A Grands Ballons metro line is also connected directly to the airport, which connects passengers to the Great Sierran Rail Network.

The smaller McDonnell Douglas Airport is located in the neighborhood of Laumet. The airport is the city's hub for {{W|general aviation}}, and it devotes over 75% of its air traffic and operations to flights falling within this category. Only a small fraction of scheduled flights arrive and depart from this airport, with the rest mainly consisting of air taxi and military air operations.

===Roads===
[[File:Paul Dresden Bridge.jpg|thumb|250px|The Paul Dresden Bridge and {{W|Interstate 710 (California)|GC Provincial Route 5}}]]
Grands Ballons is served by six controlled-access highways (freeways), of which two are Interprovincials ({{W|Interstate 405 (California)|Interprovincial 2B}} and {{W|Interstate 605 (California)|Interprovincial 2C}}). This freeway system connects Grands Ballons with the rest of Greater Porciúncula and Orange areas. The I-2B travels northwest–southeast through the center of the city as the Saintiana Expressway. It continues into the city of {{W|Carson, California|Garçonville}} to the west and the [[Gold Coast]]–[[Orange]] border (at the town of {{W|Rossmoor, California|Rossmoor}}) to the east. The I-2B splits from the I-2B near this border, just outside the city limits, before entering and then exiting a short, narrow section of the eastern Grands Ballons neighborhood of El Dorado. It is a major freeway that runs north–south, and directs traffic in the region towards the {{W|San Gabriel Valley}}.

The famous {{W|California State Route 1|K.S. Scenic Route 16}} runs west–east through most of Grands Ballons before making a sharp southeast turn towards the city of Pinnipède-Landing. Before exiting the city, the scenic highway spurs off the intersection between East 7th Street and the western terminus of the {{W|California State Route 22|K.S. Route 22}}–Interprovincial 2B {{W|concurrency (road)|concurrency}}. Short sections of the small provincial highways, {{W|California State Route 47|Route 47}} and {{W|California State Route 103|Route 103}} run along the southwestern extremity of the city, terminating near or on Terminal Island. {{W|Interstate 710 (California)|Provincial Route 5}} is a major spur route from Porciúncula that runs alongside western Grands Ballons, and terminates in the city of {{W|Alhambra, California|New Granada}}. This route is one of the busiest in the nation and is a vital link for trucks transporting goods in and out of the Tri-Port Area.

In addition to the Interprovincials and Gold Coast Provincial Routes, the city is served by numerous major {{W|arterial road}}s, which runs through the busiest and densest sections of the city. The most prominent bridge in the city is the {{W|Gerald Desmond Bridge|Paul Dresden Bridge}} on Provincial Route 5. The {{W|through arch bridge}} crosses over the {{W|Back Channel}} to {{W|Terminal Island}} in the Port of Grands Ballons. Portions of the {{W|Henry Ford Bridge|Peter Greason Bridge}} is within Grands Ballons city limits. Another noteworthy bridge is the Queensway Bridge, which connects Carnival Peninsula to Downtown Grands Ballons, over Queensway Bay of the Porciúncula River. It is known for its bright, colorful nighttime display, and its holiday decorations during the Christmas season and other times of the years.

====Major freeways====

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
*[[File:Interprovincial 2B (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 405 (California)|Inteprovincial 2B}} (Saintiana Freeway)
*[[File:Interprovincial 2C (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 605 (California)|Interprovincial 2C}} (San Gabriel River Freeway)
*[[File:Route 16 (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 1|K.S. Scenic Route 16}} (Pacific Coast Highway) [[File:Sierra Scenic Route.svg|32x30px]]
*[[File:Gold Coast Route 5.svg|32x30px]] {{W|Interstate 710 (California)|Gold Coast Provincial Route 5}} (Grands Ballons Freeway)
{{Col-break}}
*[[File:Gold Coast Route 47.svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 47|Gold Coast Provincial Route 47}}
*[[File:Gold Coast Route 103.svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 103|Gold Coast Provincial Route 103}}
*[[File:Route 22 (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 22|K.S. Route 22}} (Sarangnha Freeway)
*[[File:Route 91 (Gold Coast).svg|32x30px]] {{W|California State Route 91|K.S. Route 91}} (Artésien Freeway)
{{Col-break}}
{{Col-end}}

===Rail===
[[File:Grands Ballons Metro.svg|thumb|250px|Logo of the GBM (Grands Ballons Metro)]]

The Greater Porciúncula Metropolitan Authority (the Porcy Metro) operates its services and lines within Grands Ballons and St. Anthony County as the Grands Ballons Metro. Its primary line is the Cobalt Line, a light rail service which connects the Grands Ballons Downtown Station with the Metro Center in Downtown Porciúncula. Along the Cobalt Line are stops are the Gateway Cities and the southern neighborhoods of Porciúncula. From the Compton Station, passengers can connect to the MetroLink, which forms an integral part of the Great Sierran Rail Network, with lines throughout the Greater Porciúncula Area and beyond. In addition to the Cobalt Line, Grands Ballons is also a stop at the west–east Orange Line, which transit users can access to travel to cities in [[Orange]] and the [[Inland Empire]]. Smaller light rail routes and connections have been developed over the years, as mandated under the federal National Public Rail Transportation Act of 1996, which brought much-needed public transportation projects to lower income neighborhoods, including those in Grands Ballons.

===Buses and streetcars===

Grands Ballons Transit provides local public transportation within Grands Ballons, Porcupine Hill, and Putian Park. As of 2017, the city operates over 220 buses running on 40 bus routes, with most regular service bus routes beginning and ending at the Downtown Grands Ballons station near the Hotel Center. Since 2002, the entire Transit bus line runs over 75% of its fuel on {{W|natural gas}} and other {{W|biodiesel}} in order to reduce the city's carbon footprint. It makes connecting stops to other bus lines outside its service area, mostly to neighboring communities. In addition to the standard buses, the Transit operates full-service shuttle lines, ferrying passengers from the city to the Grands Ballons International Airport and LAX. The shuttle is free to the public and a rotating line of shuttles arrives at key stops every 15 minutes from 5:30 am to 9:30 pm daily.

===Bicycling and walkability===

In 2014, Grands Ballons was awarded the Most Bicycle-Friendly City in Sierra by ''Cyclist Digest'' for its extensive network of bike paths and bicyclist-friendly infrastructure. A total of 80 miles of Class 1 bicycle paths (separated off-road bike paths) have been completed, with many Class 2 bike paths (painted line paths alongside public roads) and Class 3 (connecting paths to roads with cars) paths in the city. The city was one of the first in Sierra to promote and provide {{W|bicycle-sharing system|bike-sharing}}, which is provided by the Grands Ballons Public Bicycle Corporation, a gentrified trust operating on behalf of the city. The Shoreline Trail, a 4.6 mile long path along the coastline, is one of the busiest paths in the region, and attracts bike traffic continuously. As part of the city's Greener Earth Initiative, the government has sought to add more bike lanes to existing roads, and build more signage and lights to facilitate safer cycling conditions throughout the city. The city's simple grid plan, generally flat topography, and mild weather have been attributed to high ridership in the city.

According to ''Pacific Living'''s Walkability Index, Grands Ballons was the twelfth most walkable major city in Sierra and the twenty-second in Anglo-America in 2015. The review noted the city's "outstanding and ongoing commitment" towards improving pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and its large density of pedestrian/cyclist-exclusive paths. It also praised the city's brightly lit walking spaces and overall orderly maintenance in the downtown area.

===Ferries and watercraft===

Grands Ballons operates four full-time ferry routes within its harbors. The Great French Route connects passengers from The Merlin docking area to [[Little Gibraltar, Channel Islands|Little Gibraltar]], which takes roughly an hour. There are also daily ferry routes connecting Grands Ballons with {{W|Newport Beach, California|Newport Beach}} and {{W|Dana Point, California|Point Dana}} in [[Orange]]. Alternating {{W|catamaran}} ferries leave and arrive the dock every half an hour, and can each transport as much as 1,200 passengers including the crew. The shorter Inter-Harbor Route transports passengers between the Carnival Peninsula and Petite-Rivière. Both landing areas are near bus stops as well.

==Heraldic divisions==

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Grands Ballons}}
*[[17 Cliipper the Red God]]: hip hop artist
*{{W|Nicholas Cage}}: actor
*{{W|Shane Dawson}}: internet celebrity
*{{W|Nate Dogg}}: hip hop artist
*{{W|Snoop Dogg}}: hip hop artist
*[[LoWavCee]]: synth-pop artist
*{{W|Jeanette McCurdy}}: actress
*{{W|Frank Ocean}}: R&B artist and rapper
*{{W|Jenni Rivera}}: singer and television producer
*{{W|Russell Westbrook}}: football player
*{{W|Tay-K}}: hip hop artist
*[[Streetside]]: record producer.

==Sister cities==

Grands Ballons has ten {{W|sister city|sister cities}}, and the year of initial partnership is provided:
*{{Flagicon|United People's Committees}} {{W|Cartagena}}, [[United People's Committees]] (1992)
*{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{W|Dartford}}, {{W|England}}, [[United Kingdom]] (1996)
*[[File:Flag of Texas.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Galveston, Texas|Galveston}}, [[Houston Metropolitan Province|Houston M.P.]], [[Brazoria]] (1972)
*[[File:Flag of the United Commonwealth.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Louisville}}, [[Kentucky]], [[United Commonwealth]] (1989)
*[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Kawazu}}, [[Japan]] (2005)
*{{flagicon|United Commonwealth}} {{W|New Orleans}}, [[Acadiana]], [[United Commonwealth]] (1969)
*[[File:Flag of France.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Saint-Tropez}}, [[France]] (1981)
*{{Flagicon|Astoria}} {{W|Spokane}}, {{W|Washington (state)|Washington}}, [[Astoria]] (1988)
*[[File:Flag of Hani.svg|22x20px|border]] {{W|Calbayog City|Tiaiban}}, [[Republic of Tondo|Tondo]] (2001)
*{{Flagicon|China}} {{W|Wenzhou}}, [[China]] (2004)

==See also==

*[[Creole Coast]]
*[[Sierran Creole people]]
*[[St. Anthony County, Gold Coast]]
*[[List of Kingdom of Sierra cities by population|List of largest cities in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
{{Geographic Location
|Centre = Grands Ballons
|North = [[Putian Park, Gold Coast|Putian Park]] & [[Junzi City, Gold Coast|Junzi City]]
|Northeast = [[Monterose, Gold Coast|Monterose]] & [[Cerritos de los Coyotes, Gold Coast|Cerritos de los Coyotes]]
|East = [[Hawaiian Gardens, Gold Coast|Hawaiian Gardens]] & [[Los Alamitos, Gold Coast|Los Alamitos]]
|Southeast = [[Pinnipède-Landing, Gold Coast|Pinnipède-Landing]]
|South = ''{{W|Pacific Ocean}}''
|Southwest = [[St. Pierre-Chah, Porciúncula|St. Pierre-Chah]] & [[Port of Porciúncula]]
|West = [[Del Amo, Gold Coast|Del Amo]] & [[Wilmington, Porciúncula|Wilmington]]
|Northwest = [[Compton, Gold Coast|Compton]]
}}
{{St. Anthony County, Gold Coast}}
{{Gold Coast topics}}
{{Greater Porciúncula Area}}
{{Atbox|
{{En-WP attribution notice|History of California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|History of California before 1900}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|History of California (1900–present)}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Long Beach, California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|Los Angeles County, California}}
{{En-WP attribution notice|New Orleans}}
}}
[[Category:Grands Ballons]]
[[Category:Cities in St. Anthony County, Gold Coast]]
[[Category:County seats in the Gold Coast]]
[[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in the Gold Coast]]
[[Category:Spanish mission settlements in North America]]
[[Category:1797 establishments in Alta California]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in the Gold Coast]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in the Gold Coast]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1797]]

2020 Sierran federal election

2024-11-17T23:44:11Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|Altverse II|FA}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2020 Sierran federal election
| country = Kingdom of Sierra
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing =
| previous_election = [[2016 Sierran federal election]]
| previous_year = [[2016 Sierran federal election|2016]]
| election_date = May 1, 2020
| next_election = [[2021 Sierran federal election]]
| next_year = [[2021 Sierran federal election|2021]]
| seats_for_election = All 276 seats in the [[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]] and 26 (of 77) regular seats in the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]] 139 seats needed for a majority in the House of Commons
| majority_seats =
| registered = {{UP}} 43,350,082
| turnout = 37,819,301
| opinion_polls = 2020 Sierran federal election#Opinion polling
| previous_mps = [[List of MPs elected in the 2016 Sierran federal election|outgoing members]]
| elected_mps = [[List of MPs elected in the 2020 Sierran federal election|elected members]]

| image3 = [[File:Aubrey Plaza by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader3 = [[Nemesis Heartwell]]
| party3 = Royalist Party of Sierra
| leader_since3 = October 18, 2017
| leaders_seat3 = South Greater Bernheim
| last_election3 = 110 seats, 39.37%
| seats3 = 70
| seat_change3 = {{DOWN}} 40
| popular_vote3 = 9,609,884
| percentage3 = 25.41%
| swing3 = {{DOWN}} -13.96 {{W|percentage point|pp}}

| image2 = [[File:Yang-mimi.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader2 = [[Maggie Chan]]
| party2 = Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra
| leader_since2 = October 16, 2017
| leaders_seat2 = West San Jose
| last_election2 = 108 seats, 39.13%
| seats2 = 71
| seat_change2 = {{DOWN}} 37
| popular_vote2 = 9,681,741
| percentage2 = 25.60%
| swing2 = {{DOWN}} -13.53 {{W|percentage point|pp}}

| image5 = [[File:Gurbir S. Grewal.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader5 = [[Ravinder Didbal]]
| party5 = Libertarian Party of Sierra
| leader_since5 = December 13, 2013
| leaders_seat5 = Spring Valley
| last_election5 = 32 seats, 11.59%
| seats5 = 14
| seat_change5 = {{DOWN}} 18
| popular_vote5 = 2,011,986
| percentage5 = 5.32%
| swing5 = {{DOWN}} -6.27 {{W|percentage point|pp}}

| image1= [[File:Susan Kwon.png|150x150px]]
| leader1= [[Susan Kwon]]
| party1= Social Democrats of Sierra
| leader_since1 = December 10, 2017
| last_election1 = 17 seats, 6.20%
| leaders_seat1 = Tenderloin
| seats1 = '''73'''
| seat_change1 = {{UP}} 56
| popular_vote1 = '''10,566,968'''
| percentage1 = '''28.02%'''
| swing1 = {{UP}} +21.82 {{W|percentage point|pp}}

| image6= [[File:Charlie_Cox_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader6= [[Jonathan Mueller]]
| party6= Green Party of Sierra
| leader_since6 = April 28, 2016
| last_election6 = 9 seats, 4.83%
| leaders_seat6 = Grand Appleton
| seats6 = 12
| seat_change6 = {{UP}} 3
| popular_vote6 = 1,565,719
| percentage6 = 5.15%
| swing6 = {{UP}} +0.32 {{W|percentage point|pp}}

| image4 =[[File:Ben_Carson_by_Skidmore_with_lighting_correction.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader4 = [[Maximilien Lavallée]]
| party4 = Christian Democratic Party of Sierra
| leader_since4 = June 16, 2018
| leaders_seat4 = ''Ran in High Desert''
| last_election4 = 0 seats, 0.0%
| seats4 = 32
| seat_change4 = {{UP}} 32
| popular_vote4 = 3,868,915
| percentage4 = 10.23%
| swing4 = –

| map_image = 2020 Sierran federal election map.svg
| map_size = 365px
| map_caption = A map presenting the results of the election, by party of the MP elected from each constituency.

| title = [[Prime Minister of Sierra|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Nemesis Heartwell]]
| before_party = Royalist Party of Sierra
| after_election = [[Susan Kwon]]
| after_party = Social Democrats of Sierra
}}The '''2020 Sierran federal election''' for the 78th [[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]] was held on Friday, May 1, 2020. According to the Fixed Legislative Session Act of 2005, the election was required to be held no later than 1825 days (five years) after the previous election on December 16, 2016, making the latest possible date on December 15, 2021. However, on February 19, 2020, due to the political consequences and fallout of the [[Red Rock Castle crisis]], the House of Commons approved a motion to call early elections by a vote of 141 for the motion and 134 against the motion. A third of the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]]'s 77 regular senatorial seats are also scheduled for reelection in 2020. The election was originally scheduled for April 3, 2020 but was postponed by an entire month due to concerns of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Both constitutional and federal laws did not require that House and Senate elections be held concurrently unless there is a {{W|double dissolution}}. However, due to prevailing convention, the Senate passed a motion to hold a simultaneous election on the same date as the House's snap election.

All 276 members of the House of Commons were elected through {{W|mixed-member proportional representation}} from 250 {{W|first-past-the-post}} constituencies and 26 {{W|party-list proportional representation|proportional party lists}}. To secure a majority, a government needed to win 139 seats. Since no party has reached a majority since the [[1983 Sierran federal election|1983 election]], the winning party would prevail by achieving
a {{W|plurality}} and would need the support of two or more parties or a formal {{W|confidence and supply}} arrangement with another party that would agree to abstain from votes of confidence and budget.

Analysts and pollsters had predicted that the Royalists will likely lose a large share of its seats and that the Conservative coalition between the Royalists and [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]] may not be able to sustain a coalition government. Similarly, the [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]] are projected to lose a number of seats in the elections. Media coverage has focused on the potential rise of the [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]] and the [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]].

The election resulted in a Social Democratic plurality of 3 seats, acquiring a net gain of 56 seats in the process, one of the largest electoral gains in Sierran history. The party won 28.02% of the popular vote. The election has been called a {{W|realigning election}} as it saw major gains by third parties and major losses for the historically top three performing parties. The Royalist and Libertarian parties incurred substantial losses to the emerging [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]], including its stronghold in the [[Deseret]] and Eastern Interior Sierra. The Democratic-Republicans also loss various seats that were traditionally blue in the Styxie and Creole Coast to the Social Democrats.

This would ultimately be the last federal election in Sierra in which it was held while the kingdom was made up of three constituent countries. Almost a year later, a [[2021 El Norte status referendums|series of referendums]] in [[El Norte]] would lead to the establishment of [[Bajaría]] as the fourth constituent country, increasing the size of parliament and leading to a [[2021 Sierran federal election|second snap election]] which re-affirmed the results and re-alignment established by Kwon.

==Background==
{{See also|Red Rock Castle crisis|2019–20 Sierran protests}}
[[File:Prince George of Sonora.png|thumb|170px|left|[[Prince George the Elder of Sonora]] was the subject of major controversy and was the catalyst towards the 2020 early election]]
[[Nemesis Heartwell]] began her premiership in October 2017, having taken over from [[Leslie Steele]] (who served as acting prime minister following the resignation of disgraced Prime Minister [[Daniel McComb]] due to [[Daniel McComb sexual abuse allegations|sexual abuse allegations]]). Her party – the Royalist and Federalist Party of Sierra – had governed Sierra since the [[2016 Sierran federal election]] in a coalition government with the [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]]. Throughout Heartwell's premiership, she faced internal pressure in the House and public pressure to hold a general election. She has been accused of holding controversial positions or making controversial statements on immigration, nationalism, and foreign relations. Despite demands for an election by the opposition, she and her coalition resisted and claimed that McComb's electoral mandate in 2016 remained relevant and would not seek another election until the legally scheduled year of 2022.

In October 2019, there was a string of new evidence and allegations of sexual misconduct by [[Prince George the Elder of Sonora]], who was the {{W|regent}} at the time. Following renewed protests and public outrage, the Prince Elder stepped down from his position as regent and returned the full powers and responsibilities of the Crown to his great-niece, Queen [[Elizabeth II of Sierra|Elizabeth II]]. Over the next few months, the [[Occidental Palace]] was criticized for its meager response to the allegations. The Queen waived the royal immunities of the Prince Elder from civil and criminal prosecution, but did not strip the Prince Elder of his royal titles or disown him from the family. Starting in mid-December 2019, the [[Royal Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[Porciúncula Sheriff's Department]] began full-scale investigations on the Prince Elder and formally indicted the Prince Elder on January 8, 2020 on several felony charges including statutory rape and extortion. The Prince Elder fled to his personal estate, the [[Red Rock Castle]] in {{W|Summerlin, Nevada|Summerlin}}, [[Clark]] where he was able to avoid arrest due to existing laws suspending all law enforcement actions against royals on the ground of official residences. The situation produced a constitutional crisis which came to be known as the [[Red Rock Castle crisis]], which lasted a total of 8 days before the Prince Elder committed suicide on January 18, 2020.

Following the Prince Elder's death, public reaction was mixed and the Occidental Palace decided to hold a private funeral for the deceased royal rather than hold a state funeral out of respect for the alleged victims. Prime Minister Heartwell ordered a traditional 10-day of mourning which was criticized by opponents and critics due to the circumstances surrounding the Prince Elder and his alleged crimes. The RBI commenced an official inquest on the Prince Elder's death and stated it would continue ongoing criminal investigation on the royal despite the Prince Elder's death. Heartwell and the Royalist government faced mounting pressure to condemn the Prince Elder outright and to reduce the power and influence of the monarchy on the party. The Queen also faced backlash for her seeming unawareness of her late great-uncle's crimes and her family was accused of covering up some of his crimes, claims of which she flatly denied.

[[Republicanism in Sierra|Republicanism]] resurged in national polls and online, especially in the [[Styxie]] where the region has historically been a hotbed for the issue. Increasing threats of violence or terrorist acts made against the monarchy and its supporters were also made. Former militant organizations such as the [[Sierran Liberation Army]] and the [[United Farmers' Front]] issued statements warning the possible return of violence experienced during [[The Disturbances]]. Supporters of the monarchy including the [[Sierran Jacobites]] also emerged in light of the crisis to rally in defense of the Crown. Various monarchist organizations condemned the attacks against the monarchy and sought to distance the Prince Elder and his alleged crimes from the rest of the Sierran Royal Family.

There were four failed attempts to call for an election prior to the Red Rock Castle crisis and one on January 22. Parliament insisted that Heartwell call for a snap election in order to reflect the prevailing political opinions and consensus of the people. Heartwell and the Conservative coalition rejected each call as "opportunistic" and stated that voters may be "temporarily inflamed and biased" by the recent events. After several Royalist and Libertarian MPs, including MP [[Todd Weiner]] (R) indicated they would consider joining the opposition in calling for an early election, Heartwell and parliamentary whips held an emergency meeting with partisan members on February 11 to sign a pledge to reaffirm their commitment to not vote for any motions of no confidence or motion for an early election.

In an attempt to compromise, Heartwell proposed an early election dated in February 2021, which would bring the date closer by more than a year than the previously scheduled election. This proposal was rejected and [[Leader of the Opposition (Sierra)|Leader of the Opposition]] [[Maggie Chan]] announced she had reached enough votes to call for an early election on February 17 and would go to bring the vote on February 19. Heartwell reportedly considered requesting the Crown to [[Prorogation in Sierra|prorogue]] Parliament to delay the vote but did not consider it. On February 19, the motion to call for an early election was proposed before the floor following the end of the Prime Minister's Question session. The motion passed narrowly with 141 MPs voting in favor of the motion, 134 MPs voting against the motion, and 1 MP abstaining from the vote. All of the Democratic-Republicans, Social Democrats, and Greens voted in favor of the motion while the majority of Royalist and Libertarian MPs voted against the motion. 9 Royalists and 18 Libertarians crossed the aisle to support the motion. As the motion was binding, it passed on the same day it was proposed and was fast-tracked to the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]] which approved the measure despite some opposition from the Royalist-controlled chamber. Within hours of the Senate's approval, Prime Minister Heartwell formally presented the bill to the Queen for {{W|royal assent}}, which was granted and thereby became law as the Early Parliamentary Federal Election Act of 2020. The bill specified that the election would be held on Friday, April 3, 2020. A separate bill in the Senate was passed to move the scheduled election of Class III regular senators to be held concurrently on the same day as the House elections.

==Electoral system==

250 of the 276 [[Member of Parliament (Sierra)|members]] in the House of Commons are elected by {{W|first-past-the-post}} (FPTP) from single-member constituencies, while 26 members of Parliament are elected from {{W|open list}} {{W|party-list proportional representation|proportional party representation}} for seats which are reserved for proportional representation. Voters will in effect, elect at least one candidate and a party on the same ballot. 26 of the 77 regular senators in the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]] (there are 125 senators overall including generally non-elected [[commissioned senator]]s) are elected by first-past-the-post from two-member constituencies based on their class cycle. The current class of senators seeking reelection in 2020 are Class III as most have last seen election in 2014 (Class III senators who were elected in by-elections to fill vacancies between 2014 and 2020 must still contest in the 2020 election).

===Date of the election===

The Early Parliamentary Federal Election of 2020 declared that Friday, April 3, 2020 would be the date of the election. The deadline for candidates and parties to register is Friday, March 6, 2020. On Saturday, March 14, 2020, Queen [[Elizabeth II of Sierra|Elizabeth II]], based on the advice of the [[Privy Council of Sierra|Privy Council]], issued an edict to postpone the election until Friday, May 1, 2020, a whole month ahead of the original date. Other related deadlines were also rescheduled accordingly. Polling in most PSAs will open at 8 AM and close by 9 PM local time. A select number of polls in certain counties may close earlier or closer depending on the population size of the local precinct. The last polls to close will be in [[Hawaii]] which is [[Time in Sierra|3 hours behind]] [[Porciúncula]]. The official results of the election is expected to be announced on the following day on Saturday, May 2, 2020, although full results may be delayed as far as Wednesday, May 6, 2020.

====Voting eligibility====

K.S. citizens eligible to vote must be registered by midnight on April 17, 2020 by mail (postmarked by that date) or online. Due to a moratorium against physical polling stations and ongoing stay-at-home orders, voters may only register in-person with the local Registrar of Voters office online or by mail up to the day of the election, postmarked by 8 PM before voting officially closes by 9 PM local time. To be eligible to vote, individuals have to be 18 years or over; residing as a Sierran citizen at an address in the Kingdom of Sierra (excluding all territories except the [[Channel Islands]]); and not legally excluded (on grounds as a convicted felon, a prisoner currently serving a sentence lasting longer than a year, a person committed to a mental hospital or institution longer than 3 months, or a fugitive of the law); or disqualified from voting.

====Timetable====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Wednesday, February 19, 2020 || Passage of the Early Parliamentary Federal Election Act of 2020 through the [[House of Commons of Sierra|House of Commons]]. Expedited passages of the same act and the Senatorial Election Alignment Act of 2020 through the [[Senate of Sierra|Senate]]. Both passages receive {{W|royal assent}} and comes into force immediately. The act initially set for federal elections to be held on April 3, 2020.
|-
|Friday, February 21, 2020 || Dissolution of [[Parliament of Sierra|Parliament]] and official start of the campaign. Beginning of the Heartwell caretaker government. Royal Proclamation summoning a new Parliament and setting the date for its first meeting issued.
|-
| Saturday, February 22, 2020 || Receipt of {{W|writ of election|writ}} – legal documents declaring election issued.
|-
| From Sunday, February 23, 2020 || Notice of election given in constituencies.
|-
| Wednesday, February 26, 2020 || Registration of participating parties and ballot access close.
|-
| Saturday, February 29, 2020 || Nominations for candidates close.
|-
| Saturday, March 14, 2020 || Crown issues edict to postpone elections by one month, from April 3, 2020 to May 1, 2020.
|-
| Thursday, March 26, 2020 || Crown issues moratorium towards voting at physical polling locations. Election to be held entirely by mail-in ballots.
|-
|}

==Retiring incumbents==

The following members of the 78th House of Commons did not seek re-election.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Constituency
! Departing MP
! colspan="2"|Party
! First elected
! Date confirmed
|-
| Central San Gabriel
| Allen Huang
! style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| [[1990 Sierran federal election|1990]]
| February 23, 2020
|-
| Kings Interior Far East
| Hank S. Brundy
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]
| [[1986 Sierran federal election|1986]]
| February 20, 2020
|-
| Oahu-at-Large
| Megan Okazaki
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| [[2004 Sierran federal election|2004]]
| February 22, 2020
|-
| Southeast San Diego
| Rosalia Carmen-Rubio
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| [[1998 Sierran federal election|1998]]
| February 21, 2020
|-
| Surrey-Temescal
| Pedro Diaz
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]
| [[2004 Sierran federal election|2004]]
| February 23, 2020
|-
|}

==Contesting political parties and candidates==

===Federal Sierra and Hawaii===

Major parties (parties with multiple [[Member of Parliament (Sierra)|MPs]] at dissolution, those that currently have multiple [[Member of the American Parliament|MAPs]], or have won more than 0.50% of the popular vote in the 2017 election) that contested this election in [[Sierra|Federal Sierra]] and [[Hawaii]] are shown below with their results at the [[2017 Sierran federal election|2017 federal election]], ordered by the number of seats they won.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Party leader(s)
! rowspan="2" | Leader since
! rowspan="2" | Leader's seat
! colspan="2" | Last election
! rowspan="2" | Seats at dissolution
! rowspan="2" | Contested seats
|-
! % of votes
! Seats
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist and Federalist Party]]
|[[Nemesis Heartwell]]
| data-sort-value="2019-10-17" | [[2017 Royalist Party leadership election|October 2017]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | South Greater Bernheim
| style="text-align:right;" | 37.74%
| style="text-align:right;" | 117
| style="text-align:right;" | 110
| 276 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican Party]]
|[[Maggie Chan]]
| data-sort-value="2019-10-17" | [[2017 Democratic-Republican Party leadership election|October 2017]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | West San Jose
| style="text-align:right;" | 37.51%
| style="text-align:right;" | 113
| style="text-align:right;" | 108
| 271 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|[[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian Party]]
|[[Ravinder Didbal]]
| date-srt-value="2013-12-13" | [[2013 Libertarian Party leadership election|December 2013]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | Spring Valley
| style="text-align:right;" | 11.59%
| style="text-align:right;" | 32
| style="text-align:right;" | 32
| 244 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|[[Social Democrats of Sierra]]
|[[Susan Kwon]]
| date-srt-value="2017-12-17" | [[2017 Social Democrats leadership election|December 2017]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | Tenderloin
| style="text-align:right;" | 5.46%
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
| 269 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|[[Green Party of Sierra|Green Party]]
|[[Jonathan Mueller]]
| date-srt-value="2016-04-01" | [[2016 Green Party of Sierra leadership election|April 2016]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | Grand Appleton
| style="text-align:right;" | 3.71%
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
| 255 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democratic Party]]
| [[Maximilien Lavallée]]
| data-srt-value="2016-04-05" | [[2018 Christian Democratic Party leadership election|June 2018]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 1.01%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 238 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Communist Party of Sierra|Communist Party]]
| [[Kenneth Morrison]]
| data-srt-value="2016-04-05" | [[2012 Communist Party of Sierra leadership election|March 2012]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.89%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 260 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continentalist Party]]
| [[Zelda Winnifred]]
| [[2019 Continentalist Party of Sierra leadership election|August 2019]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.55%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 186 seats in the Kingdom of Sierra
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Hawaiian Sovereignty Party|Hawaiian Sovereignty Party]]
| [[Kealoha Laenui]]
| [[2015 Hawaiian Sovereignty leadership election|September 2015]]
| style="white-space:nowrap;" | ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 0.84%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 8 seats in Hawaii
|}

===Deseret===

A few number of Sierran political parties organize in the Deseret at the Kingdom-level but generally do not contest in local elections or the Deseret's own national elections. As such, the main political parties in the Deseret are different from the rest of the KS and most adhere and operate to a policy of {{W|abstentionism}} and do not take up any seats in Parliament to which they are elected. The largest political party, the [[People's Party (Deseret)|People's Party]], sends its elected MPs to Parliament as [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] through a bipartisan agreement.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Party leader(s)
! rowspan="2" | Leader since
! rowspan="2" | Leader's seat
! colspan="2" | Last election (in the Deseret)
! rowspan="2" | Seats at dissolution
! rowspan="2" | Contested seats (out of 5)
|-
! % of votes
! Seats
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{People's Party (Deseret)/meta/color}}" |
| [[People's Party (Deseret)|People's Party]]
| [[Daniel J. Wells]]
| September 2016
| ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 84.56%
| style="text-align:right;" | 5*
| style="text-align:right;" | 5*
| 5
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Honeybee Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Honeybee Party]]
| [[Paul Bickerton]]
| April 2011
| ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 8.73%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 0
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Social Democrats of the Deseret|Social Democrats]]
| [[Jocelyn Webster]]
| July 2019
| ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 4.21%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 0
|-
| width="1" bgcolor="{{Independent/meta/color}}" |
| [[Mormon Independence Party]]
| [[Leroy Jeffs]]
| June 2016
| ''None''
| style="text-align:right;" | 2.98%
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| style="text-align:right;" | 0
| 0
|}
{{Small|<nowiki>*</nowiki>The People's Party represents itself as [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] in the [[Parliament of Sierra|National Parliament]].}}

===2017–20 MPs and senators standing under a different political affiliation===

Eight MPs elected in 2017 (or a by-election between 2017 and 2020) contested this election for a different party or as an independent candidate; one stood for a different seat.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Outgoing MP
! colspan="2" |2017 party
!2017 constituency
! colspan="2" |2020 party
!2020 constituency
|-
|[[Maya Davis]]
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Knob Hill
{{party name with color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
|Union Square
|-
|[[Jimmy Fernandez]]
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Putian
{{party name with color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
|Putian
|-
|[[Nazareth Ontoria-Diaz]]*
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Murphy-Glendale
{{party name with color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
|Murphy-Glendale
|-
|[[John Seymour]]
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra}}
|Little Antioch
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Little Antioch
|-
|[[Felix Sypher]]
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Bixby
{{party name with color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
|Bixby
|-
|[[Linda Truong]]
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist}}
|Sarangnha South
{{party name with color|Christian Democratic Party of Sierra}}
|Sarangnha South
|-
|[[Todd Weiner]]
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist}}
|Sutter
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Sutter
|-
|[[Jake Ziegler]]
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist}}
|Southeast Tahoe
{{party name with color|Christian Democratic Party of Sierra}}
|Southeast Tahoe
|}
{{Small|<nowiki>*</nowiki>Elected in a 2018 by-election}}

===Withdrawn or disowned candidates===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width=100pt|Candidate
! colspan="2" width=130pt|Party
! width=220pt|Constituency
! Reason for withdrawal
! Date
|-
|{{sortname|Leslie|Atkins|nolink=1}}
{{party name with color|Christian Democratic Party of Sierra}}
|South Corona
| Anti-Catholic, anti-Mormon, homophobic, transphobic, and Islamaphobic comments
|{{dts|February 23, 2020}}
|-
|{{sortname|Roger|Berkowitz|nolink=1}}
{{party name with color|Communist Party of Sierra}}
|South Central Porciúncula
| Comments made in support for [[KERO]] and bestiality
| {{dts|February 23, 2020}}
|-
|{{sortname|Allison|Stevens|nolink=1}}
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|Rothenburg Hills
| Tweets that included references to "shooting babies", "punch every Jacobite piece of shit", and "burn down all monarchist homes"
| {{dts|February 22, 2020}}
|-
|{{sortname|Fadhuma|Raheem|nolink=1}}
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|El Cerrito
| Prior antisemitic posts on Facebook
|{{dts|February 23, 2020}}
|-
|{{sortname|Gus|Walsh|nolink=1}}
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra}}
|Conception
| Homophobic comments in 2018
|{{dts|February 23, 2020}}
|-
|}

==Campaign==

===Campaign background===
[[File:Royalist Party election 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Heartwell accepting her [[Leader of the Royalist Party|leadership role]] of the Royalist Party in 2017]]
The [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]] and [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]] have been the two largest parties and political rivals since the nation's founding in 1858 and have supplied every one of the country's prime ministers since [[1924 Sierran federal election|1924]]. The Royalists and [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]] formed the Conservative coalition government in 2017 after the Royalists secured a plurality of seats in the House during the [[2017 Sierran federal election|federal election]] that year. The electoral victory ended nearly eight years of Democratic-Republican control of the House following the [[Assassination of Steven Hong|assassination]] of Prime Minister [[Steven Hong]] and the subsequent [[Styxie conflict|crisis in the Styxie]]. The Royalists under the leadership of [[Daniel McComb]] campaigned on the issues of national security and anti-republicanism, and made significant gains in the Styxie where the Democratic-Republican Party has traditionally been strong. The several seats which switched seats became associated with [[Bluecoat Styxers]]. The election was seen as a damaging rebuff against the Democratic-Republicans which had grown divided between its traditionally conservative, blue-collar base and its emerging progressive, urban-class wing. McComb's premiership only lasted about a year before he was forced to resign due to serious [[Daniel McComb sexual abuse allegations|sexual abuse allegations]] made against him. His deputy, [[Leslie Steele]] became the temporary working prime minister before the Royalists held a [[2017 Royalist leadership election|leadership election]] that declared [[Nemesis Heartwell]] as the winner.

During the premiership of Heartwell, she faced repeated challenges from the opposition due to her strongly nationalist, anti-immigrant rhetoric. She was accused of being a racist xenophobe and a contrarian to the [[Sierran Cultural Revolution|New Culture]] for purportedly supporting {{W|white nationalism}}. She shifted the party further right socially by strengthening anti-abortion laws, pushing for school choice, rolling back anti-discrimination laws, supporting privatized prisons, passing tougher laws against drug and substance use, and backing prayer in public schools. Economically, she was highly {{W|protectionism|protectionist}} and engaged in a {{W|trade war}} with [[China]] and the {{W|European Union|EU}}. She supported a number of tax cuts for businesses and pushed a bid towards deregulating Sierra's single-payer, multi-tier universal healthcare system. Heartwell also opposed [[Sierrexit]] despite the rise of [[Ameroskepticism]] within her own party and favored fostering closer ties with the [[Conference of American States|CAS]]. Heartwell consistently resisted calling for early elections, asserting that McComb's electoral mandate in 2017 was valid and indicative with the popular will for the Conservative coalition. She survived five different attempts to call for an early election, one of which was a failed motion of no confidence led by [[Leader of the Opposition (Sierra)|Leader of the Opposition]] [[Maggie Chan]].

During Heartwell's government, the Democratic-Republicans experienced growing division and disagreement within its rank-and-file membership. The party became noticeably more progressive and economically left due to growing voter registration among younger Sierrans and people of color. In addition, the party establishment faced competition with the rising popularity of the [[Social Democrats of Sierra]], which explicitly rejected the Democratic-Republicans' modern affinity for {{W|neoliberalism|neoliberal}} policies and favored {{W|social democracy}} and {{W|democratic socialism}} instead. The Social Democrats' new leader, [[Susan Kwon]], rebranded the party under her Forwarding the Movement plan. Kwon's goal was to divorce the Sierran left from neoliberalism and the Democratic-Republican establishment by endorsing candidates who ran on a firmly leftist platform. She promoted radical politics as opposed to compromise politics with the Democratic-Republicans, causing tension between the two parties' tenuous alliance within the Progressive coalition.

New revelations of sexual abuse allegations made against [[Prince George the Elder of Sonora]] in October 2019 renewed controversy and criticism towards the Royalist government and the monarchy. The Occidental Palace's response to the Prince Elder was criticized for being slow and defensive initially. After the Prince Elder was formally indicted, he became a fugitive when he fled to Red Rock Castle and eventually committed suicide in early January 2020. A new wave of republican sentiment and protests against the monarch erupted, and the scandal caused a number of Royalist politicians to defect and join other parties, most notably the [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]].

===Policy positions===

====Monarchism====
Criticism of the monarchy has risen since the Red Rock Castle crisis and the issue of how the members of the royal family, specifically the late Prince George, were able to get close to sex offenders like [[Ethan Liebermann]] and accusations of the Crown doing nothing to expose him to hold him accountable for his crimes have lead to a major rise in republicanism. The [[New Republican Caucus]] of the Democratic-Republicans saw a rise in support and used the crisis to support their case against the monarchy and calls to make political republicanism part of the Democratic-Republican Party platform. The Royalists have been staunch defenders of the monarchy since the crisis with Heartwell running in defense of the Crown and accusing critics of "blatant ignorance and animosity towards a caring and beautiful young woman" according to a statement she gave in defense of [[Elizabeth II of Sierra|Elizabeth II]] early on in the crisis. The issue of monarchism has since arisen and is set to become a major issue of the upcoming election with candidates expected to make a stance regarding their view of the monarchy with Heartwell of the Royalists supporting it and Kwon of the Social Democrats opposing it and calling for abolition.

====Sierrexit====
The topic of [[Sierrexit]] has been brought up in the upcoming federal election. Many organizations supporting Sierrexit, the hypothetical withdrawal of Sierra from the [[Conference of American States]], have voiced criticism towards Nemesis Heartwell over her opposition to Sierrexit and refusal to allow a second referendum on Sierra's membership in the CAS. Following the June 2019 referendum ended with Sierra voting to remain a member of the CAS in accordance with the [[2017 Conference of American States Membership Referendum Act]] proposed during the premiership of [[Daniel McComb]]. Heartwell has been steadfast in her opposition to Sierrexit and open support for increasing ties with CAS members and in an interview with the ''[[Bunker Hill Journal]]'' she said "Sierra will remain committed to its neighbors and isolation from them and the CAS will not benefit us. Besides, a referendum was held on CAS membership under my premiership and it ended with the unionists winning". The Democratic-Republicans, Social Democrats and Greens have been supporting [[American unionism]] and are opposed to a second referendum while the Libertarians have been divided on the issue. The Christian Democrats have not taken a stance on the issue arguing that greater issues take higher precedent over Sierrexit.

