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S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555441 2025-08-11T10:29:54Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972); Padma Vibhushan (1992)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> [[File:Somnath G. Razdan - with PM Gandhi.jpg|thumb|Indira Gandhi with Pakistani diplomat Aziz Ahmed to her right and P.N. Haksar, Razdan and P.N. Dhar to her left, in 1973]]<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Post-retirement public service==<br /> Following his retirement from politics in 1984, Razdan continued public service across multiple domains of national significance.<br /> <br /> From 1985 to 1988, he served as Chairman of the Eleventh Law Commission of India, where he led comprehensive reviews of civil and criminal law reform. The Commission's recommendations under his leadership resulted in significant amendments to the backlog of cases in higher courts and measures to improve the appointment process for judges.<br /> <br /> Razdan was appointed as a Member of the Tenth Finance Commission during 1992, contributing to the constitutional body responsible for determining the distribution of financial resources between the Union and State governments. His expertise in constitutional law proved valuable in addressing complex federal fiscal arrangements.<br /> <br /> He served as Governor of the Indian Institute of Public Administration from 1981 to 1988, overseeing the premier institution for training civil servants and conducting research in public administration. During his tenure, he expanded the Institute's research programs and strengthened its role in administrative reform initiatives.<br /> <br /> In 1982, shortly after retiring from public life, Razdan established the Razdan Foundation for Legal and Public Service Education, a charitable trust dedicated to supporting the higher education of students from under-represented communities. The Foundation’s mandate, as set out in its original trust deed, was to “advance the cause of social equity by ensuring that meritorious students, irrespective of means, may enter the learned professions in service of the Republic.”<br /> <br /> Funded initially through Razdan’s personal savings, supplemented by contributions from former colleagues in the Bar and Bench, the Foundation awarded full scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate study in law, public administration, and social sciences. Particular emphasis was placed on candidates from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and economically disadvantaged backgrounds in rural Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &amp; Kashmir—regions Razdan felt were often overlooked in national educational policy.<br /> <br /> By the late 1980s, the Foundation had established formal partnerships with leading institutions such as the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, the National Law School of India University (Bangalore), and the Indian Institute of Public Administration, enabling its scholars to access fee waivers, research mentorship, and summer placements in public interest litigation offices. Many recipients went on to become advocates, civil servants, and academics, a fact Razdan regarded as the Foundation’s greatest achievement.<br /> <br /> The Foundation also operated a small but influential Legal Literacy Programme, sending trained volunteers into rural schools to conduct workshops on fundamental rights, access to justice, and civic responsibilities. Razdan was personally involved in designing the early curriculum for this initiative, drawing on his own courtroom experiences to illustrate how the Constitution could be a “practical instrument of empowerment” for ordinary citizens.<br /> <br /> By the time of his death in 2004, the Razdan Foundation had funded the tertiary education of over 300 students. In 2004, the Government of India recognised its work with the National Award for Social Justice in Education, citing its “pioneering role in democratising access to the professions.”<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===“Delhi Land Lease” allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on preventive detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 1937, Razdan married Sushila Kaul, a Cambridge-educated advocate who was active in pre-independence social reform movements, particularly campaigns for women’s legal rights and the eradication of untouchability. Following independence, Kaul joined the Indian civil service, serving in various capacities in the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Planning Commission, where she was known for her advocacy on rural education and maternal health policy.<br /> <br /> The couple had five children. Their eldest daughter, Dr. Nalini Zutshi (née Razdan), served as Foreign Secretary of India from 1997 to 1999, becoming one of the first women to hold the post. Their eldest son, Kamalnath S. Razdan, entered the legal profession and later founded the prominent New Delhi-based law firm Razdan, Bhardwaj &amp; Bhatia, where he served as Managing Partner until his retirement. Other children pursued careers in academia, medicine, and the arts.<br /> <br /> Outside his professional commitments, Razdan was an avid reader of classical Sanskrit literature and comparative legal history. He maintained a personal library of over 7,000 volumes, ranging from rare editions of the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga commentaries to modern works on constitutional theory. A keen amateur gardener, he cultivated roses and Himalayan orchids at the family’s residence in New Delhi, often noting that “the care of a garden and the care of a constitution both require patience and pruning.”<br /> <br /> He was also a connoisseur of Hindustani classical music, particularly the recordings of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, and regularly attended performances at the annual Tansen Samaroh in Gwalior. In later life, he developed an interest in chess and was a founding patron of the Delhi Chess Association, occasionally hosting informal tournaments for young players.<br /> <br /> Known for his punctuality, dry wit, and fondness for Kashmiri cuisine, Razdan preferred to keep his private life discreet, though friends and colleagues often remarked on his deep devotion to his family and his habit of writing long, handwritten letters to his children, even when they lived abroad.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Razdan died on 14 September 2004 at his residence in New Delhi, aged 92, after a brief bout of pneumonia. His passing was marked by tributes from across the political spectrum, with the President of India describing him as “a jurist of rare intellect, a parliamentarian of integrity, and a humanist whose commitment to education transformed countless lives.” The Supreme Court of India adjourned proceedings for the afternoon as a mark of respect, and the Bar Council of India held a special condolence meeting attended by senior members of the judiciary and the legal profession.<br /> <br /> He was cremated with full state honours at the Lodhi Road crematorium. In accordance with his wishes, part of his personal library was donated to the National Law School of India University in Bangalore, while the remainder was entrusted to the Razdan Foundation to support its legal scholarship programme.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555440 2025-08-11T10:23:54Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972); Padma Vibhushan (1992)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Post-retirement public service==<br /> Following his retirement from politics in 1984, Razdan continued public service across multiple domains of national significance.<br /> <br /> From 1985 to 1988, he served as Chairman of the Eleventh Law Commission of India, where he led comprehensive reviews of civil and criminal law reform. The Commission's recommendations under his leadership resulted in significant amendments to the backlog of cases in higher courts and measures to improve the appointment process for judges.<br /> <br /> Razdan was appointed as a Member of the Tenth Finance Commission during 1992, contributing to the constitutional body responsible for determining the distribution of financial resources between the Union and State governments. His expertise in constitutional law proved valuable in addressing complex federal fiscal arrangements.<br /> <br /> He served as Governor of the Indian Institute of Public Administration from 1981 to 1988, overseeing the premier institution for training civil servants and conducting research in public administration. During his tenure, he expanded the Institute's research programs and strengthened its role in administrative reform initiatives.<br /> <br /> In 1982, shortly after retiring from public life, Razdan established the Razdan Foundation for Legal and Public Service Education, a charitable trust dedicated to supporting the higher education of students from under-represented communities. The Foundation’s mandate, as set out in its original trust deed, was to “advance the cause of social equity by ensuring that meritorious students, irrespective of means, may enter the learned professions in service of the Republic.”<br /> <br /> Funded initially through Razdan’s personal savings, supplemented by contributions from former colleagues in the Bar and Bench, the Foundation awarded full scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate study in law, public administration, and social sciences. Particular emphasis was placed on candidates from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and economically disadvantaged backgrounds in rural Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &amp; Kashmir—regions Razdan felt were often overlooked in national educational policy.<br /> <br /> By the late 1980s, the Foundation had established formal partnerships with leading institutions such as the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, the National Law School of India University (Bangalore), and the Indian Institute of Public Administration, enabling its scholars to access fee waivers, research mentorship, and summer placements in public interest litigation offices. Many recipients went on to become advocates, civil servants, and academics, a fact Razdan regarded as the Foundation’s greatest achievement.<br /> <br /> The Foundation also operated a small but influential Legal Literacy Programme, sending trained volunteers into rural schools to conduct workshops on fundamental rights, access to justice, and civic responsibilities. Razdan was personally involved in designing the early curriculum for this initiative, drawing on his own courtroom experiences to illustrate how the Constitution could be a “practical instrument of empowerment” for ordinary citizens.<br /> <br /> By the time of his death in 2004, the Razdan Foundation had funded the tertiary education of over 300 students. In 2004, the Government of India recognised its work with the National Award for Social Justice in Education, citing its “pioneering role in democratising access to the professions.”<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===“Delhi Land Lease” allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on preventive detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 1937, Razdan married Sushila Kaul, a Cambridge-educated advocate who was active in pre-independence social reform movements, particularly campaigns for women’s legal rights and the eradication of untouchability. Following independence, Kaul joined the Indian civil service, serving in various capacities in the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Planning Commission, where she was known for her advocacy on rural education and maternal health policy.<br /> <br /> The couple had five children. Their eldest daughter, Dr. Nalini Zutshi (née Razdan), served as Foreign Secretary of India from 1997 to 1999, becoming one of the first women to hold the post. Their eldest son, Kamalnath S. Razdan, entered the legal profession and later founded the prominent New Delhi-based law firm Razdan, Bhardwaj &amp; Bhatia, where he served as Managing Partner until his retirement. Other children pursued careers in academia, medicine, and the arts.<br /> <br /> Outside his professional commitments, Razdan was an avid reader of classical Sanskrit literature and comparative legal history. He maintained a personal library of over 7,000 volumes, ranging from rare editions of the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga commentaries to modern works on constitutional theory. A keen amateur gardener, he cultivated roses and Himalayan orchids at the family’s residence in New Delhi, often noting that “the care of a garden and the care of a constitution both require patience and pruning.”<br /> <br /> He was also a connoisseur of Hindustani classical music, particularly the recordings of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, and regularly attended performances at the annual Tansen Samaroh in Gwalior. In later life, he developed an interest in chess and was a founding patron of the Delhi Chess Association, occasionally hosting informal tournaments for young players.<br /> <br /> Known for his punctuality, dry wit, and fondness for Kashmiri cuisine, Razdan preferred to keep his private life discreet, though friends and colleagues often remarked on his deep devotion to his family and his habit of writing long, handwritten letters to his children, even when they lived abroad.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Razdan died on 14 September 2004 at his residence in New Delhi, aged 92, after a brief bout of pneumonia. His passing was marked by tributes from across the political spectrum, with the President of India describing him as “a jurist of rare intellect, a parliamentarian of integrity, and a humanist whose commitment to education transformed countless lives.” The Supreme Court of India adjourned proceedings for the afternoon as a mark of respect, and the Bar Council of India held a special condolence meeting attended by senior members of the judiciary and the legal profession.<br /> <br /> He was cremated with full state honours at the Lodhi Road crematorium. In accordance with his wishes, part of his personal library was donated to the National Law School of India University in Bangalore, while the remainder was entrusted to the Razdan Foundation to support its legal scholarship programme.