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Cadasan government in exile

2026-08-16T00:20:25Z

STseng:

{{Infobox country
| native_name = ''Bersasaniah Nagarayyat Cadasa Dalam Perpuang'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]])
| conventional_long_name = Government of the Republic of Cadasa in exile
| status = {{W|Government-in-exile}}
| life_span = 1942–1945
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa.png
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| national_anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| capital_exile = {{W|Melbourne}} (1942) {{W|Sydney}} (1942–1945)
| common_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|English language|English}}
| title_leader = [[President of Cadasa|President]]
| leader1 = [[A. Z. Abdullah]]
| year_leader1 = 1942–1943
| leader2 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_leader2 = 1943–1945
| title_deputy = [[Vice President of Cadasa|Vice President]]
| deputy1 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1943
| deputy2 = ''Vacant''
| year_deputy2 = 1943–1945
| era = {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of President [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| year_start = 1942
| date_start = July 3,
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = August 15, 1942
| event2 = {{nowrap|[[#Evacuation from Cadasa|Government evacuation]]}}
| date_event2 = September 1942
| event_end = Restoration of government
| date_end = August 15,
| year_end = 1945
| event_post = {{W|Surrender of Japan}}
| date_post = August 15, 1945
| footnotes = {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}
The '''Cadasan government in exile''' ({{Lang-cd|Bersasaniah Cadasa Dalam Perpuang}}) was established following [[Cadasa]]'s entry into {{W|World War II}} on August 15, 1942 and the subsequent transformation of Cadasa into a [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|Japanese client state]] under President [[James Teoh]]. Anti-Japan and pacifist government ministers and other important figures fled to {{W|Australia}}, where they initially settled in {{W|Melbourne}} before ultimately moving to {{W|Sydney}} for the remainder of the duration of the war.
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Governments in exile during World War II]]

Cadasan Civil War

2026-06-17T05:53:30Z

STseng:

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Cadasan Civil War
|partof = [[Republicanism in Cadasa|Cadasan Republican Movement]] and {{W|aftermath of World War I}}
|date = July 12, 1917 – October 2, 1920 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=12|year1=1917|month2=10|day2=02|year2=1920}})
|place = [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]]
*[[Northern Revolutionary Army]] 
Provincial governments 
[[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Baratlamuri Independence Union]]
|combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Louis Periannan]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[C. W. Asih]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Watani (statesman)|Watani]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[George Lim]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Sujoyo]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Budi Djsuryoto]] [[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Sulaiman Deiras]]
|commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kaha IX|Karukunan]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz|Sulieman Fawaz]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Amir Jusoh]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[M. Yusuf Qita]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kajar Manurung]]
|strength1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 49,000 (in 1917) 115,000 (in 1920)
|strength2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 210,000
|casualties1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 60,909 killed (civilians and combatants)
|casualties2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 102,481 killed
|result = Revolutionary victory
*Declaration of the [[Republic of Cadasa]] and the [[First Republic of Baratlamuri|Republic of Baratlamuri]]
*Monarchy disestablished
*Creation of the [[Nan Tung City-State|State of Nan Tung]]
}}

The '''Cadasan Civil War''' ({{lang-cd|Perang Awan Cadasa}}), also known as the '''Cadasan War of Independence''' (''Perang Kabaran Cadasa'', ''Perang Kamerdekaan Cadasa''), was an armed conflict between the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] and the [[Cahaya dynasty]] which took place from 1917 to 1920. The war resulted in a revolutionary victory, ending 202 years of Cahaya rule and leading to the declaration of the Republic of Cadasa, one of the earliest still-existing constitutional republics in Asia.

The three-year struggle mainly involved sporadic but violent and bloody armed conflict. In the early stages, republican support was concentrated in cities and port towns, however as the war progressed, the countryside became supportive of the republican cause due to intensification of the dynasty's conscription policy in {{W|World War I}}.

== Background ==
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Cahaya dynasty was suffering from economic stagnation and growing corruption among the ''[[Nobility of the Cahaya dynasty|pangsawan]]'' (nobility class). In particular, within the royal court a schism occurred after the Cahayan defeat in the [[Anglo-Cahayan War]] in 1853, which ended with the cession of southern [[Camatanam Province]] to the {{W|British Empire}}. The British established the city of [[Nan Tung]] in the extreme southeast corner of Mapu Island, which in the following decades became a trade and economic centre, connecting ships between {{W|Southeast Asia}} and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]]. While southern Camatanam was returned to Cadasa in 1905, this return was in exchange for economic privileges, including land rights, plantation concessions, and control over the [[Camatanam Rail Company]].

Within the [[Istana Petamakan]], two opposing factions appeared. One was the [[Reform faction (House of Kaha)|reform faction]] that pushed for the modernization of Cadasa and the adoption of Western military technology and strategies, administrative systems, and selected aspects of Western education, making the state a modern power. The other was the [[Raja faction (House of Kaha)|"raja" faction]] that was against reform. The raja faction believed that adopting Western systems would endanger the monarchy's authority and erode traditional Cadasan culture. They favoured reinforcing existing power structures and strengthening the monarchy's control over the economy and military. Initially, the raja faction was much more powerful and influential in politics, with King [[Kaha VII]] (reign 1854-1874) and future King [[Kaha VIII]] (reign 1874-1916) being a member of this faction, although Kaha VII did eventually allow the import of European weaponry into the [[Royal Cahayan Armed Forces]].