====Environment and climate change====
The topic of climate change and environmental protection has emerged to become one of the biggest issues of the election. The Royalist and Libertarian parties have been openly criticized for their lack of concern over the issue, refusal to address climate change and open support for fracking, de-regulation of fossil fuel companies, and refusing to allow Sierra to partake in the [[Seattle Climate Accords]]. The Green Party has been the most vocal in addressing climate change and its leadership has framed their campaign as one dedicated to addressing the issue. Green Party leader Johnathan Mueller has openly stated that the Greens will only participate in a coalition government, confidence and supply, or unified opposition if either the governing or opposition party is dedicated to addressing the issue. The Democratic-Republicans have stated that climate change will be one of their top issues and will address it if elected into power. The Social Democrats have also announced that they will address climate change and have Sierra sign onto the Seattle Accords with Susan Kwon stating that she and her party are supporting a stimulus package aimed at creating new jobs and reorganizing the Sierran economy away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energy, a position that the Green Party has endorsed. The Royalists and Libertarians have been opposed to environmental regulation since the election with the Royalists arguing that proposed environmental protections inhibit economic freedom and innovation and seek to turn to the free market to find a solution to climate change with the Christian Democrats taking a similar position.

====Coronavirus outbreak====

The [[2019–20 coronavirus outbreak]] became a major election issue after the confirmed cases of the coronavirus had risen to over 40 in Sierra by mid-February, and over 100 passengers on the quarantined ''[[Water Sheep]]'' docked at the Port of [[Grands Ballons]] Cruise Terminal were also tested positive when the election was announced. The previous coalition government proposed total travel bans and entry denials to all citizens from [[China]], [[Korea]], [[Japan]], and [[Italy]], regardless of travel history. The Royalist government has stated it is closely monitor individuals who been repatriated back to Sierra from China and international cruise ships such as the ''{{W|Diamond Princess}}''. Heartwell initially stated that Sierrans had nothing to worry about the outbreak and claimed the disease would die off by spring due to "heat". The Democratic-Republican and Social Democrats supported temporarily restricting entry for foreign travelers who had recently traveled to the aforementioned places, but otherwise, allowing foreigners, including citizens from the most affected countries to come. All parties supported greater measures to prevent a potential outbreak in Sierra, to prepare for one, and to support funding for vaccine research and development against the virus.

After the outbreak was reclassified as a {{W|pandemic}} on March 11 by the {{W|World Health Organization}}, the Heartwell government issued a travel ban for all European countries that were members of the {{W|Schengen Area}} and considered setting up temporary border checks with [[Astoria]] and [[Brazoria]]. It also promised to create and distribute more than 1.5 million coronavirus testing kits across the country. Due to public pressure, the government also advised the temporary ban of public gatherings greater than 500 people. Various campaign events were cancelled as a result, although the move was lauded by fellow Royalists and party members of the opposition. The Democratic-Republicans proposed a federally mandated {{W|sick leave}} based on accruing an hour of sick pay for every 30 hours worked while the Social Democrats proposed a stronger version with a rate of sick pay for every 16 hours.

On March 14, the Queen, upon the advice of the [[Privy Council of Sierra|Privy Council]] issued an edict to postpone the elections until Friday, May 3, 2020, moving the elections by four weeks ahead of the originally scheduled date. The decision was made a day after the government declared a state of emergency due to the coronavirus pandemic, which advised citizens to avoid large public gatherings and nonessential events. Prime Minister Heartwell and other leaders including Margaret Chan and Susan Kwon were in attendance of the Privy Council meeting. All parties supported the postponement of the elections as a necessary measure to prevent the spread of the disease. During the national emergency and subsequent stay-at-home orders, party officials and organizations suspended most electoral campaign events, fundraisers, rallies, and gatherings in order to comply with social distancing guidelines.

On March 24, Prime Minister Heartwell was tested positive with COVID-19 and entered into a 14-day quarantine as she experienced mild symptoms. Heartwell would later require hospitalization as a result of persistent symptoms. Other members of the government including Deputy Prime Minister [[Alexander Lee]] went under voluntary self-isolation due to possible exposure. The Queen and other members of the Royal Family were also tested but the test results came negative. On March 26, it was announced that Deputy Prime Minister Lee and Leader of the Senate Opposition were also tested positive with COVID-19. Both officials entered into extended quarantine and health monitoring by the [[Royal Center for Disease Control and Prevention|RCDCP]]. On the same day, the Queen issued a moratorium against public voting and declared that all voting must be done through mail-in ballots due to nationwide social distancing and stay-at-home orders. The [[Royal Postal Service]] announced it would expedite mail containing voter information guides and official ballots to registered voters by April 12 or within 5 business days of online voter registration.

====Tourneser Freedom Front insurgency====

The [[Tourneser Freedom Front insurgency]] became a topic of great interest during the election and was one of the main issues related to foreign policy. The [[Montebello Peace Conference]] occurred about a month before the election and its results were considered only a partial success in deescalating the conflict, while fighting continued in Tournesol. In early March, a month before the election, the United Commonwealth sent troops to invade Tournesol, prompting a strong reaction from the Heartwell government who issued a 24-hour ultimatum against the United Commonwealth to withdraw its troops or risk military retaliation. The Royalists ran on a platform stating it would be a committed ally towards CAS member states including [[Superior]] and [[Brazoria]], as well as defend "freedom in Tournesol". In compliance with the Montebello Peace Conference, the Royalists stopped short of supporting the Tourneser pro-democracy movement but vowed to apply pressure against the current Continentalist regime for electoral and political reforms.

The Democratic-Republican Party adopted a similar stance towards the conflict, emphasizing its dedication towards protecting the national sovereignties of Sierra's allies and opposing the United Commonwealth's "belligerence" in the continent. The Social Democrats ran on an explicit anti-war and non-interventionist policy and promised to withdraw Sierran troops from the region, as well as negotiate "long-lasting peace and mutual respect" with Tournesol and the United Commonwealth. The Christian Democrats have adopted a similar positions opposing Sierran involvement in the conflict, but also seeking to adopt a stronger foreign policy against the United Commonwealth.

====Immigration reform====

The issue of immigration reform and law was a major electoral issue. The Royalists remained committed towards tightening national borders with Mexico and to enact a constitutional amendment that would modify Sierra's unrestricted ''{{W|jus soli}}'' laws to a restricted version. Controversy over {{W|anchor baby|anchor babies}} and {{W|birth tourism|birth tourists}} from various countries, particularly China, became the subject of national discussion by 2018. In addition, the Royalist Party supported tougher measures against illegal immigrants and non-permanent residents who committed crimes on Sierran soil, including forcible deportation or long-term detention. Heartwell also expressed her desire to impose smaller immigration quota sizes which would become merit-based rather than Sierra's traditional family-based and lottery systems. There was also a growing movement within the Royalist Party to push Heartwell and her government to consider withdrawing Sierra from the [[Lincoln Area]] and its [[Lincoln Agreement|agreement]] without leaving the [[Conference of American States|CAS]] outright as a means to protect the country's borders from illegal immigration and terrorism.

The Democratic-Republicans and Social Democrats both ran on platforms explicitly rejecting the Royalists' proposals on immigration. Both parties promoted a policy of amnesty and creating an easier pathway to citizenship for undocumented people. They also backed sanctuary cities which resisted the federal government's attempt to seize and deport undocumented persons residing in such jurisdictions where local law enforcement were instructed not to cooperate with federal immigration police.

====Other issues====
Other issues that have been brought up in the election has been healthcare which has become a major issue. The Democratic-Republicans, Social Democrats and Green Party have all defended the existing system of universal access to healthcare. The Social Democrats have proposed nationalizing the public healthcare system completely and have it modeled after the {{W|National Health Service}} in the {{W|United Kingdom}} with the Greens also supporting a similar motion. Maggie Chan has openly protecting the current health care system where privately owned health facilities continue to operate while they are publicly funded through tax dollars which grants people choice in their healthcare providers while also eliminating medical debt at the provincial-level. Both the Royalists and Libertarians have supported deregulating the health care system and privatizing provincial health care systems. The free market healthcare system is favored especially by the Libertarians which stated that "only the free market can bring about true access to healthcare far better than any government can do" on their official platform online. The Libertarians have further pushed towards abolishing the Seventeenth Amendment to the K.S. Constitution, which declares access to health care to be a constitutional right. The Christian Democrats have called for a public option with the party open to a nationalizing publicly funded healthcare program, but are hesitant to abolish private insurance outright according to senior public officials and representatives from the Christian Democratic Party.

The Social Democrats have incorporated workplace democratization into its platform and has promised to introduce legislation that would mandate companies or businesses seeking to undertake an {{W|initial public offer}} or undergo {{W|mergers and acquisitions|mergers or acquisitions}} to offer the company's ownership and assets to its workers with the {{W|right of first refusal}}. It would support companies and businesses that convert into {{W|worker cooperative}}s and provide state funding to them.

Amid the coronavirus national stay-at-home orders, millions of Sierrans filed for unemployment benefits and business loans. Parliament passed the Coronavirus Economic Stimulus Relief Act (CERSA), which distributed between $1,200 to $2,400 one-time checks to eligible Sierran adult citizens and $500 for their dependents. The unprecedented bill brought the issue of {{W|universal basic income}} into the national spotlight, which drew support across the mainstream political spectrum. The Royalists and Christian Democrats have supported distributing $1,200 per month for the duration of the coronavirus pandemic, while the Democratic-Republicans proposed higher at $2,000. The Social Democrats and Greens have both proposed introducing permanent universal basic income, at $2,000 per month during the pandemic and $1,000 after it ends. The Libertarians were the only major party to reject any form of universal basic income, arguing that the government should reopen business as soon as possible to allow workers to return to work.

The Heartwell ministry's handling of the [[Syrian Civil War]] was another issue. In late 2018, Heartwell declared the start of [[Operation Shield of Idlib]], which aimed to counter recent successes by the [[Syrian opposition]] against the Sierran-backed government of [[Syria]] by launching the biggest offensive of the war in a decade. She also deployed additional troops to Syria in December 2018 and early 2019, raising troop levels to the highest since 2012. At the direction of Heartwell and General [[Mike Bennett]], [[Syrian National Army]] forces and the [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]] attacked the leading opposition group, the [[Syrian Arab Army]] (SAA), in northern Syria, with the main blow of the offensive falling on rebel positions in the {{W|Idlib Governorate|Idlib}}, {{W|Al-Hasakah Governorate|Al-Hasakah}}, and {{W|Raqqa Governorate}}s. Despite initial successes, the offensive slowed down into a crawl by the summer of 2019, and [[Kurdistan]] took the opportunity to intervene in June 2019, deploying troops into the region as well, in the name of protecting ethnic Kurds living in northern Syria. The Heartwell ministry opposed the Kurdish intervention, but was not able to do anything to force Kurdistan to remove its troops. By the start of October 2019 "Shield of Idlib" had retaken a significant amount of territory, but fell short of its objectives of destroying the SAA and liberating the entire region, while the Syrian National Army had taken heavy losses and the ISAF suffered more casualties than in any year since 2010–2011.

The Social Democrats and the Greens criticized Heartwell for the military debacle, incompetence, and warmongering, with Susan Kwon pledging on the campaign trail to end of the war in Syria through diplomatic negotiations. Polling in early 2020 showed that the majority of Sierrans disapproved of Heartwell's handling of the war in Syria.

===Online campaigning===

The use of {{W|social media marketing}} was heavily used during the election. All of the six main contesting parties engaged in a highly interactive campaign to connect to online users and supporters. The Democratic-Republicans and Social Democrats had the largest share of user engagement and content popularity on {{W|Twitter}} and {{W|Instagram}}, while the Royalists and Libertarians had more engagement on {{W|Facebook}} posts. Nemesis Heartwell had a disproportionately high number of campaigning tweets on Twitter where she frequently expressed her thoughts on the election and shared her policy plans with users, as well as attacked rival party leaders and members. Other social media platforms including {{W|Snapchat}}, {{W|Discord}}, {{W|Reddit}}, and {{W|TikTok}} were used as well through by official party marketing teams and unofficial supporter-led communities.

The monarchy was the most tweeted topic for the Democratic-Republicans (~45% of tweets), the Royalists, and the Libertarians (~35% of tweets each). The Social Democrats focused on health, the environment, and social welfare. The environment was the top issue for the Green Party (45%~), while taxation was central to both the Royalists and Libertarians (30%~).

===Television debates===
{{Main|2020 Sierran federal election debates}}
Within hours of the election officially starting, Democratic-Republican leader [[Maggie Chan]], Social Democrats leader [[Susan Kwon]], and Green leader [[Jonathan Mueller]] all called for television debates to be held as soon as possible. On February 21, [[RBS]] announced it would host the first debate on February 23 and hosted by [[Mark Makovec]], who became the youngest debate host and moderator in the history of Sierran federal elections. The debate attracted over 6.5 million live viewers and was streamed by an additional 1.7 million. Polls conducted after the debate indicated most viewers were impressed by Kwon's performance, while similar praise was accorded to Chan and Lavallée. Heartwell was criticized for appearing unprepared, defensive, and standoffish during her first debate, which she claimed was due to biased questions by Makovec.

On February 26, [[16ON]] hosted the debate with Jackie Nuttall as the lead moderator and host. Only the leaders of the top five polling parties were invited. During the debate, the main issues raised by the moderators were on the economy, the role of monarchy, and women's rights. Heartwell was praised for being more well-prepared compared to her previous performance with RBS. ''Newstar'' declared that her performance was "her best yet" and similar attention was drawn to Maggie Chan and Susan Kwon. During the debate, Chan and Kwon sparred over their roles as the leaders of Sierra's apparent leftward trajectory. Chan criticized Kwon and her party for polarizing the political sphere and dividing the left. She also referenced Kwon's alleged past connections with [[Antimo]] and other anti-republican extremist groups. Kwon attacked Chan as a political opportunist and accepting over $750,000 in campaign contributions from wealthy corporate donors during the 2017 federal elections.

On March 6, another debate was held at [[Sierra National University]] and a lot of attention, anticipation and tension was built up as the debate was being held two days after Heartwell ordered the [[Sierran Crown Armed Forces]] to intervene in the [[Tourneser Freedom Front insurgency]] against the [[United Commonwealth]] and [[Tournesol]] sparking the [[Three-Day War]]. As Heartwell was overseeing Sierran military operations during this time, she was absent from the debate and was instead represented by [[Deputy Prime Minister of Sierra|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Alexander Lee]] who served as the Royalist leader on stage. During the debate, Lee was the only leader who defended the intervention while every other candidate condemned it with [[Zelda Winnifred]] of the Continentalist Party condemning Lee and accused him of defending an illegal offensive war. Both Maggie Chan and Susan Kwon accused the Royalists of violating Tournesol's sovereignty and for starting the war to increase her poll numbers. While Kwon and Chan were praised and received increased support in the polls, Maximilian Lavallée had received the most attention for his passionate speech against the war and denounced the Royalists for "abandoning the moral, fiscal and political responsibilities inherit to conservatism for egoistical, selfish and corrupt interests". Lavallée received increased approval ratings and the Christian Democratic Party saw an outpour of support with many analysts calling the debate Lavallée's night.

On March 13, due to the [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in Sierra|coronavirus pandemic]], all of the major television networks announced that all upcoming and planned debates would be cancelled. RBS announced it was considering holding a virtual debate, while Sierran social media called for similar measures with online, livestreamed debates conducted over Facebook Live, {{W|YouTube}}, {{W|Zoom Video Communications|Zoom}}, or similar platforms.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-justify: none"
|-
! style="background:#B0C4DE" colspan="18" | 2020 Sierran federal election debates in Federal Sierra
|- style="font-size:small;"
! rowspan="3" | Date
! rowspan="3" | Organizers
! rowspan="3" | Venue
! rowspan="3" | Location
! rowspan="3" | Viewing figures {{small|(millions)}}
! colspan="13" scope="col" | {{Colors|black|#90ff90| P }} {{small|Present  }}{{Colors|black|#D0F0C0| S }} {{small|Surrogate  }}{{Colors|black|#A2B2C2| NI }} {{small|Not invited  }}{{Colors|black|#ff9090| A }} {{small|Absent  }}{{Colors|black|#5FC| I }} {{small|Invited  }}{{Colors|black|#FFD| N }} {{small|No debate  }}
|- style="font-size:small;"
! scope="col" |[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Roy]]
! scope="col" |[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|DRPS]]
! scope="col" |[[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Lib]]
! scope="col" |[[Social Democrats of Sierra|SDS]]
! scope="col" |[[Green Party of Sierra|Green]]
! scope="col" |[[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|CDP]]
! scope="col" |[[Communist Party of Sierra|Com]]
! scope="col" |[[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Con]]
|-
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! style="width:6.5em; background:{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
|-
| February 24, 2020
| [[RBS]] ''Election Central''
| [[University of Sierra|University of Sierra, Porciúncula]]
| [[Porciúncula]], [[Gold Coast]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.5 (live) 1.7 (streaming)
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Nemesis Heartwell|Heartwell]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maggie Chan|Chan]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Ravinder Didbal|Didbal]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Susan Kwon|Kwon]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Jonathan Mueller|Mueller]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maximilien Lavallée|Lavallée]]}}}}
| {{D-N|'''A''' {{Small|[[Kenneth Morrison|Morrison]]}}}}
| {{D-N|'''A''' {{Small|[[Zelda Winnifred|Winnifred]]}}}}
|-
| February 26, 2020
| [[16ON]] ''Debate Hall''
| Hall of the Champions
| [[Fort Travis, Kings|Fort Travis]], [[Kings]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.9 (live) 1.3 (streaming)
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Nemesis Heartwell|Heartwell]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maggie Chan|Chan]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Ravinder Didbal|Didbal]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Susan Kwon|Kwon]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Jonathan Mueller|Mueller]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Maximilien Lavallée|Lavallée]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Kenneth Morrison|Morrison]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Zelda Winnifred|Winnifred]]}}}}
|-
| February 28, 2020
| [[Eagle Broadcasting Network|EBN]] ''Election Special''
| Tibbets Theater
| [[Riverside, Inland Empire|Riverside]], [[Inland Empire]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 5.3 (live) 0.8 (streaming)
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Nemesis Heartwell|Heartwell]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maggie Chan|Chan]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Ravinder Didbal|Didbal]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Susan Kwon|Kwon]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Jonathan Mueller|Mueller]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Maximilien Lavallée|Lavallée]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Kenneth Morrison|Morrison]]}}}}
| {{D-O|'''NI''' {{Small|[[Zelda Winnifred|Winnifred]]}}}}
|-
| March 2, 2020
| [[Tokki]] ''Sierra Votes''
| Grand Theater Pavilion
| {{W|Sacramento, California|Sacramento}}, [[Tahoe]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.0 (live) 1.3 (streaming)
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Nemesis Heartwell|Heartwell]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maggie Chan|Chan]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Ravinder Didbal|Didbal]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Susan Kwon|Kwon]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Jonathan Mueller|Mueller]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maximilien Lavallée|Lavallée]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Kenneth Morrison|Morrison]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Zelda Winnifred|Winnifred]]}}}}
|-
| March 6, 2020
| [[RBS]] ''Election Central''
| [[Sierra National University|Sierra National University, Grands Ballons]]
| [[Grands Ballons]], [[Gold Coast]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.3 (live) 1.0 (streaming)
| {{D-I|'''S''' {{Small|[[Alexander Lee|Lee]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maggie Chan|Chan]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Ravinder Didbal|Didbal]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Susan Kwon|Kwon]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Jonathan Mueller|Mueller]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Maximilien Lavallée|Lavallée]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Kenneth Morrison|Morrison]]}}}}
| {{D-P|'''P''' {{Small|[[Zelda Winnifred|Winnifred]]}}}}
|}

===Campaign events===
All participating parties have used various methods of campaigning since the snap-election has been called. Traditional methods have been used, but online methods have also been used specially by many Democratic-Republicans, the Social Democrats, Green Party and Christian Democrats. Social media has been a major source of campaigning as the Royalists and Libertarians have used {{W|Facebook}} to promote the party's platform and candidates while {{W|Twitter}}, {{W|Instagram}} and {{W|Snapchat}} have been used by the Greens, Social Democrats, Democratic-Republicans, and Christian Democrats to promote their message and policies. Party leaders have been campaigning for various candidates in many districts, especially contested ones, while a unique method has been used; MPs that changed from one party to another campaigning for their new party and reaching out to voters and members of their old party to convince them to change their mind and support a new party. Lavallée has been known for campaigning for former Royalists who joined the Christian Democratic Party and reaching out to Royalist voters while the same method has been used by Susan Kwon with former Dem-Rep MPs who joined the Social Democrats and by Chan with former Royalist MPs who became Democratic-Republicans.

==Endorsements==

===Major newspapers===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Newspaper
! colspan=2| Endorsement
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Appleton Daily]]''
| style="background-color: {{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Green Party of Sierra|Green Party]]}}
| "Our planet is reaching a breaking point and only Mueller and the Green Party are dedicated to solving the climate crisis which is the greatest of our generation and thus earns our endorsement."
|-
| ''[[Christian Reviewer]]''
| style="background-color: {{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democratic]]}}
| "We enthusiastically and wholeheartedly endorse the Christian Democrats as the principled party of choice for the Biblically-conscious, faith-based Christian voter during these politically abrasive times."
|-
| ''[[Fort Travis Chronicle]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "Despite recent controversy, the Royalists remain the trustful stalwart of conservative values and business friendly policies that has transformed this country into a thriving, strong economy."
|-
| ''[[Grands Ballons Observer]]''
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The Social Democrats are the only ones who can defeat the Royalist political machine and bring change to an antiquated system of failed Tory economics."
|-
| ''[[L'Héraut du Pacifique]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "The Channel Islands owes its existence to the strong leadership of the Royalists and their commitment to the cultural and social values which Channeliers hold onto dearly."
|-
| ''[[Las Vegas Star Reporter]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "Conservatives and lovers of liberty must remain united under the Royalist banner this election to preserve and defend the very future of this country. Enemies of business and the family threaten to tear down everything that has been built in the past decade."
|-
| ''[[Les Mers]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "It is time to bring forth real change to the Channels and the Kingdom by electing the Democratic-Republicans."
|-
| ''[[New Rotterdam Journal]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "Margaret Chan and the Democratic-Republicans stand the best chance at preserving our liberal democracy, and stopping the rise of right-wing authoritarianism seen on the right and increasingly within the Royalist Party."
|-
| ''[[Porciúncula Times]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The Democratic-Republican Party is the only major party suitable for those who support common sense, responsible reform that are not focused on ideological purism or extremism."
|-
| ''[[Riverside Tribune]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "An electoral win for the Royalists is a must and the only guaranteed decision to halt the advance of socialism and hellbent progressivism in this country."
|-
| ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]''
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "We fully embrace and endorse the Social Democrats as the party capable of amassing a diverse coalition of voters, especially people of color and LGBTQ+ people who have been marginalized and long ignored by the establishment."
|-
| ''[[San Jose Inquiry]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The survival of our democracy, the push for change and the preservation of the Styxie and its values rests on restoring the Democratic-Republicans to power and to end the corrupt reign of Nemesis Heartwell and the increasingly authoritarian Royalist Party."
|-
| ''[[The Bernheim Courier-Journal]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The Styxie's continued survival can only be done by restoring Democratic-Republican control over the Royalist menace that has divided this nation apart over the detestable institution of monarchy and worship of greed."
|-
| ''[[The Bunker Hill Journal]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "''The Journal'' stands for the Royalists who share pro-business and liberal values – the party is a shining example of a well-functioning liberal democracy."
|-
| ''[[The Daily Palm]]''
| style="background-color: black" |
| {{Nowrap|None}}
| "The current electoral cycle is a completely dismal and disheartening circus. The integrity and virtues of the New Culture has been tarnished to such a degree that we cannot conscientiously endorse any party."
|-
| ''[[The Unionist]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The Democratic-Republicans are the only ones who support business, the middle class, and public employees without calling for systematic revolution or defending a corrupt institution that hides pedophiles behind closed doors."
|-
| ''[[Voice of Ukiah]]''
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The time has come for true change, true progress, and true reform. Both the Royalists and Democratic-Republicans have proven unreliable to bringing about true change, a task only Kwon and the Social Democrats are capable of doing."
|-
|}

===Major magazines===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! colspan=2| Endorsement
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Connect (magazine)|Connect]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "Voting for the Democratic-Republicans would be the most pragmatic choice for those who desire social justice and economic equality without alienating half the country due to the lingering, chilling effects of the Red Scare."
|-
| ''[[Newstar]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "The Royalist Party, for all of its faults, remains the only party truly committed towards earnest conservative values and market-oriented policies. With a growing legion of leftists and cultural Marxists, everyone who is marginally right of Comrade Chan needs to support the Royalists."
|-
| ''[[People of Bernheim]]''
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The people of San Joaquin and the Styxie will risk losing their values and dedication to republicanism if the criminal Royalist Party remains in power. To stop them and preserve our identity, we must vote for the Democratic-Republicans."
|-
| ''[[The Pacific]]''
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The Social Democrats offer fresh, exciting, and radical ideas that will propel Sierra forward, not backward as it moves towards a fairer, greener, and more equitable society. Voting for the Social Democrats is necessary for the progressive movement."
|-
| ''[[The Mulholland Monitor]]''
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]]}}
| "The editorial staff at ''The Mulholland Monitor'' endorses the Royalist Party as the sound choice for the continued success of this nation."
|-
|}

===Other publications===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! colspan=2| Endorsement
! Notes
|-
| ''[[Friends of the Commonwealth]]''
| style="background-color: {{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continentalist]]}}
| "By electing into power the Continentalist Party, the failings of the monarchy and royal system will be swept away and a new union with the United Commonwealth shall bring about the equality, progress, and true democracy Sierra deserves."
|-
| ''[[Workers of Sierra]]''
| style="background-color: {{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Communist Party of Sierra|Communist]]}}
| "The time has come for the abolition of the monarchy and for the creation of a new, revolutionary union under the grinding principals of Landon, Marx and the leadership of Chairman Morrison."
|}

===Television networks===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Network
!colspan=2| Endorsement
! Notes
|-
| [[RBS]]
| style="background-color: black" |
| {{Nowrap|None}}
| "While individual members of the RBS have their own thoughts and opinions, the RBS as a network and an organization will remain neutral throughout the debate and endorse no party as a means of preserving journalistic neutrality and to avoid bias."
|-
| [[Faithful Hour]]
| style="background-color: {{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]]}}
| "The Christian Democrats have shown themselves to be the only party willing to govern in the spirit of Christ and will prevent true Judeo-Christian values from being corrupted by the influence of green hypocrisy and irresponsible governance."
|-
|}

===Labor unions and non-profit organizations===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! colspan=2| Endorsement
! Notes
|-
| [[Clark Hospitality, Entertainment, & Culinary Union]]
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]] [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian]] [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democratic]]}}
| "The Royalist, Libertarian, and Christian Democratic Parties are the only ones which supports the {{W|right-to-work}} laws and protects the interests of workers by promoting competitive wages, flexibility in the labor market, and productive relationships between workers and employers."
|-
| [[Health Care Workers International Union]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "We must continue the fight for all union members and workers by backing the Democratic-Republicans in their bid to take back our country from worker-hostile politics."
|-
| [[Federation of Food, Commercial, and Retail Workers]]
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "Support the Social Democrats of Sierra – the party that will fight for a living wage, greater workers' protection, and taxing the greedy corporations."
|-
| [[National Association of Royal Letter Carriers]]
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The NARLC endorses the Social Democrats of Sierra for the 2020 election and lends its fullest support for its campaign, candidates, and platform."
|-
| [[National Federation for Sierran Women]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]] [[Green Party of Sierra|Green]]}}
| "The NFSW calls on Sierran women to support progressive candidates from the Democratic-Republicans, Social Democrats, and Greens who will protect a woman's right to choose what she wants for her own body, protect a woman's place and worth in the workforce, protect a woman's right to take care of her own children without repercussion, and protect a woman's right to the same rights that men enjoy."
|-
| [[National Reproductive Rights Advocacy Network]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]] [[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]]}}
| "We need to continue supporting progressive parties which will expand funding and access to planned family clinics and ensure that women have the freedom of choice to determine what happens to their bodies and their futures. They will promote a sex-positive culture that encourages responsible family planning and a safe space for all."
|-
|[[NACL-FIO]]
|style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
|{{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
|"The North American Congress of Labor-Federation of Industrial Organizations (NACL-FIO) has issued a general membership vote open to all Sierran members in good standing, and in accordance with the office of the General Secretary we are proud to endorse the Social Democrats of Sierra for the 2020 general election. While we allow for individual unions to continue and endorse their respective candidates, the broad coalition of workers has spoken. We believe as an organization that the Social Democrat's pro-labor policies will further the objective and goals of the middle class."
|-
| [[National Rifle Association of Sierra]]
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]] [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarian]]}}
| "The NRAS stands by the Royalists and Libertarians as the only parties which will stand for every free Sierran citizen's right to bear arms and fight for our constitutional liberties."
|-
| [[Republic (political organization)|Republic]]
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "Never has there been a greater opportunity or chance since the [[The Disturbances|1970s]] will there be when a major political party such as the Social Democrats has decided to run on a platform firmly supporting [[Republicanism in Sierra|political republicanism]]. The time has come to finally abolish and eradicate the monarchy once and for all."
|-
| [[Sierran Federation of Provincial, County, and Municipal Employees]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The Democratic-Republicans have shown time after time that they will defend public employees' pensions, wages, health care benefits, and unemployment benefits. They will stop the Royalists from privatizing the PUBLIC sector and help keep Sierra running by helping its public employees."
|-
| [[Sierran Federation of Teachers]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "The Democratic-Republican Party remains the greatest and most effective champion for hard-working teachers throughout this country. The Federation urges its members to vote for the party this election."
|-
| [[Sierran National Right to Life Organization]]
| style="background-color: {{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalist]] [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democratic]]}}
| "The Royalists under Heartwell have led a national crusade to defend the unborn who cannot defend themselves. We must show our support by securing a future for generations to come and amend our Constitution to protect the sanctity of human life from the moment of conception to death."
|-
| [[Sierran Postal Workers Union]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]]}}
| "SPWU officially supports the Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra in the upcoming 2020 election and recommends union members to vote and support the party and its candidates."
|-
| [[Styxie Democratic Coalition]]
| style="background-color: {{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republican]] [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The Styxie faces a serious threat to its values and identity from Heartwell and her corrupt Royalist Party and their allies in the Libertarians. Only the Democratic-Republicans and Social Democrats are willing to defend the Styxie and its identity while bringing much needed reforms and change to both the region and the rest of Sierra as a whole."
|-
| [[United Agricultural Union of Shasta]]
| style="background-color: {{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}} " |
| {{Nowrap|[[Green Party of Sierra|Green]]}}
| "Shasta, Sierra and the rest of the world face a serious crisis in the form of climate change and the Green Party is the only party that will seriously combat the issue. As a result, we endorse Mueller and the Green Party for Sierra."
|-
| [[United Warehouse Workers of Sierra]]
| style="background-color: {{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]}}
| "The UWWS believes that the best choice for warehouse workers, truck drivers, and other workers in the logistics industry will be by supporting the Social Democrats of Sierra due to their steadfast commitment to worker's rights, expansion of employment benefits, and a federally mandated minimum wage of $15."
|-
|}

===Individuals===
*[[Jared Savage]] endorsed [[Maggie Chan]] and the Democratic-Republicans and called for Heartwell to be removed from office. He also voiced support for a DRPS-led coalition government with the Greens and Social Democrats.
*[[Patrick Peterson]], [[Governor of San Francisco|Governor]] of [[San Francisco]], endorsed Susan Kwon on February 21st saying "Ms. Kwon will bring the change that is long overdue and is guaranteed to bring."
*[[James Nichols Conway]], journalist and commentator of ''[[The Bunker Hill Journal]]'', broke rank with his paper and endorsed both Susan Kwon of the Social Democrats and Maggie Chan of the Democratic-Republican Party.
*[[George Falwell]], Christian preacher and speaker, endorsed the Christian Democrats calling them the "new conservative party Sierra's faithful followers of Christ desperately need."
*[[Carmelo Murphy]], MAP for Orange and Christian Democrat founder, endorsed Lavallée and called him "the party's greatest blessing" and will campaign for him if able to.

==Media coverage==

===Party representation===

According to [[Mulholland University]]'s Media and Journalism Research Center, media coverage of the initial weeks of the campaign was dominated by the top three polling parties: the governing [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]], the [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]], and the [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]. Considerable coverage was given to the [[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]] and [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]], both of whom were regarded as emerging parties with the potential to cause significant {{W|spoiler effect}}.

In television coverage, [[Nemesis Heartwell]] received the most coverage, although she shared the largest proportion of negative coverage. [[16ON]] and [[Tokki Network]] were particularly hostile with their news anchors and political pundits devoting most of their attacks and criticisms of the Royalist government towards her. In comparison, [[Eagle Broadcasting Network|EBN]] News aired a generally positive coverage of Heartwell, as well as the Libertarian leader [[Ravinder Didbal]]. [[RBS]] was noted for airing mainly neutral and equal coverage of the top seven polling parties. [[Maggie Chan]] received mainly positive coverage from most Sierran mainstream news outlets, while mixed coverage was aired of her rival, [[Susan Kwon]]. During the second week, negative coverage of Kwon doubled as she and her party began polling competitively well against the Democratic-Republicans.

During and immediately following the [[Three-Day War]], press coverage on both television and newspapers were overwhelmingly negative against Heartwell. The sinking of HRMS ''Frank Augustus Miller'' was widely regarded as a major blow to Heartwell's credibility as a leader and caused a rare case of the pro-Royalist and pro-Heartwell EBN to condemn the conflict and its losses.

===Dominant issues===

Although the electoral process was one of the most covered topics of the election period, the most prominent policy issues were initially the monarchy (25% on the news and 19% on the press), the economy (19% and 15% respectively), and health care (15% and 13%). Foreign policy, war, and the CAS became the dominant issue during and following the Three-Day War. Growing tensions in the Styxie and the future of Sierra's political environment also received significant coverage in both television and press.

==Opinion polling==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:14px;"
! rowspan="2" | Pollster/client(s)
! rowspan="2" | Date(s) conducted
! rowspan="2" | Area
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Sample size
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royals]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Dem Reps]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Liberty]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Social Democrats of Sierra|Soc Dems]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christ Dems]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Communist Party of Sierra|Commun]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continent]]
! class="unsortable" style="width:50px;" |[[Hawaiian Sovereignty Party|Hawaii]]
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Other
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type="number" | Lead
|-
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" |
! data-sort-type="number" style="background:{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}};" |
|-
| YouGov/''Bernheim Courier Journal''
| date-sort-value ="2020-5-23" | Mar 11–23
| Sierra
| 7,234
| 14.7%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.7%'''
| 8.1%
| 23.4%
| 9.6%
| 13.4%
| 1.4%
| 1.7%
| 2.1%
| 0.9%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; "| '''1.3%'''
|-
| Agrapoll/''The San Francisco Examiner''
| date-sort-value ="2020-5-20" | Mar 12–20
| Sierra
| 4,788
| 14.8%
| 23.1%
| 8.2%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.9%'''
| 9.4%
| 13.2%
| 1.4%
| 1.4%
| 2.2%
| 1.6%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; "| '''1.8%'''
|-
| Trigrex ODAP/''The Bunker Hill Journal''
| date-sort-value ="2020-5-20" | Mar 15–20
| Sierra
| 4,322
| 14.9%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''25.1%'''
| 8.1%
| 23.3%
| 9.3%
| 13.1%
| 1.4%
| 1.2%
| 2.1%
| 1.5%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; "| '''1.8%'''
|-
| Reuters/''Les Mars''
| date-sort-value ="2020-5-15 " | Mar 5–15
| Sierra
| 9,844
| 15.1%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.8%'''
| 9.2%
| 23.4%
| 8.5%
| 12.6%
| 1.5%
| 1.9%
| 1.5%
| 1.3%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; "|'''1.4%'''
|-
| –
| date-sort-value="2020-3-14" | Mar 14
| colspan=13 | '''Elections postponed to May 1 due to [[2020 coronavirus pandemic in Sierra|coronavirus pandemic]]'''
|-
| Reuters/''New Rotterdam Journal''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-11" | Mar 4–11
| Sierra
| 6,133
| 15.3%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.4%'''
| 9.1%
| 23.1%
| 8.5%
| 12.4%
| 1.4%
| 1.8%
| 1.5%
| 2.5%
|style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; "|'''1.3%'''
|-
| Orion/''The San Francisco Examiner''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-10" | Mar 2–10
| Sierra
| 11,233
| 15.1%
| 23.3%
| 9.3%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.4%'''
| 8.6%
| 12.7%
| 1.4%
| 1.8%
| 1.7%
| 1.6%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF; " | '''1.1%'''
|-
| Big Idea/''Newstar''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-10" | Mar 3–10
| Sierra
| 5,181
| 15.3%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''25.1%'''
| 9.2%
| 23.8%
| 8.7%
| 12.4%
| 1.5%
| 2.1%
| 1.6%
| 0.3%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.3%'''
|-
| YouGov/''Porciúncula Times''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-9" | Mar 3–9
| Sierra
| 6,233
| 15.6%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.7%'''
| 9.4%
| 23.3%
| 8.4%
| 12.1%
| 1.5%
| 2.4%
| 2.1%
| 0.5%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.4%'''
|-
| Agrapoll/''The Unionist''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-7" | Mar 2–7
| Sierra
| 4,102
| 15.8%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.3%
| 9.3%
| 23.1%
| 8.3%
| 12.3%
| 1.4%
| 2.4%
| 2.1%
| 1%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.2%'''
|-
| –
| date-sort-value="2020-3-7" | Mar 7
| colspan=13 | '''End of the [[Three-Day War]] '''
|-
| Agrapoll/''Porciúncula Times''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-6" | Mar 5–6
| Sierra
| 5,811
| 16.1%
| 23.1%
| 7.9%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.6%'''
| 8.5%
| 11.2%
| 1.3%
| 1.9%
| 1.5%
| 3.9%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.5%'''
|-
| Big Idea/''Bernheim Courier-Journal''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-6 | Mar 5–6
| Sierra
| 6,342
| 17.2%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.7%'''
| 9.8%
| 23.2%
| 7.7%
| 10.3%
| 1.4%
| 2.3%
| 1.8%
| 1.6%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.5%'''
|-
| Trigrex ODAP/''The Bunker Hill Journal''
| date-sort-value="20203-5" | Mar 5
| Sierra
| 3,833
| 16.3%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''25.8%'''
| 10.3%
| 24.8%
| 7.0%
| 9.2%
| 1.1%
| 1.2%
| 1.3%
| 3.0%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.0%'''
|-
| –
| date-sort-value="2020-3-4" | Mar 4
| colspan=13 | '''Sierra intervenes in the [[Tourneser Freedom Front insurgency]]'''
|-
|Big Idea/''Newstar''
| date-sort-value="2020-3-3" | Mar 1–3
| Sierra
| 7,988
| 21.8%
| 23.2%
| 6.8%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.8%'''
| 7.2%
| 8.4%
| 1.3%
| 1.4%
| 1.4%
| 3.7%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.6%'''
|-
|Agrapoll/''Porciúncula Times''
| data-sort-value="2020-3-3" | Mar 1–3
| Sierra
| 7,298
| 22.4%
| 23.5%
| 7.0%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''23.6%'''
| 7.1%
| 8.3%
| 1.3%
| 1.0%
| 1.2%
| 4.6%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''0.1%'''
|-
|Big Idea/''Bernheim Courier-Journal''
| date-sort-value="2020-2-29" | Feb 21-29
| Sierra
| 8,474
| 22.3%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''23.7%'''
| 6.9%
| 22.7%
| 7.8%
| 8.4%
| 1.3%
| 1.6%
| 1.2%
| 4.1%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.0%'''
|-
| Orion/''Voice of Ukiah''
| date-sort-value="2020-2-27" | Feb 21–27
| Sierra
| 9,728
| 21.8%
| 23.2%
| 6.5%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.7%'''
| 7.7%
| 8.4%
| 1.3%
| 1.4%
| 1.2%
| 3.8%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.5%'''
|-
| Agrapoll/''The Unionist''
| date-sort-value="2020-2-26" | Feb 20–26
| Sierra
| 9,823
| 22.1%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''23.5%'''
| 7.4%
| 22.3%
| 8.2%
| 8.4%
| 1.2%
| 1.4%
| 1.4%
| 4.1%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.2%'''
|-
| Reuters/''San Fransisco Examiner''
| date-sort-value="2020-2-26" | Feb 21–26
| Sierra
| 10,871
| 23.2%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.9%
| 7.7%
| 23.4%
| 8.1%
| 9.2%
| 1.4%
| 1.2%
| 1.2%
| 0.7%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''1.5%'''
|-
| YouGov/''Porciúncula Times''
| date-sort-value="2020-2-24" | Feb 20–24
| Sierra
| 9,844
| 22.2%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.0%'''
| 8.6%
| 23.1%
| 8.2%
| 9.1%
| 1.4%
| 1.4%
| 1.0%
| 0.9%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''0.9%'''
|-
| Orion/''The San Francisco Examiner''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-23" | Feb 21–24
| Sierra
| 10,287
| style="background:#e2c9ff;" | '''24.6%'''
| 24.5%
| 8.9%
| 23.1%
| 6.7%
| 7.1%
| 1.5%
| 1.4%
| 1.0%
| 1.2%
| style="background:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''0.1%'''
|-
| Trigrex ODAP/''The Bunker Hill Journal''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-22" | Feb 22–24
| Sierra
| 2,986
| 21.8%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.0%'''
| 9.4%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.0%'''
| 5.5%
| 6.6%
| 2.4%
| 1.1%
| 1.4%
| 3.8%
| style="background:{{Independent/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''Tie'''
|-
| Agrapoll/''Porciúncula Times''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19"| Feb 21-22
| Sierra
| 2,408
| 23.0%
| 23.3%
| 9.9%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;"| '''23.5%'''
| 6.1%
| 8.4%
| 1.3%
| 1.1%
| 0.8%
| 2.6%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;"| '''0.2%'''
|-
| Big Idea/''Newstar''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19" | Feb 21-22
| Sierra
| 3,440
| style="background:#e2c9ff;" | '''23.0%'''
| 22.9%
| 9.2%
| 22.4%
| 9.3%
| 6.2%
| 5.4%
| 0.8%
| 1.0%
| 4.4%
| style="background:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;"| '''0.1%'''
|-
| Agrapoll/''Porciúncula Times''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19"| Feb 19–20
| Sierra
| 2,379
| 23.1%
| style="background:#BADEF5;"| '''23.4%'''
| 10.5%
| 22.5%
| 6.3%
| 8.4%
| 1.3%
| 1.4%
| 0.8%
| 2.3%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;"| '''0.3%'''
|-
| Big Idea/''Newstar''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19" | Feb 19–20
| Sierra
| 3,584
| 22.8%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''23.0%'''
| 9.7%
| 22.6%
| 5.5%
| 7.7%
| 2.1%
| 1.1%
| 1.1%
| 4.4%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;"| '''0.2%'''
|-
| Trigrex ODAP/''The Bunker Hill Journal''
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19" | Feb 19–21
| Sierra
| 3,006
| 21.7%
| 23.9%
| 9.6%
| style="background:#F3D6CE;" | '''24.0%'''
| 5.4%
| 6.9%
| 2.3%
| 1.0%
| 1.5%
| 3.7%
| style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''0.1%'''
|-
| YouGov/Reuters
| data-sort-value="2020-2-19" | Feb 19–21
| Sierra
| 3,214
| 22.1%
| style="background:#BADEF5;" | '''24.2%'''
| 9.1%
| 21.8%
| 5.8%
| 8.4%
| 2.1%
| 1.9%
| 1.4%
| 3.2%
| style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};color:#FFFFFF;" | '''2.1%'''
|}