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555439 2025-08-11T10:20:40Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972); Padma Vibhushan (1992)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Post-retirement public service==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1984, Razdan continued his distinguished public service across multiple domains of national significance.<br /> <br /> From 1985 to 1988, he served as Chairman of the Eleventh Law Commission of India, where he led comprehensive reviews of civil and criminal law reform. The Commission's recommendations under his leadership resulted in significant amendments to the backlog of cases in higher courts and measures to improve the appointment process for judges.<br /> <br /> Razdan was appointed as a Member of the Tenth Finance Commission during 1992, contributing to the constitutional body responsible for determining the distribution of financial resources between the Union and State governments. His expertise in constitutional law proved valuable in addressing complex federal fiscal arrangements.<br /> <br /> He served as Governor of the Indian Institute of Public Administration from 1981 to 1988, overseeing the premier institution for training civil servants and conducting research in public administration. During his tenure, he expanded the Institute's research programs and strengthened its role in administrative reform initiatives.<br /> <br /> In 1982, shortly after retiring from public life, Razdan established the Razdan Foundation for Legal and Public Service Education, a charitable trust dedicated to supporting the higher education of students from under-represented communities. The Foundation’s mandate, as set out in its original trust deed, was to “advance the cause of social equity by ensuring that meritorious students, irrespective of means, may enter the learned professions in service of the Republic.”<br /> <br /> Funded initially through Razdan’s personal savings, supplemented by contributions from former colleagues in the Bar and Bench, the Foundation awarded full scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate study in law, public administration, and social sciences. Particular emphasis was placed on candidates from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and economically disadvantaged backgrounds in rural Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &amp; Kashmir—regions Razdan felt were often overlooked in national educational policy.<br /> <br /> By the late 1980s, the Foundation had established formal partnerships with leading institutions such as the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, the National Law School of India University (Bangalore), and the Indian Institute of Public Administration, enabling its scholars to access fee waivers, research mentorship, and summer placements in public interest litigation offices. Many recipients went on to become advocates, civil servants, and academics, a fact Razdan regarded as the Foundation’s greatest achievement.<br /> <br /> The Foundation also operated a small but influential Legal Literacy Programme, sending trained volunteers into rural schools to conduct workshops on fundamental rights, access to justice, and civic responsibilities. Razdan was personally involved in designing the early curriculum for this initiative, drawing on his own courtroom experiences to illustrate how the Constitution could be a “practical instrument of empowerment” for ordinary citizens.<br /> <br /> By the time of his death in 2004, the Razdan Foundation had funded the tertiary education of over 300 students. In 2004, the Government of India recognised its work with the National Award for Social Justice in Education, citing its “pioneering role in democratising access to the professions.”<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===“Delhi Land Lease” allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on preventive detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 1937, Razdan married Sushila Kaul, a Cambridge-educated advocate who was active in pre-independence social reform movements, particularly campaigns for women’s legal rights and the eradication of untouchability. Following independence, Kaul joined the Indian civil service, serving in various capacities in the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Planning Commission, where she was known for her advocacy on rural education and maternal health policy.<br /> <br /> The couple had five children. Their eldest daughter, Dr. Nalini Zutshi (née Razdan), served as Foreign Secretary of India from 1997 to 1999, becoming one of the first women to hold the post. Their eldest son, Kamalnath S. Razdan, entered the legal profession and later founded the prominent New Delhi-based law firm Razdan, Bhardwaj &amp; Bhatia, where he served as Managing Partner until his retirement. Other children pursued careers in academia, medicine, and the arts.<br /> <br /> Outside his professional commitments, Razdan was an avid reader of classical Sanskrit literature and comparative legal history. He maintained a personal library of over 7,000 volumes, ranging from rare editions of the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga commentaries to modern works on constitutional theory. A keen amateur gardener, he cultivated roses and Himalayan orchids at the family’s residence in New Delhi, often noting that “the care of a garden and the care of a constitution both require patience and pruning.”<br /> <br /> He was also a connoisseur of Hindustani classical music, particularly the recordings of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, and regularly attended performances at the annual Tansen Samaroh in Gwalior. In later life, he developed an interest in chess and was a founding patron of the Delhi Chess Association, occasionally hosting informal tournaments for young players.<br /> <br /> Known for his punctuality, dry wit, and fondness for Kashmiri cuisine, Razdan preferred to keep his private life discreet, though friends and colleagues often remarked on his deep devotion to his family and his habit of writing long, handwritten letters to his children, even when they lived abroad.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Razdan died on 14 September 2004 at his residence in New Delhi, aged 92, after a brief bout of pneumonia. His passing was marked by tributes from across the political spectrum, with the President of India describing him as “a jurist of rare intellect, a parliamentarian of integrity, and a humanist whose commitment to education transformed countless lives.” The Supreme Court of India adjourned proceedings for the afternoon as a mark of respect, and the Bar Council of India held a special condolence meeting attended by senior members of the judiciary and the legal profession.<br /> <br /> He was cremated with full state honours at the Lodhi Road crematorium. In accordance with his wishes, part of his personal library was donated to the National Law School of India University in Bangalore, while the remainder was entrusted to the Razdan Foundation to support its legal scholarship programme.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555425 2025-08-11T09:25:04Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972); Padma Vibhushan (1992)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Post-retirement public service==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1984, Razdan continued his distinguished public service across multiple domains of national significance.<br /> <br /> From 1985 to 1988, he served as Chairman of the Eleventh Law Commission of India, where he led comprehensive reviews of civil and criminal law reform. The Commission's recommendations under his leadership resulted in significant amendments to the backlog of cases in higher courts and measures to improve the appointment process for judges.<br /> <br /> Razdan was appointed as a Member of the Tenth Finance Commission during 1992, contributing to the constitutional body responsible for determining the distribution of financial resources between the Union and State governments. His expertise in constitutional law proved valuable in addressing complex federal fiscal arrangements.<br /> <br /> He served as Governor of the Indian Institute of Public Administration from 1981 to 1988, overseeing the premier institution for training civil servants and conducting research in public administration. During his tenure, he expanded the Institute's research programs and strengthened its role in administrative reform initiatives.<br /> <br /> In 1982, shortly after retiring from public life, Razdan established the Razdan Foundation for Legal and Public Service Education, a charitable trust dedicated to supporting the higher education of students from under-represented communities. The Foundation’s mandate, as set out in its original trust deed, was to “advance the cause of social equity by ensuring that meritorious students, irrespective of means, may enter the learned professions in service of the Republic.”<br /> <br /> Funded initially through Razdan’s personal savings, supplemented by contributions from former colleagues in the Bar and Bench, the Foundation awarded full scholarships for undergraduate and postgraduate study in law, public administration, and social sciences. Particular emphasis was placed on candidates from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and economically disadvantaged backgrounds in rural Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu &amp; Kashmir—regions Razdan felt were often overlooked in national educational policy.<br /> <br /> By the late 1980s, the Foundation had established formal partnerships with leading institutions such as the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, the National Law School of India University (Bangalore), and the Indian Institute of Public Administration, enabling its scholars to access fee waivers, research mentorship, and summer placements in public interest litigation offices. Many recipients went on to become advocates, civil servants, and academics, a fact Razdan regarded as the Foundation’s greatest achievement.<br /> <br /> The Foundation also operated a small but influential Legal Literacy Programme, sending trained volunteers into rural schools to conduct workshops on fundamental rights, access to justice, and civic responsibilities. Razdan was personally involved in designing the early curriculum for this initiative, drawing on his own courtroom experiences to illustrate how the Constitution could be a “practical instrument of empowerment” for ordinary citizens.<br /> <br /> By the time of his death in 2004, the Razdan Foundation had funded the tertiary education of over 300 students. In 2004, the Government of India recognised its work with the National Award for Social Justice in Education, citing its “pioneering role in democratising access to the professions.”<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===The “Delhi Land Lease” Allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on Preventive Detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> In 1937, Razdan married Sushila Kaul, a Cambridge-educated advocate who was active in pre-independence social reform movements, particularly campaigns for women’s legal rights and the eradication of untouchability. Following independence, Kaul joined the Indian civil service, serving in various capacities in the Ministry of Social Welfare and the Planning Commission, where she was known for her advocacy on rural education and maternal health policy.<br /> <br /> The couple had five children. Their eldest daughter, Dr. Nalini Zutshi (née Razdan), served as Foreign Secretary of India from 1997 to 1999, becoming one of the first women to hold the post. Their eldest son, Kamalnath S. Razdan, entered the legal profession and later founded the prominent New Delhi-based law firm Razdan, Bhardwaj &amp; Bhatia, where he served as Managing Partner until his retirement. Other children pursued careers in academia, medicine, and the arts.<br /> <br /> Outside his professional commitments, Razdan was an avid reader of classical Sanskrit literature and comparative legal history. He maintained a personal library of over 7,000 volumes, ranging from rare editions of the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga commentaries to modern works on constitutional theory. A keen amateur gardener, he cultivated roses and Himalayan orchids at the family’s residence in New Delhi, often noting that “the care of a garden and the care of a constitution both require patience and pruning.”<br /> <br /> He was also a connoisseur of Hindustani classical music, particularly the recordings of Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, and regularly attended performances at the annual Tansen Samaroh in Gwalior. In later life, he developed an interest in chess and was a founding patron of the Delhi Chess Association, occasionally hosting informal tournaments for young players.<br /> <br /> Known for his punctuality, dry wit, and fondness for Kashmiri cuisine, Razdan preferred to keep his private life discreet, though friends and colleagues often remarked on his deep devotion to his family and his habit of writing long, handwritten letters to his children, even when they lived abroad.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555423 2025-08-11T08:52:49Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Official portrait, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===The “Delhi Land Lease” Allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on Preventive Detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555422 2025-08-11T08:51:34Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|A portrait of Razdan, taken shortly after his call to the Bar (c. 1939)|left]]<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===The “Delhi Land Lease” Allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on Preventive Detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555421 2025-08-11T08:41:47Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> Although widely regarded as a jurist of integrity, Razdan’s public life was not without its share of controversy.