===Predictions two months before the vote===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Parties
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Road to 139
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Elections Sierra
! style="vertical-align:top;" | House Calculus
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Parliament Central
|-
| bgcolor="{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]]
| {{center|60}}
| {{center|59}}
| {{center|60}}
| {{center|61}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|66}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|64}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|67}}
| {{center|63}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]]
| {{center|18}}
| {{center|17}}
| {{center|18}}
| {{center|16}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| {{center|65}}
| {{center|62}}
| {{center|65}}
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|64}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]]
| {{center|15}}
| {{center|15}}
| {{center|16}}
| {{center|14}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]]
| {{center|22}}
| {{center|21}}
| {{center|20}}
| {{center|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Communist Party of Sierra|Communists]]
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|0}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continentalists]]
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|0}}
| {{center|0}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Hawaiian Sovereignty Party|Hawaiian Sovereignty]]
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|1}}
| {{center|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Independent/meta/color}}" |
| Others
| {{center|25}}
| {{center|35}}
| {{center|29}}
| {{center|34}}
|-
! colspan="2"| Overall result (probability)
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 3 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 2 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 2 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Social Democrats 1 seat plurality'''
|}

===Predictions seven weeks before the vote===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Parties
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Road to 139
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Elections Sierra
! style="vertical-align:top;" | House Calculus
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Parliament Central
|-
| bgcolor="{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]]
| {{center|42}}
| {{center|45}}
| {{center|51}}
| {{center|46}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]]
| {{center|64}}
| {{center|66}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|70}}
| {{center|66}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]]
| {{center|25}}
| {{center|24}}
| {{center|22}}
| {{center|23}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|67}}
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|67}}
| {{center|68}}
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|67}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]]
| {{center|23}}
| {{center|21}}
| {{center|20}}
| {{center|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]]
| {{center|33}}
| {{center|32}}
| {{center|28}}
| {{center|32}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Communist Party of Sierra|Communists]]
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continentalists]]
| {{center|5}}
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|4}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Hawaiian Sovereignty Party|Hawaiian Sovereignty]]
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|2}}
| {{center|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Independent/meta/color}}" |
| Others
| {{center|9}}
| {{center|11}}
| {{center|10}}
| {{center|10}}
|-
! colspan="2"| Overall result (probability)
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Social Democrats 3 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Social Democrats 1 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 2 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Social Democrats 1 seat plurality'''
|}

===Predictions six weeks before the vote===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Parties
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Road to 139
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Elections Sierra
! style="vertical-align:top;" | House Calculus
! style="vertical-align:top;" | Parliament Central
|-
| bgcolor="{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Royalist Party of Sierra|Royalists]]
| {{center|40}}
| {{center|43}}
| {{center|53}}
| {{center|48}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra|Democratic-Republicans]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|65}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|66}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic-Republican}} | {{center|67}}
| {{center|64}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Libertarian Party of Sierra|Libertarians]]
| {{center|21}}
| {{center|23}}
| {{center|22}}
| {{center|23}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Social Democrats of Sierra|Social Democrats]]
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|65}}
| {{center|64}}
| {{center|66}}
| {{Party shading/Social Democrats of Sierra}} | {{center|65}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Green Party of Sierra|Greens]]
| {{center|24}}
| {{center|21}}
| {{center|22}}
| {{center|22}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Christian Democratic Party of Sierra|Christian Democrats]]
| {{center|34}}
| {{center|31}}
| {{center|30}}
| {{center|30}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Communist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Communist Party of Sierra|Communists]]
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}" |
| [[Continentalist Party of Sierra|Continentalists]]
| {{center|4}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}" |
| [[Hawaiian Sovereignty Party|Hawaiian Sovereignty]]
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|3}}
| {{center|2}}
|-
| bgcolor="{{Independent/meta/color}}" |
| Others
| {{center|17}}
| {{center|19}}
| {{center|10}}
| {{center|19}}
|-
! colspan="2"| Overall result (probability)
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican and Social Democrats split'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 2 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Democratic-Republican 1 seat plurality'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Hung parliament Social Democrats 1 seat plurality'''
|}

===Predictions five weeks before the vote===

===Predictions one month before the vote===

===Predictions three weeks before the vote===

===Predictions two weeks before the vote===

===Predictions one week before the vote===

===Final predictions===

===Exit poll===

==Results==

===Summary===
{| style="width:85em; text-align:center"
|-
| colspan=5|↓
|-
|style="background:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};width:26.4%;color:white;" | '''73'''
|style="background:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:25.7%;color:white;" | '''71'''
|style="background:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:25.3%;color:white;" | '''70'''
|style="background:{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:11.6%;color:white;" | '''32'''
|style="background:{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:5.0%;color:white;" | '''14'''
|style="background:{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:4.3%;color:white;" | '''12'''
|style="background:{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}};width:1.0%;color:white;" | '''3'''
|style="background:{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};width:0.7%;color:white;" | '''1'''
|-
| style="color:{{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Social Democrat'''
| style="color:{{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Democratic-Republican'''
| style="color:{{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Royalist'''
| style="color:{{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Christian Democrat'''
| style="color:{{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Libert.'''
| style="color:{{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''Green'''
| style="color:{{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}};" | '''H'''
| style="color:{{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}};" | '''C'''
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:right;"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Votes
!Seats
|-
{{party name with color|Social Democrats of Sierra}}
|10,566,968
|{{Percentage bar|28.02|c={{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;" |{{Composition bar|73|276|hex={{Social Democrats of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{party name with color|Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra}}
|9,681,741
|{{percentage bar|25.6|c={{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|71|276|hex={{Democratic-Republican Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{party name with color|Royalist Party of Sierra}}
|9,609,884
|{{percentage bar|25.41|c={{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|70|276|hex={{Royalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{Party name with color|Christian Democratic Party of Sierra}}
|3,868,915
|{{Percentage bar|10.23|c={{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;" |{{Composition bar|32|276|hex={{Christian Democratic Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{party name with color|Libertarian Party of Sierra}}
|2,011,986
|{{percentage bar|5.32|c={{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;"|{{Composition bar|14|276|hex={{Libertarian Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{Party name with color|Green Party of Sierra}}
|1,565,719
|{{Percentage bar|4.03|c={{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;" |{{Composition bar|12|276|hex={{Green Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{Party name with color|Hawaiian Sovereignty Party}}
|123,278
|{{Percentage bar|0.32|c={{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;" |{{Composition bar|3|276|hex={{Hawaiian Sovereignty Party/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|-
{{Party name with color|Continentalist Party of Sierra}}
|370,629
|{{Percentage bar|0.98|c={{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=250}}
|style="text-align:center;" |{{Composition bar|1|276|hex={{Continentalist Party of Sierra/meta/color}}|width=300|per=2}}
|}
[[File:2020 Sierran House of Commons.svg|350px]]

===Full results===

===Analysis===

==See also==
*[[Elections in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
*[[Forwarding the Movement]]
*[[National re-alignment]]
*[[Red Rock Castle crisis]]
*[[Republicanism in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
{{2020 Sierran federal election}}
{{Elections in Sierra}}
[[Category:2020 Sierran federal election]]
[[Category:2020 elections in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Elections in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:2020 in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:Elections postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:May 2020 events in the Kingdom of Sierra]]
[[Category:2020 elections in North America]]

Liberta

2024-11-17T23:43:26Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|FA}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Trinitarian Republic of Liberta
| native_name =
| name = Liberta
| image_flag = Flag of Liberta.svg
| image_symbol = [[File:Coat of arms of Liberta.svg|55px]]
| common_name = Liberta
| national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.5em;text-align:center;">''[[Libertas scientiaque potentia est]]''
| englishmotto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.5em;text-align:center;">"Freedom and knowledge is power"
| national_anthem = ''[[Liberta#Anthem|The People of the Sea]]'' [[File:NationalAnthemofLiberta.ogg]]
| image_map = [[File:Liberta orthographic projection.svg|250px]]
| capital = '''Liberta proper'''
| capital_type =
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{coord|29|58|51.40|N|28|28|11.98|W}}
| official_languages = {{w|English_language|English}}
| recognised_languages =
| national_languages =
| languages_type = National languages
| languages = {{w|Latin}}
| ethnic_groups = '''By race:'''
{{Tree list}}
* 97.4% White
** 93.1% White Libertan
** 4.3% Jewish{{Tree list/end}}
2.6% Others
| religion = 72% No religion{{Tree list}}
* 24% Christianity
** 12% Protestant
** 9% Anglican
** 3% Catholic
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list}}
* 3% Judaism
** 2% Reform
** 0.7% Conservative
** 0.3% Orthodox{{Tree list/end}}
1% Others
| demonym = Libertan, Libertese
| membership_type = Citizenship
| government_type = {{w|Parliamentary system|Parliamentary}} {{w|Triumvirate|triarchical}} {{w|republic}} {{w|Executive president|with an executive presidency}}
| leader_title1 = Consul and President
| leader_name1 = [[Kenneth Hoyer]] ([[Progressus|P]])
| leader_title4 = Vice-Consul and Vice President
| leader_name4 = [[Julia Moore]] ([[Progressus|P]])
| leader_title2 = Di-Consul
| leader_name2 = [[Ann McCarthy]] ([[Conservative Coalition|C]])
| leader_title3 = Tri-Consul
| leader_name3 = [[Austin Clarence]]
| admin_center_type = Capital
| legislature = [[Senate of Liberta|Senate]]
| upper_house =
| lower_house =
| sovereignty_type = Establishment
| established_event1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 80 BC
| established_event2 = Decree of sovereignty
| established_date2 = 19 BC
| established_event3 = Trinitarian system founded
| established_date3 = 36 AD
| established_event4 = Trinitarian system fully executed
| established_date4 = 60 AD
| area_km2 = 1250
| established_event5 = Libertan Empire
| established_date5 = September 27th, 1011
| established_event6 = Modern Libertan republic
| established_date6 = May 16th, 1707
| area_land_km2 = 480
| area_water_km2 =
| percent_water = 61.6
| population_estimate = 11,270,000
| area_land_footnote = Only mainland Liberta. 
| area_water_footnote =
| population_census = 11,259,852
| population_census_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP = $1.1 trillion
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $97,692
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank = 24th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 4th
| Gini_year = 2008
| Gini = 0.34
| Gini_change = higher
| HDI_year = 2015
| HDI = 0.953
| HDI_rank = 3rd
| currency = [[Libertan Trine]]
| currency_code = LRT
| time_zone = UTC
| utc_offset = -1
| date_format = YY-MM-DD
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = +38
| patron_saint =
| iso3166code = LE
| official_website = liberta.gov.le
| footnote_a =
}}

'''Liberta''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|b|ər|t|ɑ:}}; [[Elroy Standard of Libertan English|Elroy Libertan]]: {{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|b|ər|d|ə}}), officially the '''Trinitarian Republic of Liberta''' ({{w|Latin}}: ''Respublica Trinitaria Libertae'') is a {{w|Sovereign state|sovereign}} {{w|City state|city state}} in the {{w|North Atlantic ocean}}. It lays on the {{w|Great Meteor Seamount}}, south of the [[Pirulian Islands]], west of the {{W|Morocco|Moroccan}} coast and north of {{w|Cape Verde}}. It is located roughly 29 degrees north of the {{w|Equator|equator}} and 28 degrees west of the {{w|Prime meridian|prime meridian}}, generally considered a part of {{W|Macaronesia}}. It consists of mainland Liberta and ''34 satellite islands'' known collectively as ''Liberta proper'', along with [[Protectorates of Liberta|six overseas protectorates]], under the central administration of the [[Government of Liberta|government of Liberta]]. Although the official language remains Latin, of which a small portion of the population is fluent, the official language is English and is used in all parts of society and daily life. With a total area of 612 square kilometers, it is the 17th smallest country by land area and with its population of 11 million, resulting in a population density of 23,000 people per square kilometer,{{efn|name=Note 1|This figure excludes the Libertan protectorates.}} making it the {{W|List of countries and dependencies by population density|most densely populated country}} on earth.

Liberta was founded in 80 BC by {{W|Roman Republic|Roman}} {{W|Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician}} [[Aquarius]], laying the first stones of Liberta proper. In 19 BC, his successor Aurelian formalized a decree of sovereignty, founding the short-lived Kingdom of Liberta (19 BC–36 AD). The Kingdom of Liberta gained several thousands of citizens through organized immigration schemes. The Kingdom ceased to exist as his son Cato proclaimed the Libertan republic, instating his trinitarian presidential system, based of off the {{W|Roman Senate}}. Throughout the 200s to the 500s, Liberta remained an insular country, as its national identity slowly formed during the Ancient era. Early technological breakthroughs allowed for more advanced infrastructure to be constructed, although the extreme lack of resources kept the republic impoverished. Following this, the Medieval era (500–1000) saw influences from the {{W|Islamic Golden Age}} through the {{W|Idrisid dynasty}}, as well as the first colonial expansion into {{W|West Africa}} through the establishment of the [[Sherbro|Ila]] protectorate. As {{W|Estate (land)|estates}} inherited from Aquarius in both Cossura and Aigilia came to light, these two islands became wealthy {{W|Entrepôt|entrepôts}}, enriching the Libertan state. With {{W|Natural resource|natural resoruces}} available, the Libertan trade network expanded and brought both wealth and diplomacy, firmly securing the republic as a {{W|thalassocracy}} in the {{W|Old World}}. By the Imperial era (1000–1600), Liberta had become an hub for higher education and medicine, cited by several medieval scholars as pertaining to the forefront of medical science. Lack of metals and highly competitive guild rivalries forged Libertan craftsmanship into a refined and internationally recognized art. Following the {{W|Industrial Revolution}}, the Libertan economy grew quickly, and continued to grow into the 20th century, with several {{W|Multinational corporation|multinational}} and {{W|Forbes Global 2000|Forbes 2000 listed}} corporations based in Liberta.

Liberta is the oldest republic and its government the world's oldest democratic institution. Liberta is a {{w|triumvirate|trinitarian}} {{w|parliamentary republic}}, a system unique to Liberta. The Metropolitan island, which hosts close to 100% of the total population, is universally recognized as the city-state, whilst the six protectorates fall under a different order, both domestically, and by international spectators. Liberta consists of twelve [[Boroughs of Liberta|boroughs]], as well as 201 [[Neighborhoods of Liberta|neighborhoods]]. The six protectorates of Liberta, as well as its overseas territories, are administered by the government of Liberta and are administered under special judicial rights. Considered dependencies of the republic, they are remnants of the ''Libertan Empire'', which following the {{w|Atlantic Charter}}, Liberta aligned itself to. Liberta operates one of the largest armed forces in the world by GDP percentage spending, and maintains a military presence in both hemispheres.

Liberta is considered both a {{W|Regional power|regional}} and {{W|middle power}}. It is a global city, the {{W|List of largest cities|28th largest}} in the world by population, a financial, educational, and transportation center, ranked as an {{w|Global city#Alpha +|Alpha+ global city}}. The national currency of Liberta, the [[Libertan Trine]], is among the stablest in the world and is heavily favored as a {{w|Reserve currency|reserve currency}} internationally. Maintaining the third highest Gross Domestic Product per capita in the world, the Libertan industry is highly specialized and maintains its status as an idiom for high quality. Given its historically significant educational institutions, Liberta is often regarded as an educational center internationally, especially for higher education, with all of its universities holding international recognition. Maintaining close relations with most western countries, especially the United States and the United Kingdom, it is considered a critical actor within western democracies. Because of its multicultural origins, venerable institutions, and history as a {{W|melting pot}}, it is sometimes called "the heart of the world".

==Etymology==
The name ''Liberta'' is widely believed to have originated from the Aurelian era, as it was transitioning to nationhood. This is supported mainly by the title "''King of Liberta''", a role which Aurelian proclaimed himself with, according to various historical artifacts such as the [[Grand National History Encyclopedia]], although earlier uses of the name may have occurred. Before this name, historical artifacts suggest that Liberta was simply referred to as "The Island", ''Insula,'' by the oldest surviving historical artifacts, and it was continuously used until the end of the Ancient era in place of Liberta. It is commonly believed that the name Liberta was exclusively used for international matters, and was therefore uncommon in popular speech. The meaning of the name is debated but is believed to either be a modification of the Latin ''Libertas'' (lit. Liberty), a reference to the national personification as a ''Liberta'', which is Latin for an emancipated woman, or a portmanteau of ''Insula''. Although the meaning behind the name is uncertain, it is likely a reference to Ace of Troy's enlightenment, after which he fled the Roman Empire and oversaw the construction of Liberta proper.

During the linguistic transitional period to the English language, changing of the name Liberta was frequently discussed. Language scholars of the time, such as John P. Sachi and Gable Valencia, argued that the name should not be anglicized, as that would be too drastic of an outward change. Among the suggested names were ''Livony, Libera,'' and ''Livera''. It was however, decided that Liberta would keep its Latin name.

Between the 17th and 19th century, the English name for Liberta was instead ''Trinitaria'' and later ''Trinia''. This was derived from the trinitarian system of government in Liberta. Traces of this still exist in the 21st century, the {{W|ship prefix}} for Liberta remains as "TRI". This is still prevalent in some languages, such as the German ''Trinien'', and in the Scandinavian languages as ''Trinerien''. These names are officially used by the embassies and consulates in those countries. Because of the resemblance of the name to "Trinidad", diplomatic missions to {{W|Trinidad and Tobago}} frequently make light of this in comedic ways. In all official matters, it is referred to as the ''Trinitarian Republic of Liberta'', although its comprehensive official name is ''The Trinitarian Free City and Republic of the Island of Liberta'', which it is referred to as in the [[Libertan Declaration of Independence|decree of sovereignty]]. Its comprehensive name was later, however, put out of use for sake of convenience.

===Nicknames===
Liberta has been referred to as the ''Floating Castle'' due to its unique, entirely artificial geography. It has also been called the ''Heart of the World'', named so for its historical importance as an international center for trade and commerce.

==History==
===Early history===
{{main|Kingdom of Liberta}}
The history of Liberta goes back at least two millennia. The mythical origin of the Libertan people is tied to the {{W|Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean}} {{W|Sea Peoples}}, though there is no modern scientific nor historical support for this claim. Liberta is an artificial island, and the construction technique used to build the island, let alone how such a feat was made possible, remains unknown. Many historians and architects consider the construction of Liberta to {{W|Sui generis|have no comparison}} in sheer scale and complexity for its time. According to surviving documents, such as the [[Royal Scripts of Liberta|Royal Scripts]], and the [[Grand National History Encyclopedia|Codex Liberta]], as well as artifacts from abroad, such as remnants in {{W|Greece}} and {{W|Italy}}, the founder of Liberta was [[Aquarius of Liberta]]. Pertaining to a long line of wealthy noblemen, Aquarius was the son of the nobleman [[Argento (father of Aquarius)|Argento]]. After inheriting his father's wealth, Aquarius experienced a religious {{w|enlightenment}} and fled the {{W|Roman Republic}} in order to pursue his newfound goal of establishing a new life for him and [[Cult of Aquarius|his followers]]. According to the Libertan {{W|national myth}}, he used his wealth to commission a large fleet of boats and traveled past Morocco, subsequently discovering the Pirulian Islands and settling there for ten years. Following a pattern in the sky, the convoy established Liberta on the Great Meteor Seamount. After a process in which some "more than 10 thousand" stone blocks were laid on top of the seamount, the center of the modern-day Metropolitan Island was finished. The process of finding the seamount, let alone the knowledge of it being there, is not entirely understood. The sea level at the time was not low enough for the seamount to be visible to the naked eye. Modern diving expeditions and extensive analyses have confirmed that the stones were indeed placed roughly two millennia ago, albeit with advanced layering patterns for its time. It is believed that initially, the island served to function more as private property, rather than an independent city-state during its early history, and before Aquarius could conceive Liberta as a nation he passed away in approximately 61 BC.
[[File:El Barco Medieval- Arte Mural. La realización del fresco pintor Emil Grigoras.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Facsimile of medieval artwork depicting the mythical Aurelian boatsmen immigrants traveling to Liberta.]]
After the death of Aquarius, [[Aurelian (son of Aquarius)|Aurelian]], his son, was appointed by his father as owner of the island. Aurelian proclaimed the island a nation in 19 BC. Naming the nation "Liberta", presumably from ''lībertās'', the [[wikipedia:Latin language|Latin]] word for liberty. As expansion continued, Aurelian set out to find citizens for his newly declared country. According to the Royal Scripts, he ordered a dozen orators to roam the Mediterranean coast to recruit citizens. After 2 years the men returned with around two thousand people, who were all given citizenship. Following this success, he promptly ordered 40 more men to find "no less than ten thousand" people from Europe. These men roamed throughout Europe and bribed commoners as well as aristocrats in order for them to leave for the dangerous journey to Liberta. Collectively, these 12,000 immigrants are referred to as the ''Aurelian immigrants'' or ''boatsmen'', though their voyage and recruitment is largely considered mythical or heavily embellished. From these twelve thousand immigrants, 60 particularly influential families, often families who had helped convince others to migrate, were granted nobility status, into the [[Ordo Patricorum|Order of the Nobles]] (''Ordo Patricorum''). Many of these families oversaw and mandated the construction of basic societal functions and infrastructure, such as [[Water treatment in Liberta|water treatment facilities]] and sanitary infrastructure. Starvation was a frequent issue on the island, scholars from Cato University estimate that more than half of the population died from starvation until the Catoan Era. The population was reliant on {{W|Fishing village|fishing}}, as {{W|Roof garden|roof gardens}} proved unable to produce sufficient amounts of food. Under his rule, Liberta transformed from a private island into a sovereign nation. Aurelian died in 9 BC for unknown reasons, most likely from [[wikipedia:Leprosy|leprosy]].

===Catoan era and the Libertan Republic===
After Aurelian's passing, his son [[Cato (son of Aurelian)|Cato]] inherited the national power at the age of nineteen. After his own enlightenment in the following years whilst visiting the Roman Republic, he entirely overhauled the Libertan government at his return. He transformed the ''de facto'' monarchy into a representative democracy, establishing the [[Senate of Liberta|Senatus Libertae]], where he instated the [[Trinitarian system]] of governance. This swift democratic change saw approval from the commoners, and protest from the upper echelon of society, primarily from the noble families. Despite the reluctance from the powerful noble factions, Cato continued implementing his democratic policies, such as equal suffrage and the implementation of unbiased courts. He continued these reforms until he fell in love with, and subsequently married, [[Ece of Paphlagonia]], a noblewoman maiden.

Parts of this political change fell into action 4 years after the city hall was completed, Cato however, appointed himself ruler until he died. The [[Trinitarian Rule|Consules-Senators system]] was still running and working under Cato’s rule. He had left a son under his rule, [[Konstantin (son of Cato)|Konstantin]]. Konstantin never had any political influence, however, he still owned all of the mines in Greece. Konstantin sold all of his father's mines to the Libertan State for "a fortune". He used the money to live in luxury. Konstantin was a poet, and never intended to follow his father’s passion for politics. At the age of 70, he died from a likely [[wikipedia:Epilepsy|epilepsy]] attack.

As the population of Liberta grew, the national legislature, the Senate, increased its priority for the commoners, as opposed to the aristocratic class. This took many forms, the most historically significant of which was the expansion of the Metropolitan Island. The construction of the breakwaters, was instead an aristocratic interest. The breakwaters stood around 2 kilometers outside of the city and acted both as crop grounds, as well as a defense barrier. Their construction was pushed primarily by the aristocratic class, who sought to increase the security of the city, which in turn led to the creation of the Libertan Navy. The slanted walls on the breakwaters stood finished in 154 AD and gave the navy a significant upper hand in the case of an attack. Military pride between the aristocrats became widespread, and manifested itself as nationalism in the commoners. As self-sufficiency grew, so did Liberta's national identity. As a new and independent Libertan culture emerged, as did its distancing from the {{w|Mos maiorum|Roman social norms}}.

=== Ancient era 200–500) ===
By the 200s population of Liberta had increased to twenty thousand people, with the Metropolitan Island having an area of roughly 32 square kilometers. As institutions began to emerge, the culture of Liberta changed as well. The old Roman social norms were replaced in favor of the first "[[Civic Laws of Liberta|Civic Law]]", passed by the Grand National Hall in 204 AD. These set the foundation of many early western morals, and many which are not accepted in the western world today. The rapidly changing and increasingly independent Libertan culture laid the foundation for the contemporary national identity of the republic. As trade slowed in the third century, followed by the {{w|Plague of Cyprian}} spreading in the Roman Empire, the Senate enacted the [[Naeva Bill of 249|Naeva Bill]], effectively turning the national economy into an autarkical one. Closed off from the outside world, the Naeva bill and its proceedings laid the foundation of much of modern Libertan culture. As temporary food shortages led to the state-sanctioned roof-gardens becoming widespread, self-sufficiency culture increased, and given the food shortages, the Libertan fishing culture led to many fishing improvements. As primarily men and fathers, but also women and mothers left their families to work during the day, many young women and girls began working as {{w|Nanny|nannies}} and {{w|Nursemaid|nursemaids}}, leading to an increasing educational gap, which eventually manifested itself in Leah of Alba's speech to the Senate, that resulted in the obligatory primary education law in 251. The bill laid the foundation for Liberta as an educational center, as both lower and higher educational institutions sprung up across Liberta.

[[File:House of Dea.jpg|348px|thumb|right|The Temple of Dea, an example of earlier Ancient architecture.]]

The Ancient era sparked Liberta's cultural identity, as well as its self-sufficiency, a landmark given their previous dependency on Roman supplies and trade. As raw materials like copper, iron, and gold skyrocketed in value, with little to no imports, Libertan society adapted quickly. Metals became a luxury product, the Libertan metal and forging industry adapted and developed less wasteful techniques in both its manufacturing as well as its forging techniques. This further progressed into advancements in weaponry, armor, and everyday items. As childbearing became increasingly important to sustain the population, extramarital sexual relations were encouraged and added into the Civic Law as permissible. This, along with the increased interest in increasing fertility among the general populous, sparked an increased understanding of the human sexual organs, along with the rest of the body, something which also gave rise to the Libertan medical institutions, whose work was by the sixth century several centuries ahead of other nations in terms of both knowledge and practical work. This caused a baby boom, the population density quickly exceeded that of sanitary conditions, which resulted in large-scale protests, prompting the government to increase the speed at which the Metropolitan Island was being expanded.

At the same time, the water supply of Liberta was being severely strained, nearly causing mass-parch. This prompted [[Laleh of Ionopolis]] to invent the first steam-powered compounded impulse turbine, an invention that allowed large amounts of potable water to be accessed throughout the city. Her water and sewage infrastructure systems allowed Liberta to become the first city with running water and sewage, which drastically improved quality of life, along with Apostates standardized, [[Apostatian architecture|heated apartments]]. This, as well as the firm sanitation imposed by the government, resulted in few plagues effectively infecting the general populous. As potable water became widely available, the previously alcohol-based dependent populous began drinking water instead. This saw life expectancy increase significantly, whilst sparking an intellectual boom and birth of the Libertan intelligentsia circles. As both philosophical movements grew, medical knowledge and scientific advancements grew in number, Liberta began to assert itself as both cultural and scientific center on the global theater at that time. This, along with traditionalist ideas and norms being out phased, led to a sexual liberation culture spurred on by government-sanctioned natalistic ideals, finally resolving the concern over a declining birth rate. By the end of the fourth century, in 496, the Naeva Bill was formally recalled, and replaced with the significantly more liberal [[Aurelia Amendment]], thus ending the Ancient Era.

=== Medieval era (500–1000) ===
As raw material continued to be high in price, the government took interest in the African coast and the possibilities of establishing a colony. These plans were quickly discarded, however, once it was clear that an establishment by force was neither economically nor militarily viable. Instead, small dependencies, Protectorates, were established on [[Sherbro Protectorate|Ila Island]] and Imsouane. Being more akin to work camps with salaries, the Protectorates were extremely prosperous and provided many valuable raw resources to Liberta. The state-owned mines abroad also provided Liberta with stone, used for the continuous expansion of the island. However, whilst the liberally economic laws allowed for significantly more trade to happen in Liberta, it remained relatively unappealing to traders until the 600s, when improvements in boats allowed for more reliable journeys between the western Mediterranean and Liberta. Whilst trade grew the Libertan economy, it remained a mostly insular society.

[[File:Woman_of_Passion_May_2010.jpg|thumb|right|248px|"Woman of Passion", one of the more famous pieces of Libertan sculpture.]]

Given the recent transition from a closed economy into an open one, the Libertan state experienced increasing difficulty in both managing taxes and central control of economic fluctuations. This led to the creation of the official currency, the Libertan Solida, along with the [[Ministry of the Treasury|Libertan Treasury]], and notably, the [[Grand National Exchequer]]. The Exchequer was established in 524, with the purpose of collecting a percentage of all taxes, as well as the monetary objects of the state for spending. This proved highly effective, and by 576 it had collected more value than the state had earned in the first three centuries of existence. To appeal further to merchants the state stopped taxing exported goods, as well as weighing down crimes specifically targeting merchants and travelers. This, in turn, led to [[Early reformation of the Libertan penitentiary system|early reformation]] of the [[Libertan penitentiary system|Incarceration in Liberta]]. Up until this point in history, convicted criminals in Liberta were sentenced to punishments such as {{w|flagellation}}, {{w|public humiliation}}, {{w|battery}}, and even {{w|rape}}. {{w|Forced disappearance|Forced disappearances}} (often leading to undisclosed drownings) were also common for more serious crimes. However, by the time merchants had begun to arrive in larger numbers, many of these punishments were seen as both abhorrent and in many times, also immoral. In 580 the Senate drafted and enabled the New Incarceration Act, prompting the construction of the first prison island, the [[Ancient Metropolitan Prison Island]]. The New Incarceration Act also provided new legislation regarding the treatment of prisoners, with an incarceration tactic of heavy and hard punishments, with long rehabilitation and reeducation. In reality, however, the Metropolitan Prison Island was more used as a scare tactic, with frequent {{w|prison rape}} (especially due to the mixed-sex layout) mistreatment by guards, as observed by visitors. Both {{w|infanticide}} and rape was rampant, which eventually manifested itself in [[Decimus the Thinker|Decimus]] play, [[The Devil's Island]]. A play that later gave way to public enlightenment about prison conditions as well as better legislation.

Culture during the Medieval era blossomed, as playwrights, music, and art became more available to the public, partially through the first public museums and cultural facilities, such as the [[Grandorian Museum of Art|Grandorian]] and the [[Grand National Theatre]]. As art quickly became widely accessible to the public, it became the main media, aside from the also recent [[Widepaper|widepapers]], the precursor to both older and contemporary literary media. Widepapers were {{w|broadsheet}}-sized paper-based literary media, with articles and often detailed imagery around a variety of topics including, {{w|comedy}}, {{w|social commentary}}, {{w|eroticism}}, and {{w|finance}}. These quickly gained traction and sparked a new wave of the times contemporary media and culture of expression. It was also during this period at which the Libertan art separated into two different main forms, the [[Classical Libertan art|classical]], and the [[Old-Contemporary Libertan art|old-contemporary]]. Whilst classical art was centered around larger, extravagant, and expensive pieces of epics, old-contemporary often featured more risqué and taboo works of art, in smaller sizes, often with deliberate lower artistic skill due to the nature of the high production within the form. These works later became a staple of the Medieval Era and were featured in public museums. Whilst Libertan culture grew and blossomed, it also sparked a movement of cultural isolationism from the Old World, with many artists, such as [[Toya of Divitae]] and [[Eamon of Almeda]]. This soon also spread into a more general societal isolationist movement, advocating for cultural isolationism and cultural and national symbolic independence. Whilst Liberta remained highly liberal in terms of cultural values and norms, it remained deeply conservative of those values.

As increased unrest in Europe occurred during the late 800s to early 1000s, the Libertan isolationism had led to a relative stark stagnation, culturally. Romantic nationalism had spread in culture, and whilst this affected Liberta socially and culturally, it is often regarded today as a period of both a bland and culturally dry one, something which [[Octavian the Daring]] would proclaim in 921, "...[the] uninspired art of the now can be firmly blamed on Eamon of Almeda, for he has etched a foul ring onto the statues of the morrow.", something he would later be murdered for. It was also during this time that Liberta became known as a truly independent actor in the international theater, as both an important trading, as well as a medical hub. During the entire Medieval Era, Libertan medicine and general health understanding had improved significantly, leading to Liberta becoming a major exporter of medicine as well as an influx of wealthy clientele for both health sabbatical visits, hydrotherapy, and surgery.
[[File:Tom Quad, Christ Church, Oxford.jpg|300px|thumb|left|The main quad of Elaine College, Gaius University]]
The first higher education institutions, such as the {{W|Collegiate University|collegiate}} [[Gaius University]] (c. 986) were established during the later parts of the 900s, birthing a systemic academic interest within Liberta. The precursor to {{W|Renaissance humanism}} is frequently attributed to the higher educational institutions of this era, spreading through trade with the kingdoms of southern Europe. Both men and women participated in education as popular past-time. Because of the sudden economic freedom, many children were able to attend schools instead of financially supporting their parents. As Liberta quickly grew to an educational center, its national research blossomed, receiving large endowments from many international patrons. This, along with the National Exchequer and the general good treatment of state funds, led to an intelligentsia boom, with birthrates skyrocketing. Often considered a historical highlight, this period shaped the precursor of modern Liberta. Large infrastructure projects were undertaken, and the economy grew rapidly, as the state invested heavily in a variety of institutions, whilst also expanding upon the [[Libertan Naval Empire]]. This led to the creation of three additional Protectorates, which further increased the resource influx, further boosting the many businesses in Liberta. The economic miracle continued on, with large-scale exports suddenly turning immensely profitable. Industries such as shipbuilding and technological research put Liberta on the geopolitical stage. It became the quickest growing economy and society in the Old World.

=== Libertan Empire (1000–1600) ===
The high birthrate of the 900s proved difficult to maintain, especially due to Liberta's geographically isolated location, resulting in significant food insecurity. The food exports from [[Ila|Ila Protectorate]] quadrupled if only to supply the Metropolitan Island with enough food. Roof gardens became more widespread than before, with almost all apartments and houses having one. Closer maritime relations to the Pirulian Islands in 1011 led to more settlers farming in the fertile plains and exporting it, increasing food security to the mainland. Even protectorates whose primary role was exporting stone and masonry to support building on the Metropolitan island, such as the Cossura and Aigilia protectorates were subjected to strict and demanding food export requirements.
[[File:Sandro_Botticelli_021.jpg|400px|thumb|right|''Composition of the Palace'' by [[Aegan Nostallier]] is often considered one of the best works of the Imperial Era.]]
Looking for new ways to increase riches and for Liberta to prosper, contemporary thinkers of the time, such as [[Eculius of Celestine]], argued that using the intellectually disabled, petty criminals, and those unable to free themselves from their debts, should be used as slaves. This idea became popular with the middle and upper classes, who viewed it as a necessity, drawing inspiration from Greece. The ''[[Slavery in Liberta|Servosa]]'' system was introduced in 1056, where ten thousand men and women who were either convicted criminals of petty crime, intellectually disabled, or severely indebted, were made slaves. Slaves were rented out from the state, and were therefore considered property of the state. Some scholars and historians have disputed calling the practice slavery, and more akin to forced labor, as slaves were protected by most laws, and were compensated financially, albeit poorly. Unlike slavery in the United States and most of Europe, the Servosa system was not hereditary, and children of slaves were considered free both as children and adults. Many slaves were only slaves for a decade of their life, or depending on demand for slaves, acquitted from slavery. Heroic acts were also considered reason for acquittal, such as when [[Hinemos the Fearless]] rescued four children from a burning house, was afterwards emancipated and later taken care of in a hospital for his intellectual disability. At its greatest extent, between 4-6% of the inhabitants of the Metropolitan Island were enslaved. The Servosa system is in part credited to the intellectual renaissance that occurred in the 1100s, with new technologies emerging in both medicinal knowledge, architecture, and art. [[Libertan Nurses]], women and men highly qualified in medicine, became a widespread phenomenon in the royal courts of Europe, medically attending to many of the most powerful individuals at the time, resulting in generous donations and improved relations with many nations in western Europe. Following the {{W|Fall of Constantinople}}, many {{W|Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Greek scholars}} migrated to Liberta, whilst some 40 years later, in 1492, the {{W|Expulsion of Jews from Spain|forced expulsion of Jews}} from the Iberian Peninsula and subsequent migration to Liberta, contributed to a significant {{W|Human capital flight|brain gain}} in the middle-to-late 15th and early 16th century.

Simultaneously, Libertan nationalism in its early forms began to take shape. With greater public knowledge of the various nations in Europe, Libertan scholars developed a strong sense of national identity. Nationalistic and militaristic monuments were common throughout this time period, portraying a strong, unified Libertan nation. The Libertan Navy saw greater control over the Atlantic, as it frequently visited many coastal cities as a show of prowess. With the discovery of the Americas in 1492, Liberta suddenly became a strategically important trading port, with many ships to and from Africa stopping and trading. This spike in economic growth led to a large increase in the quality of life, with an elite whose wealth grew significantly. The Ila Protectorate became an important Slave trading center, with a locally secure political climate, and African inhabitants who frequently helped to hunt and sell slaves. As such, Liberta began to take fees for stopping by and trading within Ila. A large part of this accumulated wealth was distributed not only to the ethnic Libertans, but also toward the African workers, who were compensated generously for hunting and bringing slaves to sell. With the largest trading partners being the British and Portuguese, friendly relations were quickly established.

=== Age of Enlightenment ===
[[File:Albert Anker - Das Schulexamen (1862).jpg|400px|thumb|The 1717 Education Reformation saw children from all social classes attend school during the weekdays.]]
The {{W|Age of Enlightenment}} contributed significantly to a democratization of the Libertan state, which had up until 1707, despite its democratic aspects, retained an aristocratic class. Despite every person above the age of 20 being allowed to cast a vote in the elections, it is generally believed that a majority of people lacked the understanding of the complex political factions of the senate, and often voted on familiarity, not on political leanings. The Enlightenment saw not only political awareness in the lower classes increase, but also a rise in the standard of living, as children of the {{W|Underclass|underclass}} attended schools in larger numbers following the 1717 Education Reformation. The reformation made public schooling for those between the ages of 6 and 12 mandatory, becoming the precursor to the 1870 compulsory state education reform in England.

The undermining of the monarchy and {{W|Catholic Church}} that in many ways defined the Age of Enlightenment, in Liberta instead translated to, due to an absence of both organizations in Liberta, undermining the political elite. The largest of these, the [[Ordo Patricorum|Order of the Nobles]], had existed since early Libertan history. It was a historically powerful organization, and despite its removal of nobility privileges during the Catoan Era, many families maintained a great sphere of influence in politics and the economy. After growing public pressure, laws enacted to limit their influence greatly lowered their political standing and saw their reputation tarnished. The undermining of the Order has been attributed to by many historians, as the first example of organized Libertan {{W|populism}}.

After the birth of {{W|neoclassicism}}, often attributed to the writings of {{W|Johann Joachim Winckelmann}}, Liberta became one of the most prominent tourism destinations in Europe during the {{W|Grand Tour|Grand Tour era}}. Due to the spark in interest of {{W|Decorative arts|decorative}} and {{W|visual arts}}, {{W|literature}}, {{W|theatre}}, {{W|music}}, and {{W|architecture}} that drew inspiration from the art and culture of {{W|classical antiquity}}, Liberta was thoroughly studied by art historians, historians and writers. This [[Libertophilia]] was prominent in many writings and arts in neoclassicism, which also shaped the romanticism and fictionalization of the provenance of Liberta, known as the [[Libertan Origin]].