<br /> <br /> ===Role during the Emergency (1975–1977)===<br /> Razdan’s tenure as Union Minister of Law and Justice coincided with the imposition of the Emergency under Article 352. While his supporters maintained that he acted as a moderating influence within the cabinet, critics accused him of lending constitutional legitimacy to executive overreach. In particular, his defence in the Rajya Sabha of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment—despite voicing reservations in closed-door party meetings—was cited by opposition members as evidence of complicity in undermining judicial review and fundamental freedoms. The release of cabinet papers in the 1990s renewed debate over whether Razdan could have done more to resist the curtailment of civil liberties.<br /> <br /> ===The “Delhi Land Lease” Allegations===<br /> During his stint as Deputy Leader of the Opposition, a political weekly alleged that Razdan had used his influence as former Chief Justice to secure favourable lease terms for a property in central Delhi on behalf of a distant relative. Although a parliamentary committee found no evidence of direct wrongdoing, the episode was seized upon by political opponents to question his commitment to transparency. Razdan dismissed the matter as “a minor administrative misunderstanding weaponised for political gain.”<br /> <br /> ===Stance on Preventive Detention===<br /> Throughout his judicial and political life, Razdan maintained that preventive detention, though constitutionally permissible, should be used sparingly and with robust safeguards. However, as Law Minister, he defended the continuation of the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA), a position that alienated sections of the bar and civil society who had earlier regarded him as a champion of individual liberties.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555417 2025-08-11T08:28:11Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office = Union Minister of Law and Justice<br /> | term_start = 14 January 1980<br /> | term_end = 31 October 1984<br /> | primeminister = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | successor = Jagannath Kaushal<br /> | term_start1 = 6 February 1975<br /> | term_end1 = 24 March 1977<br /> | primeminister1 = Indira Gandhi<br /> | predecessor1 = H. R. Gokhale<br /> | successor1 = Shanti Bhushan <br /> | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Opposition, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start2 = 26 March 1977<br /> | term_end2 = 13 January 1980<br /> | constituency2 = Delhi<br /> | office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha<br /> | term_start3 = 16 April 1974<br /> | term_end3 = 6 December 1984<br /> | constituency3 = Delhi<br /> | office4 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start4 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end4 = 9 April 1973<br /> | nominator4 = P. B. Gajendragadkar<br /> | appointer4 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office5 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start5 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end5 = 5 May 1966<br /> | nominator5 = M. Patanjali Sastri<br /> | appointer5 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office6 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start6 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end6 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist, Politician<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist and politician who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973, the Union Minister of Law and Justice from 1975 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal and political career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab (1958)====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab (1960)====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University (1960)====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab (1964)====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State (1965)====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970)====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Following his retirement from the Supreme Court in 1973, Razdan was persuaded by several senior figures in the Indian National Congress to enter public life, a move justified at the time by his reputation as a consensus-builder and his deep understanding of constitutional governance. Initially reluctant, he accepted nomination to the Rajya Sabha in 1974 as a Congress member representing Delhi, citing the need for “experienced constitutional stewardship” during what he described as a period of “institutional growing pains” for the Republic.<br /> <br /> In the Rajya Sabha, Razdan was quickly recognised as a measured but influential voice in debates on federalism, judicial reform, and economic policy. He was appointed Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs in 1975 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, assuming the portfolio just months before the declaration of the Emergency. His tenure was marked by efforts to modernise procedural law, including the drafting of amendments to the Code of Civil Procedure to reduce delays, and early moves toward the consolidation of corporate law into a unified Companies Act.<br /> <br /> During the Emergency (1975–1977), Razdan’s position was complex: while publicly loyal to the cabinet’s collective responsibility, he is reported to have privately cautioned against excessive use of preventive detention powers and the curtailment of press freedom. Archival accounts suggest that he attempted—albeit discreetly—to mediate between the government and dissenting legal luminaries, seeking to preserve a minimum level of judicial independence within the altered constitutional framework of the 42nd Amendment.<br /> <br /> After the Congress defeat in 1977, Razdan remained in the Rajya Sabha, serving as Deputy Leader of the Opposition. In this role, he played an important part in the parliamentary scrutiny of the Janata government’s rollback of Emergency-era amendments, arguing for a balanced restoration that would preserve certain administrative efficiencies introduced during the period while reinstating robust rights protections.<br /> <br /> He returned to ministerial office in 1980, once again as Minister of Law and Justice in Indira Gandhi’s second government, where he oversaw the passage of the Legal Services Authorities Act (laying the groundwork for legal aid) and spearheaded the introduction of judicial infrastructure grants to High Courts in smaller states.<br /> <br /> Razdan retired from active politics in 1985 but remained a respected elder statesman, frequently consulted on constitutional matters by successive governments, regardless of party. His post-political years were devoted to writing, arbitration work, and mentoring a new generation of constitutional lawyers.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555406 2025-08-11T07:06:51Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office1 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start1 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end1 = 9 April 1973<br /> | appointed1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office2 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start2 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end2 = 5 May 1966<br /> | appointed2 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office3 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start3 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end3 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972), Honorary LL.D. (Punjab University, 1958)<br /> |nominator1=P. B. Gajendragadkar|nominator2=M. Patanjali Sastri}}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory.<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the middle of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.<br /> <br /> ==Judicial career==<br /> ===Punjab High Court===<br /> In 1958, Razdan was elevated to the Bench of the Punjab High Court, which at that time retained jurisdiction not only over the territories of Punjab but also over the Union Territory of Delhi. His appointment came at a moment when the High Court was grappling with an unprecedented docket—an inevitable consequence of the sweeping legislative programme undertaken by the Union and State governments in the first decade after independence.<br /> <br /> On the Bench, Razdan quickly developed a reputation for crafting opinions that married exacting textual analysis with a perceptive awareness of the broader social and economic currents reshaping the country. He approached each matter with the conviction that the Constitution was not merely a legal instrument but a living framework, designed to reconcile the imperatives of economic development, social reform, and individual liberty.<br /> <br /> His judgments during this period frequently engaged with the constitutional implications of land reform statutes enacted under the protective umbrella of Articles 31A and 31B, striking a careful balance between upholding legislative measures aimed at agrarian equity and safeguarding procedural fairness for affected landowners. In writ jurisdiction matters under Article 226, he was noted for insisting on a disciplined threshold for intervention—ensuring that the High Court acted decisively when fundamental rights were imperilled, yet refrained from substituting judicial discretion for administrative or legislative policy.<br /> <br /> Razdan also presided over a number of complex service law cases involving recruitment and promotion in the newly reorganised state services, where his opinions often emphasised merit-based selection while recognising the State’s evolving reservation policies. In disputes touching on university governance, cooperative society regulation, and municipal administration, he applied a pragmatic interpretative style, conscious of the need for legal stability in a period of institutional flux.<br /> <br /> Colleagues at the Bar frequently remarked on his command of comparative jurisprudence; it was not uncommon for his judgments to reference not only earlier decisions of the Federal Court and Privy Council but also contemporary rulings from other Commonwealth jurisdictions facing similar post-colonial transitions. This method lent his opinions both intellectual depth and a sense of India’s place within a wider legal family.<br /> <br /> On 15 July 1963, Razdan was appointed Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court, guiding the institution through a critical period of judicial reorganization and reform. His leadership coincided with the aftermath of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, which redefined jurisdictional boundaries. His administrative foresight ensured the seamless handling of the judiciary’s structural transition.<br /> <br /> ===Supreme Court===<br /> In 1966, Razdan was elevated to the Supreme Court of India, joining the nation’s apex judicial body at a time when the Court was increasingly called upon to adjudicate questions central to the balance between parliamentary sovereignty, executive authority, and the entrenched guarantees of the Constitution. His elevation coincided with the post-Golaknath ferment in constitutional jurisprudence, the judicial review of the nationalisation programme, and the deepening debate over the scope of fundamental rights during periods of political turbulence.<br /> <br /> On the Supreme Court Bench, Razdan was assigned to several Constitution Benches, where his judgments and concurring opinions displayed a methodical adherence to constitutional text tempered by purposive interpretation. He was an early advocate of reading the Directive Principles of State Policy in harmony with Fundamental Rights, contending that the two parts of the Constitution were not antagonistic but complementary expressions of the founding compact.<br /> <br /> Beyond the courtroom, Razdan was active in judicial administration, advocating for procedural reforms to expedite hearings, reduce arrears, and improve access to justice. He was known for mentoring younger advocates, particularly those from underrepresented regions, and for encouraging the citation of comparative constitutional materials from both within and outside the Commonwealth.<br /> <br /> Razdan demitted office in 1973, shortly after delivering his opinion in Kesavananda Bharati, marking the close of a judicial career that had spanned fifteen years across two of India’s highest judicial forums. His Supreme Court judgments continue to be cited for their analytical clarity and principled balancing of individual rights with legislative objectives.<br /> <br /> ===Selected judgements===<br /> ====Atma Ram v. State of Punjab (1958)====<br /> This was a pivotal land tenure case where the High Court upheld the validity of land reform legislation under Article 31A. In his rulings, Razdan navigated the complex interplay between tenant rights and constitutional protections for property, situating his opinions within the wider land-tenure reform movement.<br /> <br /> ====Rameshwar Dayal v. State of Punjab (1960)====<br /> Concerning the appointment of judicial officers, the Court dismissed a writ petition under Article 226 challenging the qualifications of several appointees. Razdan’s judgments elaborated on the High Court’s administrative discipline and the scope of judicial review in service matters.<br /> <br /> ====Darbara Singh M.Sc. v. Vice-Chancellor, Punjab University (1960)====<br /> In matters of electoral jurisdiction, Razdan’s judgments acknowledged the primacy of specialized tribunals, while reaffirming the High Court’s constitutional prerogative to intervene under Article 226 in exceptional and fundamental cases.<br /> <br /> ====Ranjit Singh &amp; Ors. v. State of Punjab (1964)====<br /> Under CJ Razdan’s tenure, the High Court upheld reforms under the Punjab Village Common Lands (Regulation) Act, affirming the constitutional validity of vesting village lands in Panchayats for communal benefit under Article 31A.<br /> <br /> ====Rajinder Parshad v. Punjab State (1965)====<br /> In a detailed property reservation dispute, the Court—under his presidency—delved into contested interpretations of self-cultivation eligibility, highlighting the procedural precision required in adjudicating agrarian reform claims.<br /> <br /> ====R.C. Cooper v. Union of India (1970)====<br /> A bank nationalisation case in which the majority struck down the Government’s action as violating the right to property under Article 31. Razdan’s separate judgment, while agreeing with the result, elaborated on the doctrine that legislative classification must have a rational nexus to its objectives, a view that would later inform economic regulation jurisprudence.<br /> <br /> ====Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)====<br /> A historic decision recognising the “basic structure doctrine”. Razdan’s contribution lay in articulating that while Parliament enjoyed vast amending powers under Article 368, these did not extend to altering the essential features of the Constitution, which he identified as including the supremacy of the Constitution, separation of powers, and the federal character of the Union.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555403 2025-08-11T06:41:28Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office1 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start1 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end1 = 9 April 1973<br /> | appointed1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office2 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start2 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end2 = 5 May 1966<br /> | appointed2 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office3 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start3 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end3 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972), Honorary LL.D. (Punjab University, 1958)<br /> |nominator1=P. B. Gajendragadkar|nominator2=M. Patanjali Sastri}}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> Upon his return to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar in London, Razdan began his legal practice at the Lahore High Court (which then served Punjab and Delhi), where he specialised in civil law, constitutional disputes, and revenue cases. His arguments often displayed a distinctive synthesis of Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with principles drawn from Dharmashastra, and he frequently represented appellants before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|Razdan during his call to the bar c. 1939. ]]<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> Between 1939 and 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel to the Government of India’s Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant cases concerning federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act of 1935, and inter-governmental legal disputes.<br /> <br /> From 1943 to 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative assembly for India’s princely states. In this capacity, he played a central role in the legal negotiations facilitating the integration of the princely states into the Indian Union, particularly during the fraught transition surrounding Partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Concurrently, from 1943 to 1948, Razdan served as a member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee, utilizing his position to advocate for urban public health reforms and the expansion of educational infrastructure in the rapidly growing national capital.<br /> <br /> ===Post Independence===<br /> Following the creation of the Republic, Razdan’s stature as a constitutional luminary was affirmed through his involvement in pivotal judicial developments of the early 1950s. He was frequently consulted by senior counsel and state actors to provide high-calibre insights into cases that shaped India’s constitutional trajectory. Key examples from this era include:<br /> <br /> ====A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)==== <br /> This seminal case addressed the scope of personal liberty under Article 21. The Supreme Court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, ruling that “procedure established by law” sufficed even in the absence of a “due process” standard. Razdan’s contemporary commentaries—widely circulated in All India Reporter—argued that while the judgment aligned with parliamentary intent, it left critical questions on procedural fairness unresolved.<br /> <br /> ====Prem Singh v. State of Punjab (1952)==== <br /> In this less widely reported but significant judgment, the Supreme Court upheld the validity of extending preventive detention beyond three months under Section 12 of the Preventive Detention Act, 1950. Razdan was known to have authored a detailed brief—distributed among legal practitioners—that contextualized the decision as reflective not only of a constitutional reading but also the practical exigencies of preserving public order in a newly sovereign nation.<br /> <br /> ====State of Madras v. Champakam Dorairajan (1951)====<br /> In a pioneering judgment on affirmative action, the Court struck down a colonial-era communal Government Order issuing caste-based reservations. This ruling prompted India’s first constitutional amendment. Razdan’s published analysis framed this as a watershed moment—highlighting the tension between individual equality guaranteed under Part III and newly emerging social justice imperatives.<br /> <br /> ===Appointment as Senior Advocate===<br /> In the courtroom, though not formally counsel of record, Razdan was regularly referenced by leading advocates and judges for his interpretative frameworks. His articles in the Supreme Court Journal—meticulously crafted with comparative analyses of British and American precedents—bolstered judicial deliberations in these early constitutional tests.<br /> <br /> By the midel of the 1950s, Razdan’s writings and public-spirited lectures had become cornerstone references in legal education, particularly on the evolving balance between fundamental rights and state authority. His thought leadership continued to influence jurisprudential careers and institutional norms into the next decades.<br /> <br /> In 1955, Razdan was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court of India—an acknowledgment of both his professional eminence and his substantial contributions to the development of constitutional jurisprudence in the formative years of the Republic. In the years immediately before and after this designation, he was involved, either as lead counsel or as a consulting advocate, in several of the Court’s most consequential constitutional cases.<br /> <br /> By the late 1950s, his appearances extended to property rights and federalism disputes, including cases arising from the Abolition of Zamindari Acts, where his advocacy frequently balanced the imperatives of social reform with the constitutional protections for property then enshrined in Article 31. His arguments and writings from this period continue to be referenced in constitutional law scholarship for their combination of doctrinal precision and historical awareness.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Justice_Somnath_G._Razdan_-_Call_to_the_Bar.jpg&diff=555402 2025-08-11T06:19:59Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555401 2025-08-11T06:19:01Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office1 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start1 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end1 = 9 April 1973<br /> | appointed1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office2 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start2 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end2 = 5 May 1966<br /> | appointed2 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office3 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start3 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end3 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972), Honorary LL.D. (Punjab University, 1958)<br /> |nominator1=P. B. Gajendragadkar|nominator2=M. Patanjali Sastri}}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Razdan was born on 9 April 1895 in Mattan, Anantnag district, in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, into a prominent Kashmiri Pandit family of civil administrators and scholars.<br /> <br /> His father, Rai Bahadur Pandit Govind Narain Razdan, held the position of Mir Munshi (Chief Secretary) in the Darbar of Maharaja Pratap Singh (r. 1885–1925). The Rai Bahadur title, conferred by the British colonial administration, reflected the family's standing within the princely state's administrative hierarchy. His mother, Shobhana Razdan (née Tikku), came from an established landowning Pandit family based in Srinagar.<br /> <br /> Razdan received his early education at the Tyndale Biscoe School in Srinagar. He subsequently attended Government College Lahore, where he completed his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.<br /> <br /> Following his undergraduate studies, Razdan pursued legal education at Government Law College, Bombay, earning his Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree in 1937. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London in 1939, during the period when many Indian barristers sought English legal qualifications to enhance their professional standing in the colonial legal system.<br /> <br /> ==Legal career==<br /> ===Lahore High Court===<br /> [[File:Justice Somnath G. Razdan - Call to the Bar.jpg|thumb|Razdan during his call to the bar c. 1939. ]]<br /> Returning to India in 1939 following his call to the Bar, Razdan commenced practice at the Punjab High Court in Lahore, specialising in civil law, constitutional matters, and revenue disputes. He developed a reputation for integrating Anglo-Indian jurisprudence with traditional Dharmashastra principles in his legal arguments, and frequently appeared in appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<br /> <br /> ===Government Counsel &amp; public policy roles===<br /> From 1939 to 1943, Razdan served as Assistant Standing Counsel for the Government of India's Home Department, representing the colonial administration in significant constitutional and administrative law cases. During this period, he handled matters relating to federal jurisdiction, provincial autonomy under the Government of India Act 1935, and inter-governmental disputes.<br /> <br /> Between 1943 and 1947, he was appointed Legal Adviser to the Chamber of Princes, the consultative body representing India's princely states. This role placed him at the centre of complex negotiations regarding the legal framework for princely state integration into independent India, particularly during the critical transition period surrounding partition and independence.<br /> <br /> Razdan also served as a Member of the New Delhi Municipal Committee from 1943 to 1948, where he advocated for comprehensive urban public health initiatives and educational reforms in the rapidly expanding capital city.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Justice_Somnath_G._Razdan.jpg&diff=555354 2025-08-11T04:29:54Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555351 2025-08-11T04:29:31Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = Justice Somnath G. Razdan.jpg<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office1 = Judge of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start1 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end1 = 9 April 1973<br /> | appointed1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office2 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start2 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end2 = 5 May 1966<br /> | appointed2 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office3 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start3 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end3 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Kamalnath Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Government College Lahore (B.A.); Government Law College, Bombay (LL.B.); Lincoln's Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972), Honorary LL.D. (Punjab University, 1958)<br /> |nominator1=P. B. Gajendragadkar|nominator2=M. Patanjali Sastri}}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national<br /> statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a<br /> Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555298 2025-08-11T04:05:24Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = Justice<br /> | name = Somnath Govind Razdan<br /> | image = &lt;!-- placeholder portrait --&gt;<br /> | caption = Justice S.G. Razdan, c. 1957<br /> | office1 = Justice of the Supreme Court of India<br /> | term_start1 = 15 May 1966<br /> | term_end1 = 9 April 1973<br /> | appointed1 = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan<br /> | office2 = Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start2 = 12 March 1963<br /> | term_end2 = 5 May 1966<br /> | office3 = Judge of the Punjab High Court<br /> | term_start3 = 12 March 1958<br /> | term_end3 = 5 May 1963<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date |1913|2|9}}<br /> | birth_place = Mattan, Anantnag District, Princely State of Jammu &amp; Kashmir<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age |2004|11|11|1913|2|9}}<br /> | death_place = New Delhi, India<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | spouse = Sushila Kaul (m. 1937)<br /> | children = 4 (including Arun Razdan and Dr. Nalini Zutshi)<br /> | alma_mater = Trinity College, Cambridge; Lincoln’s Inn<br /> | profession = Barrister; Judge; Jurist<br /> | known_for = Constitutional liberalism<br /> | awards = Padma Bhushan (1972), Honorary LL.D. (Punjab University, 1958)<br /> |nominator1=P. B. Gajendragadkar}}<br /> <br /> Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national<br /> statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a<br /> Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Somnath_G._Razdan&diff=555199 2025-08-11T03:32:42Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: Created page with &quot;Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisp...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Justice '''Somnath Govind Razdan''' (9 February 1913 – 11 November 2004) was an Indian jurist who served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of India from 1966 to 1973. He subsequently chaired several national<br /> statutory bodies and was recognized as a prominent constitutional scholar and barrister. Razdan was a<br /> Kashmiri Pandit whose legal career spanned through the twilight years British colonial rule and the early decades of independent India. His contributions to jurisprudence, administrative service, and educational institutions influenced the development of India's legal and governmental frameworks during the mid-20th century.