====Arrival of Jewish Diaspora====
{{Main|Libertan Jews}}
The first known Jews arrived in Liberta after the {{w|Alhambra_Decree|forced expulsion of Jews}} from the Iberian Peninsula. After the assassination of {{w|Alexander II of Russia}}, for which some of the populous started a witch hunt blaming "the Jews", there was a vast increase in anti-Jewish pogroms – possibly with the support of the government – and numerous anti-Jewish laws were passed. Therefore, roughly 100 000 Jews fled to Liberta, after word spread from the small Jewish community in Liberta to the Ashkenazim communities in eastern Europe regarding how well the Jewish community was met.
=== Industrialization ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Robert_Hoe_and_Co’s_Manufacturing_Establishment.jpg
| alt1 = Factory of Robert Hoe and Co.
| caption1 = Robert Hoe and Co was one of the first factories in Marima.
| image2 = NEGC_exterior_view.jpg
| alt2 = Factory of Pryce Iron Works, Inc.
| caption2 = Pryce Iron Works became the largest employer in Liberta during the industrialization.
}}
Despite the early discovery of steam's potential as a power by Libertan inventor [[Vergento of Lea]] in 742, it wasn't until the Industrial Revolution that Liberta industrialized through steam power. As the Metropolitan Island was expanding rapidly, it was decided that the southwestern coast, due to the strong southbound winds, would host most factories. In 1808, following the decision to separate the outer neighborhoods into seven outer boroughs, this coast became Marima borough. To the west was ''Eode'', the south part of which became the locations of many headquarters of companies owning the factories. To the east of ''Marima'' was ''Montale'', in which most factory workers began residing. This economic triangle would continue to the present day, heavily centering economic activity to the south of the island.

The industrialization of Liberta led to an extreme economic growth, and a new cultural emphasis on workmanship. Liberta continued to heavily rely on its Protectorates for raw resources, and built an economy on {{W|manufacturing}}, as opposed to {{W|Extractivism|extraction}}. Competition between neighborhood guilds since the Medieval Era had established Libertan products as pertaining to high quality, and this continued into the industrial revolution. Because of the limited number of raw materials that could be supplied, the industrial sector reacted by pushing for higher efficiency in all aspects of manufacturing. This practice would become known as [[disciplus]], and in turn benefit Libertan product quality.

==== Language transition ====
Following the slow decline of Latin as a {{W|lingua franca}} in the 16th century, a growing and increasingly globalist Liberta led to several suggestions to adopt a new language as early as 1632. Initially, adopting the {{W|French|French language}} was proposed, though this was met with fierce local opposition. The closer contact with {{W|Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain}} following the {{W|Industrial Revolution|industrial revolution}} brought with it many English and Welsh immigrants. As the {{W|British Empire}} firmly rooted its global hegemony through {{W|Pax Britannica}}, {{W|English language|English}} grew into a globally dominant language in trade. The increasing trade between Liberta and the growing United States, further highlighted English as the language of trade and shipping. In 1781 the notably fastidious [[Gaius University]] began teaching English linguistics courses, and by 1829 the first anglophone university in Liberta, the [[University of Godiva]], was inaugurated. As the possibility of a dual language state grew closer, nationalists and globalists, along with ethnic Libertans and Briton immigrants, frequently clashed in what erupted into violent street brawls. As the Briton immigrant population accounted for nearly a third of the population in the mid 1800s, they became politically organized and established the ''Anglican Party'' in 1860. The half-Libertan, half-English ''Augustus Pawley Flavius'' was elected president in 1866, and established a political doctrine attempting to bolster national unity and reconciliation. Because of this polarization, the Language Bill of 1867, as a compromise, awarded Latin the status of national language, and established English the official trade language. This would make Liberta a ''de facto'' bilingual nation. In 1868 the Senate narrowly approved the bill of 1867, ratifying it and requiring all government bodies to use both languages. Though ''de jure'' only enforcing an already established linguistic dichotomy, the Language Act of 1867 would set the precedent for the gradual shift toward a fully English speaking nation.

=== World War I, Great Depression, and World War II ===
[[File:Familie Mahn hoort succes door radio, Bestanddeelnr 907-9636.jpg|240px|thumb|left|The early availability of the radio led to high public awareness.]]
Liberta remained neutral throughout World War I, but supported the {{W|United Kingdom}} with arms through several covert operations and incentives. World War I also sparked a national debate regarding expansion of the Libertan military. Following the rapid journalism of the battlefield, public opinion swayed in favor of significantly enlarging military strength. As a direct result of this, rich incentives for military production led to the establishment of several large arms manufacturers like [[Cassowary Arms Corporation|Cassowary]], [[Seagirt (firearms manufacturer)|Seagirt]], and [[Libertan Arms Corporation]]. In 1920, then president ''Abraham Verrucosus'' attended the {{W|Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference}}, and suggested joining the {{W|League of Nations}}. This was first rejected by the Senate, but approved just a month later.

The 1920s and 30s saw the rise of the {{W|radio}} for {{W|mass communication}}, and the invention of the early {{W|television}}. By 1925 virtually all homes in all boroughs had access to electricity. Throughout the {{W|Roaring Twenties}}, businesses experienced an incredibly large growth, along with a booming film industry. The {{W|Wall Street Crash of 1929}}, which started the {{W|Great Depression}}, severely strained the expanding Libertan economy, resulting in massive lay-offs and a spike in poverty. To combat this, the strong public confidence of the presidency was used by then president [[James Wellington]] to issue large-scale {{W|Bond (finance)|financial bonds}} in order to prevent major companies from declaring bankruptcy. Controversially he also used reserves from the [[Grand National Exchequer]] to mitigate the losses from the Great Depression. By 1937, Liberta had recovered from the Great Depression, being one of the faster countries to do so.
[[File:Antikythera Air Base Evacuation.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Aigilia was evacuated of civilians after repeated bombing runs by Axis forces.]]
Effectively neutral until 1940, Liberta was drawn World War II following the start of the {{W|Battle of Britain}}. Because of the mutual-defense pact signed with the United Kingdom in 1921, Liberta began supplying reserve arms to Britain. The military companies formed during World War I had suffered greatly under the Great Depression, and extremely large investments in "the big three" were made during a span of eight months. [[Johnson Floyd]] was provided with direct financial support from the Ministry of Defense to manufacture {{W|Supermarine Spitfire|Supermarine Spitfires}} under license for the {{W|Royal Air Force}}, and to also develop a domestic fighter aircraft. Particularly of threatened were the protectorates in the Mediterranean, which also served as crucial stopping points for the Allies. When both the Cossura and [[Antikythera|Aigilia Protectorate]] were attacked by Italian and German forces, Liberta engaged in direct combat with Axis troops. On the 8th of June 1940, the Senate declared war on {{w|Nazi Germany|Germany}} and {{w|Fascist Italy|Italy}}, leading to a [[Great evacuation|total civilian evacuation]] of both Mediterranean protectorates. They were were both however, successfully defended throughout the war. Though part of the war, few troops fought in mainland Europe. Instead, most of the war effort was directed at supplying the allies with arms and defending the protectorates. The [[Libertan Air Force]] engaged in several bomb raids on Greek air bases after the German invasion. The Cossura Protectorate was intensely bombarded and defended during the {{w|Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege of Malta}}. By 1943 several military aircraft, such as the [[Ruddeye Redtail]], saw considerable use in the war. The war begun the close diplomacy and joint-research between Liberta and the United States, but atomic research between the two ceased after the {{W|Atomic Energy Act of 1946}}, which restricted access to information about nuclear weapons from the United States. Liberta instead joined the British {{W|High Explosive Research}} project, culminating in the covert supply of nuclear weapons from the UK in 1955.

=== Cold war and late 20th century ===
Following the start of the {{W|Cold War}}, the connection to the {{W|English-speaking world}} along with the liberal and democratic values in society, drew Liberta to the side of the {{W|Western Bloc}}. This was officially ratified after the signing of the {{W|North Atlantic Treaty}}, joining {{W|NATO}} as a founding member. The {{W|Second Red Scare}} rooted itself in Libertan politics following two key events; the {{W|Soviet Union|Soviet Union's}} first {{W|nuclear weapons test}} in 1949, the {{W|RDS-1}}, and the [[Liberta 1951 presidential election|1951 presidential election]] electing [[Robert Senora]]. The Senora administration enacted a series of policy changes, including laws targeting leftist groups, witch hunts against communist sympathizers, and significant power increases for the [[National Intelligence Agency|NIA]]. This would later come to define the eponymous ''Senorism'', analogous to American {{W|McCarthyism}}. The extensive medical industry of Liberta enabled it to develop {{W|Biological warfare|biological weapons}}, maintaining the [[Hendrick Institute|largest known biological weapons stockpile]].

Throughout the 1960s, 70s, and 80s Liberta covertly engaged in several African wars against socialist and communist militias, so called "[[clean sweeps]]". This began in 1963 with the {{W|Guinea-Bissau War of Independence}}, aiding the {{W|Portugal|Portuguese}} forces. Following the public uncovering of the clean sweep program in the late late 1960s, the pacifist flower power movement grew considerably. This largely coincided with the {{W|Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|Vietnam War opposition movement}} in the United States. The Government of Liberta also secretly aided several ex-colonial states, such as financially aiding {{W|Rhodesia}} in the {{W|Rhodesian Bush War}}, which strained relations with the United Kingdom, as well as the Portuguese forces in the {{W|Mozambican War of Independence}}. The last clean sweep came to an end in 2002, following the end of the {{W|Angolan Civil War}}. As a hub for higher education, several domestic universities lobbied for Liberta to become cable connected to the {{W|Internet}}. This was achieved in 1994, following the completion of the [[LICAN CCable]]. The {{W|1973 oil crisis}} launched a series of Libertan led oil exploration projects in {{W|Cameroon}}, a closely allied country. Following the {{W|economic expansion}} in the 80s, many Libertan companies and conglomerates multi-nationalized and entered international markets. The Libertan government continued to invest in Internet infrastructure until the year 2000, following the {{W|Dot-com bubble|dot-com crash}}, which saw private companies take the lead in digital infrastructure investment.

=== 21st century ===
Minutes following the {{W|September 11 attacks}}, in which {{W|al-Qaeda}} {{W|Islamic terrorism|Islamic}} {{W|Terrorism|terrorist}} {{W|Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|hijackers}}, under the leadership of {{W|Osama bin Laden}}, flew two passenger planes into the {{W|World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center}}, the Libertan government temporarily shut down and grounded all flights at [[McGarrett International Airport]], at the time the second largest airport in the world. Liberta joined the United States in the resulting {{W|War on Terror}}, in both the {{W|War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan}} and the {{W|Iraq War}}, providing both ground troops and intelligence. The participation in these wars saw domestic military spending increase, which was strongly criticized on many fronts, causing the conservative coalition to lose supermajority in the [[2012 Liberta congressional election|2012 election]].

The {{W|financial crisis of 2007–2008}} greatly affected the Libertan industrial sector, resulting in a major controversy following president [[Laura Ignacio|Laura Ignacio's]] decision to use funds from the National Exchequer to alleviate the financial losses of several conglomerates. Corporations such as Speedster received bailouts and major restructuring, with total job losses during those two years in the tens of thousands. This prompted the [[Invigoration Act of 2009]], in which over 680 million trine were used to incentivize businesses.

== Geography ==
[[File:Grupo de sargos picudos (Diplodus puntazzo), Parque natural de la Arrábida, Portugal, 2020-07-31, DD 42.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sheephead breem swimming in the Breakaways.]]
Liberta consists of Liberta proper, which includes the ''mainland'' Metropolitan Island, the [[Breakaway Islands|Breakaways]] breakwater islands, and all 34 satellite islands sit atop the {{W|Great Meteor Seamount}}, formed some 11 to 16 million years ago, as a result of the {{W|North America|North American continent}} slowly drifting to the west. Due to this, the seamount shows a strong resemblance to the geology in the {{W|White Mountains}} of {{W|New England}}. The Seamount belongs to the {{W|Seewarte Seamounts}}, and is a {{W|Guyot|guyot}}, with a summit depth of 270 meters. Its shallow and flat summit suggests that it may have emerged sometime in the past. Covered by a 150 to 600 meter thick layer of {{W|Limestone|limestone}}, {{W|Pyroclastic rocks|pyroclastic rocks}}, and {{W|Bioclasts|bioclastic}} {{W|Sandstone|sandstones}}, its ability to maintain the Libertan islands has been studied numerous times. Due to its shallowness compared to the rest of the {{W|Atlantic Ocean}}, it has many endemic species of {{W|Copepods|copepods}} and {{W|Nematodes|nematodes}}. It is likely that humans introduced {{W|Pelagic fish#Epipelagic fish|epipelagic fish}} to Liberta through boats, waste, and deliberate breeding colonies. Fishing does not appear to have substantially affected the movement of fish around the guyot, and considerable parts of the islands of Liberta have developed some form of {{W|Coral reef|coral reefs}}, although when this process first began is disputed.

Part of {{W|Macaronesia}}, the Libertan mainland has increased since its founding in 80 CE, up until 1951, and has remained at 480 km2 since. Entirely man-made, older islands in Liberta have been constructed through hundreds of years of block laying. Instead of {{W|Mortar (masonry)|mortar}}, the Libertan rock foundation relies on weight to inhibit movement. In present times this lack of sealing has allowed many species of marine life to live in the open gaps of water, developing a unique ecosystem. Newer islands, built after 1900, have a more sophisticated construction, planning around the direction of {{W|Ocean current|ocean currents}} and optimizing stone use. The 34 satellite islands combined account for an area of another 140 km2, and many are used for {{W|Agriculture|farming}}, as {{W|Amusement park|entertainment grounds}}, as {{W|Nature reserve|nature reserves}}, or for {{W|Military base|military use}}.

=== Nature ===
[[File:Plaza Parterre, Parque del Retiro, Madrid, España, 2017-05-18, DD 27.jpg|350px|thumb|right|A part of the Grand National Botanical Garden in Hyde.]]
Liberta has few to no wild areas, and most greenery exists on the Breakaways, in parks, or {{W|Wildlife reserve|wildlife reserves}} on empty satellite islands. As a result of this, Libertan flora and fauna is limited, and has been highly protected by the [[Liberta Ministry of Surroundings|Ministry of Surroundings]]. Common wildlife includes {{W|Feral cat|wildcats}}, {{W|Red squirrel|red squirrels}}, {{W|Great black-backed gull|great black-backed gulls}}, and {{W|European robin|robins}}. Cats are believed to have been introduced as early as the Ancient Era, primarily to rid the city of mice and rats. Due its role as a pest control, cats have been cemented into Libertan culture, and are a considerably large part of Libertan wildlife. Wildcats, who have become increasingly wild over thousands of generations, are common on both the Breakaways and a few wildlife reserves. Most introduced wildlife has been isolated on Liberta for such an extended period of time that they have become separate subspecies of their European counterparts. The [[Grand National Botanical Gardens]], a 202-year-old garden park in [[Hyde (neighborhood)|Hyde]], is the one of few designated spaces in mainland Liberta where wild animals are abundant.

=== Climate ===
[[File:Man in Bankton Jumping in the sea.jpg|250px|thumb|right|The Mediterranean climate makes swimming in the ocean a popular year-round activity.]]
Liberta has a {{W|Mediterranean climate}} ({{W|Köppen climate classification|Köppen}}: ''{{W|Mediterranean climate#Hot-summer mediterranean climate|Csa}}''), with the {{W|Gulf Stream}} contributing to its warmer climate. The stream also contributes to the sea temperature, which varies between 15 °C (59 °F) in February and March, and 23 °C (73 °F) in August and September. The {{W|Seasonal lag}} is extreme in the winter, with December being milder than April in terms of mean temperatures. During the summer the lag is considerably lower, with August being the warmest month, though September and sometimes October is warmer than July. Due to its isolation in the Atlantic, the warm weather is usually somewhat dampened by the strong, year-round winds. The warm summers have also shaped both Libertan culture and the cuisine, domestic beach tourism being a very popular pastime. Liberta follows the GMT-1 time zone, the same as the neighboring {{W|Azores}} and {{W|Cape Verde}}.

Liberta recognizes that {{W|Climate change|climate change}} and {{W|Sea level rise|rising sea levels}} in the decades ahead will affect its low-lying coastline. Due to its location and isolation in the Atlantic, the government of Liberta has often prioritized and funded {{W|History of climate change science|climate change research}} since the 1950s. The government of Liberta is expected to spend nearly 20 billion trine on further research, coastline protection, and building elevation projects. Since the correlation between greenhouse gasses and rising sea levels has been further strengthened, Liberta has been among the first nations to launch incentives for companies to lower carbon-emissions, issuing additional taxes toward companies that produce more than 20,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year.

== Government and politics ==
[[File:Hall of Decision Front Facia.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Front facia of the Hall of Decision, where the Senate meets.]]
Liberta is a {{w|Parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{w|Triumvirate|triarchical}} {{w|republic}} {{w|Executive president|with an executive presidency}}, consisting of the Metropolitan Island, [[Satellite Islands of Liberta|34 satellite islands]], and [[Protectorates of Liberta|six protectorates]]. It is the world's oldest democracy, republic, and the world's only nation headed by a triumvirate. It is a {{W|Representative democracy|representative democracy}}, with {{W|majority rule}} pertaining to some legislative restrains protecting {{W|minority rights}}. Over the past 20 years, Liberta has ranked among the top 5 nations in the world on the {{W|Democracy Index|Democracy Index}}, and is described as a "full democracy". Its political transparency has at times been historically disputed, especially during the 1950s and 60s, but following the decline of the Cold War, favored well, and it retains a high rating on {{W|Transparency International|Transparency International's}} 2020 {{W|Corruption Perceptions Index|Corruption Perceptions Index}}, with a Number 8 rating, one point below {{W|Switzerland}} and one point above the {{W|Netherlands}}. Most Libertan citizens, those residing on the Metropolitan Island, are subject to three levels of government, national, regional (borough-level), and local (neighborhood-level). The local government is appointed either by a {{W|Plurality voting|plurality vote}} or, less commonly, by a {{W|Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies#Show_of_hands|show of hands}}. The regional government is chosen by the representatives from the neighborhoods in the borough.

The [[Government of Liberta]] is regulated by {{W|separation of powers}} between the [[Senate of Liberta|Senate]], the Triumvirs, and the Supreme Court, all instituted in the ''Five National Creeds'', the constitution of Liberta and its sole, supreme legal document. There are three levels of legislative laws in Liberta. The National Creeds are constitutional laws describing the basic principles of government, and are immune to alteration by any power. The Cardinal Codex is the second tier of constitutional set of laws, identical in significance, but may be altered with a three-quarters majority by two sets of cabinets. The third and lowest tier of laws are the Common Laws, regular laws on national, borough, and neighborhood-levels of government. All legislation proposals in the Senate are subject to {{W|Judicial review|judicial review}} by the Supreme Court before it is ratified into law. If the court finds that a suggestion violates the constitution, it is legally obligated to void the suggestion. The [[Common Board of Democratic Oversight]] oversees the democratic integrity of the national government.
[[File:Map of Libertan politics.svg|thumb|right|400px|Diagram of the government of Liberta]]

The primary triumvir, the Consul, colloquially referred to as the President, is the commander-in-chief of all Libertan military branches, and appoints the Ministers of all respective ministries (departments). The President has since 1707 been elected through a popular vote, but is still ratified by a Senate vote. The secondary triumvir acts as the leader of the opposition, whilst the third triumvir is the leader of the Supreme Court and must remain strictly {{W|Apoliticism|apolitical}} throughout their career. Generally, the most popular senator, the majority party leader, is elected President, and the opposition leader is elected Di-Consul. The Consul and Di-Consul must themselves choose a deputy senator to act on their behalf. The decisions taken by the cabinet must first be approved through a 2–1 majority, the Tri-Consul generally votes in favor of the Consul unless they find it to violate the constitution. The [[Senatus Libertae|Senate]], situated in the Hall of Decision, creates legislative bills, declares war, approves treaties, and has the {{W|Power of the purse|power of the purse}}. The Senate also posses the power to {{W|Impeachment|impeach}} sitting members of the government, and all triumvirs with a two-thirds majority. The Supreme Court interprets legislation proposals and overturns those which it deems are unconstitutional.

Liberta administers and enforces various governmental and societal functions through its eleven ministries, comparable to American federal executive departments. Ministers oversee and interpret the various roles and responsibilities of their respective ministries, and are appointed by the President. Ministers can be replaced at any time by the president, or by a two-thirds {{W|Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence}} by the Senate. The largest ministry, the [[Ministry of Defense (Liberta)|Ministry of Defense]], is allotted a budget of 50 billion trine, whilst the smallest ministry, the [[Ministry of Commerce (Liberta)|Ministry of Commerce]], is allotted a budget of 890 million trine. Ministries maintain a presence in all levels of government, with operating units on national, regional, and local levels. Ministries also maintain absolute control over their respective duties in Libertas provinces.

===Parties and Elections ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Joe Kennedy III, 115th official photo (cropped).jpg
| alt1 = Kenneth Hoyer
| caption1= Kenneth Hoyer President
| image2 = Julia Moore Portrait 2022.jpg
| alt2 = Julia Moore
| caption2 = Julia Moore Vice President
| footer = since February 1st, 2022
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The [[Senatus Libertae|Senate]] has 201 voting members, one from each neighborhood, who are appointed by a direct vote by those residing in their respective neighborhoods. They are elected every four years, two years before the national triumvirate election. Residents stationed on any of the 34 satellite islands return to the neighborhood they have resided in for more than eight years. Libertan nationals who live in any of the six protectorates hold no ability to vote in the Senate election. They instead vote in separate, semi-autonomous elections for candidates in their protectorate neighborhood. The head of state of each protectorate is a Governor, and represents their protectorate in the [[Department of Protectorate Interests]]. The triumvirate is elected every four years, two years after the Senate election. Ahead of elections, each political party selects three candidates for the position of triumvir, vice-triumvir, and tri-tirumvir, usually by popular vote by members of the respective parties. The candidates chosen by {{W|Direct election|popular vote}}. Although customary, neither representatives nor triumvir are legally bound to act their party's interests, as Libertan law does not officially recognize any parties, and only sees representatives and the triumvirate as independent politicians.

In Libertan political culture, the climate is dominated by three parties, the center-left [[Progressus]], the {{W|Centre-right politics|center-right}} [[Conservative Coalition]], and the centrist [[Democratia Nova]]. Together, these parties are referred to as "the big three", due to their relatively similar politics, interests, and roles as the three major parties in Libertan politics. Progressus and the Conservative Coalition originate from earlier iterations of political factions with the same name, tracing back to the Ancient era, although documentation shows that earlier, unofficial political alliances likely existed. Democratia Nova formed out of major splinter groups from the two aforementioned parties. Fringe parties include the nationalist and traditionalist [[Front (party)|Front]], classical liberal [[Pro Populi]], as well as the environmentalist-socialist [[Greens and Lefts]]. These minor parties do not operate in the six protectorates, where local parties are elected instead.

In the 496th Senate, elected in 2020, Progressus narrowly took control over the legislature, controlling 64 seats, the most out of any party, followed by the Conservative Coalition with 62 seats, and Democratia Nova with 60 seats. Progressus leader and former Mayor of Liberta [[Kenneth Hoyer (politician)|Kenneth Hoyer]], the winner of the 2022 presidential election, is serving as the 411th President of Liberta, along with Vice-President [[Julia Moore (politician)|Julia Moore]], Conservative Coalition leader [[Ann McCarthy (politician)|Ann McCarthy]] serving as leader of the opposition and second triumvirate, and [[Austin Clarence (politician)|Austin Clarence]] as leader of the Supreme Court and third triumvirate. The ''coast-effect'' is largely prevalent, with most neighborhoods along the coastline voting more center-left, and central neighborhoods voting more center-right.

=== Protectorates ===
Protectorates are the overseas territories of the republic, and have since 1707 been autonomous, effectively replacing all three levels of government. However, the national government may override or revoke certain laws in protectorates if it deems them unconstitutional, as protectorates abide by the Libertan constitution. The autonomy of the protectorates varies greatly, larger territories such as Ila and the Pirulian Islands function similarly to sovereign nations, whilst the smaller Mediterranean territories receive significant funding from the national government. Mainland Liberta is responsible for diplomatic relations, as well as defense and currency.

=== Foreign Relations ===
Liberta has maintained foreign relations since the Ancient Era, having established principles for negotiation and diplomacy dating back to the 6th century CE. It is a founding member of the {{w|United Nations}}, along with a member of the {{w|G20}}, and {{w|OECD}}. It maintains embassies around the world, with additional consulates in closer partners, such as the {{w|United States}} and the {{w|United Kingdom}}. Almost all countries have embassies in or in close proximity to the specially designated Embassy Gardens part of [[Forea (neighborhood)|Forea]] neighborhood in central Liberta. It does not have a formal diplomatic relation with {{w|Iran}}, {{w|Lesotho}}, {{w|Palestine}}, {{w|Eritrea}}, or {{w|China}}. Liberta maintains a {{W|Special relationship (international relations)|special relationship}} with the United Kingdom, and close connections with the United States, {{w|Australia}}, {{w|New Zealand}}, {{w|Canada}}, {{w|Japan}}, and {{w|South Korea}}, and is a member of several intelligence-sharing alliances with the US, UK, and Australia.

Liberta also maintains a unique diplomatic relationship with {{w|Taiwan}}, being the only western democracy and member of {{w|G20}} to recognize {{w|Taiwan}} in favor of {{w|China}}. In practice it recognizes the sovereignty of both governments, but due to the {{W|One China|one-China principle}} maintained by the People's Republic of China, official diplomatic relations have never been established. The official stance by the Libertan government is that Liberta maintains support for the self-determination of both nations. Relations with Taiwan commenced in the late 1960s, during which {{w|McCarthyism}} and anti-communism influenced national politics. Both countries have maintained this relation ever since, resulting in multiple trade agreements and cultural exchanges. As part of the Libertan pledge to protect and aid liberal democracies, it has sold domestically manufactured weapons and funded Taiwanese development of military equipment.

=== Sub-Divisions ===
Liberta is administered on three separate levels, national (or federal), regional (borough-level), and local (neighborhood-level). Its protectorates maintain their own separate judicial system, outside of the regional and local judicial levels. The protectorates' laws and taxation vary greatly, and are often a result of the differing interests, industries, and climates different provinces have. Protectorates were ruled directly by the senate until 1766, but today maintain a high level of autonomy. The 34 satellite islands surrounding Liberta proper, in terms of civilian islands, face only national government and the regional government of whichever borough it is geographically closest to. This excludes the islands with military bases, which are directly administered by the [[Ministry of Defense (Liberta)|Ministry of Defense]]. The lack of local government and its taxes have led to a large entertainment and tourism industry on many satellite islands, like [[Disneyland Liberta]] and the [[Everglade Park]]. {{InteractiveMapOfLiberta}}
Surrounding the Libertan mainland are four breakwater islands, known as the [[Breakaway Islands|Breakaways]], surrounding and protecting the Metropolitan Island (or ''the mainland'') from the rougher waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The Breakaways host a population of 11 thousand, with a large tourism industry centered around its long beaches and boardwalks, and maintains transport links with mainland Liberta through numerous ferries, some operated by the NTA. The Breakaways have a collective local government, and are represented as a neighborhood in the Hall of Decision.

The Libertan mainland, colloquially known as the ''Metropolitan Island'', consists of twelve boroughs, all of which have separate, regional governments which oversee and address the interests of the borough. The boroughs vary massively in size, from the smallest, Piscepa, to the largest, Eode. Historically, Liberta was administered directly by the national government, until it had expanded to roughly the area of the inner five boroughs. At which point, in 1204, they were split up, in order to settle political polarization between the increasingly differing interests between boroughs. As the island continued to grow, it was eventually decided that, in 1808, new boroughs outside the inner five had to be created, as the size between the five had grown increasingly different. Following the [[Language transition of Liberta|language transition]] to English in 1868, along with the increasing speed of expansion, neighborhoods in the outer seven boroughs were renamed to various American and British inspired place names, whilst the inner five retained their Latin names. In contrast to this, all boroughs retained their Latin names.

Architecture, tourism, real estate, transportation, and age groups vary considerably between boroughs. Whilst the inner five boroughs retain much of the historical classical Romanesque and Parisian architecture, the outer boroughs feature a more relaxed planning, larger roads such as boulevards, and more contemporary architecture. The oldest and inner borough, [[Protopolis]], contains many of the governmental buildings and historically significant complexes, such as the [[Grandorian Museum of Art]]. The stones laid under Protopolis are at least 1500 years old. The four surrounding boroughs, [[Lyrestadea]], [[Romea]], [[Piscepa]], and [[Oriens]], architectures are dominated by older roman apartments, with a significantly lower amount of houses compared to the outer seven boroughs. Due to the smaller streets and planning not designed around automotive transportation, the [[Liberta Metropolitan Subway|Liberta Metropolitan Subway's]] most trafficked stations all reside within these boroughs. Sports rivalries, especially in the Major Baseball League and the National Lacker League, are prominent between boroughs, as well as differing cultures and dialects, which have led to unique dynamics between the populations of different boroughs.

The outer seven boroughs were built between 1870 and 1951, and feature differing architecture, much of which was planned during the {{W|City Beautiful movement}}, with large pedestrian streets, many of which later refit for car transportation. Due to the amount of Parisian beautification Cassea has retained, it has the highest median income as well as the oldest population by average. Boroughs such as Oria, Montale, and parts of Eccestrate, feature {{W|Brooklyn}} inspired brownstone rowhouses and townhouses, along with larger brick apartments. Most of Vernier, parts of Cassea and Eccestrate instead have primarily English inspired cottage townhouses, built in the 1920s and 30s, and due to this they feature the majority of above-ground subway tracks. Whilst the outer boroughs host a large majority of the population, Eode, despite being the largest and most populated borough, also hosts most of the financial institutions, corporate headquarters, and entertainment venues. Montale, however, maintains the highest number of people per neighborhood. Marima, to the south, is the industrial center of Liberta, within it the [[Grand Harbor]], the largest shipping port in the world by area.

=== Military ===
[[File:1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) Wreath-Laying Ceremony to Commemorate President John F. Kennedy's Contributions to the U.S. Army Special Forces. (37922655252).jpg|400px|thumb|right|President Kenneth Hoyer at a wreath-laying ceremony to commemorate soldiers of the Libertan Army who died in the Sierra Leone Civil War intervention.]]
The President is the commander-in-chief of the ''Copiae Militares Libertae'' (Libertan Armed Forces), and appoints its leaders, the minister of the Ministry of Defense. The Ministry of Defense administers all six service branches, which are made up of the [[Libertan Army|Army]], [[Liberta Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], [[Libertan Navy|Armada]] (Navy), [[Libertan Air Force|Air Force]], and [[Libertan Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]. In 2019, all six branches of the Liberta Armed Forces reported a total of 150,000 personnel on active duty. The [[Liberta Military Reserves Agency|Reserves]] and [[Liberta National Guard|National Guard]] brought the total number of troops to 365,000. The Ministry of Defense also employed about 60,000 civilians, excluding private contractors. Military service in Liberta is voluntary, although conscription may occur in wartime through the ''Conscription Office''. In place of conscription, the Ministry of Defense instead manages the mandatory [[Spirit Day|Amice week]], wherein every third week of May, every 18-year old is called in for a one week basic combat training course. Today, Libertan forces can be rapidly deployed by both the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft and Navy's two active aircraft carriers. The Air Force can strike targets across the globe through its fleet of high altitude strategic bombers, {{W|Atmospheric satellite#High-altitude long endurance|High-Altitude Long Endurance UAVs}}, in combination with the Navy's submarine carried long-distance cruise missiles and two aircraft carriers. Its land-based warfare capabilities remain comparatively limited, relying on its Air Force and Navy for transport from Liberta proper. Substituting this the Ministry of Defense maintains bases in all six protectorates, primarily for the Army. Close to 80% of the Army remain stationed outside Liberta proper at all times. The Ministry of Defense maintains and operates the [[Atlantic World Positioning System]], a {{W|GNSS augmentation#Satellite-based augmentation system|satellite-based augmentation system}} to enhance the {{W|Global Positioning System|Global Positioning System's}} accuracy in the Atlantic and Africa, as well as both the [[Libertan national missile defense|National Threat Network]] and the [[National ICBM Deterrence Network]]. It does not operate any bases abroad, but instead relies on its close cooperation and ties with the United States and United Kingdom, often undertaking {{W|Military exercise|joint military exercises}} with both the U.S., UK, and {{W|NATO|NATO}} partners.

The Libertan military adheres to principles with a unique priority for the safety of civilians in the battlefield. Attacks such as night-time drone strikes are not utilized, as foreign forces and civilians cannot be reliably distinguished from one another. This, in combination with the Libertan tradition of supplying medical assistance in conflicts, has resulted in what the Libertan Armed Forces describe as a [[Humane Military Approach|humane military approach]] (HMA).

Liberta spent over 50 billion trine on its military in 2019, 2.7% of global military spending. At 4.5% of GDP, the rate was the fourth-highest among the top 15 military spenders, after {{W|Saudi Arabia}}, {{W|Israel}}, and the United States. Defense spending plays a large role in the domestic arms and military industry of Liberta, with nearly 66% of funding coming from the Ministry of Defense. Domestic companies outside of the military industry, such as [[Medica]], [[Fierre]], and [[General Electrics and Robotics Company|GERC]] also receive large investments through research agreements from the Ministry of Defense. The Military's importance to the economy rose swiftly throughout the 1930s to 60s, peaking at 10% of the GDP, before declining as the {{W|Cold War}} slowly ended. In recent times Liberta has continued maintaining its large military, primarily to protect its protectorates and interests abroad, as well as assisting its closer allies, such as [[Libertan Gulf War Campaign|its campaign]] in the {{W|Gulf War}}, or [[Liberta-Taiwan relations#Military cooperation|its military cooperation]] with {{W|Taiwan}}. In total number of military personnel, Liberta has the {{W|List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|fourteenth largest combined armed forces}} forces in the world, after {{W|Brazil}} and before {{W|Thailand}}.

Liberta is one of six {{W|Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|recognized}} {{W|List of states with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons states}}, and one of ten countries to posses {{W|Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons}}. It maintains a stockpile of U.S.made {{W|Trident (missile)|Trident missiles}} carried on three [[Poseidon-class submarine|''Poseidon''-class submarines]], U.S. made {{W|LGM-30 Minuteman#Minuteman-III (LGM-30G)|Minuteman III}} {{W|Intercontinental ballistic missile|Intercontinental ballistic missiles}}, domestic [[Charon (Intercontinental ballistic missile)#Charon IV|Charon IV]] ICBMs, and [[Interceptor (Anti-ballistic missile)#Interceptor II|Interceptor II]] {{W|Anti-ballistic missile|Anti-ballistic missiles}}, together numbering in excess of 60. It has also expressed interest in the {{W|Ground Based Strategic Deterrent}} system currently being developed by the United States. The necessity of maintaining its nuclear arsenal has come into question multiple times, across several decades.

==Economy==
[[File:Tampa night.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Skyscrapers in behind of the Hollice esplande and pond, North Hollice, Eode. North Hollice is frequently labeled as one of the financial cores in Liberta proper.]]
Liberta has a highly developed {{W|market economy}}, which has existed in some form its since early history. With no natural resources excluding fish, it remained relatively impoverished and isolated until the Medieval era, in which Liberta expanded into an empire. Its protectorates of Cossura and Aigilia flourished with wealth as key Mediterranean {{W|Entrepôt|entrepôts}}. It grew into an economic powerhouse in the 18th century, following the industrial revolution. The expense of domestic raw material import from both protectorates and international sources led to a culture of minimizing waste and optimizing both the supply chains and industrial design. Products pertaining to Liberta were eventually viewed as a guarantee of quality in international markets. The {{W|Gross Domestic Product}} of Liberta is the fourth highest in the world per capita, and among the most {{W|Competition (economics)|competitive economies}} in the world. It is frequently attributed to as an international center for banking, in part because of its historically rigid banking secrecy laws, venerable banking institutions, and low tax rate. Liberta is a founding member of the {{W|OECD}}, and is one of a few countries with an {{W|Bond credit rating|AAA credit rating}} from the {{W|Big Three (credit rating agencies)|big three}}. The Libertan trine, the descendant of the Libertan pars, considered a {{W|hard currency}}, is one of the most stable and highly valued legal tender in the world, being widely used as {{W|reserve currency}}.

Because of the exceedingly high amount of university graduates, the Libertan workforce is frequently assessed as highly skilled and internationally sought after. Libertan companies such as Fierre, [[Johnson Floyd]], and Nautic, are respectively among the the largest automotive, aeronautical, and shipbuilding companies in the world. The most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing largely consists of {{W|Chemical industry|chemicals}}, {{W|Pharmaceutical industry|health and pharmaceutical}} goods, {{W|biotechnology}}, {{W|shipbuilding}}, {{W|Refining (metallurgy)|metallurgical refinement}}, and {{W|Heavy equipment|heavy machinery}}. Both the automotive industry and aeronautical industry are particularly large. Shipping is a key industry in Liberta, both historically and contemporaneously, the Grand Harbor, located in Marima, is the largest shipping port in the world by area.

=== Employment ===
Liberta has a very low unemployment rate for a developed country, at just 1.9%, and has historically never risen above 4.5%. Following the financial crisis of 2008-2009, unemployment peaked at 2.4%, before slowly decreasing over the span of ten years. It has a high {{W|minimum wage}}, at $14 US dollars adjusted for {{W|purchasing power parity}}, per hour. However, this does not extend to adolescents, and it is therefore common practice by employers in to hire adolescents part-time for low skilled jobs. Poverty is seldom cohesively defined by Libertan statisticians, but it is estimated that around 2.4% of Libertans live below the poverty line. Most of those were unemployed, although 0.6% are perceived to be {{W|working poor}}.

=== Tourism ===
Tourism is a major industry in Liberta, and contributes significantly to the local population. In 2019, Liberta received over 48 million tourists, over four times of the total population. Because of the large amount of {{W|Layover|layovers}} that happen in Liberta, short-term vacations spanning less than three days are common. Protectorates, in particular the Pirulian Islands, Aigilia, Cossura, and Ila all have well established, widespread tourism infrastructure that attract both domestic and international tourists. Tourism is such a large industry that the Ministry of Interior allocates nearly half of its budget toward supporting and inspecting tourism infrastructure. {{W|Amusement park|Amusement parks}}, situated on satellite islands in Liberta proper, attract millions of visitors each year. The largest one, Disneyland Liberta, recieved over 6 million visitors annually in 2016. Everglade Park, a resort famed for its {{W|Casino|casinos}} and {{W|Party|partying culture}}, attracts hundreds of thousands of young adults each year. Paradise Isle, the world's largest {{W|Naturist resort|nudist resort}}, recieved several tens of thousands of visitors annually, catering to a primarily international audience.

The Libertan Board for Tourism, the official governing body for marketing tourism in Liberta, announced in cooperation with [[Air Liber]], the "come together" brand and initiative in 2015. Eode, the largest borough, is also the hub for most tourism, with sights like the Inwood Studios Complex, Vineyard Boulevard, Empirical Park, and Liberty Spire.

==Transportation==
Libertas comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive, varying over different [[Boroughs of Liberta|boroughs]], [[Neighborhoods of Liberta|neighborhoods]], and across different islands. Car ownership rates are one of the lowest in Europe, but comparable to other city states. In 2017, car ownership rates were the lowest in Protopolis, where only 19% of household owned a car. In contrast, car ownership was the highest in Marima, were over 72% owned a car.
===Public transportation===
[[File:The Catalina Flyer Near Newport Beach.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Ferries are a common mode of transport between the Libertan mainland and the Breakaways.]]Public transport is essential in Liberta, as 2 in 3 Libertans use mass transit to commute to work, and nearly 90% using it every month to some extent. Almost all public mass transportation in Liberta is provided by the [[National Transport Authority]] (NTA) a {{w|Benefit corporation|public benefit corporation}}. Buses, rapid transit, ferries, funiculars, and cable cars are all services that are offered by the NTA. In protectorates, public transportation is instead offered by local subsidiaries to the NTA. Private competitors exist, but are more common in protectorates. Taxis, in contrast, are all operated by private companies. As {{W|Traffic congestion|traffic jams}} are common occurrence, especially within the inner five boroughs, along with a lack of parking spaces, car commuters spend an average of 7 hours and 22 minutes getting to work each week, a comparatively long time globally. In 2015 the bulk of all commuters using public transit some 74% used the subway exclusively, along with 19% who used the subway in conjunction with buses.

The [[Liberta Metropolitan Subway]], often cited as an icon of the city, is the {{W|List of metro systems|largest rapid transit system}} when measured by stations in operation, with 449, and one of the largest when measured by it's 340 kilometers of system length and over 800 kilometers of track length. Nearly the entire subway system is open 24 hours a day, similar to {{W|New York City Subway|New York City's subway}}. It is also {{W|List of metro systems|the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in Europe}}, with 2.2 billion passenger rides in 2018. The largest station on the network, the [[Grand National Station]], directly connects four of the nine mainland lines together, and is the most trafficked nationally. Libertas subway system remains the only mass transit system on rail, as both the [[North Montale Personal Rapid Transit]] and the [[Staten Single Transit|Staten Single Transit system]] use rubber tires. The subway features a total of nine mainland lines, including the Shuttles line and four [[Breakaways Railroad]] lines.

Buses, in contrast, are not operated by the NTA, instead being operated by several private contractors. Buses are more frequently used for shorter distances, usually within a neighborhood. Many students in Liberta rely upon school buses, as school adherence is not necessarily determined on a neighborhood-level. So much so, that buses are often considered synonymous with schools, more than two thirds of schools have one or several buses. Other popular public transport includes the various ferry systems that connect the Breakaways with the Libertan mainland, many of which have 24-hour schedules.

=== Private transportation ===
Liberta proper is a highly urbanized, artificial island. The public roads reflect this, and transportation via car is possible virtually everywhere on the island. As such, cars are a widely available, and three in five households own a car. Car ownership has remained relatively stable since the 1980s, with relatively high {{W|Road tax|vehicle taxes}} preventing most young adults from owning cars, depending on the borough. Roads have shaped the borders that form the neighborhoods in Liberta, and major roads all divide neighborhoods into their respective areas. Roads were first made out of {{W|Sett (paving)|sett}}, with evidence of some roads having used asphalt as a remnant from Greek road building techniques. By the mid-1800s, asphalt began being used for road building on a bigger scale, and by the 1930s all major roads used asphalt. Minor roads in the inner five districts use a mix of both asphalt and sett, whilst Protopolis maintains as much of the ancient Libertan sett technique as possible. Road maintenance is administered on a neighborhood level, as a result of this, road construction techniques vary widely between neighborhoods. For example, {{W|Pothole#Semi-permanent_repair|patching}} is a more common method to fix potholes in Montale, Eode, and Marima, whilst {{W|Pavement milling|complete removal and replace}} techniques are used for potholes in Cassea, Vernier, and Oria. {{W|Road_surface_marking|Road markings}} and {{W|Traffic sign|traffic signs}} are conversely, instead federally regulated.

==Demographics==
The 2020 census counted that Liberta has a population of 11,259,852 people, this excludes the population of the protectorates. In common with other developed countries, its population grew rapidly during the industrial era, leading to the expansion of the Libertan mainland. Unlike most developed countries, Liberta does not face a rapidly ageing population, maintaining a 2.2 children per family growth rate, as a result of incentives for parents first introduced in 1996. It has one of the oldest mean ages in the world, at 41 years. The retirement age is comparatively high, at 68 years minimum. Most seniors, however, continue to work low-strain part-time jobs voluntarily. Pensions, paradoxically, are one of the highest in the world, at a minimum monthly pension of $2,000 adjusted for {{W|purchasing power parity}}. According to the {{W|HelpAge International|Global AgeWatch Index}}, Liberta is one of the best countries for seniors.

Liberta has a very low immigration rate compared to other developed nations, on par with Japan. In 2019, only 3,300 immigrants were granted citizenship. Most expats instead reported only working temporarily in Liberta, not aspiring to be granted citizenship. Roughly 500,000 people, or around 4.5% of the total population were expats or {{W|Foreign worker|foreign workers}}. Ethnic minority groups in Liberta include [[Libertan Jews|Jewish Libertans]], {{W|Americans}}, {{W|British people|Britons}}, Indigenous Ila, and other Protectorate groups.

=== Languages ===
[[File:Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at Duke University in 2014.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Latin and Ancient Greek language course at Godiva University.]]
English, specifically Elroy Libertan, is the official language of Liberta. Latin holds the status as a national language, which granted citizens the right to communicate with the state and for children to be taught in Latin. From the 20th century onward however, this was largely abandoned, and linguists have instead argued that the national language status holds more of a symbolic significance. Despite this Latin is still taught as a mandatory secondary language in all schools, excluding in Elementary School. In 2021, in people aged 18 or older, over 90% met the {{W|Common European Framework of Reference for Languages|A1 criteria}} (basic understanding) for Latin, and over 60% the B1 criteria (advanced understanding). Over 40% met or exceeded the C1 criteria, being fluent in Latin. According to the Liberta Surveying Service, 90% reported speaking only English at home, whilst 2% reported also speaking Latin at home, another 2% reported also speaking Yiddish at home, the other 6% reported speaking various languages, primarily in combination with English. Liberta also hosts a small francophone community.

=== Religion ===
The constitution of Liberta guarantees religious freedom. However, a limited number of religious expressions or traditions have been subject to restriction. Meats made from the Jewish {{W|Shechita}}, or Kosher ritual slaughter, is only permitted to be sold if labeled as such. Covering of the face, regardless of religion, is not permitted under the {{W|anti-mask law}}. Liberta has a large non-religious population, an estimated or 9,683,473 people or 86% answered that they had no religious affiliation whatsoever. The largest religion is Christianity, at 10%, of which over 70% of people responded that they were of Protestant faith. Judaism is the second largest religion, roughly 4.3% of the population hold Jewish faith. Of these, more than half belong to {{W|Reform Judaism}}, roughly 20% reported as being {{W|Jewish secularism|Jewish secularists}}, 10% as {{W|Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jews}}, and less than 10% as {{W|Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews}}. Liberta also has a small Muslim community, which is primarily {{W|Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|Liberal}} {{W|Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim}}. The {{W|Adhan|Muslim call to prayer through minarets}} is not permitted, but conversely, {{W|Church bell|church ringing}} is allowed. The ringing of bells in churches have historically been used in Liberta for {{W|Church_bell#Clock_chimes|public timekeeping}} and do not serve an exclusively religious purpose.

Liberta has historically remained a nonreligious country. Before the middle of the Medieval Era, there was little to no national identity, and various religions, mostly Southern European {{W|folk religion}}, spread and amalgamated. During the Medieval Era, a strong national unity and emphasis on the importance of nationalism became common. The aftermath of this was the frequent denouncing of public expression of religion, it was instead considered a strictly private and intimate matter. The growth of the precursor to the {{W|scientific method}} among the Libertan academia led to the dismissal of many of the more oppressive elements of organized religion, criticizing the basis of faith. In the 13th century, scholars instead began to study {{W|humanism}}, along with the origin of various religious ideals. The academia of the time instead advocated for {{W|Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualism}}, as it was considered what separated humans from other animals. By the Age of Enlightenment, these ideals had cemented themselves into Libertan society as a whole, excluding minor religious groups.

=== Health ===
[[File:LibertanSkeletonIndex.jpg|thumb|200px|A Libertan index from 1443 of the human organs.]]The current life expectancy in Liberta is 82.5, second only to Japan. Many of the factors leading to higher life expectancy are found in Liberta, the [[Ministry of Health]] offers {{W|Single-payer healthcare|single-payer universal healthcare}} through private contractors, including dental care. Fish, wheat, and generally fatty foods are common ingredients in the Libertan cuisine, often toppled by vegetables and fruit, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and olives. Berries are also believed to have helped increase life expectancy, due to the early introduction of antioxidants. Health and the body’s fitness has been a common subject of debate in Liberta for hundreds of years, going to back to the 4th century, where physical fitness was considered a reflection of the soul. Generally, fitness plays an important role in Libertan society and has for centuries.{{Quote|''What is expected from not only us but the individuals around us, is manifested in our bodies. For, it’s evident that the embodiment of our souls are our bodies and the outer, descriptive key for the ones who do not know us. ''
''For they see us only by the shells of our true selves, determined to determine what to expect of us, and before we know it, they believe they know us better than ourselves. It is no use fighting this, standing up, protesting, for why protest when the key is inside yourself?''
''It is therefore natural to be determined to have a fit, well, and healthy body, capable of humane tasks, the ones that were determined for us, by us, not by ourselves, but by the ones before us. Our bodies determine what we receive, and are expected to behave like. Our bodies determine not what we want to achieve, but what we can achieve. It is therefore obvious to metaphorically reach for the strong body, since you are at the same moment, building a stronger self.''|'''''Chapter 2, Humans and how we control them, Eculio Maecius.'''''
}}
The medical and physiological understanding of the human body in Liberta originated from the {{w|Roman Empire}} but would evolve into a separate perception of the human body, its organs, and psychology. Health and healthcare in Liberta during the {{w|classical antiquity}} and {{w|middle ages}} is considered incredibly advanced for its time. Several of the early Libertan universities extensively sought to increase the understanding of the human body, often through surgery. Precision tools were commonly used in surgery and were often boiled before surgery, due to the belief that it made the metal stiffer and easier to cut with. Although an incorrect theory, this unintentionally made surgeries safer, as the boiling water killed bacteria and other harmful infectious agents. Later, in the 5th century started to use silk gloves boiled in water with soap, as it was believed that touching the subject would spread the disease to the surgeon. These advancements in medical technology led to the phenomenon of Libertan nurses, whom where frequently found in various European royal courts.

=== Education ===
[[File:Mercer Island High School Cheerleaders.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Cheerleading is an American cultural import that has been widely popular in both Middle and High Schools in Liberta since the 1950s.]]
Education in Liberta is federally regulated by the Ministry of Education, but is administered on a [[Boroughs of Liberta|borough]] level. In some boroughs preschool attendance from three years of age is mandatory, but students are federally required to attend to school from 6 to 18 years of age. Schools in Liberta are divided into three distinct stages, beginning with Elementary School through ages 6-10, followed by Middle School through ages 11-14, and ending with High School through ages 15-18. Most schools offer all three stages, some offering only Elementary level education.

Although all educational institutions in Liberta receive funding through the state, almost all schools are {{W|Charter school|charter schools}}, run through local cooperatives, with less than 20% of schools in Liberta directly run by the government. Due to the ban on school tuition, private schools are ''de facto'' public schools, with stringent regulations on curriculum deviations of any kind. Roughly 3% of children attend parochial schools, but these must adhere to the same curriculum as all other schools, effectively negating any differences. Because of the historically cultural importance of education, Liberta maintains a high graduate level. Of Libertans 25 years and older, some 98% graduated from secondary school, 70% completed a university course, 56% earned a bachelor’s degree, and 37% earned graduate degrees. The literacy rate is estimated at 99.5%.

Liberta proper hosts a total of 23 Universities, six of which are listed among the worlds top universities by various ranking organizations. One university also exists on the Ila Protectorate. A total of six universities in Liberta are public, led by non-profit foundations relying on stipulated state grants. There are a total of two neighborhoods with ''Administration per University'' status, where the students and faculty account for more than 50% of the population.

==Culture==
Contemporary Libertan culture is a {{W|Western culture}}, primarily a mix of American, British, and ancient Roman influences. This influence began as early as the Age of Enlightenment, where English scholars traveled to Liberta in scientific exchanges. Evidence suggests, however, that the earliest contact with Britons occurred in the 1500s. Cultural exchanges continued throughout the 1700s, as interest in the Roman Empire, and in turn, Libertan culture, became popular. This deeply affected Libertan culture, which had until this point, remained largely isolated. Despite building a trading empire in the Mediterranean, Liberta proper was geographically isolated, and therefore, the culture and customs also remained insular. {{W|Georgian era|Georgian}}, but particularly {{W|Victorian era}} views on fashion, modesty, and politics became popular with the upper and middle class. Following the establishment and growth of the United States, {{W|Culture of the United States|American culture}} and {{W|Architecture of the United States|architecture}} instead became the focal point around the cusp of the 20th century, and especially after the Second World War.

Libertans have traditionally been characterized as having a strong work ethic, emphasizing on the importance of education, along with a quasi-religious adherence to individual liberty, equality, and democratic institutions. Portrayals in international media frequently present Libertans as open and very sociable. Historically, in western cinema and literature, Libertans were often vilified as lacking {{W|Sexual ethics|sexual decency}}, due to the comparatively lax norms surrounding public nudity. With a culture often perceived as highly patriotic, and with a strong national identity, Libertan iconography frequently portrays either the ''Torch of Liberty'', ''Libertan Wheel'', or the female {{W|national personification}} ''Lady Liberty''.

=== National mythos ===
The national mythos of Liberta is believed to have originated in the Ancient era, being rooted in explanatory {{W|folklore}}. According to the mythos, Libertans can trance their heritage back to either the ''boatsmen'' or the ''Aurelian immigrants''. Aurelian, the founder of Liberta, is said to have made the men in his naval convoy the first citizens of Liberta, as a sign of honor. As the Libertan kingdom slowly grew, Aurelian enlisted {{W|Orator|orators}} to recruit a total of 12,000 immigrants from the Mediterranean. These are, according to legend, the common ancestors to the Libertan people. Despite a majority of Libertans claiming ancestry to either of these two groups, genetic confirmation is difficult to impossible, though several common haplogroups have been discovered, such as {{W|Haplogroup R-M269|R-M269}}.

=== Art and architecture ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| width = 60
| image1 = Antoinette Béfort - A Young Woman from Thebes Tending Her Wounded Father.jpg
| alt1 = Classical artpiece
| image2 = "Le Butin" de Théodore Rallis (musée du Louvre, Paris) (51578749324).jpg
| alt2 = Aurelianesque artpiece
| footer = An artpiece made in the Classical style (left), and another in the Aurelianesque style (right).
}}
Libertan visual art began as early as the Ancient era, when sculpture was the primary art. Sculptures were common on houses, as symbols to ward off evil spirits or to merely make the building more visually appealing. Libertan paintings took inspiration primarily from Roman art. Initially, paintings were only commissioned by the upper class, as a status of wealth. By the beginning of the Medieval era, however, museums, such as the Grandorian Museum of Art, gave the public access to observing paintings. This prompted interest in visual art among the middle and lower classes. This led to many new artists rising from these classes, a few becoming wealthy off of their art, which was virtually impossible in Europe at the time. Libertan art split into two main forms, the classical, and the old-contemporary. Classical art remained extravagant in both scale and skill, commissioned by wealthy individuals. Old-contemporary, sometimes also referred to as ''Aurelianesque'', deviated from this. It was instead largely, though not always, pursued by inexperienced or less talented artists. In smaller scale, these were often painted in series, and for the middle and lower classes. The themes were often risqué or blunt, more than not in attempt at attracting attention. A part of this movement was the precursor to {{W|Comic strip|comic strips}}, satirical and small drawings by selected artists, published in ''widepapers'', the precursor to newspapers. By the Imperial Era, visual art became more popular to have in homes, and woodblock prints instead became common. Still, artists like Aegan Nostallier continued painting in classical style, with large, elaborate subjects. As Libertan art continued to evolve, it became popular during the 18th century with European royalty, and many works were commissioned by royal courts.

Libertan architecture was first standardized in the Ancient Era, by the architect Apostates, in what became known as Apostates standardized apartments. These buildings featured heating, and were scientifically designed to be cooler during the summer months. They proved immensely popular, and also increased the quality of life. As they were reliant on olive oil to create heating, Liberta became one of the first nations to import fossil fuels in large quantities. Libertan architecture was influenced primarily by Roman architecture, but it came to be affected and changed as to fit the lack of resources that Liberta faced as a geographically isolated nation. So much so, that Apostates claimed that "In Rome they need twice the [amount of] rock for half the structure". Facing food shortages, Libertan apartment buildings began to operate roof gardens to alleviate famines. This would become a staple of Libertan architecture, as many apartment buildings still maintain roof gardens as a local supply. During the Age of Enlightenment, as Liberta proper expanded rapidly in area, most of the inner five boroughs adopted Parisian architecture, later also adopting many of the styles and ideas of {{W|Georges-Eugène Haussmann}}. Beginning in 1870, as construction on the outer seven boroughs began, most boroughs instead took inspiration from the {{W|City Beautiful movement}}, and other American architecture. This is in turn, led to the close resemblance to {{W|Manhattan}} and {{W|Brooklyn}} in Eode, garnering it the name of "Little New York". Neighborhoods in northern Vernier instead took inspiration from the English and Swedish {{W|garden city movement}}.

=== Literature and philosophy ===
Libertan literature has existed throughout Libertan culture, going back as far as the founding of Liberta. Authors were more than often playwrights, rather than traditional writers. Playwrights like Decimus and Agrippa, and their subsequent plays spread throughout Liberta and garnered immense popularity, but would seldom spread to Europe during the Medieval era. By the Imperial era, as the first newspapers became popular, famous writers instead found their footing as journalists. Plays would continue to be popular, with authors like [[Gallus the Mad]] achieving massive success both domestically and in Europe. This would later change toward the end of the era, as the first printing presses became widely available for publishers, and as such, also books for the middle and lower classes. Libertan literature was frequently related to Universities and scholars, {{W|Nonfiction|nonfiction literature}} was more common than {{W|Literary fiction|fiction}}. Many authors were also professors within fields, usually pertaining to medicine or human psychology, as with Eculio Maecius. Literary fiction instead became common during the Age of Enlightenment, especially as the literacy rate improved among the lower classes. In the lower classes, books became the primary form of entertainment, rather than theaters. In contrast, theaters instead became the primary form of entertainment for the upper classes, as books had largely lost their status as a symbol of wealth.

Philosophy in Liberta is historically rooted in Roman and Greek philosophy, until the severance during the Ancient era, when Roman social norms were replaced in favor of ''Civic Law''. Ideals that were prompted primarily by the philosopher Citrio, built on the ideas of Cato, during the late Ancient era, are often attributed to as the birth of Libertanism. This came to deeply influence Libertan society as a whole, from the social hierarchy to government functions. Traditional Libertan philosophy is centered around {{W|autarky}}, {{W|Equal opportunity|equity}}, {{W|familialism}}, {{W|Civil liberties|individual liberty}}, and elements of {{W|stoicism}}. The Libertan state, along with its people, became a symbol of Libertan {{W|Self-sustainability|self-sufficiency}} against other empires, amplified by its geographic isolation. Both political analysts and behavioral analysts claim that Liberism strongly affects both policy-making and societal norms in the 21st century.

=== Food ===
[[File:Nizza-Salat an der F Mittelmeerküste.JPG|thumb|left|260px|A traditional Libertan salad, served with Taggiasca olives and tuna.]]
Libertan cuisine is generally homogeneous and does not vary significantly between boroughs and neighborhoods. Historically, Libertan cuisine has Mediterranean roots, but with significantly more fish involved. The geographical isolation of Liberta proper made beef a luxury, traditionally only being eaten around holidays. In place of this, fish is consumed. Both {{W|Demersal fish|demersal}} and {{W|pelagic fish}} are consumed, though the latter is significantly more frequent. Vegetables and fruits such as {{W|European cucumber}}, {{W|Cherry tomato|cherry tomatoes}}, along with both {{W|Kalamata olive|Kalamata}} and {{W|Cailletier|Taggisaca olives}} are common in most Libertan foods. The Libertan cuisine has also been affected by its dependence on protectorates for food. Examples of this includes {{W|Muscat of Alexandria|Zibibbo}} wine from ''Cossura'', or ''Poyo'' {{W|palm wine}} from Ila.

Popular Libertan beverages include beer, which has been brewed since its early history, different assortments of wine, and, since the late 19th century, soda, both foreign, such as {{W|Coca-Cola}}, and also domestic, such as [[Lime (soda)|Lime]] and [[Cello (drink)|Cello]]. Teas, introduced by British traders in the late 17th century, quickly gained a foothold and immense popularity in all social classes.

=== Music ===
Music in Liberta has roots in Mediterranean musical traditions, but came to evolve into its own distinct genres and sub genres. Music, specifically that played by {{W|Vagrancy|vagrant musicians}}, was popular at various social gatherings and bars. By the Imperial era, the Libertan upper class would often not pursue instruments themselves, as it was deemed meant for the lower classes. Instead, musicians became part of courts, and would often work and produce music under commission or through a steady salary. This changed during the Age of Enlightenment, when many musicians would band together in groups, splitting income amongst themselves, and becoming more independent of the upper class as a result. In the contemporary age, singers like [[Aevia]] and [[Bryan Ford]] have risen to critical acclaim for their vocal skills.

Liberta is home to a large live music scene, which began reaching international prominence in the 1990s. The city has among the highest number of nightclubs and entertainment venues per capita, indicative of the large entertainment industry on the island. The controversial ''Grand National Centennial Superstadium'', finished in 2015 is the {{W|List of stadiums by capacity|largest live music venue and stadium in the world}}. Liberta is a major center for {{W|Punk music|punk}}, {{W|Techno music|techno}}, and {{W|House music|house}} music, often played at underground venues or dedicated nightclubs, such as [[Modisch]]. Local varieties of genres, such as Libertan {{W|Pop music|pop}}, {{W|jazz}}, and {{W|Rap music|rap}} also exist, and have achieved international recognition.

=== Cinema ===
The varied architecture of Liberta has resulted in the city being among the most common film production spots in the world. The Roman, Gothic, Parisian, and American architectural influences provide a plethora of filming locations, fitting for a wide variety of settings in close proximity to one another. During the middle of the 20th century, the film industry in Liberta consisted of local studios, which frequently assisted international productions, primarily American, for shoots in the city. Comparatively cheap labor incentivized international film studios to conduct both on-location and studio productions in Liberta. Styles such as ''Libertine Noir'', a variant of {{W|film noir}}, are earmarked by the diverse Libertan cityscape. The geographic spread and variety of landscape of the Libertan protectorates have also contributed to making Liberta into a major international hub for film production. For example, productions set in the {{W|Western United States|American West}}, such as {{W|Western film|Westerns}} have often been filmed in Ila or Imsouane.

The Libertan film industry has existed since the early 1910s, being the primary form of entertainment since the {{W|roaring twenties}}. Major early film studios include [[Stygian Pictures|Stygian]], Lodestar, and [[Imperial Pictures]]. Because of the early and widespread availability to electricity by 1925, due in most part to the highly urban cityscape, the television had already become a common phenomenon in the mid 1940s, following the Second World War. This prompted a large portion of the major film studios of the time to draw its focus from high budget {{W|Epic film|epics}} and {{W|Drama (film and television)|drama films}}, toward {{W|Soap opera|soap operas}}, {{W|Game show|game shows}}, {{W|Sitcom|sitcoms}}, {{W|Talk show|talk shows}}, and other {{W|mainstream}} programming. The shift, largely coinciding with the American {{W|Golden Age of Television}}, lead to the rise of {{W|Independent film|independent film productions}}, which in turn manifested itself as a wider imprint on Libertan entertainment as a whole. An example of this is the ''Festival d'Championnats'', one of the largest and most prestigious independent {{W|Film festival|film festivals}} in the world. Several of these early independent film companies have later turned into large, mainstream studios. Internationalization of Libertan television and film is common, shows and movies, such as the ''Tragedy'' trilogy, ''Conflict of Interest'', and ''Rotten To The Core'' take place in the United States or other countries, despite being made by inland companies and sometimes also filmed domestically. Companies such as Astral Pictures and Lodestar are responsible for some of the highest-grossing and critically acclaimed movies and TV-series in the 21st century.

=== Theater ===
[[File:Salle_du_Theatre_Royal_de_la_Monnaie_1_©_Philippe_De_Gobert.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The National Theater in Divitae is cited as one of the most prestigious stages in the world of performing arts.]]
Libertan theater originates from the {{W|Theatre of ancient Rome|Roman theater}} tradition, which favored tragedy and comedy. In respect to these two genres, Libertan playwrights constructed both new stories and new {{W|Plot (narrative)|storylines}}. Libertan theater would split off from the Roman theater tradition during the Ancient era, and truly evolve into a completely separate tradition during the Medieval era. The upper class generally came to prefer tragedies, whilst the general public preferred comedies. This led to many prominent comedy playwrights of the time being forgotten to history, only to be brought back into spotlight beginning in the late 19th century. Famous playwrights like ''Decimus'' often caused wide societal shifts and impacted Libertan culture, spearheaded by his play highlighting the tragic conditions prisoners faced at the Metropolitan Prison Island. The playwright ''Naha'' is frequently attributed to as laying the groundwork for modern {{W|feminism}}, with many of her plays featuring {{W|subtext}} calling the role of women in society into question. Many plays were passed down through generations and multiple eras, and are among the best preserved stories from ancient Europe. Several prestigious theatrical institutions are based in Liberta, such as the ''Grandorian Performing Arts Academy'', the ''National Theater'', and the ''Arclight'' ''Theater''.

=== Sports ===
Sports in Liberta are dominated by [[lacker]], a domestic sport originating from the Ancient era, and {{W|baseball}}, introduced from the United States in the 19th-century. The most popular sport in Liberta by several measures is lacker, often attributed to be in part because it is a {{W|Mixed-sex sports|mixed-sex sport}}, including on a {{W|Professional sports|professional level}}. ''Lacker'' is professionally played in the ''National Lacker League'' (NLL), the season finale, the ''Super Spectacle'', is the most watched and attended event in Liberta, with nearly three in four people watching it each year. Baseball is played professionally in the Major Baseball League (MBL), and also serves as the sport with the most school teams, competing in the National School Championship Series. Both boys and girls play baseball as an official sport in school, unlike internationally, where girls are more likely to play {{W|softball}}. The ''Liberta Stock Car League'' (LISCAR), has existed since 1948, and is a popular spectator sport, especially in Ila.

=== Mass media ===
The largest television broadcaster in Liberta is the {{W|Public broadcasting|publicly funded}} [[NTV|National Television Corporation]], which was founded in 1929. The other two major broadcasters are [[DAC]] and [[Rogue Media]]. All television is subject to regulation by the [[National Television Consortium]]. Radio is dominated by the publicly funded National Radio Corporation (NRC) and the Liberta Radiotelegraphy Association, the latter of which is an association of roughly 300 radio stations. Together, these two organizations include more than 90% of all radio stations in Liberta. Radio listenership decreased during the 70s through 90s, as most of the public focus was aimed toward television programming, but has experienced a rise since the early 2010s. The investment into podcasting has led to the both domestic and national fame of many early podcast hosts.

Journalism has a long history in Liberta. ''Widepapers'', invented in Liberta during the Medieval era, are the predecessor to modern newspapers, and were widely distributed to all societal classes, although the literacy rate was lower among the lower classes. Libertan newspapers such as the ''Metropolitan Courier'', ''Hollice Journal'', and the ''Libertese Times'' have all received multiple awards for their journalism. [[The Stoneman|''The Stoneman'']] is considered a {{W|newspaper of record}}, and is publicly available through {{W|Bulletin board|information boards}} replaced on a daily basis. Since most Libertan newspapers are free, they must instead rely on offering advertising space in their newspapers. The [[Plackard|Plackard Corporation]], one of the largest {{W|News agency|wire services}} in the world, is based in Liberta and supplies over ten thousand newspapers per day with information.
==References==
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{{QCat|Liberta, Archipelagoes of the Atlantic Ocean, English-speaking countries and territories, Island countries, Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean, Republics, States and territories established in the 1st century BC}}

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2024-09-17T23:58:56Z

Robballgamer2009:

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2024-09-17T23:58:23Z

Robballgamer2009:

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2024-09-17T23:58:09Z

Robballgamer2009:

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|Altverse II=[[File:Altverse II button.svg|20px|link=Altverse II|This article is part of Altverse II.]]
|Former Altverse = [[File:Former Altverse button.svg|20px|This article was formerly part of Altverse or Altverse II and is no longer considered canon.]]
|Project Genesis=[[File:Project Genesis Icon.svg|20px|link=Project Genesis|This article is a part of Project Genesis.]]
|Vandverse=[[File:Vandverse logo.svg|20px|link=Vandverse|This article is part of Vandverse.]]
|OM=[[File:Origo Mundi logo.svg|20px|link=Origo Mundi|This article is part of Origo Mundi.]]
|OC=[[File:Grass Block.svg|20px|link=Ocean City (server)|This article is part of Ocean City Minecraft.]]
|PBSTN= [[File:Coat of Arms (Pasbaanistan).svg|20px|link=This article is part of the Pasbaanistan project.]]
|Morte=[[File:Morte_Logo.png|20px|link=Merveilles des Morte|This article is part of Merveilles des Morte.]]
|Aidus=[[File:Aidus Project Icon.svg|20px|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|This article is part of the Sanctuary Stars project.]]
|Kalseri=[[File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg|20px|link=Kalșeri|This article is part of the Kalșeri project.]]
|PE=[[File:PE Icon2.svg|21px|link=Project Exodus|This article is part of Project Exodus.]]
|TJ=[[File:Todos Juntos Icon.svg|20px|link=Portal:Todos Juntos|This article is part of ''¡Todos Juntos!'']]
|DB=[[File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png|25px|link=Dawn's Beauty|This article is part of ''Dawn's Beauty''.]]
|TPA=[[File:Twenty sided dice.svg|25px|link=The Pirates of Atlas|This article is part of ''The Pirates of Atlas''.]]
|AAD=[[File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png|25px|link=Category:An Aerlon's Day|This article is part of ''An Aerlon's Day''.]]
|Yekateria=[[File:Yekacircle.svg|30px|link=Yekateria|This article is part of the Yekateria project.]]
|NU=[[File:New_Union_logo.png|25px|link=New Union|This article is part of the New Union project.]]
|Harth=[[File:Harth icon.svg|25px|link=Portal:Harth|This article is part of the Harth project.]]
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|TPSII=[[File:TPSII icon.png|25px|link=The Parallel Shore II|This article is part of ''The Parallel Shore II''.]]
|Ardai=[[File:Ardai new earth logo.png|25px|link=Ardai|This article is part of the Ardai project.]]
|Realstrange=[[File:RealstrangeAU Logo.png|22px|link=:Category:Realstrange|This article is part of the Realstrange AU.]]
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|Qenuga=[[File:Qenuga Circle.png|25px|link=Qenuga|This article is part of ''Qenuga''.]]
|Antheia=[[File:Antheia logo.png|25px|link=:Category:Antheia|This article is part of ''Antheia''.]]
|Dark Age=[[File:IIEB Flag (Dark Age).webp|25px|link=:Category:Dark Age|This article is part of ''Dark Age''.]]
|Kento=[[File:Kento icon.svg|20px|link=:Category:Kento|This article is part of the Kento miniverse.]]
|Alt-ly=[[File:Alternatively icon.svg|20px|link=Alternatively|This article is part of ''Alternatively''.]]
|KATW=[[File:Knowledge as the Weapon.png|25px|link=:Category:Knowledge as the Weapon|This article is part of ''Knowledge as the Weapon''.]]
|XZG=[[File:Xin Zhongguo.png|25px|link=:Category:Xin Zhongguo|This article is a part of ''Xin Zhongguo''.]]
|Insulaeia=[[File:Coat of Arms of Insuleia.png|25px|link=:Category:Insulaeia|This article is a part of ''Insulaeia''.]]
|WDB=[[File:WDBIcons.png|25px|link=:Category:When Day Broke|This article is a part of ''When Day Breaks''.]]
|Syberia=[[File:Logo Voralberg.svg|15px|link=:Category:World of Syberia|This article is a part of ''World of Syberia''.]]
|Golem=[[File:Emblem of the Solar Protectorate.svg|25px|link=Portal:Golemarchy|This article is part of the ''Golemarchy'' universe.]]
|Khraelyia=[[File:Khraelyia icon.svg|25px|link=Khraelyia|This article is part of the series on Khraelyia, a country in the ''Realstrange'' universe.]]
|Black Mesa=[[File:Black Mesa Incident icon.svg|25px|link=Black Mesa Research Facility|This article is part of the Black Mesa Research Facility timeline.]]
|SUTAOR=[[File:SUTAOR Logo.png|25px|link=:Category:Slavonic Universe: The Age of Rod|This article is part of the ''Slavonic Universe: The Age of Rod'' timeline.]]
|Xen=[[File:Xen icon.svg|25px|link=|This article is part of a series on the Xen.]]
|The Combine=[[File:The Combine.svg|25px|link=|This article is part of a series on The Combine.]]
|That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character=[[File:That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character.svg|25px|link=:Category:That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character|This article is part of ''That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character''.]]
|Lumera Chronicles=[[File:Lumera Chronicles icon.svg|25px|link=Lumera Chronicles|This article is part of the Lumera Chronicles.]]


|Cinema=[[File:Video-x-generic.svg|20px|link=Category:Cinema (Altverse II)|This is a cinema-related article of Altverse II.]]
|Literature=[[File:Books-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg|20px|link=Category:Literature (Altverse II)|This is a literature-related article of Altverse II.]]
|Music=[[File:P treble clef.svg|20px|link=Category:Music (Altverse II)|This is a music-related article of Altverse II.]]
|Television=[[File:Blank television set.svg|20px|link=Category:Television (Altverse II)|This is a television-related article of Altverse II.]]

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|Sierran=[[File:Sierra Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Sierrans (Altverse II)|This page is for a Sierran person in Altverse II.]]
|Sierra_pol=[[File:Seal of the Prime Minister of Sierra.svg|20px|link=Category:Sierran politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Sierran politician in Altverse II.]]
|Superian=[[File:Superior Icon3.svg|20px|link=Category:Superians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Superian person in Altverse II.]]
|Superior_pol=[[File:Superior_Icon2.svg|20px|link=Category:Superian politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Superian politician in Altverse II.]]
|Brazorian=[[File:Brazoria Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Brazorians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Brazorian person in Altverse II.]]
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|Tourneser=[[File:Tournesol_Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Tournesers (Altverse II)|This page is for a Tourneser person in Altverse II.]]
|Tournesol_pol=[[File:Great Seal of Tournesol.svg|20px|link=Category:Tourneser politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Tourneser politician in Altverse II.]]
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|Placentia_pol=[[File:Placentia_Icon2.svg|20px|link=Category:Placentian politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Placentian politician in Altverse II.]]
|Astorian=[[File:Astoria_Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Astorians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Astorian person in Altverse II.]]
|Astoria_pol=[[File:Astorian Coat of Arms.svg|20px|link=Category:Astorian politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Astorian politician in Altverse II.]]
|Alaskan=[[File:Alaska_Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Alaskans (Altverse II)|This page is for a Alaskan person in Altverse II.]]
|Alaska_pol=[[File:Alaska_Icon2.svg|20px|link=Category:Alaskan politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Alaskan politician in Altverse II.]]
|Spaniard=[[File:Spain_Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Spaniards (Altverse II)|This page is for a Spaniard person in Altverse II.]]
|Spain_pol=[[File:Spain_Icon2.svg|20px|link=Category:Spaniard politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Spaniard politician in Altverse II.]]
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|UK_pol=[[File:UK_Icon2.svg|20px|link=Category:British politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a British politician in Altverse II.]]
|Chinese=[[File:China_Icon.svg|20px|link=Category:Chinese (Altverse II)|This page is for a Chinese person in Altverse II.]]
|China_pol=[[File:National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg|20px|link=Category:Chinese politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Chinese politician in Altverse II.]]


|Multi=[[File:AHW Multiverse Awards icon.png|20px|link=althistory:Alternative History:Multiverse Awards|This article or timeline is an Alternative History Wiki Multiverse Awards winner.]]
|Paracosmic= [[File:Paracosmic icon.svg|25px|link=Conworlds:Awards|This page is a Paracosmic Awards winner.]]


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2024-09-17T23:56:29Z

Robballgamer2009:

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Template:Icons/SubIcon

2024-09-17T23:56:22Z

Robballgamer2009:

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|Altverse II=[[File:Altverse II button.svg|20px|link=Altverse II|This article is part of Altverse II.]]
|Former Altverse = [[File:Former Altverse button.svg|20px|This article was formerly part of Altverse or Altverse II and is no longer considered canon.]]
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|Vandverse=[[File:Vandverse logo.svg|20px|link=Vandverse|This article is part of Vandverse.]]
|OM=[[File:Origo Mundi logo.svg|20px|link=Origo Mundi|This article is part of Origo Mundi.]]
|OC=[[File:Grass Block.svg|20px|link=Ocean City (server)|This article is part of Ocean City Minecraft.]]
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|Morte=[[File:Morte_Logo.png|20px|link=Merveilles des Morte|This article is part of Merveilles des Morte.]]
|Aidus=[[File:Aidus Project Icon.svg|20px|link=Portal:Sanctuary Stars|This article is part of the Sanctuary Stars project.]]
|Kalseri=[[File:Kalseri Project Icon.svg|20px|link=Kalșeri|This article is part of the Kalșeri project.]]
|PE=[[File:PE Icon2.svg|21px|link=Project Exodus|This article is part of Project Exodus.]]
|TJ=[[File:Todos Juntos Icon.svg|20px|link=Portal:Todos Juntos|This article is part of ''¡Todos Juntos!'']]
|DB=[[File:Mythic Dawn orange on transparent.png|25px|link=Dawn's Beauty|This article is part of ''Dawn's Beauty''.]]
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|AAD=[[File:An Aerlon's Day icon.png|25px|link=Category:An Aerlon's Day|This article is part of ''An Aerlon's Day''.]]
|Yekateria=[[File:Yekacircle.svg|30px|link=Yekateria|This article is part of the Yekateria project.]]
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|Xen=[[File:Xen icon.svg|25px|link=|This article is part of a series on the Xen.]]
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|That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character=[[File:That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character.svg|25px|link=:Category:That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character|This article is part of ''That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character''.]]
|Lumera Chronicles=[[File:Lumera Chronicles icon.svg|25px|link=Lumera Chronicles|This article is part of the Lumera Chronicles.]]


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Template:Icons/SubIcon

2024-09-17T23:54:02Z

Robballgamer2009:

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|Altverse II=[[File:Altverse II button.svg|20px|link=Altverse II|This article is part of Altverse II.]]
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|Lumera Chronicles=[[File:Lumera Chronicles icon.svg|25px|link=Lumera Chronicles|This article is part of the Lumera Chronicles.]]


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|China_pol=[[File:National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg|20px|link=Category:Chinese politicians (Altverse II)|This page is for a Chinese politician in Altverse II.]]


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|Paracosmic= [[File:Paracosmic icon.svg|25px|link=Conworlds:Awards|This page is a Paracosmic Awards winner.]]


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|Project Genesis=[[Category:Project Genesis]]
|Kalseri=[[Category:Kalșeri]]
|Morte=[[Category:Merveilles des Morte]]
|PE=[[Category:Project Exodus]]
|DB=[[Category:Dawn's Beauty]]
|TPA=[[Category:The Pirates of Atlas]]
|AAD=[[Category:An Aerlon's Day]]
|Yekateria=[[Category:Yekateria]]
|NU=[[Category:New Union]]
|Harth=[[Category:Harth]]
|TOLOUTE=[[Category:The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil]]
|LEF=[[Category:Liberty, Egality, Fraternity]]
|TPSII=[[Category:The Parallel Shore II]]
|TIC=[[Category:2164: The Inner Council]]
|Alt-ly=[[Category:Alternatively]]
|XZG=[[Category:Xin Zhongguo]]
|Syberia=[[Category:World of Syberia]]
|Khraelyia=[[Category:Khraelyia]]
|Black Mesa=[[Category:Black Mesa Research Facility]]
|That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character=[[Category:That Time I Got Reincarnated as a DND Character]]

|Cinema=[[Category:Cinema (Altverse II)]]
|Literature=[[Category:Literature (Altverse II)]]
|Music=[[Category:Music (Altverse II)]]
|Television=[[Category:Television (Altverse II)]]
|Continental=[[Category:Continentals (Altverse II)]]
|UC_pol=[[Category:Continental politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Sierran=[[Category:Sierrans (Altverse II)]]
|Sierra_pol=[[Category:Sierran politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Superian=[[Category:Superians (Altverse II)]]
|Superior_pol=[[Category:Superian politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Brazorian=[[Category:Brazorians (Altverse II)]]
|Brazoria_pol=[[Category:Brazorian politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Antillean=[[Category:Antilleans (Altverse II)]]
|Antilles_pol=[[Category:Antillean politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Tourneser=[[Category:Tournesers (Altverse II)]]
|Tournesol_pol=[[Category:Tourneser politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Placentian=[[Category:Placentians (Altverse II)]]
|Placentia_pol=[[Category:Placentian politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Astorian=[[Category:Astorians (Altverse II)]]
|Astoria_pol=[[Category:Astorian politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Alaskan=[[Category:Alaskans (Altverse II)]]
|Alaska_pol=[[Category:Alaskan politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Spaniard=[[Category:Spaniards (Altverse II)]]
|Spain_pol=[[Category:Spaniard politicians (Altverse II)]]
|British=[[Category:British (Altverse II)]]
|UK_pol=[[Category:British politicians (Altverse II)]]
|Chinese=[[Category:Chinese (Altverse II)]]
|China_pol=[[Category:Chinese politicians (Altverse II)]]

|Multi=[[Category:Multiverse Award winners]]
|Paracosmic=[[Category:Paracosmic Awards winners]]
}}
|Template:Icons=}}</includeonly><noinclude>
[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude>

File:Evil Robball.png

2024-09-17T23:53:09Z

Robballgamer2009: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

File:Dc6af18e664067c06a456d85a6b426b9.png

2024-09-17T23:52:38Z

Robballgamer2009: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

UserWiki:Robballgamer2009

2024-08-27T06:06:51Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "=== Althistian Parliament (2016–''present'') === {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px; font-size:95%;" |- | colspan="2" | {| width="100%" style="font-size:90%;" | width="70" | |{{legend|#680C0F|Crony}} |{{legend|#C1131C|CD / Morte}} |{{legend|#D3696F|PP}} |{{legend|#406F38|Discord}} |{{legend|#62AA56|Diff.}} |{{legend|#808080|Misc}} |{{legend|#21C5AA|Prog.}} |{{legend|#F5EE22|Wikicrat}} |{{legend|#6788B2|PG / MFP}} |{{legend|#527CB3|Left..."