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539963 2025-05-22T15:49:13Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Jala, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre family, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot;<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> ===Demonym derivations===<br /> <br /> The inhabitants of Hjaltland are known as '''Hjaltars''', a term rooted in the Norn language and derived from the Old Norse ''Hjaltalandar'', meaning “people of Hjaltland.” The suffix ''-ar'' functions as a plural marker in both Old Norse and its descendant Norn, while the singular form is ''Hjaltar''. The corresponding adjective used to describe anything relating to the nation—such as its culture, government, or language—is ''Hjaltaric''. This form is used in formal and official contexts, appearing in state documents, treaties, and legal terminology.<br /> <br /> In informal or poetic English usage, particularly in literature and diaspora writing, the adjective ''Hjaltish'' or ''Hiltish'' may sometimes appear, though it is not widely used within Hjaltland itself. An older English variant, Hjaltlander or Hiltlander, occasionally found in 19th- and early 20th-century academic writing, has largely fallen out of use in favor of the native-rooted forms. In modern Norn, the demonym remains ''hjaltari'' in the singular and ''hjaltarar'' in the plural.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Prehistory===<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Hjaltland archipelago has been continuously inhabited since at least the early Neolithic period, around 4000 BCE. The first settlers were likely seafaring peoples from mainland Scotland and Scandinavia who brought with them early farming techniques, domesticated animals, and megalithic traditions. Traces of their presence can be seen in the form of chambered cairns, standing stones, and field systems scattered across the islands. These early communities lived in turf- and stone-built houses, sustained by a mix of agriculture, fishing, and seasonal foraging, and likely maintained trade or cultural contact with other North Atlantic communities.<br /> <br /> By the Bronze and Iron Ages, Hjaltland had developed a distinctive insular culture, closely aligned with that of the Northern Isles and coastal Scandinavia. Hillforts and brochs—massive stone towers unique to the region—were constructed during this period, suggesting growing social complexity and possibly inter-island rivalry or external threats. While the written record does not begin until the early medieval period, these prehistoric societies laid the foundation for the later Norse settlement and cultural imprint that would come to define Hjaltland’s historical identity.<br /> <br /> ===Roman conquest and pre-Viking expansion===<br /> <br /> The Romans were certainly aware of the northern isles, including the Orkney and Hjaltland archipelagos, which they collectively referred to as the Orcades. Tacitus, in his account of Agricola's campaigns, alludes to Roman forces having sighted or even circumnavigated these distant lands—possibly referring to the legendary Thule. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, a &quot;king of the Orcades&quot; was listed among the eleven rulers said to have paid tribute to Emperor Claudius, suggesting at least nominal Roman recognition of sovereignty in the region. Later Roman sources from the 4th and 5th centuries appear to include the islands within a Roman provincial framework.<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence, however, indicates that the Romans never established a permanent presence in the islands. Instead, they likely engaged in limited trade with local populations, perhaps through intermediaries. While no definitive signs of occupation have been found, some contemporary Hjaltar scholars—such as Stefan Norðdahl—have argued that the islands may have briefly fallen under direct Roman administration, possibly overseen by imperial procurators during a short-lived phase of expanded northern control.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539961 2025-05-22T15:46:11Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Jala, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot;<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> ===Demonym derivations===<br /> <br /> The inhabitants of Hjaltland are known as '''Hjaltars''', a term rooted in the Norn language and derived from the Old Norse ''Hjaltalandar'', meaning “people of Hjaltland.” The suffix ''-ar'' functions as a plural marker in both Old Norse and its descendant Norn, while the singular form is ''Hjaltar''. The corresponding adjective used to describe anything relating to the nation—such as its culture, government, or language—is ''Hjaltaric''. This form is used in formal and official contexts, appearing in state documents, treaties, and legal terminology.<br /> <br /> In informal or poetic English usage, particularly in literature and diaspora writing, the adjective ''Hjaltish'' or ''Hiltish'' may sometimes appear, though it is not widely used within Hjaltland itself. An older English variant, Hjaltlander or Hiltlander, occasionally found in 19th- and early 20th-century academic writing, has largely fallen out of use in favor of the native-rooted forms. In modern Norn, the demonym remains ''hjaltari'' in the singular and ''hjaltarar'' in the plural.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Prehistory===<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Hjaltland archipelago has been continuously inhabited since at least the early Neolithic period, around 4000 BCE. The first settlers were likely seafaring peoples from mainland Scotland and Scandinavia who brought with them early farming techniques, domesticated animals, and megalithic traditions. Traces of their presence can be seen in the form of chambered cairns, standing stones, and field systems scattered across the islands. These early communities lived in turf- and stone-built houses, sustained by a mix of agriculture, fishing, and seasonal foraging, and likely maintained trade or cultural contact with other North Atlantic communities.<br /> <br /> By the Bronze and Iron Ages, Hjaltland had developed a distinctive insular culture, closely aligned with that of the Northern Isles and coastal Scandinavia. Hillforts and brochs—massive stone towers unique to the region—were constructed during this period, suggesting growing social complexity and possibly inter-island rivalry or external threats. While the written record does not begin until the early medieval period, these prehistoric societies laid the foundation for the later Norse settlement and cultural imprint that would come to define Hjaltland’s historical identity.<br /> <br /> ===Roman conquest and pre-Viking expansion===<br /> <br /> The Romans were certainly aware of the northern isles, including the Orkney and Hjaltland archipelagos, which they collectively referred to as the Orcades. Tacitus, in his account of Agricola's campaigns, alludes to Roman forces having sighted or even circumnavigated these distant lands—possibly referring to the legendary Thule. Following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, a &quot;king of the Orcades&quot; was listed among the eleven rulers said to have paid tribute to Emperor Claudius, suggesting at least nominal Roman recognition of sovereignty in the region. Later Roman sources from the 4th and 5th centuries appear to include the islands within a Roman provincial framework.<br /> <br /> Archaeological evidence, however, indicates that the Romans never established a permanent presence in the islands. Instead, they likely engaged in limited trade with local populations, perhaps through intermediaries. While no definitive signs of occupation have been found, some contemporary Hjaltar scholars—such as Stefan Norðdahl—have argued that the islands may have briefly fallen under direct Roman administration, possibly overseen by imperial procurators during a short-lived phase of expanded northern control.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539954 2025-05-22T14:37:57Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Jala, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot;<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> ===Demonym derivations===<br /> <br /> The inhabitants of Hjaltland are known as '''Hjaltars''', a term rooted in the Norn language and derived from the Old Norse ''Hjaltalandar'', meaning “people of Hjaltland.” The suffix ''-ar'' functions as a plural marker in both Old Norse and its descendant Norn, while the singular form is ''Hjaltar''. The corresponding adjective used to describe anything relating to the nation—such as its culture, government, or language—is ''Hjaltaric''. This form is used in formal and official contexts, appearing in state documents, treaties, and legal terminology.<br /> <br /> In informal or poetic English usage, particularly in literature and diaspora writing, the adjective ''Hjaltish'' or ''Hiltish'' may sometimes appear, though it is not widely used within Hjaltland itself. An older English variant, Hjaltlander or Hiltlander, occasionally found in 19th- and early 20th-century academic writing, has largely fallen out of use in favor of the native-rooted forms. In modern Norn, the demonym remains ''hjaltari'' in the singular and ''hjaltarar'' in the plural.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539953 2025-05-22T14:35:09Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot;<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> ===Demonym derivations===<br /> <br /> The inhabitants of Hjaltland are known as '''Hjaltars''', a term rooted in the Norn language and derived from the Old Norse ''Hjaltalandar'', meaning “people of Hjaltland.” The suffix ''-ar'' functions as a plural marker in both Old Norse and its descendant Norn, while the singular form is ''Hjaltar''. The corresponding adjective used to describe anything relating to the nation—such as its culture, government, or language—is ''Hjaltaric''. This form is used in formal and official contexts, appearing in state documents, treaties, and legal terminology.<br /> <br /> In informal or poetic English usage, particularly in literature and diaspora writing, the adjective ''Hjaltish'' or ''Hiltish'' may sometimes appear, though it is not widely used within Hjaltland itself. An older English variant, Hjaltlander or Hiltlander, occasionally found in 19th- and early 20th-century academic writing, has largely fallen out of use in favor of the native-rooted forms. In modern Norn, the demonym remains ''hjaltari'' in the singular and ''hjaltarar'' in the plural.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539952 2025-05-22T14:33:58Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> =Etymology=<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot;<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> ==Demonym derivations==<br /> <br /> The inhabitants of Hjaltland are known as '''Hjaltars''', a term rooted in the Norn language and derived from the Old Norse ''Hjaltalandar'', meaning “people of Hjaltland.” The suffix ''-ar'' functions as a plural marker in both Old Norse and its descendant Norn, while the singular form is ''Hjaltar''. The corresponding adjective used to describe anything relating to the nation—such as its culture, government, or language—is ''Hjaltaric''. This form is used in formal and official contexts, appearing in state documents, treaties, and legal terminology.<br /> <br /> In informal or poetic English usage, particularly in literature and diaspora writing, the adjective ''Hjaltish'' or ''Hiltish'' may sometimes appear, though it is not widely used within Hjaltland itself. An older English variant, Hjaltlander or Hiltlander, occasionally found in 19th- and early 20th-century academic writing, has largely fallen out of use in favor of the native-rooted forms. In modern Norn, the demonym remains ''hjaltari'' in the singular and ''hjaltarar'' in the plural.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Category:Hjaltland&diff=539951 2025-05-22T14:22:34Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: Created blank page</p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539950 2025-05-22T14:22:10Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> =Etymology=<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot; This transformation led to the modern English name Zetland, which is still used in colloquial contexts in the Anglosphere.<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hjaltland]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539949 2025-05-22T14:21:52Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> =Etymology=<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot; This transformation led to the modern English name Zetland, which is still used in colloquial contexts in the Anglosphere.<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kalșeri]]</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539948 2025-05-22T14:11:48Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.<br /> <br /> =Etymology=<br /> <br /> The name Hjaltland derives from Old Norse. The root word &quot;hjalt&quot; refers to the hilt or crossguard of a sword, symbolically referencing either the shape of the islands or their strategic and martial significance to the Norse seafarers. The suffix &quot;-land&quot; is a common Old Norse toponymic ending, meaning &quot;land&quot; or &quot;territory.&quot; Thus, Hjaltland can be interpreted as &quot;land of the hilt&quot; or &quot;sword-hilt land.&quot;<br /> <br /> In the Norn language, a direct descendant of Old Norse that has been spoken in Hjaltland since at least the 11th century, the name persisted with minimal phonological changes. The continued use of the name in Norn sources, sagas, and legal texts helped preserve the traditional spelling and pronunciation, in contrast to the anglicized forms that emerged under later Scottish and British influence through migrations and trade.<br /> <br /> During early medieval Norse rule and subsequent independent governance under the Møre Earldom, Hjaltland was frequently mentioned in documents such as the Orkneyinga Saga and Norwegian royal charters, underscoring the islands’ integral role in the broader Norse maritime world. By the early modern era, Hjaltland had been commonly rendered as Zhetland in Lowland Scots and English documents—a result of misinterpreting the handwritten Norse &quot;Ȝ&quot; (yogh) character as a &quot;Z.&quot; This transformation led to the modern English name Zetland, which is still used in colloquial contexts in the Anglosphere.<br /> <br /> The modern-day state’s official retention and standardization of the name Hjaltland reflects a conscious maintenance of its Norse cultural heritage and the linguistic continuity of the Hjaltar people. The name serves as a national symbol of the country’s enduring ties to its Scandinavian origins and its distinct identity among the Nordic nations.