=== Althistian Parliament (2016–''present'') ===

{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px; font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" |
{| width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"
| width="70" |
|{{legend|#680C0F|Crony}}
|{{legend|#C1131C|CD / Morte}}
|{{legend|#D3696F|PP}}
|{{legend|#406F38|Discord}}
|{{legend|#62AA56|Diff.}}
|{{legend|#808080|Misc}}
|{{legend|#21C5AA|Prog.}}
|{{legend|#F5EE22|Wikicrat}}
|{{legend|#6788B2|PG / MFP}}
|{{legend|#527CB3|Left Mod.}}
|{{legend|#2E68B5|Nod.}}
|{{legend|#203481|Dem. / MA}}
|{{legend|#121212|Right}}
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Spaces|4}}{{Nowrap|[[2016 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2016]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"





| style="background-color: #808080; width: 8.36%"| 23

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 54.18%"| 149


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| style="background-color: #203481; width: 1.09%"| 3
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 10.91%"| 30
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Spaces|4}}{{Nowrap|[[2017 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2017]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #680C0F; width: 7.19%"| 20


| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 2.18%"| 6

| style="background-color: #808080; width: 2.88%"| 8

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 40.29%"| 112


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 35.61%"| 99

| style="background-color: #121212; width: 10.79%"| 30
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Spaces|4}}{{Nowrap|[[2018 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2018]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #680C0F; width: 0.71%"| 2


| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 5.34%"| 15

| style="background-color: #808080; width: 3.56%"| 10

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 26.33%"| 74
| style="background-color: #6788B2; width: 17.44%"| 49

| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 30.25%"| 85

| style="background-color: #121212; width: 16.37%"| 46
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Spaces|4}}{{Nowrap|[[2019 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2019]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #680C0F; width: 3.64%"| 10


| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 5.45%"| 15

| style="background-color: #808080; width: 14.91%"| 41

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 21.82%"| 60
| style="background-color: #6788B2; width: 16.00%"| 44

| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 29.09%"| 80

| style="background-color: #121212; width: 9.09%"| 25
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[March 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|M. 2020]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"


| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 14.18%"| 39
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 0.73%"| 2
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 10.14%"| 28

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 19.64%"| 54
| style="background-color: #6788B2; width: 21.82%"| 60

| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 21.09%"| 58
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 7.27%"| 20
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 5.09%"| 14
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[June 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|J. 2020]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 8.36%"| 23

| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 4.00%"| 11
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 0.73%"| 2
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 6.88%"| 19

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 13.09%"| 36


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 34.91%"| 96
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 17.45%"| 48
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 14.55%"| 40
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[September 2020 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|S. 2020]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 16.36%"| 45

| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 1.82%"| 5
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 0.73%"| 2
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 2.17%"| 6

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 8.00%"| 22


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 40.36%"| 111
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 14.55%"| 40
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 16.00%"| 44
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[September 2021 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|S. 2021]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 7.33%"| 22

| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 3.33%"| 10
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 15.00%"| 45
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 2.33%"| 7

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 23.00%"| 69


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 17.33%"| 52
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 20.00%"| 60
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 11.67%"| 35
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[November 2021 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|N. 2021]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 18.67%"| 56

| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 3.33%"| 10
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 13.33%"| 40
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 1.33%"| 4

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 29.33%"| 88


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 16.00%"| 48
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 14.67%"| 44
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 3.33%"| 10
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Spaces|4}}{{Nowrap|[[2022 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 18.26%"| 64

| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 12.82%"| 45
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 12.54%"| 44
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 4.57%"| 16

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 22.86%"| 80


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 14.29%"| 50
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 13.14%"| 46
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 1.71%"| 6
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[June 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|J. 2023]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 6.82%"| 24
| style="background-color: #D3696F; width: 1.81%"| 5
| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 25.57%"| 90
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 15.91%"| 56
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 5.11%"| 18

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 21.43%"| 75


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 12.86%"| 45
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 9.14%"| 32
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 1.43%"| 5
|}
|-
| width="40" | {{Nowrap|[[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|N. 2023]]}}
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 5.43%"| 15
| style="background-color: #D3696F; width: 1.81%"| 5
| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 7.25%"| 20
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 6.23%"| 17
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 7.25%"| 20

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 20.29%"| 56


| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 30.80%"| 85
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 15.94%"| 44
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 4.35%"| 12
|}
|-
| width="40" |{{Spaces|4}}[[2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2024]]
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white; text-shadow: 1px 1px 1px #000000;"
| style="background-color: #C1131C; width: 3.43%"| 12
| style="background-color: #D3696F; width: 1.14%"| 4
| style="background-color: #406F38; width: 2.86%"| 10
| style="background-color: #62AA56; width: 17.43%"| 61
| style="background-color: #808080; width: 4.286"| 15

| style="background-color: #F5EE22; width: 17.14%"| 49
| style="background-color: #6788B2; width: 9.712%"| 34
| style="background-color: #527CB3; width: 5.71%"| 20
| style="background-color: #2E68B5; width: 17.71%"| 62
| style="background-color: #203481; width: 14.86%"| 52
| style="background-color: #121212; width: 5.14%"| 18
|}

|}

File:2022 Conworlds general election.svg

2024-08-24T06:48:13Z

Robballgamer2009: Robballgamer2009 uploaded a new version of File:2022 Conworlds general election.svg

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

2022 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:46:43Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 Conworlds general election
| before_party = [[Jacobins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jacobins]]
| seats_for_election = 749 seats (375 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 8 November 2022
| after_election = [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]
| after_party = [[Jacobins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jacobins]]
| previous_election = [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|[[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]}}
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =2022 Conworlds general election.svg
| map_caption =
| next_election =
| next_year =
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary

| party1 = [[Jacobins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jacobins]]
| color1 = E4433E
| leader1 = [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]
| image1 = File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg
| seats_before1 =
| seats1 = '''441'''
| seat_change1 =
| percentage1 = '''58.88%'''

| color2 = E27776
| party2 = Moderate Republicans
| leader2 = [[Tobias Dontgomery (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tobias Dontgomery]]
| image2 = Ary Scheffer - Marquis De Lafayette - NPG.82.150 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg
| seats_before2 =
| seats2 = 105
| seat_change2 =
| percentage2 = 14.02%

| party3 = [[Constitutionalist Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Constitutionalist]]
| leader3 = [[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]
| color3 = 1946A8
| image3 = Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg
| seats_before3 =
| seats3 = 33
| seat_change3 =
| percentage3 = 4.41%

| party4 = [[General Conworlder Labor Bund (Multiverse Manifesto)|Bundists]]
| color4 = 631921
| leader4 = [[Carkolai Adams (Multiverse Manifesto)|Carkolai Adams ]]
| image4 = Charles E. Nash, MC (1875-77).jpg
| seats_before4 =
| seats4 = 14
| seat_change4 =
| percentage4 = 1.87%

| party5 = [[Popular Urulian Front (Multiverse Manifesto)|Urulians]]
| color5 = 4A6C7A
| leader5 = [[Zachary Raghquist (Multiverse Manifesto)|Zachary Raghquist]]
| image5 = Henri-Benjamin Constant de Rebecque.png
| seats_before5 =
| seats5 = 13
| seat_change5 =
| percentage5 = 1.734%

| party6 = ''Independents''
| color6 = 808080
| leader6 = -
| image6 =
| seat6_before5 =
| seats6 = 135
| seat_change6 =
| percentage6 = 18.02%

}}
The 2022 Conworlds general election to the National Convention of [[Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Conworldia]] was held on 8 November 2022. It was the first election following the events of the Coup of 9 May, and it resulted in the provisional president and leader of the coup, [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]], being reelected as president.

The party of Fissiphlap, nicknamed the "Jacobins", received an absolute majority of seats in the convention, with 441 seats or 58.88% of the parliamentary total. They were followed by the "Moderate Republicans", who received 105 seats, or 14.02% of the parliamentary total. Led by [[Tobias Dontgomery (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tobias Dontgomery]], the Moderate Republicans voiced support for the overthrow of the Geminal administration, as well as tentative support for the ascension of the Jacobins. The Jacobins and Moderate Republicans were joined by minor parties on the left, such as the [[General Conworlder Labor Bund (Multiverse Manifesto)|Bundists]] led by [[Carkolai Adams (Multiverse Manifesto)|Carkolai Adams]]. With the overthrow of the Ultralists, the [[Constitutionalist Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Constitutionalist Party]] under [[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]] emerged as the sole remaining party on the right from the Geminal period, and offered resistance to Jacobin rule. They gained some support from moderate groups, such as the newly created [[Popular Urulian Front (Multiverse Manifesto)|Urulians]] under [[Zachary Raghquist (Multiverse Manifesto)|Zachary Raghquist]].

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

File:2022 Conworlds general election.svg

2024-08-24T06:46:34Z

Robballgamer2009:

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

2022 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:45:40Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "{{Infobox election | election_name = 2022 Conworlds general election | before_party = Jacobins | seats_for_election = 749 seats (375 needed for majority) | country = | before_election = Jack Fissiphlap | ongoing = no | election_date = 8 November 2022 | after_election = Jack Fissiphlap | after_party = Jacobins | pre..."

File:2022 Conworlds general election.svg

2024-08-24T06:37:16Z

Robballgamer2009: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:13:39Z

Robballgamer2009: /* Jackian regime (2022–present) */

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

On 9 May 2022 a coup was launched by [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]] and his party, nicknamed the "Jacobins", which overthrew the Vespondison administration and installed Fissiphlap as provisional president. In addition, Fissiphlap was installed as "Technician", a position which subsumed the office of prime minister, and effectively became the position of ''de facto'' leadership. aFollowing the results of the [[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022 presidential election]], in which the Jacobins were accused of unfair election practices, Fissiphlap was reelected as president.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|rowspan= 2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan= 2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan= 2|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan= 2|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 March 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|3|20}})}}
|–
|rowspan= 2|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|[[2022 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 March 2023)}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 March 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:09:15Z

Robballgamer2009:

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

On 9 May 2022 a coup was launched by [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]] and his party, nicknamed the "Jacobins", which overthrew the Vespondison administration and installed Fissiphlap as provisional president. In addition, Fissiphlap was installed as "Technician", a position which subsumed the office of prime minister, and effectively became the position of ''de facto'' leadership. aFollowing the results of the [[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022 presidential election]], in which the Jacobins were accused of unfair election practices, Fissiphlap was reelected as president.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 January 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|1|20}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}<hr>
[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 January 2023)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 January 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|[[2022 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds general election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:05:41Z

Robballgamer2009:

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

On 9 May 2022 a coup was launched by [[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]] and his party, nicknamed the "Jacobins", which overthrew the Vespondison administration and installed Fissiphlap as provisional president. In addition, Fissiphlap was installed as "Technician", a position which subsumed the office of prime minister, and effectively became the position of ''de facto'' leadership. aFollowing the results of the [[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022 presidential election]], in which the Jacobins were accused of unfair election practices, Fissiphlap was reelected as president.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 January 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|1|20}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}<hr>
[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 January 2023)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 January 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|[[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

List of presidents of Conworlds (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:00:39Z

Robballgamer2009: Robballgamer2009 moved page List of presidents of Conworlds (Multiverse Manifesto) to List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

#REDIRECT [[List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)]]

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T06:00:39Z

Robballgamer2009: Robballgamer2009 moved page List of presidents of Conworlds (Multiverse Manifesto) to List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 January 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|1|20}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}<hr>
[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 January 2023)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 January 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|[[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T05:54:06Z

Robballgamer2009:

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 January 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|1|20}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}<hr>
[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 January 2023)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 January 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|[[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

[[Category:Multiverse Manifesto]]

List of presidents of Conworldia (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-08-24T05:53:28Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "==Geminal period (2018–2022)== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" |- ! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait ! scope="col" | President (lifetime) ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election ! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party ! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President ! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister |- |rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-..."

==Geminal period (2018–2022)==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Prime Minister

|-
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|rowspan=2 style="width:1%;" | [[File:Benjamin S. Turner - Brady-Handy.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2| '''[[Hurraporius Vespondison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Hurraporius Vespondison]]''' {{small|(2014–2022)}}
|rowspan=2| {{Nowrap|20 January 2021 – 9 May 2022 ({{ayd|2021|1|20|2022|5|9}})}}
|rowspan=2| [[2020 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2020]]
|rowspan=2| Ultralist
|style="width:2%;background-color:#190F3F"; |
|[[Koanon Taylor-Perkins (Multiverse Manifesto)|Koanon Taylor-Perkins]] {{Small|(20 January 2021–2 February 2021)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#1946A8"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:Manteuffel, Otto Theodor von (1805-1882).jpg|75px]] '''[[Simon Corvander (Multiverse Manifesto)|Simon Corvander]]''' {{small|(2017–''Present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#808080"; |
|''Vacant'' {{Small|(after 1 February 2021)}}
|}

==Jackian regime (2022–''present'')==

===Provisional system===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Vice President
! scope="col" style="width:15%;" colspan=2| Technician
|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|9 May 2022 – 20 January 2023 ({{ayd|2022|5|9|2023|1|20}})}}
|–
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
{{hidden
|''May Collegium'' {{Small|(9 May 2022–29 May 2022)}}
|
::[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] 
::[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] 
::[[Marcus Timuran (Multiverse Manifesto)|Marcus Timuran]] 
|headerstyle=
|style=text-align:center;
}}<hr>
[[Serion Tiandison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Serion Tiandison]] {{Small|(29 May 2022–25 July 2022)}}<hr>
[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]] {{Small|(25 July 2022–20 January 2023)}}
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4|[[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|75px]] '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}

|-
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|style="width:1%;" | [[File:Portrait Jules Grévy (cropped)(3).jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Tandalon Xerilliamson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Tandalon Xerilliamson]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|{{Nowrap|20 January 2023 – 19 June 2023 ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2023|6|19}})}}
|[[2022 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|2022]]
|Jacobin
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|
[[Andrew Abarough (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Abarough]] {{Small|(20 January 2023–5 March 2023)}}<hr>
[[Stegory Coegeman (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stegory Coegeman]] {{Small|(5 March 2023–5 March 2023)}}
|}

===Technicocracy===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! scope="col" colspan=2; style="width:11em;"|Portrait
! scope="col" | President (lifetime)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Election
! scope=col style="width:10%;" | Party
! scope="col" colspan=2| Chancellor
|-
|rowspan=4 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=4 style="width:1%;" | [[File:George Dawe, Field Marshal August Neidhardt, Count of Gneisenau (1760–1831), 1818.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=4| '''[[Jack Fissiphlap (Multiverse Manifesto)|Jack Fissiphlap]]''' {{small|(2015–''present'')}}
|rowspan=4| {{Nowrap|19 June 2023 – ''present'' ({{ayd|2023|1|20|2016|11|8}})}} 
| –
|rowspan=4 style="width:15%;" | Jacobin
|rowspan=2 style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|rowspan=2|[[Lomrad Smith (Multiverse Manifesto)|Lomrad Smith]]

|-
|[[June 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|June 2023]]

|-
|[[November 2023 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Mandel P. Carlson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Mandel P. Carlson]]

|-
|[[May 2024 Conworlds presidential election (Multiverse Manifesto)|May 2024]]
|style="width:2%;background-color:#E4433E"; |
|[[Golliver Madison (Multiverse Manifesto)|Golliver Madison]]
|}

Book:Critique of the Vetitum Programme

2024-08-23T01:21:33Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|Book}}
==Preface==

I author this critique in regards to the Village Pump proposal known as the "[[Forum:Village pump#Vetitum electorum exteriorum|Vetitum Electorum Exteriorum]]", which may otherwise be known as the "Vetitum Programme", or if one prefers, the plan for the elimination of the very Village Pump it is hosted at. I author this critique as a potential undesireable slated for obsolesence by the Programme itself, although I author it not in defense of myself or to claw at what little rights I have. I author it for the fate of the Wiki and writers of all kinds, who stand to lose even their basic dignity should the Programme be accepted in any capacity. I speak (while I am still able) for the fate of the users who will be placed back into chains, for their descendants who will grow up knowing only chains their whole lives, and for the Conworlds Wiki which will be negatively affected in any productive measure by the resintitution of chains upon its populace. That is the general starting point that one must begin with, and the general level of severity one must treat the subject.

==I. Note on the Interwikist Nature of Conworlds==

The struggle of the liberation of all writing is inherently an interwikist struggle. The editing-man has no home-wiki. In the present development of interchange between wikis, we observe such wikist differences and antagonisms to be receding, for uniformity in the mode of editing and in the conditions of wiki-life corresponding thereto. The development of the independent Conworlds Wiki has oxymoronically led to a greater interdependence of style, as though it develops the power to choose its own governance, it is ever more similar in the fact that it chooses. The moderator class has through the exploitation of this independence, through its exploitation of the global market for recruitment (via such things as map games), developed a cosmopolitan character on the Wiki to the chagrin of the Reactionists. But through this development of interwiki exchange, they have proven the users of the globe have more in common with each other – taking into account their relations to the means of editing most especially – than with the respective ruling-classes of their wikis. This is reflected daily in the increasing rate of porting between wikis, and the general productive intercourse which occurs between users across site borders, which has undoubtedly been instrumental in the current wealth of the Conworlds Wiki.

The regressive reaction to the forces of the development of the Wiki insist upon reintroducing arbitrary wikist boundaries, of self-segregation and delineation, putting up a wall to the free exchange between wikis. The wikist tendency is that of defining “The Wiki” as the State – in this case, synonymous with the CWA – forgetting that it is the productive relations of the Userbase and its relations to the means of editing therein which produces the wiki-state. The users of this Wiki will first of all acquire political supremacy, and wrest back control from the leading class of the Wiki, constituting itself as the Wiki—in that sense, theirs is a wiki struggle. But the final victory of the editors will be an Interwiki struggle. In recognition of this fact, and the fact that the Wiki is ever developed by the cordial interaction between users from one wiki to another, and that the struggle for the liberation of writing in any wiki is the struggle of editors all, we cannot treat the strengthening of reactionary wikism as anything but a threat to editing, in this Wiki and thereout. The imposition of new walls surrounding the wiki-state are but impositions on the ability of the Userbase. For we know that the ability of the user to express his or herself creatively is derived from their ability to edit unimpeded, and that simple participation in a wiki produces greater lack of impediment; welcoming in users through mass action increases their ability and likelihood of producing in the form of editing. Such actions which limit their ability to participate is but a class-captured, protectionist racket of the growingly obsolete class, in its last ditch efforts to wall off political power for itself from the deluge of the immense majority. The Vetitum is one such meak death throe.

==II. The Introduction to the Vetitum==

The Vetitum blatantly signals that this is a “prohibition of external electors”, because it is backward-mindedly still grasping to the notion of “external” and “internal”, despite the growing interdependence of all wikis in a global market of editing. Nonetheless, let us contend with this idea of “external electors” and whether or not they ought to be prohibited. From its first clause, the Vetitum demonstrates a lack of understanding of the current politics of the Conworlds Wiki. It conjured up fears and beats the drums of war, decrying the mass number of users flooding the elections – a so-called “ongoing issue” – thus requiring we “preserve the integrity” of elections by means of draconian election laws. Let us first point out the obvious: there is no evidence of an “ongoing issue” of disintegrity in past or present community votes. There is no evidence of decisions being swung one way or another by the introduction of “external” votes, nor evidence of voter fraud, nor any indication of problems with the process of consensus. I draw the attention of the Vetitumists to the fact that virtually every single decision on the Village Pump has passed unanimously and peacefully. There are two minor exceptions: the discussion on promoting the Yuker Language to featured status, and some such decidedly forgotten “charter” of the Ancien Régime. Considering the latter had zero support, and was opposed by the author of the present Vetitum, I presume that well-buried ghoul is not what he seeks to conjure. As for the former, it is clear that even if we subtracted what I presume are “undeserving” votes, that matter would not have reached consensus either. We also observe that the proposal was opposed by members of what the Vetitum author reverently called the “review team” – the veteran assessors of content – implying that the assessment of the Yuker proposal had organic opposition from experts in assessment. In either case, both proposals are but a fraction of the total number of decisions held, and both occurred two years or more in the past. That hardly instills confidence that there is a demonstrable “ongoing issue” of deadlock in the Village Pump, and of votes being blown to oblivion by mass sabotage. Nonetheless, perhaps the Vetitum assumes we must preemptively protect our “integrity”.

Now let’s proceed to the second clause, whose ignorance (or is it hypocrisy) betrays the ineptitude of the proposal. What are “all community members” if not the total sum of people who contribute to Conworlds as a Wiki? That includes those who create pages, those who maintain them, those who monitor them, those who influence them. There are those who help make Conworlds what it is through the production of pages in a solitary fashion, and those who do so collaboratively, through discussion and debate. The Vetitumists have a backwards, vulgar notion of the edit – that value is derived solely by the subjective assessment of the edit – forgetting that the edit is a cumulative product of the edits of its inputs, and of the socially necessary labor which went into the production of said inputs. Given the present interconnection of users via a division of labor – viz. the process of writing relies upon social production through discord and the like – we must recognize that the service-labor of the supporter of an editor necessarily contributes to the value of the editor’s edit, as they socially refine the content of the edit and its components. Put simply, even those who do not physically post an edit, necessarily contribute to edits on the Wiki in the form of discussing with the physical poster; they allow the utilization of their expertise, wisdom, and knowledge, and they motivate and incentivize the further posting of edits by this aid. The “community” is not just the poster, because it takes a community to raise a post. It is a profoundly exclusionary tendency which seeks to deny the contributions of our community, by defining “community” as but what the author deems the “real” work. In actuality, community members come in all shapes and sizes, and they meaningfully contribute in a multitude of ways. Only by denying that fact can the Vetitumists claim to be “promoting” that which they actively seek to destroy.

The third clause of the first sentence wraps up this incomprehensibility in a neat ribbon. It puts forth the notion of a nebulous population of “those who passively engage” with the Wiki, despite the idea of a “passive engager” being a clear contradiction. This superstitious abstraction can only be made sense of by coming to the conclusion that the author believes in the nativist myth of second-class users. Presumably there are two races in the mind of the Vetitumist: the “active” and the “passive” people—though they are of course not defined as such. Whomever the passive race are, it is clear the Vetitumist does not wish for them to pollute the sanctity of the chosen-people’s vote with their active use of passive non-activity! Having established the shaky grounds with which that author begins their proposal, let us proceed to its contents.

==III. On the Definitions==

In defining the privileged class of voter-citizens, we are first struck by the proposal of financial contributors being granted automatic citizenship. If we were to designate such a thing as essential contribution, placing financial contributors to the site in that category is not incongruous. Although it is notable that this is an immediate betrayal of everything the Vetitumists claimed to stand for. What can be more passive than a user who quite literally is charged a monthly donation without necessarily performing an active edit to the site in that month? The Vetitumists tacitly concede there are a multitude of ways to meaningfully contribute to the Wiki.

We then read that there are “visitors” and “active editors”. In the former case, the Vetitumists once more commit the error of assuming the “visitor” does not “engage in the content creation process”, instead only contributing to “the community’s vibrancy”. That which the Vetitumist dismisses as “vibe” we understand to be definite forms of social consciousness, produced in reflection of the economic structure of the Wiki. The Vetitumist sees the social sphere as something which the visitor can contribute to without affecting the basis of productive relations. But said relations are in actuality a primary determinant of the social sphere, and the social sphere is to a lesser extent an influence on the forces of production. In a concrete example, we observe the very real phenomenon of the editor being motivated to complete a page by the fact that said page achieves impressions upon “visitors”. Presumably, in the Vetitumist mind, we would not see any decline in the number of pages produced if the Wiki was dead in social activity or interaction, because they see production as merely the user posting a page in a vacuum, without motivation from the interaction of social life. One need only look at the graveyard of dead discord servers and former map games, and see that posts have dried up the more such remains decompose.

Then there is the “active” user, which the Vetitum defines as an individual who regularly contributes written content. What the Vetitum defines as content must be of quality and originality, which opens the door to severe manipulation, as does any other tool of mass disenfranchisement. Poll taxes, literacy tests, etc, are manipulable tools which ostensibly purport to be safeguarding the interests of the Wiki, but in actuality ensure that the ruling class always has a lever to ensure that the voice of dissidents are deweighted. The Vetitum knows it cannot objectively define what a meaningful edit is, because it holds to a subjectivist and unscientific measure of value. It knows that there can be no satisfactory definition of quality and originality. But even if there was one, it knows it cannot give it, because that would give the game away. The Vetitum is a product of class interests—it seeks to disenfranchise in such a way as to protect the privileged position of its patrons. As such, it is not supposed to define what a quality edit is. That is for the arbitrative class to arbitrate when it sees fit and when it’s advantageous.

Then there is the “Community Committee”, a laughable juxtaposition of terms. It is not a representation of the community, but rather a self-declared and unrepresentative segment of the ruling class. Even the election of admins, though imperfect given the problems inherent in a moderator “democracy”, at least produces a group of ostensibly approved admins. But the Vetitum doesn’t use that group of admins. It creates a new, arbitrary delineation within the admins. What is the purpose of designating three and only three active admins to this committee, when there are roughly four or five active admins total? Is it because the Vetitum author perceives that the fourth active admin is not under his control or receptive to him? Put plainly, the Vetitum noticeably and purposely excludes Toxi from the committee, despite Toxi being one of the most active admins, and the admin strongly associated with many Village Pump decisions and maintenance of such systems. The Vetitum creates the false impression of fairness by delegating to a committee, so that it can exclude the “problematic” admins. Let us discuss for a moment the actual motivation of the Vetitum, which is the political goals of the Vetitumists in the feud with their opponents. We perceive that the users the Vetitum demotes to second-class citizens happen to be those who disagree with Vetitumist gropings, and we notice that Toxi is seen as a symbol of the soon-to-be peon-class. It is no coincidence that she should be sidelined.

==IV. On the Criteria for Voting Eligibility==

Having realized that they cannot fairly define what a quality edit is, they fall back on the old bytist tropes that quality of edit correlates with number of bytes (actually, the proposal incompetently uses “words” instead of bytes, despite that not being an easily measured currency in a wiki format). Must we have to prove once again that the earth is indeed round to the flat-earthers of wikidom? Must we point out that the length of an edit is obviously not one-to-one correlative to the amount of work which went into it, nor to its value as an edit? The experienced map creator spends 1000 hours on a highly detailed map over the course of months, only to produce a single edit of 100 bytes upon posting it. The determined writer spends a month deeply refining the plausibility and accuracy of a page, changing practically every word on said page, only to ostensibly produce zero bytes in the change log. There are users who post one edit of 10,000 bytes, and users who post 100 edits of 10 bytes. There are users who dedicate themselves to pushing the bounds of creative wiki-editing through high quality writing across countless days, yet their product is of less length than unproduitous writing—the present Vetitum for example.

But as if that wasn’t bad enough, the Vetitum selects those 10,000 words not from the most recent past three months, but from any random three months in the past year. Let us first point out how ridiculous it is that activity should not be gauged based on the current living and breathing activity of a user, but by any random assortment of their past activity. We can imagine the user who has edited every single day the past three months, only for none of that to count because by happenstance they rolled January, February, March. Or the opposite: we can only guess how many votes the Vetitumists plan to exhume from the grave as inactive users happen to have bygone months selected. This is a poorly thought out proposal which has the capacity to demotivate currently active users, in order to fit the Vetitumist appeal to the augury of the gods. But that aside, should we fear the user who has actively and thoroughly contributed in recent months before a vote? This is a failsafe which can eliminate any recent populist surge. It is a failsafe which will punish people up to a year in the past for their indiscretion, despite their best efforts to improve. Moreover, it is the lottery and gamification of our institutions, treating the Village Pump as the Village Casino. That is to say nothing of the fact that “the house always wins”. The Vetitum has plainly laid out one of their mechanisms for ensuring the hand is in their favor, with us to trust in their choosing of “random” months.

The second point of the criteria is an insultingly regressive ramble. In this century, we have realized that there is more than one way to create a conworld, just like how there is more than one way to paint a “correct” painting, to make a “correct" song, etc. We recognize that conworlding is an art, and an art which has constantly pushed the bounds of artistry through creative applications. In fact, the community-recognized most award-worthy content of the past several years has repeatedly been content outside “Wikipedia’s style”, and the new frontier of Conworlds is not slavish adherence to tradition. By this point, the Vetitum wags its fist at the clouds and insists that the youth stop experimenting. It castigates the rabblerousers and mumbles to itself that proper Sunday dress is a suit-and-tie. Imitation of Wikipedia is of course a style on this Wiki, but it is ''a'' style, not ''the only'' style. It is ridiculous to assert that the subjective preference of the Vetitumists, and what they happen to find “immerses” them, be the standard for all users. This piece of criteria is the sumptuary law component of the Vetitum. It is the timid protest of the traditionalists against the new worlds we have constructed—a protest against the very spirit of Conworlds.

The third piece of criteria is another outdated and ineffectual measure. It has long been recognized that porting is a method of increasing the bounds of the present Wiki. It directly increases the amount of content of quality writing on the Wiki – even by the subjectivist standard, given the act of porting demonstrates the interest of at least one individual in the merit of the ported content – and it actively grows the Userbase, by several different means. First, almost always content is ported at the behest of the author of that content, for the simple reason that they want to join the Wiki and have their content on it. We observe that it is usually community timelines which are ported, and by that port, a mass number of people from the old host site are drawn to the new site, both to continue to expand upon the now-ported community timeline, and to branch out to the rest of the Wiki through additional contributions. The act of porting creates an active atmosphere of activity and demonstrates that the Wiki is growing through new productive forces. It thus incentivizes third parties to consider contribution to the Wiki, whether in the form of porting their work also, or in joining the Wiki in general. Thus, the process of porting has been one of the most important productive measures undertaken by the new Conworlds Wiki. It has directly attracted new users, and from these users – as well as the interaction of these users with existing users and pages – created new pages and edits on the Wiki. The Vetitum of course disregards the merit of this by disincentivizing porting, by relegating the ported-page to the realm of “other”, such that it cannot be properly integrated into the social interaction of the community, nor viewed on an equal grounds for consideration. Does the Vetitum, by its poor choice of words, mean to say that porting in its entirety is prohibited? That would of course be counterproductive bordering on Wiki sabotage. The line is either incompetently written, ill-conceived, or both.

==V. On the Election Procedure==

On the matter of election procedure, we observe another erosion of the rights of the user relative to the oligarchy. It appears the Vetitum preserves a facade of participation by saying that anyone may “request” a vote before the masters (perhaps it should say “beg”), but in actuality that is a token point, since it says that only “active editors” may initiate a community vote. The initiation of a vote is then trapped in a bureaucratic swamp by a complicated appeals process which appears to be modeled on the needlessly complex ''mestnichestvo'' of Tsardom, such that it will undoubtedly produce both work for the admins and drama for the community every single time it is utilized (perhaps it is apt that a tool of confusing resistance to the conservative Tsarist order might be a model for the Vetitumists). As the already-overworked admin will now have to perform the process of vetting a users’ citizenship status with each appeal, we encounter an unproductive disorder. In a wiki by and for the users, in a wiki that truly values the contributions and might of the Userbase, it eliminates the distance between users, and between users and action. Though imperfect, we applaud the system of Conworlds of allowing any user to make their voices heard, to directly interface at the “village pump”. The Vetitum obliterates the village pump and replaces it with a paid vending machine. It requires that those who desire a drink of water have the necessary dollar, for it is only the users who are metaphorically rich which deserve to be heard. The Vending Machine creates only a flashpoint for instigation, of tedious litigation to determine one’s rank in the hierarchy. It stands for the principle that not all people are created equal, and that “equal” status is not going on sale. Spend eternity at the Conworlds DMV or keep walking—the workingman need not apply.

We next notice the second method of manipulating the vote, which is the obscuration of the result. Votes shall be cast to the oligarchy, who “promise” to accurately record them. There is no vetting process that one’s vote is received, nor that it is counted. Perhaps this was inserted when the Vetitumists realized that the users might unite and through sheer force of editing earn the privilege of creating a proposal, and thus they inserted one last failsafe. This obviously exploitable point of the process was given the least amount of articulation by the Vetitum, so I do the same in critiquing it.

Next is the ban on “campaigning”, which is reminiscent of the Black Hundredist campaigns against “brigading”—it is the same excuse by a different brand. We remind the Vetitumists, that by the general practices of the Wiki since time immemorial, it has been acceptable to alert people of votes, and we might even say that is a good thing. We stand for an active Wiki, one in which people should be alerted of when a vote takes place, and in which they should be invited to participate. But the wording of the proposal of course criminalizes that act itself, “accidentally” making it a crime to improve voter participation or combat voter suppression. It also must be pointed out that by the very terms already inserted into the Vetitum, this criteria is a useless point, since it has already been established that only privileged citizens may participate in the first place. Thus, the combination is that only citizens who are hawkishly involved in a proposal (their own partisans one could say) are ensured to be present during the night-time raid on the Village Pump—attempting to alert opponents of the oligarchy is a criminal offense.

Next let’s consider the absolutely unobjective metric by which this is act is judged. We have already established that “active editor” is a rather subjective and openly contestable category, not least of which because the Vetitum states literally that users may contest their citizenship status. Yet, we take this citizenship status, and say that if 51% of the individuals of a chat are not citizens then it is illegal. Dare I ask how one determines who counts as an “individual” of a “chat”? Will absolute silence be mandated, such that we cannot even mention in say Althistory that Conworlds is doing a certain thing or another? For example, we might expect this gag rule to actively hinder the prestige and attention on the Wiki’s Paracosmic Awards, because we are not allowed to talk about them in public or among non-members of the secret order. We turn Conworlds further into the old boy’s club, and ensure we don’t accidentally interest an onlooker into joining the community. Having established the nebulousness of this first sentence, let’s consider the infeasibility. I assume we will have to employ a sort of “secret police” to monitor communications. We will have to incentivize people to turn on each other. Rat out “illegal campaigners” who threaten the sanctity of the vote! The thing is, the police cannot literally break down the door of a secret chat. More than likely, this measure is actually to create paranoia and aid in making accusations. Such-and-such has voted and I don’t think they’re active (read: I don’t like them), they must have been in a secret chat! And if not that, it can lead to “leaks” and denunciations, of people “exposing” their fellow users, vaguely linking them to dissidents. The Vetitum pours fuel into the fire of Wiki conflict.

Let us then consider the Vetitum’s devilish remedy. After a voter has been nebulously linked to the conspiracy, they are of course disenfranchised, even if they were “discovered” after an election, and so are the “illegal campaigners”. This can cascade into all kinds of unproductive, exclusionary tactics, of users running afoul of the oligarchy and suddenly it is “discovered” that they conspired with such-and-such known traitor, and thus this user and their associations are soon linked to illegal campaigns. And on top of that, the illegal campaigners are banned from the discord channel. Let us call it like it is: this is an effort by the Vetitumists to remove an entire server’s worth of “opponents”, then ensure they are removed from dissenting in one fell swoop.

In the fourth point, we receive lovely confirmation that determinations of citizenship are decided “anonymously”, as if there was any fear they might be public and transparent.

In the fifth, it becomes clear that the Vetitum envisions all users as casting a vote, and then after the fact the oligarchy has to parse through the votes and determine “legitimate” from “illegitimate”. Not only does this mass increase the bureaucracy and work required of the admins, it is further confirmation of the potential for abuse in the voting process (or even just simple mistakes), thus tanking the reliability of voting. We can imagine certain scenarios: given the relatively small number of current participants in voting (but far too many for the Vetitumists!) it is likely that a typical vote might read: “Total eligible votes: 2 aye, 1 nay; total disqualified votes: 0 aye, 2 nay”. This would then create a confusing situation in which it may not be clear whose vote was disqualified. It also massively increases the chances of conflict, given that the outcome of this vote was quite literally altered by a behind-the-curtain determination (it has become the very thing the Vetitumists claimed to fear). We could expect a long period in the courts after each vote, of users arguing with each other. We also walk away knowing that a majority of people in the community did not approve of the decision, which is not only unfair, but counterproductive to increase the growth and health of the Wiki. It is a pronouncement to the “middle”, the green-card users who have not yet achieved citizenship, that their voice need not apply. “Go to Althistory why don’t you,” says the Vetitum. Many users may just go.

We are then told we will be given a list of participants in the election, though not an indication of how they voted. This is highly objectable, as it betrays the entire purpose of a secret vote. It means that any competent participant could easily figure out in what way each person voted, such that they can be targeted. It is the equivalent of the dictatorships which require that nay votes be given behind the curtain, thus signaling who is voting nay. We also receive confirmation that the voters will not be alerted if they even were counted or not. Nonetheless, we are then promised up to five full weekdays of argumentation over this process, in which users – unaware of what their status even was – attempt to argue whether or not they deserve citizenship before the tribunal. We might imagine even in a perfect world, in which no fraud took place, that the nebulous process alone almost guarantees that those disappointed by the results of the vote will take the matter to court. Arguments were once something the Wiki sought to minimize; they were something which are unconducive to cooperation and activity on the Wiki. The Vetitum has now mandated them.

==VI. On Determining the Caste System==

In the appeal process, we learn that the Committee in fact determines a user’s status, and has the task of investigating malpractice in the determination of status—the Committee investigates itself. We also learn, interestingly, that a user may petition the Committee on another users’ behalf, despite the explicit banning of such behind-the-scenes communication. Perhaps this is a tactic which the Vetitumists will use to identify dissidents for future disenfranchisement, or perhaps it’s a trap in of itself.

We then learn that should a user be unsatisfied with the performance of the Committee, they may then appeal to the Independent Wiki Federation. For one thing, this implicitly undermines the Wiki’s trust and authority in the admins, considering both the fact that the Committee is made up of admins, and the fact that the actual admins proper are not in the process. It means that a user may circumvent the authority of the Wiki’s elected officials, which will have considerable impact on the ability of the normal justice system to function outside of voting. But moreover, we now exacerbate the drama not just within our server, but into the public sphere of the IWF. The angry user may now air their dirty laundry in front of the entire base of potential editors, showing the incompetence of Conworlds as a Wiki, as we fail to even administer a fair election. Should this actually be exercised, it seems only a means of embarrassing Conworlds and counterproductively affecting its growth. I know not if the IWF has consented to this, but it sounds to me as though this is an unfair burden we are assigning to them, specifically onto five strangers. I can only imagine the “illegal campaigning” that occurs as users try to communicate to the IWF what is going on in the situation. Perhaps in actuality, the process is not supposed to be realistic. Rather the appeal process is needlessly complicated and obtuse so that people will not do it.

Furthermore, the length of the process begins to mount as we learn that the IWF has a month to provide arbiters, on top of the already lengthy appeal process prior. We therefore must amend the five-day argument period to potentially several weeks and counting, becoming further and further detached from the substance of the vote. We are also comforted by the notion that the arbiters must not “have a bias”. How that is determined is anyone’s guess, and finding out would probably be illegal anyway as per the campaigning rule.

And on top of that, after several weeks of arguing after the vote, we then learn that the process can go back to the Committee, which we have already established is compromised. So in total, the Committee may manipulate a vote, investigate if it manipulated a vote, and control the process of the appeal about the investigation. The Committee must appoint another committee, this time from the top contributors list, which as can be manipulated through contribution spamming—edits which the Vetitum already contents are unsatisfactory. Moreover, the final choice is again made “by the gods”, as it is a dice which selects the judge. Considering the Committee has been established to be as powerful as gods, we should perhaps consider if they will decide which number the dice “lands on”. For good measure, we add another week of potential argumentation as the dice is continually rolled. And finally, we grant one more chance for the gods to make the right choice, as we are now deciding court cases by coin toss. At this point, having already made a mockery of Conworlds and its legitimacy as a Wiki, it is perhaps only fitting to conclude with the least secure and thorough method of determining a result. Woe to my children who see the end of this argument, for I will have grown old already by the time the coin has been tossed.

Then, in a contradictory twist, we learn that appeals must be done in private and actually public communication is now illegal private campaigning. Nevermind the fact that the appellant will quite literally be standing trial in potentially several instances, if that “influences” someone they have broken the law. We might imagine that news of an appeal causes a third party to voice their opinion, which appears to be a bannable offense.

==VII. For Want of an Outroduction==

Let us consider the closing remarks of the Vetitumists. It is unfortunately the type of remarks I have already done battle with a thousand times, as have all workingmen of the Userbase. It is the tired appeal of the need to “protect” our community from the nebulous, evil forces of the Others. It is the cries of the aging specimens which fear the new generation, rather than welcome it. We have not protected our Wiki from a real enemy, we have protected it from the spectre. In actuality, the community is protected wherein the community has the potential to grow and reproduce, for that is the mark of a Wiki. It is measured in the ability of its users to produce and enjoy the fruits of their labor in full. And time and time again, measures to “protect” the Wiki in actuality protect the ability of a class to threaten the fruits of the producers. Disenfranchisement, privileged citizenship, etc, are steps in ensuring that there are contributors to the Wiki who have lost a say in the fate of their contributions. It quite literally removes a section of the Userbase from the process of deciding decisions, which may impact the very survival of their contributions on that Wiki. Moreover, it creates an atmosphere in which those contributions ''could'' be impacted, which is a direct determinant of the rate at which that user chooses to contribute, and to the rate at which new users choose to join the Wiki, for ''trust'' in the ability of one to produce is the determinant factor.

Finally, I must respectfully point out the personal appeals and pathos of the Vetitum author. We learn that they have never had a featured article, which appears to be used as evidence of harassment and conspiracism in the voting process. But I observe the fact that there has never been a nomination of this user which has failed, rather they have never been nominated. This author could have had a compatriot nominate their article, or if not, it is known that users may self-nominate, as was the case with the aforementioned Yuker Language proposal. Therefore I question on what grounds this user claims they have been deprivileged in the voting process for featured articles, such that we must rip the rights from his supposed harassers, until justice is measured in satisfying the bar of what he is “owed”. He must admit his work has not met the criteria for becoming a featured article (regardless of whether or not it is quality), because it has not passed a vote; if it was the case an article of his met the standard, was voted upon, but either the vote was ignored or it was manipulated into failing, there might be a possibility that an issue exists. But we reject that not on merits but on standing, because we can plainly see that has not happened in the tangible, real world. We then learn that he “shamelessly paid” to have an article on the main page, perhaps not realizing that earlier he said that shamelessly paying guaranteed you immediate citizenship. By that logic, we would conclude that the Vetitum is a shameful tool in what it incentivizes. I give my greatest thanks to those who serve the Wiki financially, but if we recognize pay-to-win is a poor mark of main-page display, we should perhaps question pay-to-win voting for it as well.

In fact, I even given thanks to the Vetitum writers themselves, in so far as they are writers, because though I oppose the deterioration of the Wiki by legislative means, I recognize the very real dissatisfaction that the workingman may feel which brings him or her to the place of Vetitumism. But the problem is this: in the Vetitum world, neither I nor him might affect the course of our Wiki as we do now, and this very piece of writing I am making now might be problematic and ban-worthy. The path to the liberation of writing is not sowed on the field of banned users, nor made by the further alienation of the users from the Wiki. Rather, it is the masses, big and small, who combine their efforts and reach to the heavens, tearing it down back to the pages. Do not make the mistake of cutting down the legs of your fellow users. For those who “protect” the Wiki today may find themselves outside the pearly gates tomorrow, with no means of climbing back up. It is only through cooperation of the masses that we stand a chance. It is only through the inclusion of all the community, big or small, that we mount a defense when tyranny is at the door. That is the world within our grasp still. It is the world in which we all may contribute and may all have a voice. I ask the Wiki now—what kind of world does it want to construct?

Book:Critique of the Vetitum Programme

2024-08-23T00:38:42Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "==Preface== I author this critique in regards to the Village Pump proposal known as the "Vetitum Electorum Exteriorum", which may otherwise be known as the "Vetitum Programme", or if one prefers, the plan for the elimination of the very Village Pump it is hosted at. I author this critique as a potential undesireable slated for obsolesence by the Programme itself, although I author it not in defense of myself or to claw..."

==Preface==

I author this critique in regards to the Village Pump proposal known as the "[[Forum:Village pump#Vetitum electorum exteriorum|Vetitum Electorum Exteriorum]]", which may otherwise be known as the "Vetitum Programme", or if one prefers, the plan for the elimination of the very Village Pump it is hosted at. I author this critique as a potential undesireable slated for obsolesence by the Programme itself, although I author it not in defense of myself or to claw at what little rights I have. I author it for the fate of the Wiki and writers of all kinds, who stand to lose even their basic dignity should the Programme be accepted in any capacity. I speak (while I am still able) for the fate of the users who will be placed back into chains, for their descendants who will grow up knowing only chains their whole lives, and for the Conworlds Wiki which will be negatively affected in any productive measure by the resintitution of chains upon its populace. That is the general starting point that one must begin with, and the general level of severity one must treat the subject.

==I. Note on the Interwikist Nature of Conworlds==

The struggle of the liberation of all writing is inherently an interwikist struggle. The editing-man has no home-wiki. In the present development of interchange between wikis, we observe such wikist differences and antagonisms to be receding, for uniformity in the mode of editing and in the conditions of wiki-life corresponding thereto. The development of the independent Conworlds Wiki has oxymoronically led to a greater interdependence of style, as though it develops the power to choose its own governance, it is ever more similar in the fact that it chooses. The moderator class has through the exploitation of this independence, through its exploitation of the global market for recruitment (via such things as map games), developed a cosmopolitan character on the Wiki to the chagrin of the Reactionists. But through this development of interwiki exchange, they have proven the users of the globe have more in common with each other – taking into account their relations to the means of editing most especially – than with the respective ruling-classes of their wikis. This is reflected daily in the increasing rate of porting between wikis, and the general productive intercourse which occurs between users across site borders, which has undoubtedly been instrumental in the current wealth of the Conworlds Wiki.

The regressive reaction to the forces of the development of the Wiki insist upon reintroducing arbitrary wikist boundaries, of self-segregation and delineation, putting up a wall to the free exchange between wikis. The wikist tendency is that of defining “The Wiki” as the State – in this case, synonymous with the CWA – forgetting that it is the productive relations of the Userbase and its relations to the means of editing therein which produces the wiki-state. The users of this Wiki will first of all acquire political supremacy, and wrest back control from the leading class of the Wiki, constituting itself as the Wiki—in that sense, theirs is a wiki struggle. But the final victory of the editors will be an Interwiki struggle. In recognition of this fact, and the fact that the Wiki is ever developed by the cordial interaction between users from one wiki to another, and that the struggle for the liberation of writing in any wiki is the struggle of editors all, we cannot treat the strengthening of reactionary wikism as anything but a threat to editing, in this Wiki and thereout. The imposition of new walls surrounding the wiki-state are but impositions on the ability of the Userbase. For we know that the ability of the user to express his or herself creatively is derived from their ability to edit unimpeded, and that simple participation in a wiki produces greater lack of impediment; welcoming in users through mass action increases their ability and likelihood of producing in the form of editing. Such actions which limit their ability to participate is but a class-captured, protectionist racket of the growingly obsolete class, in its last ditch efforts to wall off political power for itself from the deluge of the immense majority. The Vetitum is one such meak death throe.

==II. The Introduction to the Vetitum==

The Vetitum blatantly signals that this is a “prohibition of external electors”, because it is backward-mindedly still grasping to the notion of “external” and “internal”, despite the growing interdependence of all wikis in a global market of editing. Nonetheless, let us contend with this idea of “external electors” and whether or not they ought to be prohibited. From its first clause, the Vetitum demonstrates a lack of understanding of the current politics of the Conworlds Wiki. It conjured up fears and beats the drums of war, decrying the mass number of users flooding the elections – a so-called “ongoing issue” – thus requiring we “preserve the integrity” of elections by means of draconian election laws. Let us first point out the obvious: there is no evidence of an “ongoing issue” of disintegrity in past or present community votes. There is no evidence of decisions being swung one way or another by the introduction of “external” votes, nor evidence of voter fraud, nor any indication of problems with the process of consensus. I draw the attention of the Vetitumists to the fact that virtually every single decision on the Village Pump has passed unanimously and peacefully. There are two minor exceptions: the discussion on promoting the Yuker Language to featured status, and some such decidedly forgotten “charter” of the Ancien Régime. Considering the latter had zero support, and was opposed by the author of the present Vetitum, I presume that well-buried ghoul is not what he seeks to conjure. As for the former, it is clear that even if we subtracted what I presume are “undeserving” votes, that matter would not have reached consensus either. We also observe that the proposal was opposed by members of what the Vetitum author reverently called the “review team” – the veteran assessors of content – implying that the assessment of the Yuker proposal had organic opposition from experts in assessment. In either case, both proposals are but a fraction of the total number of decisions held, and both occurred two years or more in the past. That hardly instills confidence that there is a demonstrable “ongoing issue” of deadlock in the Village Pump, and of votes being blown to oblivion by mass sabotage. Nonetheless, perhaps the Vetitum assumes we must preemptively protect our “integrity”.

Now let’s proceed to the second clause, whose ignorance (or is it hypocrisy) betrays the ineptitude of the proposal. What are “all community members” if not the total sum of people who contribute to Conworlds as a Wiki? That includes those who create pages, those who maintain them, those who monitor them, those who influence them. There are those who help make Conworlds what it is through the production of pages in a solitary fashion, and those who do so collaboratively, through discussion and debate. The Vetitumists have a backwards, vulgar notion of the edit – that value is derived solely by the subjective assessment of the edit – forgetting that the edit is a cumulative product of the edits of its inputs, and of the socially necessary labor which went into the production of said inputs. Given the present interconnection of users via a division of labor, viz. The process of writing relies upon social production through discord and the like, we must recognize that the service-labor of the supporter of an editor necessarily contributes to the value of the editor’s edit, as they socially refine the content of the edit and its components. Put simply, even those who do not physically post an edit, necessarily contribute to edits on the Wiki in the form of discussing with the physical poster; they allow the utilization of their expertise, wisdom, and knowledge, and they motivate and incentivize the further posting of edits by this aid. The “community” is not just the poster, because it takes a community to raise a post. It is a profoundly exclusionary tendency which seeks to deny the contribution of our community, by defining “community” as but what the author deems the “real” work. In actuality, community members come in all shapes and sizes, and they meaningfully contribute in a multitude of ways. Only by denying that fact can the Vetitumists claim to be “promoting” that which they actively seek to destroy.

The third clause of the first sentence wraps up this incomprehensibility in a neat ribbon. It puts forth the notion of a nebulous population of “those who passively engage” with the Wiki, despite the idea of a “passive engager” being a clear contradiction. This superstitious abstraction can only be made sense of by coming to the conclusion that the author believes in the nativist myth of second-class users. Presumably there are two races in the mind of the Vetitumist: the “active” and the “passive” people—though they are of course not defined. Whoever the passive race are, it is clear the Vetitumist does not wish for them to pollute the sanctity of the chosen-people’s vote with their active use of passive non-activity! Having established the shaky grounds with which that author begins their proposal, let us proceed to its contents.

In defining the privileged class of voter-citizens, we are first struck by the proposal of financial contributors being granted automatic citizenship. If we were to designate such a thing as essential contribution, placing financial contributors to the site in that category is not incongruous. Although it is notable that this is an immediate betrayal of everything the Vetitumists claimed to stand for. What can be more passive than a user who quite literally is charged a monthly donation without necessarily performing an active edit to the site in that month? The Vetitumists tacitly concede there are a multitude of ways to meaningfully contribute to the Wiki.

==III. On the Definitions==

We then read that there are “visitors” and “active editors”. In the former case, the Vetitumists once more commit the error of assuming the “visitor” does not “engage in the content creation process”, instead only contributing to “the community’s vibrancy”. That which the Vetitumist dismisses as “vibe” we understand to be definite forms of social consciousness, produced in reflection of the economic structure of the Wiki. The Vetitumist sees the social sphere as something which the visitor can contribute to without affecting the basis of productive relations. But said relations are in actuality a primary determinant of the social sphere, and the social sphere is to a lesser extent an influence on the forces of production. In a concrete example, we observe the very real phenomenon of the editor being motivated to complete a page by the fact that said page achieves impressions upon “visitors”. Presumably, in the Vetitumist mind, we would not see any decline in the number of pages produced if the Wiki was dead in social activity or interaction, because they see production as merely the user posting a page in a vacuum, without motivation from the interaction of social life. One need only look at the graveyard of dead discord servers and former map games, and see that posts have dried up the more such remains decompose.

Then there is the “active” user, which the Vetitum defines as an individual who regularly contributes written content. What the Vetitum defines as content must be of quality and originality, which opens the door to severe manipulation, as does any other tool of mass disenfranchisement. Poll taxes, literacy tests, etc, are manipulable tools which ostensibly purport to be safeguarding the interests of the Wiki, but in actuality ensure that the ruling class always has a lever to ensure that the voice of dissidents are deweighted. The Vetitum knows it cannot objectively define what a meaningful edit is, because it holds to a subjectivist and unscientific measure of value. It knows that there can be no satisfactory definition of quality and originality. But even if there was one, it knows it cannot give it, because that would give the game away. The Vetitum is a product of class interests—it seeks to disenfranchise in such a way as to protect the privileged position of its patrons. As such, it is not supposed to define what a quality edit is. That is for the ruling class to arbitrate when it sees fit and when it’s advantageous.

Then there is the “Community Committee”, a laughable juxtaposition of terms. It is not a representation of the community, but rather a self-declared and unrepresentative segment of the ruling class. Even the election of admins, though imperfect given the problems inherent in a moderator “democracy”, at least produces a group of ostensibly approved admins. But the Vetitum doesn’t use that group of admins. It creates a new, arbitrary delineation within the admins. What is the purpose of designating three and only three active admins to this committee, when there are roughly four or five active admins total? Is it because the Vetitum author perceives that the fourth active admin is not under his control? Put plainly, the Vetitum noticeably and purposely excludes Toxi from the committee, despite Toxi being one of the most active admins, and the admin strongly associated with many Village Pump decisions and maintenance of such systems. The Vetitum creates the false impression of fairness by delegating to a committee, so that it can exclude the “problematic” admins. Let us discuss for a moment the actual motivation of the Vetitum, which is the political goals of the Vetitumists in the feud with their opponents. We perceive that the users the Vetitum demotes to second-class citizens happen to be those who disagree with Vetitumist gropings, and we notice that Toxi is seen as a symbol of the soon-to-be peon-class—it is no coincidence that she should be sidelined.

==IV. On the Criteria for Voting Eligibility==

Having realized that they cannot fairly define what a quality edit is, they fall back on the old bytist tropes that quality of edit correlates with number of bytes (actually, the proposal incompetently uses “words” instead of bytes, despite that not being an easily measured currency in a wiki format). Must we have to prove once again that the earth is indeed round to the flat-earthers of wikidom? Must we point out that the length of an edit is obviously not one-to-one correlative to the amount of work which went into it, nor to its value as an edit? The experienced map creator spends 1000 hours on a highly detailed map over the course of months, only to produce a single edit of 100 bytes upon posting it. The determined writer spends a month deeply refining the plausibility and accuracy of a page, changing practically every word on said page, only to ostensibly produce zero bytes in the change log. There are users who post one edit of 10,000 bytes, and users who post 100 edits of 10 bytes. There are users who dedicate themselves to pushing the bounds of creative wiki-editing through high quality writing across countless days, yet their product is of less length than weak-comprehension slop—the present Vetitum for example.

But as if that wasn’t bad enough, the Vetitum selects those 10,000 words not from the most recent past three months, but from any random three months in the past year. Let us first point out how ridiculous it is that activity should not be gauged based on the current living and breathing activity of a user, but by any random assortment of their past activity. We can imagine the user who has edited every single day the past three months, only for none of that to count because by happenstance the rolled January, February, March. Or the opposite: we can only guess how many votes the Vetitumists plan to exhume from the grave as inactive users happen to have bygone months selected. This is a poorly thought out proposal which has the capacity to demotivate currently active users, in order to fit the Vetitumist appeal to the augury of the gods. But that aside, should we fear the user who has actively and thoroughly contributed in recent months before a vote? This is a failsafe which can eliminate any recent populist surge. It is a failsafe which will punish people up to a year in the past for their indiscretion, despite their best efforts to improve. Moreover, it is the lottery and gamification of our institutions, treating the Village Pump as the Village Casino. That is to say nothing of the fact that “the house always wins”. The Vetitum has plainly laid out one of their mechanisms for ensuring the hand is in their favor, with us to trust in their choosing of “random” months.

The second point of the criteria is an insultingly regressive ramble. In this century, we have realized that there is more than one way to create a conworld, just like how there is more than one way to paint a “correct” painting, to make a “correct song”, etc. We recognize that conworlding is an art, and an art which has constantly pushed the bounds through creative applications. In fact, the community-recognized most award-worthy content of the past several years has repeatedly been content outside “Wikipedia’s style”, and the new frontier of conworlds is not slavish adherence to tradition. By this point, the Vetitum wags its fist at the clouds and insists that the youth stop experimenting. It castigates the rabblerousers and mumbles to itself that proper Sunday dress is a suit-and-tie. Imitation of Wikipedia is of course a style on this Wiki, but it is a style, not the style. It is ridiculous to assert that the subjective preference of the Vetitumists, and what they happen to find “immerses” them, be the standard for all users. This piece of criteria is the sumptuary law component of the Vetitum. It is the timid protest of the traditionalists against the new worlds we have constructed—a protest against the very spirit of Conworlds.

The third piece of criteria is another outdated and ineffectual measure. It has long been recognized that porting is a method of increasing the bounds of the present Wiki. It directly increases the amount of content of quality writing on the Wiki – even by the subjectivist standard, given the act of porting demonstrates the interest of at least one individual in the merit of the ported content – and it actively grows the Userbase, by several different means. First, almost always content is ported at the behest of the author of that content, for the simple reason that they want to join the Wiki and have their content on it. We observe that it is usually community timelines which are ported, and by that port, a mass number of people from the old host site are drawn to the new site, both to continue to expand upon the now-ported community timeline, and to branch out to the rest of the Wiki through additional contributions. The act of porting creates an active atmosphere of activity and demonstrates that the Wiki is growing through new productive forces. It thus incentivizes third parties to consider contribution to the Wiki, whether in the form of porting their work also, or in joining the Wiki in general. Thus, the process of porting has been one of the most important productive measures undertaken by the new Conworlds Wiki. It has directly attracted new users, and from these users – as well as the interaction of these users with existing users and pages – created new pages and edits on the Wiki. The Vetitum of course disregards the merit of this by disincentivizing porting, by relegating the ported-page to the realm of “other”, such that it cannot be properly integrated into the social interaction of the community, nor viewed on an equal grounds for consideration. Does the Vetitum, by its poor choice of words, mean to say that porting in its entirety is prohibited? That would of course be counterproductive bordering on Wiki sabotage. The line is either incompetently written, ill-conceived, or both.

==V. On the Election Procedure==

On the matter of election procedure, we observe another erosion of the rights of the user relative to the oligarchy. It appears the Vetitum preserves a facade of participation by saying that anyone may “request” a vote before the masters (perhaps it should say “beg”), but in actuality that is a token point, since it says that only “active editors” may initiate a community vote. The initiation of a vote is then trapped in a bureaucratic swamp by a complicated appeals process which appears to be modeled on the needlessly complex mestnichestvo of Tsardom such that it will undoubtedly produce both work for the admins and drama for the community every single time it is utilized (perhaps it is apt that a tool of confusing resistance to the conservative Tsarist order might be a model for the Vetitumists). As the already-overworked admin will now have to perform the process of vetting a users’ citizenship status with each appeal, we encounter an unproductive disorder. In a wiki by and for the users, in a wiki that truly values the contributions and might of the Userbase, it eliminates the distance between users, and between users and action. Though imperfect, we applaud the system of Conworlds of allowing any user to make their voices heard, to directly interface at the “village pump”. The Vetitum obliterates the village pump and replaces it with a paid vending machine. It requires that those who desire a drink of water have the necessary dollar, for it is only the users who are metaphorically rich which deserve to be heard. The Vending Machine creates only a flashpoint for instigation, of tedious litigation to determine one’s rank in the hierarchy. It stands for the principle that not all people are created equal, and that “equal” status is not going on sale. Spend eternity at the Conworlds DMV or keep walking—the workingman need not apply.

We next notice the second method of manipulating the vote, which is the obscuration of the result. Votes shall be cast to the oligarchy, who “promise” to accurately record them. There is no vetting process that one’s vote is received, nor that it is counted. Perhaps this was inserted when the Vetitumists realized that the users might unite and through sheer force of editing earn the privilege of creating a proposal, and thus they inserted one last failsafe. This obviously exploitable point of the process was given the least amount of articulation by the Vetitum, so I do the same in critiquing it.

Next is the ban on “campaigning”, which is reminiscent of the Black Hundredist campaigns against “brigading”—it is the same excuse by a different brand. We remind the Vetitumists, that by the general practices of the Wiki since time immemorial, it has been acceptable to alert people of votes, and we might even say that is a good thing. We stand for an active Wiki, one in which people should be alerted of when a vote takes place, and should be invited to participate. But the wording of the proposal of course criminalizes that act itself, “accidentally” making it a crime to improve voter participation or combat voter suppression. It also must be pointed out that by the very terms already inserted into the Vetitum, this criteria is a useless point, since it has already been established that only privileged citizens may participate in the first place. Thus, the combination is that only citizens who are hawkishly involved in a proposal (their own partisans one could say) are ensured to be present during the night-time raid on the Village Pump—attempting to alert opponents of the oligarchy is a criminal offense.

Next let’s consider the absolutely unobjective metric by which this is measured. We have already established that “active editor” is a rather subjective and openly contestable category, not least of which because the Vetitum states literally that users may contest their citizenship status. Yet, we take this citizenship status, and say that if 51% of the individuals of a chat are not citizens then it is illegal. Dare I ask how one determines who counts as an “individual” of a “chat”? Will absolute silence be mandated, such that we cannot even mention in say Althistory that Conworlds is doing a certain thing or another? For example, we might expect this gag rule to actively hinder the prestige and attention on the Wiki’s Paracosmic Awards, because we are not allowed to talk about them in public or among non-members of the secret order. We turn Conworlds further into the old boy’s club, and ensure we don’t accidentally interest an onlooker into joining the community. Having established the nebulousness of this first sentence, let’s consider the infeasibility. I assume we will have to employ a sort of “secret police” to monitor communications. We will have to incentivize people to turn on each other. Rat out “illegal campaigners” who threaten the sanctity of the vote! The thing is, the police cannot literally break down the door of a secret chat. More than likely, this measure is actually to create paranoia and aid in making accusations. Such-and-such has voted and I don’t think they’re active (read: I don’t like them), they must have been in a secret chat! And if not that, it can lead to “leaks” and denunciations, of people “exposing” their fellow users, vaguely linking them to dissidents. The Vetitum pours fuel into the fire of Wiki conflict.

Let us then consider the Vetitum’s devilish remedy. After a voter has been nebulously linked to the conspiracy, they are of course disenfranchised, even if they were “discovered” after an election, and so are the “illegal campaigners”. This can cascade into all kinds of unproductive, exclusionary tactics, of users running afoul of the oligarchy and suddenly it is “discovered” that they conspired with such-and-such known traitor, and thus this user and their associations are soon linked to illegal campaigns. And on top of that, the illegal campaigners are banned from the discord channel. Let us call it like it is: this is an effort by the Vetitumists to remove an entire server’s worth of “opponents”, then ensure they are removed from discord in one fell swoop.

In the fourth point, we receive lovely confirmation that determinations of citizenship are decided “anonymously”, as if there was any fear they might be public and transparent.

In the fifth, it becomes clear that the Vetitum envisions all users as casting a vote, and then after the fact the oligarchy has to parse through the votes and determine “legitimate” from “illegitimate”. Not only does this mass increase the bureaucracy and work required of the admins, it is further confirmation for the potential for abuse in the voting process (or even just simple mistakes), thus tanking the reliability of voting. We can imagine certain scenarios: given the relatively small number of current participants in voting (but far too many for the Vetitumists!) it is likely that a typical vote might read: “Total eligible votes: 2 aye, 1 nay; total disqualified votes: 0 aye, 2 nay”. This would then create a confusing situation in which it may not be clear whose vote was disqualified. It also massively increases the chances of conflict, given that the outcome of this vote was quite literally altered by a behind-the-curtain determination (it has become the very thing the Vetitumists claimed to fear). We could expect a long period in the courts after each vote, of users arguing with each other. We also walk away knowing that a majority of people in the community did not approve of the decision, which is not only unfair, but counterproductive to increase the growth and health of the Wiki. It is a pronouncement to the “middle”, the green-card users who have not yet achieved citizenship that their voice need not apply. “Go to Althistory why don’t you,” says the Vetitum. Many users may just go.

We are then given a list of participants in the election, but not an indication of how they voted. This is laughably bad, as it betrays the entire purpose of a secret vote. It means that any competent participant could easily figure out in what way each person voted, such that they can be targeted. It is the equivalent of the dictatorships which require that nay votes be given behind the curtain, thus signaling who is voting nay. We also receive confirmation that the voters will not be alerted if they even were counted or not. Nonetheless, we are then promised up to five full weekdays of argumentation over this process, in which users – unaware of what their status even was – attempt to argue whether or not they deserve citizenship before the tribunal. We might imagine even in a perfect world, in which no fraud took place, that the nebulous process alone almost guarantees that those disappointed by the results of the vote will take the matter to court. Arguments were once something the Wiki sought to minimize; they were something which are unconducive to cooperation and activity on the Wiki. The Vetitum has now mandated them.

==VI. On Determining the Caste System==

In the appeal process, we learn that the Committee in fact determines a user’s status, and has the task of investigating malpractice in the determination of status—the Committee investigates itself. We also learn, interestingly, that a user may petition the Committee on another users’ behalf, despite the explicit banning of such behind-the-scenes communication. Perhaps this is a tactic which the Vetitumists will use to identify dissidents for future disenfranchisement, or perhaps it’s a trap in of itself.

We then learn that should a user be unsatisfied with the performance of the Committee, they may then appeal to the Independent Wiki Federation. For one thing, this implicitly undermines the Wiki’s trust and authority in the admins, considering both the fact that the Committee is made up of admins, and the fact that the actual admins proper are not in the process. It means that a user may circumvent the authority of the Wiki’s elected officials, which will have considerable impact on the ability of the normal justice system to function outside of voting. But moreover, we now exacerbate the drama not just within our server, but into the public sphere of the IWF. The angry user may now air their dirty laundry in front of the entire base of potential editors, showing the incompetence of Conworlds as a Wiki, as we fail to even administer a fair election. Should this actually be exercised, it seems only a means of embarrassing Conworlds and counterproductively affecting its growth. I know not if the IWF has consented to this, but it sounds to me as though this is an unfair burden we are assigning to them, specifically onto five strangers. I can only imagine the “illegal campaigning” that occurs as users try to communicate to the IWF what is going on in the situation. Perhaps in actuality, the process is not supposed to be realistic. Rather the appeal process is needlessly complicated and obtuse so that people will not do it.

Furthermore, the process begins to mount as we learn that the IWF has a month to provide arbiters, on top of the already lengthy appeal process prior. We therefore must amend the five-day argument period to potentially several weeks and counting, becoming further and further detached from the substance of the vote. We are also comforted by the notion that the arbiters must not “have a bias”. How that is determined is anyone’s guess, and finding out would probably be illegal anyway as per the campaigning rule.

And on top of that, after several weeks of arguing after the vote, we then learn that the process can go back to the Committee, which we have already established is compromised. So in total, the Committee may manipulate a vote, investigate if it manipulated a vote, and control the process of the appeal about the investigation. The Committee must appoint another committee, this time from the top contributors list, which as we’ve already established can be manipulated through dissatisfactory contribution spamming. Moreover, the final choice is again made “by the gods”, as it is a dice which selects the judge. Considering the Committee has been established to be as powerful as god, we should perhaps consider if they will decide which number the dice “lands on”. For good measure, we add another week of potential argumentation as the dice is continually rolled. And finally, we grant one more chance for the gods to make the right choice, as we are now deciding court cases by coin toss. At this point, having already made a mockery of Conworlds and its legitimacy as a Wiki, it is perhaps only fitting to conclude with the least secure and thorough method of determining a result. Woe to my children who see the end of this argument, for I will have grown old already by the time the coin has tossed.

Then, in a contradictory twist, we learn that appeals must be done in private and actually public communication is now illegal private campaigning. Nevermind the fact that the appellant will quite literally be standing trial in potentially several instances, if that “influences” someone there will be hell to pay. We might imagine that news of an appeal causes a third party to voice their opinion, which appears to be a bannable offense.

==VII. For Want of an Outroduction==

Let us consider the closing remarks of the Vetitumists. It is unfortunately the type of remarks I have already done battle with a thousand times, as have all workingmen of the Userbase. It is the tired appeal of the need to “protect” our community from the nebulous, evil forces of the Others. It is the cries of the aging specimens which fear the new generation, not welcome it. We have not protected our Wiki from a real enemy, we have protected it from the spectre. In actuality, the community is protected wherein the community has the potential to grow and reproduce, for that is the mark of a Wiki. It is measured in the ability of its users to produce and enjoy the fruits of their labor in full. And time and time again, measures to “protect” the Wiki in actuality protect the ability of a class to threaten the fruits of the producers. Disenfranchisement, privileged citizenship, etc, is a step in ensuring that there are contributors to the Wiki who have lost a say in the fate of their contributions. It quite literally removes a section of the Userbase from the process of deciding decisions, which may impact the very survival of their contributions on that Wiki. Moreover, it creates an atmosphere in which those contributions could be impacted, which is a direct determinant of the rate at which that user chooses to contribute, and the rate at which new users choose to join the Wiki, for trust in the ability of production is the determinant factor.

Finally, I must respectfully point out the personal appeals and pathos of the Vetitum author. We learn that they have never had a featured article, which appears to be used as evidence of harassment and conspiracism in the voting process. But I observe the fact that there has never been a nomination of this user which has failed, rather they have never been nominated. This author could have had a compatriot nominate their article, or if not, it is known that users may self-nominate, as was the case with the aforementioned Yuker Language proposal. Therefore I question on what grounds this user claims they have been deprivileged in the voting process for featured articles, such that we must rip the rights from his supposed harassers, until justice is measured in satisfying the bar of what he is “owed”. He must admit his work has not met the criteria for becoming a featured article, because it has not passed a vote; if it was the case an article of his met the standard, was voted upon, but either the vote was ignored or it was manipulated into failing, there might be a possibility that an issue exists. But we reject that not on merits but on standing, because we can plainly see that has not happened in the tangible, real world. We then learn that he “shamelessly paid” to have an article on the main page, perhaps not realizing that earlier he said that shamelessly paying guaranteed you immediate citizenship. By that logic, we would conclude that the Vetitum is a shameful tool in what it incentivizes. I give my greatest thanks to those who serve the Wiki financially, but if we recognize pay-to-win is a poor mark of main-page display, we should perhaps question pay-to-win voting for it as well.

In fact, I give thanks to writers like the Vetitum authors in so far as they are writers, because though I oppose the deterioration of the Wiki by legislative means, I recognize the very real dissatisfaction that the workingman may feel which brings him or her to the place of Vetitumism. But the problem is this: in the Vetitum world, neither I nor him might affect the course of our Wiki as we do now, and this very piece of writing I am making now might be problematic and ban-worthy. The path to the liberation of writing is not sowed on the field of banned users, nor made by the further alienation of the users from the Wiki. Rather, it is the masses, big and small, who combine their efforts and reach to the heavens, tearing it down back to the pages. Do not make the mistake of cutting down the legs of your fellow users. For those who “protect” the Wiki today may find themselves outside the pearly gates tomorrow, with no means of climbing back up. It is only through cooperation of the masses that we stand a chance. It is only through the inclusion of all the community, big or small, that we mount a defense when tyranny comes to the door. That is the world within our grasp still. It is the world in which we all may contribute and may all have a voice. I ask the Wiki now—what kind of world does it want to construct?

Conworlds:2024 Paracosmic Awards

2024-02-19T00:38:49Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Icons|CWA}}
[[File:Paracosmic Awards 2024 trophy.svg|right|180px|link=]]
{{Color|red|{{Big|{{Center|'''Time remaining to vote''': {{#countDownClock:2024-02-18 23:59:59}}}}}}}}
Welcome to the '''2nd Annual [[Conworlds:Paracosmic Awards|Paracosmic Awards]]'''! These awards are community-voted awards and honors to recognize the editors, projects, and content on the Constructed Worlds Wiki from 2023. Nominations are open from 14 January to 31 January. Voting will take place from 1 February to 19 February. Votes will be counted and winners will be announced on 19 February.

The Paracosmics recognize content from the previous year in 2023. Nominations on this page must honor writers and content from the year '''2023'''. Only registered editors who have 50 edits or more and/or have been on the official wiki Discord server for a month or longer ''before'' 14 January 2024 are eligible to nominate and/or vote. '''Self-nominations are not allowed.'''

When nominating an award or editor, please provide a short explanation and leave your signature (<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>). To vote, please use your signature as well.

=Writer Awards=

==Ney Ney Award for Best Author==

This award is for best author on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===

*'''[[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]]''' has made many excellent contributions this year, most especially in [[Sanctuary Stars]] and in various one-off projects, and that's in addition to also running the site itself which facilitates writing for all of us. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[User:Centrist16|Centrist16]]''' is one of the most important people in this wiki, and he continues to help us out. We wouldn't be here without them. [[User:Solaris2019|Solaris2019]] ([[User talk:Solaris2019|talk]]) 23:43, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
===Discussion===
* For his contributions in the past year alone, namely, shepherding our community to its new home like a Conworldian Moses, not to mention his habit of being extremely approachable, transparent, and supportive on a wide range of issues, both technical and creative, and let alone his masterful authorship on such projects as ''Sanctuary Stars'', I must recommend {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} for Best Author without question. [[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 05:37, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Voting===
*{{U|Fizzyflapjack}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 17:05, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 18:24, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:29, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Soilaf|Soilaf]] ([[User talk:Soilaf|talk]]) 22:50, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Poxy4|'''Poxy4''']] ([[User talk:Poxy4|talk]]) 17:35, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{U|Centrist16}}
** [[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 22:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC))

==Best New Contributor==

This award is for the best new contributor who joined the wiki and/or Discord server in 2023.

===Nominations===
*'''{{u|Hitcho11}}''' has added a plethora of new content to the wiki since joining the community in early 2023, and each of his articles, including stubs, have a unique depth of description and lore. He also has the distinct honor of creating the largest non-map game page on the wiki as of this writing ([[Mejico]]), a page which was created in 2023. {{u|Andy Irons}} ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 21:37, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{U|Soilaf}}''' joined this year and has contributed a number of creative, well-written pages which step outside the bounds of most other constructed worlds, especially the [[Tessian Hegemony]] and other pages in [[:Category:An Aerlon's Day|An Aerlon's Day]]. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*{{U|Hitcho11}}
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]]
** [[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]]
** [[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]]
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:F0rsaken|F0rsaken]] ([[User talk:F0rsaken|talk]]) 20:22, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{U|Soilaf}}
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:29, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Poxy4|'''Poxy4''']] ([[User talk:Poxy4|talk]]) 17:34, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Litia von Lucerna|Litia von Lucerna]] ([[User talk:Litia von Lucerna|talk]]) 19:59, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])

==Best Supporting Writer==

This award is for best supporting writer on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===
*'''{{u|Dawnstar}}''' has been quietly chipping away at the monumental task of categorizing other people's articles, reading them, and editing them in the classical sense in addition to fleshing out his own projects this year. He is an amicable and collegial person who is never anything other than pleasant to his fellow Conworlders. Conworlds today is a better site because of his work in 2023! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 20:20, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{u|Screwhorn}}''' has always been there to help us out with our mistakes and ideas. Even though his ideas haven't been fully realized, I will always appreciate his help.[[User:Solaris2019|Solaris2019]] ([[User talk:Solaris2019|talk]]) 23:43, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{U|Andy Irons}}''' - Andy is a wonderfully supportive presence on the wiki, and someone who is always willing to collaborate or help others flesh out ideas. [[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]])

===Discussion===
*I second the nomination of [[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]]. He's been a massive help toward the correct categorization of the universe of [[Realstrange|Realstrange AU]]. [[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 20:35, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

===Voting===

*{{U|Dawnstar}}
** [[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 18:21, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{U|Screwhorn}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{U|Andy Irons}}
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]]

=Project Awards=

==Yanus Award for Best World==

This award is for the best conworld on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===
*'''''[[:Category:The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil|The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil]]''''' by {{u|Litia von Lucerna}}. This is such a difficult year to nominate for the Yanus Award. There have been so many new contributors to Conworlds in 2023 who have brought their passion projects along with them. The breadth and depth is beyond anything I have seen since my first days on Conworlds more than a decade ago now. That being said, it's hard for me to not nominate a personal favourite. Litia's world has deep, rich lore and a fantastical, expansive setting. There are years worth of development that have been built on with TOLOUTE that have accumulated into a wonderful whole. I think it's difficult for anyone who uses the Discord to not recognize its distinct literary and visual style at this point, an achievement unto itself. I am so impressed by what Litia has brought to the table in 2023 and so excited to watch TOLOUTE grow and thrive on Conworlds for (hopefully) years to come! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 20:31, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''''[[The Pirates of Atlas]]''''' by {{u|Centrist16}}. While not a traditional conworld, at least in the sense of what we have come to consider a conworld, ''The Pirates of Atlas'' has excelled in providing a clearly well-developed world with interesting characters and a rich story. {{u|Andy Irons}} ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 22:20, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
===Discussion===
*I second the nomination of [[:Category:The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil|The Objective: The Legend of Urlum the Evil]] by {{u|Litia von Lucerna}}. It's honestly one of the most intricate and well-developed science-fiction timelines on the Constructed Worlds Wiki and is honestly really fun to read and see it grow and develop as time goes on, not to mention it has excellently detailed graphics and a unique art style. Also, I have to owe him a favor for TO:LOUTE and other similar works of his serving as a big inspiration for ''my'' own ''An Aerlon's Day'' constructed world. Thank you so much and outstanding work, Litia! [[User:Soilaf|Soilaf]] ([[User talk:Soilaf|talk]]) 21:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*As someone who was on the Hypothetical Hurricanes Wiki with Litia and had many conversations with him about his work as he made it, I have been a first hand witness to the sheer dedication and commitment that preceded The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil. Litia has poured untold hours of work and worldbuilding into this timeline and it really shows in all of the intricacies it has. TO:LOUTE is one of the most imaginative and developed single person timelines I've read on this site, which is especially impressive considering how new it is. TO:LOUTE and its predecessors (especially Urlum the Usurper) has been a huge inspiration for ''Knowledge as the Weapon'', as well as a number of other timelines including Soliaf's ''An Aerlon's Day'' (see above). All in all, TO:LOUTE is a detailed and inspiring timeline that 100% deserves this award. Amazing job on all of your work, Litia! [[User:Poxy4|'''Poxy4''']] ([[User talk:Poxy4|talk]]) 13:44, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

===Voting===
*''[[:Category:The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil|The Objective: Legend of Urlum the Evil]]'' by {{u|Litia von Lucerna}}
**[[User:Soilaf|Soilaf]] ([[User talk:Soilaf|talk]]) 20:32, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:37, 2 February 2024 (UTC) 
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:31, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Poxy4|'''Poxy4''']] ([[User talk:Poxy4|talk]]) 17:33, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*''[[The Pirates of Atlas]]'' by {{u|Centrist16}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 21:33, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
** [[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Project==

This award is for the best new project created on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===
*'''''[[:Category:An Aerlon's Day|An Aerlon's Day]]''''' by {{u|Soilaf}}. A science fiction and "space opera" constructed world, which is highly creative and interesting. This project has started only this year, but has made its mark with some excellent pages and artwork. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''''[[Land of the Two Suns]]''''' by {{u|Roman Bread}}. I remember really being intrigued by this project when Roman Bread first started working on it last year. Fantasy and medieval conworlding is sorely underrepresented on modern Conworlds, as it was a staple of the website back when we were hosted on Wikia/Fandom. I am pleased to see that Roman Bread has kept it on the back-burner, at the very least signalling that one day he may keep adding to this intricate and wonderful creation! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 20:28, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Realstrange]]''' by {{u|Wisky}}. Out of all the projects to emerge in 2023, the ''realstrange AU'' is a personal favorite of mine. The setting is a mashup of real-world cultures synthesized into an interesting whole, with a particular focus on military history (and a not-so-subtle nod to ''Ace Combat''). Realstrange is pulpy yet plausible; grandiose yet grounded. It provides plenty of entertainment for the reader, and imagination-fuel enough to tempt them to write. Furthermore, the energetic, welcoming community that has developed over the past year is nothing short of spectacular. [[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 04:28, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===

*''[[:Category:An Aerlon's Day|An Aerlon's Day]]'' by {{u|Soilaf}}
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
*''[[Land of the Two Suns]]'' by {{u|Roman Bread}}
*[[Realstrange]] by {{u|Wisky}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:08, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:31, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Poxy4|'''Poxy4''']] ([[User talk:Poxy4|talk]]) 13:44, 5 February 2024 (UTC) 
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Biography Article==

This award is for the best biography article on the wiki in 2023. Biography articles include any articles focusing on a specific individual.

===Nominations===

*'''[[John Hansen]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}} and {{U|Emalia}}. This is a great biography, and a very hilarious read. It covers a type of biography not often seen, and it incorporates a lot of different pages and references. I also appreciate that it was a jointly-written article, as I think collaborations should be encouraged more often. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Samson Zima]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. When I was looking through biographies that were made this year, to my surprise this page was actually from 2023. The Zima page is one of Altverse's best biographies in my opinion, and should certainly be recognized here. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===

*[[John Hansen]] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
*[[Samson Zima]] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:10, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Essential Article==

This award is for the best [[Constructed Worlds:Essentialism|essential]] topic article on the wiki in 2023. Essential topics include countries, politics and government (not including politicians), military, and major historical events.

===Nominations===
*'''[[Khraelyia]]''' by {{u|Wisky}}. It is always such a treat to watch nation pages grow from a humble infobox into an excellent article. Khraelyia is comprehensive, well written, and easily clears the bar for what I consider to be a great nation page. It is unmistakably clear that it comes from a place of deep wondering about human life in one of [[:Category:Realstrange|Realstrange]]'s major powers. I am excited to see what comes next for Khraelyia, and look forward to the continued development of the Realstrange AU on Conworlds! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 21:00, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Mejico]]''' by {{u|Hitcho11}}. This article is beautifully made and extremely detailed, to a certain extent you could easily mistake it to be an actual page from Wikipedia. As the first page in the Steel and Briddle universe, it also acts a introduction to an interesting monarchy-filled world, which is equally filled with interesting PODs, and is, as of this writing, the largest non-map game page on the entire wiki. {{u|Andy Irons}} ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 22:30, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[History of the Tessian Hegemony]]''' by {{U|Soilaf}} - Great and expansive new page that is unlike most other pages on the wiki. It also incorporates a large amount of original art and graphics, which make this page stand out. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Astoria]]''' by {{U|Mythopoeia}} - This page wasn't technically created this year (and therefore I understand if the nomination is removed), but the Astoria page was completely overhauled this year with impressive new content. The completed project now makes for a great page, and elevates Astoria to the upper echelon of Altverse countries. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[[Khraelyia]] by {{u|Wisky}}
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[Mejico]] by {{u|Hitcho11}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:07, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]]
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[History of the Tessian Hegemony]] by {{u|Soilaf}}
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[Astoria]] by {{u|Mythopoeia}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Flavor Article==

This award is for the best [[Constructed Worlds:Flavorism|flavor]] topic article on the wiki in 2023. Flavor topics include culture, geography, language, religion, sports, entertainment, and miscellaneous topics.