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539920 2025-05-22T07:21:01Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre, is the current King of Hjaltland. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539919 2025-05-22T07:18:50Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = 0.8%<br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = 156th<br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = 833.12<br /> | population_density_sq_mi = 2159.35<br /> | population_density_rank = 16th<br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> The current monarch is King Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=539918 2025-05-22T07:10:52Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = <br /> | national_anthem = <br /> | royal_anthem = <br /> | other_symbol_type = <br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = <br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy<br /> | leader_title1 = Monarch<br /> | leader_name1 = Sigurd VIII<br /> | leader_title2 = Prime Minister <br /> | leader_name2 = Emil Pálsson<br /> | leader_title3 = Speaker of the Hoystrting<br /> | leader_name3 = Gladis Johannesdóttir<br /> | leader_title4 = Chief Justice<br /> | leader_name4 = Kristján Johannesson <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = 1,467<br /> | area_sq_mi = 566<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +379<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> The current monarch is King Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=538994 2025-05-21T15:13:14Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = .hj<br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +474<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> The current monarch is King Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=538993 2025-05-21T15:11:01Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 1,222,191<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 1,213,118 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $133.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $110,418<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $124.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $102,636<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 24.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = HJ<br /> | calling_code = +474<br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', officially the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It lies on the 60th parallel north and has no land borders, although it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (specifically Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to the southwest and Norway to the east. The country's territory comprises five main islands—Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar, and Megenland—as well as approximately 300 smaller satellite islands and skerries. Collectively, these make up the Hjaltland Archipelago. The capital and largest city is Larvick. With a population of 1,213,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populous Nordic country.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland features an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline, and largely low-lying topography.<br /> <br /> The area now known as Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, prior to Scandinavian conquest and colonization in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. Its modern borders have remained unchanged since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> The current monarch is King Sigurd VIII of the House of Møre. Emil Pálsson has served as Prime Minister since 2024. Hjaltland is a unitary state with a constitutional monarchy, dividing state power between the parliament, cabinet, and supreme court, as defined by the Constitution of 1788. The country is divided into two levels of administrative and political subdivisions: counties and municipalities.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland maintains close diplomatic and economic ties with the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a founding member of the United Nations, NATO, the European Free Trade Association, the Council of Europe, and the Nordic Council. It is also a member of the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and is part of the Schengen Area.<br /> <br /> The country has a distinct legal system, education system, and religious history, all of which have contributed to the preservation of Hjaltar culture and national identity. Norn is the most widely spoken language and exists on a dialect continuum with Old Norse dating back to the Early Middle Ages.<br /> Local traditions reflect the islands' Norse heritage, including the Up Helly Aa fire festivals and a strong musical culture, particularly a traditional fiddle style. Scots and Scottish Gaelic are also spoken, especially in the south, due to Hjaltland’s proximity to Scotland and waves of Scottish immigration following the First and Second World Wars.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland upholds the Nordic welfare model, offering universal healthcare and a comprehensive social security system rooted in egalitarian ideals. The state maintains significant ownership in key industries and possesses extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, dairy, and seafood. The petroleum industry accounts for approximately one-quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On a per-capita basis, Hjaltland is the world’s second-largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. It ranks fourth and sixth in the world for per-capita income on the World Bank and IMF lists, respectively.<br /> <br /> The national motto is &quot;Með lögum skal land byggja&quot; (&quot;By law shall the land be built&quot;). The phrase originates from Old Norse and is mentioned in Njáls saga, likely derived from historical provincial laws such as the Frostathing Law or the Law of Jutland.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=473046 2024-06-23T03:41:39Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = Hoystrting <br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 22.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = GMT<br /> | utc_offset = +0<br /> | time_zone_DST = HST<br /> | utc_offset_DST = +1<br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = {{abbr|dd|day}}.{{abbr|mm|month}}.{{abbr|yyyy|year}}<br /> | drives_on = right<br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. With a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.<br /> <br /> The region that makes up present-day Hjaltland has been inhabited since at least the Mesolithic period. The Picts were the original inhabitants of the islands, before the Scandinavian conquest and subsequent colonisation in the Early Middle Ages. Hjaltland has been an independent state since at least the mid-9th or early 10th century, making it one of the oldest continuously independent nations in the world. The modern-day borders of Hjaltland have been extant since the Cession of Orkney in the mid-15th century.<br /> <br /> Hjaltland has an oceanic climate, complex geology, a rugged coastline and largely low-rising topology.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471318 2024-06-13T10:27:08Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 22.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = <br /> | utc_offset = <br /> | time_zone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = <br /> | drives_on = <br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. With a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471317 2024-06-13T10:07:37Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = Hjaltland Orthographic Projection.png<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | image_map_size = 200<br /> | image_map2 = <br /> | alt_map2 = <br /> | map_caption2 = <br /> | image_map2_size = <br /> | capital = Larvick<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|60|10|N|1|9|W|type:city}}<br /> | largest_city = capital<br /> | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Norn]]|[[Norse]]}}<br /> | national_languages = {{hlist|[[English]]|[[Scottish Gaelic]]|[[Scots]]}}<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = 22.6<br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = increase<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = Hjaltland skilling<br /> | currency_code = HLS<br /> | time_zone = <br /> | utc_offset = <br /> | time_zone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = <br /> | drives_on = <br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Hjaltland_Orthographic_Projection.png&diff=471316 2024-06-13T09:45:15Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471315 2024-06-13T09:40:58Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = <br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = <br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = <br /> | flag_border = <br /> | image_flag2 = <br /> | alt_flag2 = <br /> | flag2_border = <br /> | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_coat = <br /> | symbol_type = <br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = <br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = high<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = <br /> | currency_code = <br /> | time_zone = <br /> | utc_offset = <br /> | time_zone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = <br /> | drives_on = <br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hjaltland.svg&diff=471314 2024-06-13T09:40:21Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471313 2024-06-13T09:23:10Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> | image_flag = Flag of Hjaltland.svg<br /> | alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> | flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> | flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> | symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = <br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = high<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = <br /> | currency_code = <br /> | time_zone = <br /> | utc_offset = <br /> | time_zone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = <br /> | drives_on = <br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hjaltland.svg&diff=471312 2024-06-13T09:22:16Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471306 2024-06-13T07:00:18Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> | image_flag = &lt;!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> | flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> | flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> | symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = 2,113,118<br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = 2023<br /> | population_census = 2,100,388 <br /> | population_census_year = 2021 <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = <br /> | GDP_PPP = $297.95 billion<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $141,002<br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = $281.51 billion<br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $133,221<br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = <br /> | Gini_ref = <br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = 2021<br /> | HDI = 0.978<br /> | HDI_change = high<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = <br /> | currency = <br /> | currency_code = <br /> | time_zone = <br /> | utc_offset = <br /> | time_zone_DST = <br /> | utc_offset_DST = <br /> | DST_note = <br /> | antipodes = <br /> | date_format = <br /> | drives_on = <br /> | cctld = <br /> | iso3166code = <br /> | calling_code = <br /> | image_map3 = <br /> | alt_map3 = <br /> | footnote_a = <br /> | footnote_b = <br /> | footnote_h = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471305 2024-06-13T06:51:00Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Konungdómr Hjaltland'' ([[Norse]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> | image_flag = &lt;!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> | flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> | flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> | symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = <br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = <br /> | population_census = <br /> | population_census_year = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = &lt;!--An alternative to population for micronation--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP = &lt;!--(Gross Domestic Product from Purchasing Power Parity)--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = <br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = &lt;!--(Gini measure of income inequality; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 100)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;<br /> | HDI = &lt;!--(Human Development Index; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 1)--&gt;<br /> | HDI_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady; rank change from previous year--&gt;<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--&gt;<br /> | currency = &lt;!--Name/s of currency/ies used in country/territory--&gt;<br /> | currency_code = &lt;!--ISO 4217 code/s for currency/ies (each usually three capital letters)--&gt;<br /> | time_zone = &lt;!--e.g. GMT, PST, AST, etc, etc (wikilinked if possible)--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | time_zone_DST = &lt;!--Link to DST (Daylight Saving Time) used, otherwise leave empty--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset_DST = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | DST_note = &lt;!--Optional note regarding DST use--&gt;<br /> | antipodes = &lt;!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory--&gt;<br /> | date_format = &lt;!--all-numeric date format and era, such as [[Common Era|CE]], [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Hijri year|AH]], etc.; e.g. {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) --&gt;<br /> | drives_on = &lt;!--&quot;right&quot; or &quot;left&quot; (side of road)--&gt;<br /> | cctld = &lt;!--Internet country code top-level domain identifier (e.g. [[.br]], [[.de]], etc)--&gt;<br /> | iso3166code = &lt;!--ISO code only; no extra text. Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using &quot;omit&quot;.--&gt;<br /> | calling_code = &lt;!--e.g. [[+1]], [[+531]], [[+44]], etc--&gt;<br /> | image_map3 = &lt;!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it--&gt;<br /> | alt_map3 = &lt;!--alt text for third map position--&gt;<br /> | footnote_a = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_b = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_h = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnotes = &lt;!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471303 2024-06-13T06:49:18Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Rìoghachd Hjaltland'' ([[Gaelich]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> | image_flag = &lt;!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> | flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> | flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> | symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja&lt;br/&gt;(English: With law shall land be built)<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = <br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = <br /> | population_census = <br /> | population_census_year = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = &lt;!--An alternative to population for micronation--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP = &lt;!--(Gross Domestic Product from Purchasing Power Parity)--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = <br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = &lt;!--(Gini measure of income inequality; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 100)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;<br /> | HDI = &lt;!--(Human Development Index; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 1)--&gt;<br /> | HDI_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady; rank change from previous year--&gt;<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--&gt;<br /> | currency = &lt;!--Name/s of currency/ies used in country/territory--&gt;<br /> | currency_code = &lt;!--ISO 4217 code/s for currency/ies (each usually three capital letters)--&gt;<br /> | time_zone = &lt;!--e.g. GMT, PST, AST, etc, etc (wikilinked if possible)--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | time_zone_DST = &lt;!--Link to DST (Daylight Saving Time) used, otherwise leave empty--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset_DST = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | DST_note = &lt;!--Optional note regarding DST use--&gt;<br /> | antipodes = &lt;!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory--&gt;<br /> | date_format = &lt;!--all-numeric date format and era, such as [[Common Era|CE]], [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Hijri year|AH]], etc.; e.g. {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) --&gt;<br /> | drives_on = &lt;!--&quot;right&quot; or &quot;left&quot; (side of road)--&gt;<br /> | cctld = &lt;!--Internet country code top-level domain identifier (e.g. [[.br]], [[.de]], etc)--&gt;<br /> | iso3166code = &lt;!--ISO code only; no extra text. Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using &quot;omit&quot;.--&gt;<br /> | calling_code = &lt;!--e.g. [[+1]], [[+531]], [[+44]], etc--&gt;<br /> | image_map3 = &lt;!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it--&gt;<br /> | alt_map3 = &lt;!--alt text for third map position--&gt;<br /> | footnote_a = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_b = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_h = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnotes = &lt;!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471300 2024-06-13T06:43:25Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> | micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> | native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Rìoghachd Hjaltland'' ([[Gaelich]])<br /> | common_name = Hjaltland<br /> | status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> | image_flag = &lt;!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> | flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> | flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> | image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> | alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> | symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> | national_motto = Með lögum skal land byggja<br /> | englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> | national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> | other_symbol = <br /> | image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> | loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> | alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> | image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> | alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> | map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> | image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> | capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> | largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> | largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> | official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> | national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> | regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> | languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> | languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> | languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> | languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> | religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> | religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> | religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> | demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> | government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name1 = <br /> | leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name2 = <br /> | leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> | leader_name14 = <br /> | legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> | upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> | sovereignty_note = <br /> | established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> | established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> | established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> | established_date13 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> | area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> | area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> | area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> | percent_water = <br /> | area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> | area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> | area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> | population_estimate = <br /> | population_estimate_rank = <br /> | population_estimate_year = <br /> | population_census = <br /> | population_census_year = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | population_density_sq_mi = <br /> | population_density_rank = <br /> | nummembers = &lt;!--An alternative to population for micronation--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP = &lt;!--(Gross Domestic Product from Purchasing Power Parity)--&gt;<br /> | GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> | GDP_PPP_year = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal = <br /> | GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> | GDP_nominal_year = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> | Gini = &lt;!--(Gini measure of income inequality; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 100)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--&gt;<br /> | Gini_rank = <br /> | Gini_year = <br /> | HDI_year = &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;<br /> | HDI = &lt;!--(Human Development Index; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 1)--&gt;<br /> | HDI_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady; rank change from previous year--&gt;<br /> | HDI_rank = <br /> | HDI_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--&gt;<br /> | currency = &lt;!--Name/s of currency/ies used in country/territory--&gt;<br /> | currency_code = &lt;!--ISO 4217 code/s for currency/ies (each usually three capital letters)--&gt;<br /> | time_zone = &lt;!--e.g. GMT, PST, AST, etc, etc (wikilinked if possible)--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | time_zone_DST = &lt;!--Link to DST (Daylight Saving Time) used, otherwise leave empty--&gt;<br /> | utc_offset_DST = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> | DST_note = &lt;!--Optional note regarding DST use--&gt;<br /> | antipodes = &lt;!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory--&gt;<br /> | date_format = &lt;!--all-numeric date format and era, such as [[Common Era|CE]], [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Hijri year|AH]], etc.; e.g. {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) --&gt;<br /> | drives_on = &lt;!--&quot;right&quot; or &quot;left&quot; (side of road)--&gt;<br /> | cctld = &lt;!--Internet country code top-level domain identifier (e.g. [[.br]], [[.de]], etc)--&gt;<br /> | iso3166code = &lt;!--ISO code only; no extra text. Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using &quot;omit&quot;.--&gt;<br /> | calling_code = &lt;!--e.g. [[+1]], [[+531]], [[+44]], etc--&gt;<br /> | image_map3 = &lt;!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it--&gt;<br /> | alt_map3 = &lt;!--alt text for third map position--&gt;<br /> | footnote_a = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_b = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnote_h = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> | footnotes = &lt;!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471296 2024-06-13T06:39:04Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox country<br /> |micronation = &lt;!--yes if a micronation--&gt;<br /> |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Hjaltland<br /> |native_name = ''Kongungdum Hjaltland'' ([[Norn]])&lt;br/&gt;''Rìoghachd Hjaltland'' ([[Gaelich]])<br /> |common_name = Hjaltland<br /> |status = &lt;!--Status of country--&gt;<br /> |image_flag = &lt;!--e.g. Flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> |alt_flag = &lt;!--alt text for flag (text shown when pointer hovers over flag)--&gt;<br /> |flag_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> |image_flag2 = &lt;!--e.g. Second-flag of country.svg--&gt;<br /> |alt_flag2 = &lt;!--alt text for second flag--&gt;<br /> |flag2_border = &lt;!--set to no to disable border around the flag--&gt;<br /> |image_coat = &lt;!--e.g. Coat of arms of country.svg--&gt;<br /> |alt_coat = &lt;!--alt text for coat of arms--&gt;<br /> |symbol_type = &lt;!--emblem, seal, etc (if not a coat of arms)--&gt;<br /> |national_motto = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> |englishmotto = &lt;!--English language version of motto--&gt;<br /> |national_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> |royal_anthem = &lt;!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> |other_symbol_type = &lt;!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--&gt;<br /> |other_symbol =<br /> |image_map = &lt;!--e.g. LocationCountry.svg--&gt;<br /> |loctext = &lt;!--text description of location of country--&gt;<br /> |alt_map = &lt;!--alt text for map--&gt;<br /> |map_caption = &lt;!--Caption to place below map--&gt;<br /> |image_map_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> |image_map2 = &lt;!--Another map, if required--&gt;<br /> |alt_map2 = &lt;!--alt text for second map--&gt;<br /> |map_caption2 = &lt;!--Caption to place below second map--&gt;<br /> |image_map2_size = &lt;!--Map size in number of pixels--&gt;<br /> |capital = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's capital, wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> |coordinates = &lt;!-- Coordinates for capital, using {{tl|coord}} --&gt;<br /> |largest_city = &lt;!--Name of country/territory's largest city. Use &quot;capital&quot; (without quotation marks) if it's the capital.--&gt;<br /> |largest_settlement_type = &lt;!--Type of settlement if largest settlement not a city--&gt;<br /> |largest_settlement = &lt;!--Name of largest settlement--&gt;<br /> |official_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised in legislation, constitution, etc--&gt;<br /> |national_languages = &lt;!--Country/territory-wide languages recognised but not necessarily in country/territory-wide law, etc--&gt;<br /> |regional_languages = &lt;!--Languages recognised or associated with particular regions within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> |languages_type = &lt;!--Use to specify a further type of language, if not official, national or regional--&gt;<br /> |languages = &lt;!--Languages of the further type--&gt;<br /> |languages_sub = &lt;!--Is this further type of language a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |languages2_type = &lt;!--Another further type of language--&gt;<br /> |languages2 = &lt;!--Languages of this second further type--&gt;<br /> |languages2_sub = &lt;!--Is the second alternative type of languages a sub-item of the previous non-sub type? (&quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups within the country/territory--&gt;<br /> |ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> |ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with ethnic groups data)--&gt;<br /> |religion = &lt;!--Religion--&gt;<br /> |religion_year = &lt;!--Year of religion data (if provided)--&gt;<br /> |religion_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with religion data)--&gt;<br /> |demonym = &lt;!--Term/s describing those associated with the country/territory (e.g. &quot;Belgian&quot; for the country Belgium)--&gt;<br /> |government_type = &lt;!--Wikilinked if link exists--&gt;<br /> |leader_title1 = &lt;!--(for a country, usually the head of state's (wikilinked) title, e.g. &quot;President&quot;, &quot;Monarch&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |leader_name1 =<br /> |leader_title2 = &lt;!--(could be &quot;Vice President&quot;, otherwise &quot;Prime Minster&quot;, etc, etc)--&gt;<br /> |leader_name2 =<br /> |leader_title14 = &lt;!--(up to 14 distinct leaders may be included)--&gt;<br /> |leader_name14 = <br /> |legislature = &lt;!--Name of the country/territory's governing body, e.g. &quot;Parliament&quot;, &quot;Congress&quot;, etc--&gt;<br /> |upper_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's upper house, if given (e.g. &quot;Senate&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |lower_house = &lt;!--Name of governing body's lower house, if given (e.g. &quot;Chamber of Deputies&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |sovereignty_type = &lt;!