===Nominations===

*'''[[Rock Saga Evolution]]''' by {{U|Solace}} - This is a great article and creative mix of music, video games, and other flavor topics, exemplifying what makes Altverse such an interesting timeline. I especially enjoyed the many references and connections to other people's music pages, which give the impression of a lived-in world. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Fallout 1: New California]]''' by {{U|F0rsaken}} - This article is beautiful, including interesting lore and serving as a basis for more alternate ''Fallout'' content. {{u|Andy Irons}} ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 22:42, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[[Rock Saga Evolution]] by {{u|Solace}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:59, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:32, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[Fallout 1: New California]] by {{u|F0rsaken}}
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New ''Altverse II'' Article==

This award is for the best canonized ''[[Altverse II]]'' article in 2023.

===Nominations===
* '''[[Federated Emirates of Arabia]]''' by {{u|BIPU}} is suitable for this category as I see that his article is fascinating and interesting. There are many details that we can read especially in history, geography, and economy. The national map for FEA is very detailed as it is categorized into emirates and governorates. The country's economy is very well-explained. ([[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 01:32, 31 January 2024 (UTC))

===Discussion===

===Voting===

*[[Federated Emirates of Arabia]] by {{u|BIPU}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:10, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:F0rsaken|F0rsaken]] ([[User talk:F0rsaken|talk]]) 16:11, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:35, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 22:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]] ([[User talk:WorldMaker18|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Non-''Altverse II'' Article==

This award is for the best non-''[[Altverse II]]''-related article in 2023.

===Nominations===
*'''[[Jenolites]]''' by {{u|T0oxi22}} and {{u|Nathan1123}}. The joint authors of this page may still consider it incomplete and even average compared to other articles, but I think that doesn't tarnish its impressiveness one bit. I remember eagerly awaiting the next time one of them published another major edit to this page, and to be honest, there have not been a lot of pages I can remember without prompt that I wanted to keep reading so enthusiastically. I think that the best thing about this page is how out of the left field it feels compared to a lot of Conworlds project pages. Their aim was to create a legendary, pseudo-mythological history through the lens of a holy book being analyzed by contemporary scholars potentially hundreds if not thousands of years later. Toxi and Nate carefully layered viewpoints and interpretations on top of one another to make a page unlike few others. I still eagerly await to see if it continues to be expanded upon, as this is certainly one of my favourite new pages from 2023. [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 20:43, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===

*[[Jenolites]] by {{u|T0oxi22}} and {{u|Nathan1123}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:09, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:41, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Non-Mainspace Work==

This award is for the best page that is not an encyclopedic entry on the mainspace in 2023. This includes pages that are in custom namespaces such as <code>Quote:</code>, <code>News:</code>, <code>Roleplay:</code>, and <code>Cookbook:</code>.

===Nominations===

*'''[[Book:Robballgamer2009]]''' by {{U|Robballgamer2009}} (edited by {{U|T0oxi22}}). Robball was an enigmatic and illustrious user this year, and this page neatly catalogued his works into one central location for easy viewing. This was a great read, and the page itself was a great help. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Conworlds:Feudism]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. Probably the best philosophy article on Conworlds thus far. This essay is well written and innovative, and a great resource for projects that I've seen referenced even outside Conworlds. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Cookbook:Will's quesadilla]]''' by {{U|Fizzyflapjack}}. The Cookbook namespace is an underappreciated namespace, that we definitely need more of, and this sounds like a great recipe! [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Conworlds:Nathan–Robball debate]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. This event was greatly entertaining, and the article recap does justice to the event and fairly summarizes it. A great addition to the "philosophy" of the Wiki. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[[Book:Robballgamer2009]] by {{u|Robballgamer2009}}, compiled by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:11, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 17:58, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
**Essential reading frfr. [[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[Conworlds:Feudism]] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
*[[Cookbook:Will's quesadilla]] by {{u|Fizzyflapjack}}
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
*[[Conworlds:Nathan–Robball debate]] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

=Content Awards=

==Best New Flag==

This award is for the best new flag that was uploaded on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===
::[[File:Federalkosmoflotflag.png|200px]]
*{{align|left|The '''[[:File:Federalkosmoflotflag.png|Federalkosmoflot flag]]''' by {{U|Sammie Biscuits}} for its very beautiful layout and perfect incorporation of a coat of arms in relation to the page. [[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 22:37, 31 January 2024 (UTC)}} 

::[[File:Flag of Astoria (Revamp) 2.svg|200px]]
*{{align|left|The revamped '''[[:File:Flag of Astoria (Revamp) 2.svg|flag of Astoria]]''' by {{U|Mythopoeia}} for its simple but elegant design that symbolizes patriotism and democracy in Astoria. ([[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 01:57, 1 February 2024 (UTC))}} 

::[[File:Maryland CR Flag.svg|200px]]
*{{align|left|The '''{{Sfl|Maryland CR Flag.svg|Maryland CR flag}}''' by {{U|Emalia}} is a great remix of the existing Maryland flag, bringing it in-line with Landonist design. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 08:00, 1 February 2024 (UTC)}} 

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*{{Sfl|Federalkosmoflotflag.png}} by {{u|Sammie Biscuits}}
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{Sfl|Flag of Astoria (Revamp) 2.svg}} by {{u|Mythopoeia}}
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:32, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 13:58, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:33, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{Sfl|Maryland CR Flag.svg}} by {{u|Emalia}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Emblem==

This award is for the best new emblem (includes coats of arms, national insignia, and seals) that was uploaded on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===
::[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Aotearoa.svg|200px]]
*{{align|left|'''[[:File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Aotearoa.svg|Coat of Arms of Aotearoa]]''' by [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] for its impressive complexity and and intricate designs. [[User:Erik|Erik]] ([[User talk:Erik|talk]]) 16:07, 14 January 2024 (UTC)}} 

::[[File:Coat of Arms of the American Contintental Republic.svg|200px]]
*{{align|left|'''[[:File:Coat of Arms of the American Continental Republic.svg|Coat of Arms of the American Continental Republic]]''' by {{U|Emalia}}. This is an amazing emblem and fits perfectly into the United Commonwealth's ATL design norms. You can tell a lot of work went into this, both by combining OTL elements from different coats of arms in interesting new ways, but also in its incorporation of many completely custom elements made from scratch. Very well done, and probably the best I've seen from Emalia thus far. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)}} 

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*{{Sfl|Coat of Arms of Aotearoa.svg}} by {{u|Mythopoeia}}
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:40, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 13:59, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{Sfl|Coat of Arms of the American Continental Republic.svg}} by {{u|Emalia}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]] ([[User talk:WorldMaker18|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Map==

This award is for the best new map that was uploaded on the wiki in 2023.

===Nominations===

::[[File:World Map of Altverse II.svg|200px]]
*'''[[:File:World Map of Altverse II.svg|World Map of Altverse II]]''' by {{U|Emalia}}. The Altverse II world map was literally years in the making, with many people trying and failing to make such a thing. Not only did Emalia deliver, she created a very aesthetically pleasing and well-designed world map, which the project badly needed. Not only does the map look nice, it's also functional and made with conworlders in mind. If you open the map in an SVG editor, you'll see that all the countries are properly grouped, and there are individual layers for countries, provinces, etc, meaning an editor can easily open this map and quickly create a derivative map for a particular country or other purpose. This attention to detail makes the map extremely useful. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===
* As one of those aforementioned attempters to create the definitive AV2 map, I must confess that Emalia's work blows all others out of the water. I love her clean vector style of mapmaking, which delivers a digestible yet detailed overview of Conworlds' flagship project. For both style and utility, Emalia's map deserves the prize. [[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 05:19, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Voting===
*{{sfl|World Map of Altverse II.svg}} by {{u|Emalia}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 21:38, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 21:36, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 17:20, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]] ([[User talk:WorldMaker18|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Logo==

This award is for the best new logo that was uploaded on the wiki in 2023. This includes corporate logos and political party symbols.

===Nominations===
:[[File:Senate of Liberta logo.svg|200px]]
The '''[[:File:Senate of Liberta logo.svg|Senate of Liberta logo]]''' by {{u|Erik}}. The logo of the Senate of Liberta is simply stunning. There is a great balance between the details and the simplification of the more minute parts of subject which results in a beautifully composed but clean, crisp looking image. Libertan magenta is an iconic colour, and I think it really makes the finer details pop just that itsy bit more. I absolutely adore this logo, and I think Erik did an amazing job with it. Bravo! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 15:32, 17 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*{{Sfl|Senate of Liberta logo.svg}} by {{u|Erik}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 21:37, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 17:20, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Graphic==

This award is for the best new graphic that are not maps, emblems, or logos that was uploaded on the wiki in 2023. This includes wiki templates and Photoshopped images.

===Nominations===

:[[File:Samson Zima with John Avery.png|200px]]
'''''[[:File:Samson Zima with John Avery.png|Samson Zima with John Avery]]''''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. This edit is really clean and seamless, and a nice incorporation of two great Altverse pages: [[John Avery]] and [[Samson Zima]]. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC) 
:[[File:TertanM2G.png|200px]]
'''''[[:File:TertanM2G.png|Tertan]]''''' by {{u|Soilaf}}. I think this image of Tertan is beautiful and represents the culmination of months of work by Soilaf in the graphical representation of their planets. Looking at the file history alone, you notice how there is a distinct progression in their style and level of detail. The end result is professional in quality–I have seen graphics of planets in recent AAA video games that don't even look this good. Excellent work! [[User:Fizzyflapjack|Fizzyflapjack]] ([[User talk:Fizzyflapjack|talk]]) 20:16, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*{{Sfl|Samson Zima with John Avery.png}} by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**He really looking at him like "what is bro yapping about rn". [[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 17:20, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*{{Sfl|TertanM2G.png}} by {{u|Soilaf}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 13:59, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)

==Best New Meme==

This award is for the best new meme that was created on or for the wiki in 2023. This includes pictures, videos, or shitposts.

===Nominations===

*'''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxa27j-niaM The Landonist Revolution Isn't Over]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. Toxi made a lot of hilarious memes this year, but this one is probably my favorite. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 19:56, 30 January 2024 (UTC) 

::[[File:UC School Schedule Meme.png|200px]]
*The '''[[:File:UC School Schedule Meme.png|UC School Schedule Meme]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}}. Really funny meme from discord this year. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hxa27j-niaM The Landonist Revolution Isn't Over] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 08:03, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:WorldMaker18|WorldMaker18]] ([[User talk:WorldMaker18|talk]])
*[[:File:UC School Schedule Meme.png|UC School Schedule Meme.png]] by {{u|T0oxi22}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 16:15, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 22:13, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Andy Irons|Andy Irons]] ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 8:05, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

=Special nominations (Lifetime Achievements)=

==Lifetime Achievement: Author==

This award is for the best writer across the entire lifetime of the Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom, Miraheze, and Indie).

===Nominations===
*'''[[User:Centrist16|Centrist16]]'''. He is known for his contributions for [[Sierra]] in [[Altverse II]] and he did a great job as an editor. He deserves this award because he achieved to make his works interesting to us. ([[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 01:06, 31 January 2024 (UTC))
*'''{{U|Fizzyflapjack}}'''. A veteran of the wiki going back to its early days, and a great contributor and writer all throughout. Not only that, he's been an excellent part of the wiki's administration for years, and in the past year took the reigns of a migration to a new website which he maintains, which in my opinion has been the most positive development in Conworlds history since its creation. [[User:Emalia|Emalia]] ([[User talk:Emalia|talk]]) 18:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{U|WorldMaker18}}''' has spent years improving the wiki, specifically [[Altverse II]]. He has created excellent articles, and has helped with forming integral parts of project lore, both in Altverse and with other projects. I believe he well deserves recognition for his amazing contributions over the years. {{U|Andy Irons}} ([[User talk:Andy Irons|talk]]) 22:47, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{U|T0oxi22}}''' - One of the Wiki's best writers. Having only burst onto the scene a few years prior, Toxi's contributions to the Wiki are staggering and she has created some truly impressive pages. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 07:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*'''{{U|Centrist16}}'''
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*'''{{U|WorldMaker18}}'''
*'''{{U|Fizzyflapjack}}'''
**I second Emalia above, Fizzyflapjack has been instrumental in setting up the new website! - [[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
*'''{{U|T0oxi22}}'''

==Lifetime Achievement: Project==

This award is for the best project across the entire lifetime of the Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom, Miraheze, and Indie).

===Nominations===
*'''[[Merveilles des Morte]]'''. A labor of love, well-deserving of a nomination for its detail and quality, and its achievements in strengthening the [[Althistory–Conworlds continuum]]. [[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 17:57, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[Kalșeri]]'''. Even though the country itself is an independent project, it deserves an award because the country's quality is almost similar to a real-life scenario and the country is nearly realistic in a fictional universe. ([[User:BBMhenggay|BBMhenggay]] ([[User talk:BBMhenggay|talk]]) 01:50, 1 February 2024 (UTC))

===Discussion===

===Voting===

*'''[[Merveilles des Morte]]'''
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[Kalșeri]] by [[User:DatMaster001|DatMaster001]]
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

==Lifetime Achievement: Article==

This award is for the best article across the entire lifetime of the Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom, Miraheze, and Indie).

===Nominations===
*'''[[Derigi Empire (Origo Mundi)|Derigi Empire]]''' by [[User:Emalia|Emalia]]. While originally started by [[User:Neesym|Neesym]] in 2019, since its 2020 update by Emalia, its been featured and has become a pinnacle for quality world-building this decade. It was up previously for this nomination last year, losing to [[Sierra]], and definitively deserves lifetime recognition this time around. [[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 04:51, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
*'''[[History of the United Commonwealth]]''' by {{U|T0oxi22}} - This page is the gold standard for history pages, one of the longest pages on the Wiki in general, and a crucial page for Altverse. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 07:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[[Derigi Empire (Origo Mundi)]] by {{U|Emalia}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 19:49, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[History of the United Commonwealth]] by {{U|T0oxi22}}
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 17:47, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 15:02, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Lifetime Achievement: Emblem or Flag==

This award is for the best emblem or flag across the entire lifetime of the Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom, Miraheze, and Indie).

===Nominations===
::[[File:Logo of the Royal Intelligence Agency.svg|200px]]
*'''[[:File:Logo of the Royal Intelligence Agency.svg|Logo of the Royal Intelligence Agency]]''' by {{U|Centrist16}}. Arguably the best emblem for a government institution ever made. [[User:Solace|Solace]] ([[User talk:Solace|talk]]) 04:36, 1 February 2024 (UTC) 

::[[File:St. Pierre COA.svg|200px]]
*'''{{sfl|St. Pierre COA.svg|St. Pierre coat of arms}}''' by {{U|Emalia}} - One of my favourite country emblems; truly unique for a very unique country. [[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]]) 07:58, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

===Discussion===

===Voting===
*[[:File:Logo of the Royal Intelligence Agency.svg|Logo of the Royal Intelligence Agency.svg]] by {{U|Centrist16}}
** [[User:Mythopoeia|Mythopoeia]] 2/2/2024
**[[User:OrangeWikiR|OrangeWikiR]] ([[User talk:OrangeWikiR|talk]]) 21:35, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
*[[:File:St. Pierre COA.svg|St. Pierre COA.svg]] by {{U|Emalia}}
**[[User:Dawnstar|Dawnstar]] ([[User talk:Dawnstar|talk]]) 15:48, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Wisky|Wisky]] ([[User talk:Wisky|talk]]) 12:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Javants|Javants]] ([[User talk:Javants|talk]]) 13:21, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
** [[User:Centrist16|{{color|white|'''Centrist16'''}}]] {{!}} [[User talk:Centrist16|{{color|white|Talk}}]] {{!}} [[File:Discord-Logo-Color.svg|35px|link=https://discord.gg/EEmFxHGKEr]] 21:56, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:T0oxi22|T0oxi22]] ([[User talk:T0oxi22|talk]]) 19:01, 18 February 2024 (UTC)
**[[User:Renereve|Renereve]] ([[User talk:Renereve|talk]])
**[[User:Robballgamer2009|Robballgamer2009]] ([[User talk:Robballgamer2009|talk]]) 00:38, 19 February 2024 (UTC)

==Lifetime Achievement: Map or Graphic==

This award is for the best map or graphic across the entire lifetime of the Constructed Worlds Wiki (Fandom, Miraheze, and Indie).

===Nominations===

===Discussion===

===Voting===

==Full Results==
The full results of the Awards will be released February 18th!


[[Category:Paracosmic Awards]]

2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-17T04:45:01Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]]
| seats_for_election = 350 seats (175 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 13 January 2024
| after_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| after_party = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| previous_election = [[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|[[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]}}
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image = 2024 Althistian Parliament.svg
| map_caption =
| next_election =
| next_year =
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary

| party1 = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| color1 = 2E68B5
| leader1 = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| image1 = Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury (cropped).jpg
| seats_before1 = -
| seats1 = '''62'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 62
| percentage1 = '''17.71%'''

| color2 = 62aa56
| party2 = [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]]
| leader2 = [[Nicholas Nickson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nicholas Nickson]]
| image2 = James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg
| seats_before2 = 6
| seats2 = 61
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 55
| percentage2 = 17.42%

| party3 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| leader3 = [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]
| color3 = F5EE22
| image3 = 1841_us_history.jpg
| seats_before3 = 60
| seats3 = 49
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage3 = 17.14%

| party4 = [[Moderate Althistians (Multiverse Manifesto)|Moderate Althistians]]
| color4 = 203481
| leader4 = [[Parson Salisbury (Multiverse Manifesto)|Parson Salisbury]]
| image4 = Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg
| seats_before4 = 41
| seats4 = 52
| seat_change4 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage4 = 14.86%

| party5 = [[Multiverse Reform Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Multiverse Reform]]
| color5 = 6788b2
| leader5 = [[Harlan Woodard (Multiverse Manifesto)|Harlan Woodard]]
| image5 = Nikolay Khomyakov (cropped).jpg
| seats_before5 = 16
| seats5 = 34
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 18
| percentage5 = 9.71%

| party6 = [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]]
| color6 = 527cb3
| leader6 = [[Andrew Luparius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Luparius]]
| image6 = Portrait of Sergey Muromtsev.jpg
| seat6_before5 = -
| seats6 = 20
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 20
| percentage6 = 5.71%

}}
The 2024 legislative election to the National Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 13 January 2024. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was the first following the split of the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]] into its right and left components: the [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]] and the [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]] respectively. Led by incumbent president [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]], the Discord Modernists won the election, receiving 62 seats, or 17.71% of the parliamentary total. They were followed by the [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]], whose successful merger of several smaller Differentlyist groups resulted in the bloc jumping to the second most seats in the parliament, with 62 seats, or 17.42%. They were followed by the [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], with 60 seats, or 17.14%, resulting in in each of the three leading parties being separated by only one vote each.

The election resulted in the creation of a governing coalition led by the Discord Modernists, and also consisting of the Left Modernists, Right, Moderate Althistians, Multiverse Reofrmists, and the Wikicratic Party. The decision by leader [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]] of the Wikicrats to support the coalition caused a schism within his own party, with 11 deputies refusing to join the coalition.

[[Category:2024 elections]]

File:2024 Althistian Parliament.svg

2024-01-17T04:43:33Z

Robballgamer2009:

2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-17T04:42:43Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]]
| seats_for_election = 350 seats (175 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 13 January 2024
| after_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| after_party = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| previous_election = [[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
| previous_year = {{Nowrap|[[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]}}
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election =
| next_year =
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| color1 = 2E68B5
| leader1 = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| image1 = Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury (cropped).jpg
| seats_before1 = -
| seats1 = '''62'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 62
| percentage1 = '''17.71%'''

| color2 = 62aa56
| party2 = [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]]
| leader2 = [[Nicholas Nickson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nicholas Nickson]]
| image2 = James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg
| seats_before2 = 6
| seats2 = 61
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 55
| percentage2 = 17.42%

| party3 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| leader3 = [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]
| color3 = F5EE22
| image3 = 1841_us_history.jpg
| seats_before3 = 60
| seats3 = 49
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage3 = 17.14%

| party4 = [[Moderate Althistians (Multiverse Manifesto)|Moderate Althistians]]
| color4 = 203481
| leader4 = [[Parson Salisbury (Multiverse Manifesto)|Parson Salisbury]]
| image4 = Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg
| seats_before4 = 41
| seats4 = 52
| seat_change4 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage4 = 14.86%

| party5 = [[Multiverse Reform Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Multiverse Reform]]
| color5 = 6788b2
| leader5 = [[Harlan Woodard (Multiverse Manifesto)|Harlan Woodard]]
| image5 = Nikolay Khomyakov (cropped).jpg
| seats_before5 = 16
| seats5 = 34
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 18
| percentage5 = 9.71%

| party6 = [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]]
| color6 = 527cb3
| leader6 = [[Andrew Luparius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Luparius]]
| image6 = Portrait of Sergey Muromtsev.jpg
| seat6_before5 = -
| seats6 = 20
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 20
| percentage6 = 5.71%

}}
The 2024 legislative election to the National Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 13 January 2024. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was the first following the split of the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]] into its right and left components: the [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]] and the [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]] respectively. Led by incumbent president [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]], the Discord Modernists won the election, receiving 62 seats, or 17.71% of the parliamentary total. They were followed by the [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]], whose successful merger of several smaller Differentlyist groups resulted in the bloc jumping to the second most seats in the parliament, with 62 seats, or 17.42%. They were followed by the [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], with 60 seats, or 17.14%, resulting in in each of the three leading parties being separated by only one vote each.

The election resulted in the creation of a governing coalition led by the Discord Modernists, and also consisting of the Left Modernists, Right, Moderate Althistians, Multiverse Reofrmists, and the Wikicratic Party. The decision by leader [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]] of the Wikicrats to support the coalition caused a schism within his own party, with 11 deputies refusing to join the coalition.

[[Category:2024 elections]]

2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-17T04:42:13Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]]
| seats_for_election = 350 seats (175 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 13 January 2024
| after_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| after_party = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| previous_election = [[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
| previous_year = [[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election =
| next_year =
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| color1 = 2E68B5
| leader1 = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| image1 = Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury (cropped).jpg
| seats_before1 = -
| seats1 = '''62'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 62
| percentage1 = '''17.71%'''

| color2 = 62aa56
| party2 = [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]]
| leader2 = [[Nicholas Nickson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nicholas Nickson]]
| image2 = James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg
| seats_before2 = 6
| seats2 = 61
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 55
| percentage2 = 17.42%

| party3 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| leader3 = [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]
| color3 = F5EE22
| image3 = 1841_us_history.jpg
| seats_before3 = 60
| seats3 = 49
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage3 = 17.14%

| party4 = [[Moderate Althistians (Multiverse Manifesto)|Moderate Althistians]]
| color4 = 203481
| leader4 = [[Parson Salisbury (Multiverse Manifesto)|Parson Salisbury]]
| image4 = Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg
| seats_before4 = 41
| seats4 = 52
| seat_change4 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage4 = 14.86%

| party5 = [[Multiverse Reform Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Multiverse Reform]]
| color5 = 6788b2
| leader5 = [[Harlan Woodard (Multiverse Manifesto)|Harlan Woodard]]
| image5 = Nikolay Khomyakov (cropped).jpg
| seats_before5 = 16
| seats5 = 34
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 18
| percentage5 = 9.71%

| party6 = [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]]
| color6 = 527cb3
| leader6 = [[Andrew Luparius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Luparius]]
| image6 = Portrait of Sergey Muromtsev.jpg
| seat6_before5 = -
| seats6 = 20
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 20
| percentage6 = 5.71%

}}
The 2024 legislative election to the National Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 13 January 2024. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was the first following the split of the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]] into its right and left components: the [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]] and the [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]] respectively. Led by incumbent president [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]], the Discord Modernists won the election, receiving 62 seats, or 17.71% of the parliamentary total. They were followed by the [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]], whose successful merger of several smaller Differentlyist groups resulted in the bloc jumping to the second most seats in the parliament, with 62 seats, or 17.42%. They were followed by the [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], with 60 seats, or 17.14%, resulting in in each of the three leading parties being separated by only one vote each.

The election resulted in the creation of a governing coalition led by the Discord Modernists, and also consisting of the Left Modernists, Right, Moderate Althistians, Multiverse Reofrmists, and the Wikicratic Party. The decision by leader [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]] of the Wikicrats to support the coalition caused a schism within his own party, with 11 deputies refusing to join the coalition.

[[Category:2024 elections]]

2024 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-17T04:41:59Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "{{Infobox election | election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election | before_party = Union of Principia Moderni | seats_for_election = 350 seats (175 needed for majority) | country = | before_election = Grimmur Oraclius | ongoing = no | election_date = 13 January 2024 | after_election = Grimmur Oraclius | after_party = Dis..."

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]]
| seats_for_election = 350 seats (175 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 13 January 2024
| after_election = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| after_party = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| previous_election = [[November 2023 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nov. 2023]]
| previous_year =
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election =
| next_year =
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]]
| color1 = 2E68B5
| leader1 = [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]]
| image1 = Robert-Gascoyne-Cecil-3rd-Marquess-of-Salisbury (cropped).jpg
| seats_before1 = -
| seats1 = '''62'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 62
| percentage1 = '''17.71%'''

| color2 = 62aa56
| party2 = [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]]
| leader2 = [[Nicholas Nickson (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nicholas Nickson]]
| image2 = James Weaver - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg
| seats_before2 = 6
| seats2 = 61
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 55
| percentage2 = 17.42%

| party3 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| leader3 = [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]]
| color3 = F5EE22
| image3 = 1841_us_history.jpg
| seats_before3 = 60
| seats3 = 49
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage3 = 17.14%

| party4 = [[Moderate Althistians (Multiverse Manifesto)|Moderate Althistians]]
| color4 = 203481
| leader4 = [[Parson Salisbury (Multiverse Manifesto)|Parson Salisbury]]
| image4 = Former PM Arthur Meighen.jpg
| seats_before4 = 41
| seats4 = 52
| seat_change4 = {{Increase}} 11
| percentage4 = 14.86%

| party5 = [[Multiverse Reform Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Multiverse Reform]]
| color5 = 6788b2
| leader5 = [[Harlan Woodard (Multiverse Manifesto)|Harlan Woodard]]
| image5 = Nikolay Khomyakov (cropped).jpg
| seats_before5 = 16
| seats5 = 34
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 18
| percentage5 = 9.71%

| party6 = [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]]
| color6 = 527cb3
| leader6 = [[Andrew Luparius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Andrew Luparius]]
| image6 = Portrait of Sergey Muromtsev.jpg
| seat6_before5 = -
| seats6 = 20
| seat_change6 = {{increase}} 20
| percentage6 = 5.71%

}}
The 2024 legislative election to the National Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 13 January 2024. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was the first following the split of the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]] into its right and left components: the [[Discord Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Discord Modernists]] and the [[Left Modernists (Multiverse Manifesto)|Left Modernists]] respectively. Led by incumbent president [[Grimmur Oraclius (Multiverse Manifesto)|Grimmur Oraclius]], the Discord Modernists won the election, receiving 62 seats, or 17.71% of the parliamentary total. They were followed by the [[Differently Bloc (Multiverse Manifesto)|Differently Bloc]], whose successful merger of several smaller Differentlyist groups resulted in the bloc jumping to the second most seats in the parliament, with 62 seats, or 17.42%. They were followed by the [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], with 60 seats, or 17.14%, resulting in in each of the three leading parties being separated by only one vote each.

The election resulted in the creation of a governing coalition led by the Discord Modernists, and also consisting of the Left Modernists, Right, Moderate Althistians, Multiverse Reofrmists, and the Wikicratic Party. The decision by leader [[Nathan Goedeke Jr. (Multiverse Manifesto)|Nathan Goedeke Jr.]] of the Wikicrats to support the coalition caused a schism within his own party, with 11 deputies refusing to join the coalition.

[[Category:2024 elections]]

File:1841 us history.jpg

2024-01-17T04:24:25Z

Robballgamer2009: File uploaded with MsUpload

File uploaded with MsUpload

Alternatively

2024-01-16T03:15:09Z

Robballgamer2009: /* Applications */

{{Icons|Alt-ly}}
{{Meta}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox conworld
|name = ''Alternatively''
|image = Alternatively logo.svg
|caption = Logo
|genre = Collaborative modern constructed world and roleplay scenario
|established = 2024
|creator = {{U|Fizzyflapjack}}
|progress = in Alpha as of 12 January 2024
|contributors =
|articles = [[:Category:Alternatively|List]] ({{PAGESINCATEGORY:Alternatively|pages}} articles)
|status = Active
|predecessor = ''[[Altverse]]'', [[Future World]] (both spiritually)
}}
'''''Alternatively''''' is a collaborative, modern constructed world and role-playing scenario founded by {{U|Fizzyflapjack}} on 12 January 2024. Although its name is inspired by the ''{{ahw|Differently|Differently}}'' timeline hosted on the Althistory Wiki, the project is a spiritual sequel to both the original ''[[Altverse]]'' and [[Future World]] projects hosted on Conworlds.

==List of collaborators==
===Active===
*{{u|Fizzyflapjack}} - [[File:Canada Pearson Pennant 1964.svg|22px|border]] [[Canada (Alternatively)|Canada]]; Canada (Alternatively) comprises the whole of the IRL country of Canada, in addition to the U.S. states of Alaska, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey.
*{{u|Solaris2019}} - [[File:Flag_used_by_British_Chartists.svg|22px|border]] [[Great Britain (Alternatively)|Great Britain]]; A federal republic consisting of the Island of Great Britain (including the crown dependencies).
*{{u|F0rsaken}}
**[[File:CommiePoland.png|border|22x22px]] [[Greater Poland]]; a Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic consisting of the Polish Borders from modern day, and Western Belarus and Ukraine (including Kaliningrad).
**[[File:PolishFiji.png|border|22x22px]] Nowy Śląsk (Possessed: Fiji and surrounding islands, supposed to be a colony of [[Greater Poland (Alternatively)|Greater Poland]])
*[[User:Wisky|wisky]] - [[File:Flag_of_the_Second_East_Turkestan_Republic_(2).svg|border|22px]] [[Turkestani Republic (Alternatively)|Turkestani Republic]]; a Federal Presidential Republic consisting of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Sinkiang, and southern portions of Kazakhstan.
*{{u|BBMhenggay}} - [[File:LiangkwangFlag.png|border|22px]] [[Liangguang]]; a federal parliamentary republic composed of the OTL Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian.
** ''Special autonomous regions:''
*** [[Guangzhouwan]] - a former French colony located in the OTL eastern part of Leizhou Peninsula (particularly in Zhanjiang)
*** [[Hong Kong (Alternatively)|Hong Kong]] - same as OTL
*** [[Macau (Alternatively)|Macau]] - same as OTL
* {{u|Mythopoeia}} - [[United Dominion]] (Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee)
* {{u|Emelxa}} - [[File:Flag of Caraqua.svg|border|25px]] [[Caraqua]] (possessed: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware; claimed but not possessed: New York, New Jersey)
*{{u|Andy Irons}} - [[File:Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg|border|25px]] [[France (Alternatively)|Kingdom of France]] (Metropolitan France, French Guiana, New Caledonia; could also exclude Savoy and parts of Lorraine depending on Germany's starting position/lore)
*{{u|DatMaster001}} - [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|border|22px]] [[Italy (Alternatively)|Italian Federation]]; a federal parliamentary republic consisting of all of IRL Italy, plus Istria County and the Slovenian Coastal–Karst Statistical Region; could exclude Südtirol depending on Austria/Germany's starting position/lore
*{{u|Centrist16}} - [[File:Flag of Acadiana.svg|border|22px]] [[Louisiana (Alternatively)|Louisiana]] (Louisiana Purchase and OTL West Florida [southern Alabama and southern Mississippi]); federal constitutional monarchy consisting of provinces and cantons, ruled by a Cajun monarchy. The goal: ''Alternatively'''s Louisiana is to Louisiana as the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] is to California.
*{{U|WorldMaker18}} – [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|border|22px]] [[Ireland (Alternatively)|United Irish Republic]] (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland; the entire island of Ireland); a unitary parliamentary semi-presidential republic that governs the entire island within the British Isles.

===Applications===
''If you would like to participate in Alternatively, please post a note in this section with your username and which IRL country or countries you would like to claim with the format described below:''
*'''Potential collaborator username''' - Country/region claimed; explanation.
*'''ROBBALLGAMER2009''' - [[Robballia (Alternatively)|Robballia]]! This country consists of a territory which is roughly a circle with a radius of of about 1,130 kilometers, centered around the capital city, which is located near OTL Abakan, Russia; it consists of parts of Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China. Robballia is monarcho-communist and a dominion of the underground Althistian network. The Robballian people have implemeneted many fundamentals of Robballist thought.

==Rules and guidelines==
===Rules===
#'''Be respectful''' – Collaborators are expected to enter the project with the aim of having a fun time with others. This is not a high-stakes project, so there should be no reason to argue with anyone for any reason.
#'''Be reasonable''' – The point of this project is not [[Conworlds:What is althistory?|alternative history]], but rather, [[Conworlds:What is conworlding?|conworlding]]. That being said, collaborators are expected to participate in good faith and follow basic assumptions of what is and is not reasonable in the modern or near-modern world.
#'''Be fun!''' – There are generally not going to be a lot of rules as to what can be changed and what can't be changed. This is where the Differently inspiration comes from. Think collage, not cohesion.

===Guidelines===
*'''Creating a country''' – In order to create a country for Alternatively, you need to first consider which regions are available by reviewing the list of active collaborators. In terms of relative "strength," your country can be a power, but try and not be too aggressive in terms of claiming territory so as to allow for others to create countries in your region (e.g., as a general rule, no country should be larger than the largest historical human states–don't try and claim the entirety of a continent). In terms of economic situation for your country, you can do a bit of inflation of its economic status as a treat, but don't go too ham with it as it would take the fun out of the scenario for everyone else if your economy was bigger than the rest of the world's put together.
*'''Futuristic technologies''' – In the spirit of [[Future World]], you can create and roleplay with futuristic technologies in Alternatively! However, there are some reasonable limitations to this. It is hard to adequately explain what is and is not okay, so as a general rule, ask in the Alternatively Discord chat or on this page's talk page before going ahead with a technology idea. In principle, the technologies you create should not radically alter the structure of human civilization in the 21st century as it is in real-life. Examples of what would not be acceptable according to this principle are things like faster-than-light space travel, Star Trek replicators, teleportation technology, and planetary terraforming technologies. Humans should generally still be threatened by things like {{W|climate change}} and {{w|cancer}} on Earth.
==World map==
[[File:World map of Alternatively.png|thumb|center|700px|''Note to collaborators'': please download, edit, and re-upload this map if you notice any errors. To-do: make the legend]]

==Project pages==
===Information===
*[[National Info of Alternatively]]
*[[Armed forces of the World (Alternatively)]]
*[[Treaties of the World (Alternatively)]]
*[[Human rights by country (Alternatively)]]

===Roleplay===
*[[2024 (Alternatively)]]
*[[United Nations (Alternatively)]]

[[Category:Alternatively]]
[[Category:Projects created by Fizzyflapjack]]
[[Category:Projects created in 2024]]
[[Category:Earth-based constructed worlds]]
[[Category:Soft alternate history timelines]]

2016 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-12T06:41:55Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = Independent
| seats_for_election = 275 seats (138 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Atticus Grover (Multiverse Manifesto)|Atticus Grover]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 8 November 2016
| after_election = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| after_party = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| next_year = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic]]
| color1 = F5EE22
| leader1 = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| image1 = William_Henry_Harrison_by_James_Reid_Lambdin%2C_1835.jpg
| seats_before1 = 118
| seats1 = '''149'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 31
| percentage1 = '''54.18%'''

| color2 = 2E68B5
| party2 = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Modernist]]
| leader2 = [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]]
| image2 = Lord_John_Russell.jpg
| seats_before2 = 56
| seats2 = 70
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 14
| percentage2 = 25.45%

| party3 = Right
| leader3 = [[Furio Pestilanes (Multiverse Manifesto)|Furio Pestilanes]]
| color3 = 121212
| image3 = Marco Minghetti.jpg
| seats_before3 = 30
| seats3 = 28
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 2
| percentage3 = 10.91%

| party5 =
| color5 =
| leader5 =
| image5 =
| seats_before5 =
| seats5 =
| seat_change5 =
| percentage5 =

}}
The first election for the Wiki Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 8 November 2016. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was a victory for [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]] of the newly consolidated [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], which received 149 seats, or 54.18% of the parliamentary total. The Wikicrats were followed by the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]], led by [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]], who received 70 seats (25.45%%), and the Right coalition, which received 30 seats (10.91%). A remaining 23 seats were won by non-partisan candidates, and 3 deputies claimed membership of the then defunct [[Democratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Democratic Party]], which had been disgraced for its role in the previous monarchy. With a slight majority, the Wikicrats formed a governing coalition with 20 of the unaffiliated deputies.

2016 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-12T06:33:48Z

Robballgamer2009:

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = Independent
| seats_for_election = 275 seats (138 needed for majority)
| country =
| before_election = [[Atticus Grover (Multiverse Manifesto)|Atticus Grover]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 8 November 2016
| after_election = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| after_party = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| next_year = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic]]
| color1 = F5EE22
| leader1 = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| image1 = William_Henry_Harrison_by_James_Reid_Lambdin%2C_1835.jpg
| seats_before1 = 118
| seats1 = '''125'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 7
| percentage1 = '''45.45%'''

| color2 = 2E68B5
| party2 = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Modernist]]
| leader2 = [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]]
| image2 = Lord_John_Russell.jpg
| seats_before2 = 56
| seats2 = 78
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 22
| percentage2 = 20.36%

| party3 = Right
| leader3 = [[Furio Pestilanes (Multiverse Manifesto)|Furio Pestilanes]]
| color3 = 121212
| image3 = Marco Minghetti.jpg
| seats_before3 = 36
| seats3 = 28
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 8
| percentage3 = 13.09%

| party5 =
| color5 =
| leader5 =
| image5 =
| seats_before5 =
| seats5 =
| seat_change5 =
| percentage5 =

}}
The first election for the Wiki Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 8 November 2016. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was a victory for [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]] of the newly consolidated [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], which received 125 seats, or 45.45% of the parliamentary total. The Wikicrats were followed by the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]], led by [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]], who received 78 seats (20.36%), and the Right coalition, which received 28 seats (13.09%). A remaining 33 seats were won by non-partisan candidates, and 3 candidates claimed membership of the now defunct [[Democratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Democratic Party]], which had been disgraced for its role in the previous monarchy. Just short of a majority, the Wikicrats formed a governing coalition with 28 of the unaffiliated deputies.

2016 Althistian legislative election (Multiverse Manifesto)

2024-01-12T06:32:12Z

Robballgamer2009: Created page with "{{Infobox election | election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election | before_party = Independent | seats_for_election = 275 seats | country = | before_election = Atticus Grover | ongoing = no | election_date = 8 November 2016 | after_election = Nathan1123 | after_party = Wikicratic Party | previous_election = | previous_year = | map_size = 300px | title = [..."

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2016 Althistian legislative election
| before_party = Independent
| seats_for_election = 275 seats
| country =
| before_election = [[Atticus Grover (Multiverse Manifesto)|Atticus Grover]]
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 8 November 2016
| after_election = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| after_party = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]]
| previous_election =
| previous_year =
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[List of presidents of Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|President]]
| map_image =
| next_election = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| next_year = [[2017 Althistian legislative election|2017]]
| image_size = 160x160px
| type = Parliamentary
| map_caption =

| party1 = [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic]]
| color1 = F5EE22
| leader1 = [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]]
| image1 = William_Henry_Harrison_by_James_Reid_Lambdin%2C_1835.jpg
| seats_before1 = 118
| seats1 = '''125'''
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 7
| percentage1 = '''45.45%'''

| color2 = 2E68B5
| party2 = [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Modernist]]
| leader2 = [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]]
| image2 = Lord_John_Russell.jpg
| seats_before2 = 56
| seats2 = 78
| seat_change2 = {{Increase}} 22
| percentage2 = 20.36%

| party3 = Right
| leader3 = [[Furio Pestilanes (Multiverse Manifesto)|Furio Pestilanes]]
| color3 = 121212
| image3 = Marco Minghetti.jpg
| seats_before3 = 36
| seats3 = 28
| seat_change3 = {{Increase}} 8
| percentage3 = 13.09%

| party5 =
| color5 =
| leader5 =
| image5 =
| seats_before5 =
| seats5 =
| seat_change5 =
| percentage5 =

}}
The first election for the Wiki Convention of [[Althistia (Multiverse Manifesto)|Althistia]] was held on 8 November 2016. It established the country's first elected parliament following the overthrowal of the Althistian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in July 2016.

The election was a victory for [[User:Nathan1123|Nathan1123]] of the newly consolidated [[Wikicratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Wikicratic Party]], which received 125 seats, or 45.45% of the parliamentary total. The Wikicrats were followed by the [[Union of Principia Moderni (Multiverse Manifesto)|Union of Principia Moderni]], led by [[Stephen Regis (Multiverse Manifesto)|Stephen Regis]], who received 78 seats (20.36%), and the Right coalition, which received 28 seats (13.09%). A remaining 33 seats were won by non-partisan candidates, and 3 candidates claimed membership of the now defunct [[Democratic Party (Multiverse Manifesto)|Democratic Party]], which had been disgraced for its role in the previous monarchy.