--Brief description of country/territory's status (&quot;Independence [from...]&quot;, &quot;Autonomous province [of...]&quot;, etc)--&gt;<br /> |sovereignty_note = <br /> |established_event1 = &lt;!--First key event in history of country/territory's status or formation--&gt;<br /> |established_date1 = &lt;!--Date of first key event--&gt;<br /> |established_event2 = &lt;!--Second key event--&gt;<br /> |established_date2 = &lt;!--Date of second key event--&gt;<br /> |established_event13 = &lt;!--(up to 13 distinct events may be included)--&gt;<br /> |established_date13 =<br /> |area_rank = <br /> |area = &lt;!--Major area size (in [[Template:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first)--&gt;<br /> |area_km2 = &lt;!--Major area size (in square km)--&gt;<br /> |area_sq_mi = &lt;!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--&gt;<br /> |area_footnote = &lt;!--Optional footnote for area--&gt;<br /> |percent_water = <br /> |area_label = &lt;!--Label under &quot;Area&quot; (default is &quot;Total&quot;)--&gt;<br /> |area_label2 = &lt;!--Label below area_label (optional)--&gt;<br /> |area_data2 = &lt;!--Text after area_label2 (optional)--&gt;<br /> |population_estimate = <br /> |population_estimate_rank = <br /> |population_estimate_year = <br /> |population_census = <br /> |population_census_year = <br /> |population_density_km2 = <br /> |population_density_sq_mi = <br /> |population_density_rank = <br /> |nummembers = &lt;!--An alternative to population for micronation--&gt;<br /> |GDP_PPP = &lt;!--(Gross Domestic Product from Purchasing Power Parity)--&gt;<br /> |GDP_PPP_rank = <br /> |GDP_PPP_year = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal = <br /> |GDP_nominal_rank = <br /> |GDP_nominal_year = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita = <br /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <br /> |Gini = &lt;!--(Gini measure of income inequality; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 100)--&gt;<br /> |Gini_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with Gini number)--&gt;<br /> |Gini_rank = <br /> |Gini_year = <br /> |HDI_year = &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;<br /> |HDI = &lt;!--(Human Development Index; input number only; valid values are between 0 and 1)--&gt;<br /> |HDI_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady; rank change from previous year--&gt;<br /> |HDI_rank = <br /> |HDI_ref = &lt;!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--&gt;<br /> |currency = &lt;!--Name/s of currency/ies used in country/territory--&gt;<br /> |currency_code = &lt;!--ISO 4217 code/s for currency/ies (each usually three capital letters)--&gt;<br /> |time_zone = &lt;!--e.g. GMT, PST, AST, etc, etc (wikilinked if possible)--&gt;<br /> |utc_offset = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> |time_zone_DST = &lt;!--Link to DST (Daylight Saving Time) used, otherwise leave empty--&gt;<br /> |utc_offset_DST = &lt;!--in the form &quot;+N&quot;, where N is number of hours offset--&gt;<br /> |DST_note = &lt;!--Optional note regarding DST use--&gt;<br /> |antipodes = &lt;!--Place/s exactly on the opposite side of the world to country/territory--&gt;<br /> |date_format = &lt;!--all-numeric date format and era, such as [[Common Era|CE]], [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[Hijri year|AH]], etc.; e.g. {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}} ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) --&gt;<br /> |drives_on = &lt;!--&quot;right&quot; or &quot;left&quot; (side of road)--&gt;<br /> |cctld = &lt;!--Internet country code top-level domain identifier (e.g. [[.br]], [[.de]], etc)--&gt;<br /> |iso3166code = &lt;!--ISO code only; no extra text. Use to override default from common_name parameter above; omit using &quot;omit&quot;.--&gt;<br /> |calling_code = &lt;!--e.g. [[+1]], [[+531]], [[+44]], etc--&gt;<br /> |image_map3 = &lt;!--Optional third map position, e.g. for use with reference to footnotes below it--&gt;<br /> |alt_map3 = &lt;!--alt text for third map position--&gt;<br /> |footnote_a = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;a&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> |footnote_b = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;b&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> |footnote_h = &lt;!--For any footnote &lt;sup&gt;h&lt;/sup&gt; used above--&gt;<br /> |footnotes = &lt;!--For any generic non-numbered footnotes--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hjaltland''', formally the '''Kingdom of Hjaltland''', is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=Hjaltland&diff=471295 2024-06-13T06:20:36Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: Created page with &quot;Hjaltland, formally the Kingdom of Hjaltland, is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Togethe...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Hjaltland, formally the Kingdom of Hjaltland, is an island nation located in the North Sea, in Northern Europe. It is located on the 60th Parallel North. Hjaltland has no land borders, however, it shares the North Sea with Great Britain (Scotland, through the Orkney Islands) to its south-west and Norway to its East. The country’s territory is comprised of 5 main islands (Nordmaven, Yell, Unst, Feltar and Megenland) and around 300 satellite islands and skerries. Together, they make up the Hjaltland archipelago. The capital of Hjaltland is Larvick, which is also its largest city. Which a population of 2,113,118, Hjaltland is the fifth most populated Nordic country.</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=User:S.mustafaamir&diff=471293 2024-06-13T06:16:58Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Constructed Worlds user<br /> &lt;!-- INFOBOX FORMATTING --------&gt;<br /> | abovecolor = <br /> | color = <br /> | fontcolor = <br /> | abovefontcolor = #5865F2<br /> | headerfontcolor = <br /> | tablecolor = #F5F5DC<br /> | nocat = &lt;!-- if set to anything other than &quot;false&quot;, will hide categorization of location and gender--&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- LEAD INFORMATION ----------&gt;<br /> | title = Mustafa (S.mustafaamir)<br /> | status = Constructed Worlds Wiki sysop and administrator <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | name = S.mustafaamir/musty (Discord)<br /> | birthname = <br /> | real_name = Sheikh Mustafa Amir<br /> | gender = Male<br /> | custom_gender = <br /> | pronoun = He/Him<br /> | languages = {{W|English language|English}}, {{W|Urdu language|Urdu}}, {{W|Hindi language|Hindi}}, {{W|Punjabi languag|Punjabi}} (conversational)<br /> | birthdate = {{birth date and age|2001|11|06}}<br /> | birthplace = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{W|Hampstead}}, {{W|North London}}, {{W|England}}, {{W|United Kingdom}}<br /> | location = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} {{W|Bukit Tunku}}, {{W|Kuala Lumpur}}, {{W|Malaysia}}<br /> | country = Malaysia<br /> | timezone = <br /> | current_time = {{current time|UTC+8}}<br /> | nationality = British<br /> | ethnicity = South Asian<br /> | race = Brown<br /> | height = 185 cm (6'1)<br /> | weight = 82 kg (181 lbs)<br /> | hair = Brown<br /> | eyes = Brown<br /> | handedness = Right<br /> | blood_type = <br /> | sexuality = {{W|Heterosexual}}<br /> | iq = ~160<br /> | personality_type = ENTJ-A<br /> | alignment = Capitalistic centrist, with liberal world views<br /> &lt;!-- FAMILY &amp; FRIENDS ----------&gt;<br /> | marital status = In a relationship<br /> | spouse = <br /> | girlfriend = <br /> | boyfriend = <br /> | children = <br /> | siblings = 1<br /> | parents =<br /> | pets = <br /> &lt;!-- EDUCATION &amp; EMPLOYMENT ----&gt;<br /> | occupation = Student, freelancer<br /> | employer = <br /> | education = <br /> | primaryschool = <br /> | intschool = <br /> | highschool = <br /> | college = <br /> | university = <br /> | classes = &lt;!-- For use with Conworld Campus Ambassadors --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- INTERESTS &amp; BELIEFS -------&gt;<br /> | hobbies = Writing, reading, painting and weight-lifting and bodybuilding <br /> | religion = {{W|Agnostic}}<br /> | politics = {{W|Capitalism|Capitalistic}} {{W|centrism}} under {{W|Liberalism|liberal}} ideals<br /> | aliases = <br /> | movies = {{W|Once Upon a Time in Anatolia}}, {{W|Druk}}, {{W|The Immigrant}}, {{W|Strictly Criminal}}, {{W|Con el Viento}}, {{W|The Turin Horse}} <br /> | shows = <br /> | books = <br /> | music = {{W|Alternative hip hop}}, {{W|Drill music|drill}} and {{W|alternative rnb}} <br /> | interests = <br /> &lt;!-- CONTACT INFO --------------&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | blog = <br /> | email = <br /> | icq = <br /> | aim = <br /> | gtalk = <br /> | jabber = <br /> | skype = <br /> | msn = <br /> | yahoo = <br /> | mac = <br /> | irc = <br /> | facebook = <br /> | instagram = smustafaamir<br /> | linkedin = <br /> | myspace = <br /> | pinterest = <br /> | twitter = <br /> | youtube = <br /> | discord = musty#0124<br /> | flickr = <br /> | github = <br /> &lt;!-- USERBOXES ----------------&gt;<br /> | userboxes = <br /> {{Userbox administrator}}<br /> {{Userbox rollback}}<br /> {{Userbox Discord|musty#0124}}<br /> &lt;!-- CUSTOM FIELDS ------------&gt;<br /> | custom_header = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | custom_label1 = <br /> | custom_data1 = <br /> | custom_label2 = <br /> | custom_data2 = <br /> | custom_label3 = <br /> | custom_data3 = <br /> | custom_label4 = <br /> | custom_data4 = <br /> | custom_label5 = <br /> | custom_data5 = <br /> | custom_label6 = <br /> | custom_data6 = <br /> | custom_label7 = <br /> | custom_data7 = <br /> | custom_label8 = <br /> | custom_data8 = <br /> | custom_label9 = <br /> | custom_data9 = <br /> }}</div>

S.mustafaamir https://wiki.conworld.org/index.php?title=UserWiki:S.mustafaamir&diff=471292 2024-06-13T06:15:52Z

<p>S.mustafaamir: import user wiki</p> <hr /> <div>{{Constructed Worlds user<br /> &lt;!-- INFOBOX FORMATTING --------&gt;<br /> | abovecolor = <br /> | color = <br /> | fontcolor = <br /> | abovefontcolor = #5865F2<br /> | headerfontcolor = <br /> | tablecolor = #F5F5DC<br /> | nocat = &lt;!-- if set to anything other than &quot;false&quot;, will hide categorization of location and gender--&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- LEAD INFORMATION ----------&gt;<br /> | title = Mustafa (S.mustafaamir)<br /> | status = Constructed Worlds Wiki sysop and administrator <br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | name = S.mustafaamir/musty (Discord)<br /> | birthname = <br /> | real_name = Sheikh Mustafa Amir<br /> | gender = Male<br /> | custom_gender = <br /> | pronoun = He/Him<br /> | languages = {{W|English language|English}}, {{W|Urdu language|Urdu}}, {{W|Hindi language|Hindi}}, {{W|Punjabi languag|Punjabi}} (conversational)<br /> | birthdate = {{birth date and age|2001|11|06}}<br /> | birthplace = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} {{W|Hampstead}}, {{W|North London}}, {{W|England}}, {{W|United Kingdom}}<br /> | location = {{flagicon|Malaysia}} {{W|Bukit Tunku}}, {{W|Kuala Lumpur}}, {{W|Malaysia}}<br /> | country = Malaysia<br /> | timezone = <br /> | current_time = {{current time|UTC+8}}<br /> | nationality = British<br /> | ethnicity = South Asian<br /> | race = Brown<br /> | height = 185 cm (6'1)<br /> | weight = 82 kg (181 lbs)<br /> | hair = Brown<br /> | eyes = Brown<br /> | handedness = Right<br /> | blood_type = <br /> | sexuality = {{W|Heterosexual}}<br /> | iq = ~160<br /> | personality_type = ENTJ-A<br /> | alignment = Capitalistic centrist, with liberal world views<br /> &lt;!-- FAMILY &amp; FRIENDS ----------&gt;<br /> | marital status = In a relationship<br /> | spouse = <br /> | girlfriend = <br /> | boyfriend = <br /> | children = <br /> | siblings = 1<br /> | parents =<br /> | pets = <br /> &lt;!-- EDUCATION &amp; EMPLOYMENT ----&gt;<br /> | occupation = Student, freelancer<br /> | employer = <br /> | education = <br /> | primaryschool = <br /> | intschool = <br /> | highschool = <br /> | college = <br /> | university = <br /> | classes = &lt;!-- For use with Conworld Campus Ambassadors --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- INTERESTS &amp; BELIEFS -------&gt;<br /> | hobbies = Writing, reading, painting and weight-lifting and bodybuilding <br /> | religion = {{W|Agnostic}}<br /> | politics = {{W|Capitalism|Capitalistic}} {{W|centrism}} under {{W|Liberalism|liberal}} ideals<br /> | aliases = <br /> | movies = {{W|Once Upon a Time in Anatolia}}, {{W|Druk}}, {{W|The Immigrant}}, {{W|Strictly Criminal}}, {{W|Con el Viento}}, {{W|The Turin Horse}} <br /> | shows = <br /> | books = <br /> | music = {{W|Alternative hip hop}}, {{W|Drill music|drill}} and {{W|alternative rnb}} <br /> | interests = <br /> &lt;!-- CONTACT INFO --------------&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | blog = <br /> | email = <br /> | icq = <br /> | aim = <br /> | gtalk = <br /> | jabber = <br /> | skype = <br /> | msn = <br /> | yahoo = <br /> | mac = <br /> | irc = <br /> | facebook = <br /> | instagram = smustafaamir<br /> | linkedin = <br /> | myspace = <br /> | pinterest = <br /> | twitter = <br /> | youtube = <br /> | discord = musty#0124<br /> | flickr = <br /> | github = <br /> &lt;!-- USERBOXES ----------------&gt;<br /> | userboxes = <br /> {{Userbox administrator}}<br /> {{Userbox rollback}}<br /> {{Userbox Discord|musty#0124}}<br /> &lt;!-- CUSTOM FIELDS ------------&gt;<br /> | custom_header = <br /> | custom_data = <br /> | custom_label1 = <br /> | custom_data1 = <br /> | custom_label2 = <br /> | custom_data2 = <br /> | custom_label3 = <br /> | custom_data3 = <br /> | custom_label4 = <br /> | custom_data4 = <br /> | custom_label5 = <br /> | custom_data5 = <br /> | custom_label6 = <br /> | custom_data6 = <br /> | custom_label7 = <br /> | custom_data7 = <br /> | custom_label8 = <br /> | custom_data8 = <br /> | custom_label9 = <br /> | custom_data9 = <br /> }}<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> Hello, my name is Mustafa. These are my articles.<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> ===Information articles===<br /> *[[Ortega efficiency]]<br /> *[[Freudman programming]]<br /> ===Nations===<br /> *[[India]] (in collaboration with [[User:Dev2708]])<br /> *[[Palestine]]<br /> *[[Switzerland]]<br /> ===Sandboxes===<br /> *[[User:S.mustafaamir/Biographies]]<br /> *[[User:S.mustafaamir/Information-articles]]<br /> *[[User:S.mustafaamir/Nations]]</div>

S.mustafaamir