=== Lotus Campaign ===
Kaha VIII had softened his stance on preserving traditional Cahayan power structures and cultures as the years passed. In 1889, he established the [[Commonwealth Institution]] in the capital [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], which was modeled after Eton and Harrow boarding schools in Great Britain. This was considered to be the first of many gradual sweeping reforms nationally in the next two decades known as the [[Lotus Campaign]]. The Lotus Campaign aimed to modernize Cadasa by reforming the central government into a Western-based system. Reforms included reorganizing civil examinations, with every aspiring civil servant taking the same exam regardless of ethnic or familial background. In 1900, primary education was made mandatory in major cities and nationwide by 1915. In 1906, the first civil registry was created and banned the usage of mononyms for newborn babies, ensuring every baby had a surname. In 1911, the [[Administration Council (Cahaya dynasty)|Administration Council]] was created, which was the first type of legislature that existed in Cadasa. It was modeled after the {{W|House of Lords}} in the United Kingdom.

The Lotus Campaign earned many detractors. Many members of the royal family and nobility opposed Kaha VIII's reforms, as they believed the campaign threatened the livelihoods and traditions of the conservative elite. Meanwhile, the growing anti-dynasty and republican forces believed that Kaha VIII was not radical enough. In particular, the Administration Council, whose legislators were all from aristocracy, was targeted intensly. The activists declared that it was not truly representative of the people. Although elections for the council seats were held, the electorate was restricted to male members of the sangha, tantara (military), and pangsawan classes.

=== Growth of republicanism ===
The merchant class continued to grow under Kaha VIII's rule, and the wealthy children of these merchants began to study abroad in Europe, where they were introduced to Western ideas like {{W|social democracy}} and {{W|egalitarianism}}. Some of these included [[Sujoyo]] and [[M. Perang Kamrah]], early liberal thinkers. However, anti-monarchist activities were suppressed. In 1888, [[Louis Periannan]], a rising proponent of republicanism, was arrested and his organization, the [[Cadasa Freedom League]], was banned, followed by the arrest of activist [[Zahir Simrah]] and his [[Anti-Kaha Organization]] in 1890.

Within the commoner classes, republicanism was initially seen as a fringe ideology. Many did not see themselves as capable of voting and deciding the future of a country yet resented the high taxes and the decadence of the elite classes and the imperial family. In 1896, the organization [[Parsebaren Islam]] was established. It was the first Islamic sociopolitical organization within Cadasa, and it advocated for constitutional monarchy, acknowledging the existence of a king while demanding the king give greater rights and representation to the people. This was later superseded by the more radical [[Parti Islam-Nasional]] (PIN) in 1915, which advocated for a Cadasan Islamist republic, declaring that the people should worship Allah, not the king.

Meanwhile, the British colonial city-state of [[Nan Tung]] became a hotbed of republican and anti-monarchy activity against both the Cahaya dynasty and Great Britain. Many figures, including [[George Lim]], [[Amir J. Prawoto]], [[Tan Luk Sieng]], and [[B. D. Saputra]], helped fund and support republican organizations.

=== Failed uprisings and revolutionary army planning ===
In 1905, Periannan returned to Cadasa and attempted the peaceful [[Terbanan Uprising]] in February 1906, which was ultimately a failure. Lim was captured and exiled to Hong Kong, while Periannan fled back to Nan Tung.

On May 11, 1908, peaceful pro-republican protests in the city of [[Turah Mazdahir]] turned deadly after protestors refused to obey the authorities' orders to disperse, resulting in gunfire and the deaths of 10 activists. The event became known as the Turah Mazdahir incident, and galvanized sympathy and support for the republican cause. An established general named [[Budi Djsuryoto]] defected to the republicans after the incident, and allied himself with Periannan.

Djsuryoto's military capabilities and understanding proved important in the following years. He kept contacts within the declining and stagnant Royal Cahayan Armed Forces, which included future Revolutionary Generals [[Yuniarti]] and [[Iskandar Prihatin]], and quietly organized a clandestine network that would result in the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]].

== Prelude (1916-1917) ==

=== Kaha VIII's death and accession of Kaha IX to the throne ===
On March 1, 1916, Kaha VIII passed away after a bout of malaria. His successor was the young and reform-minded [[Kaha IX]]. Kaha IX was despised by many members of the [[House of Kaha]]. In 1911, he was named ''Tunku Makura'' (Crown Prince) and heir apparent instead of his elder brother [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]], who was against reform. This created a massive rift within the royal palace itself, which became more severe as Kaha IX engaged in talks with the republican leaders, which included [[Louis Periannan]] and [[C. W. Asih]]. The republicans initially were not completely opposed to the monarchy, despite increasing radical elements within the broad republican camp. Asih in particular pushed for a constitutional monarchy, allowing an actual elected legislature with competing political parties while allowing Kaha IX to remain in power in a ceremonial role. They also wanted to understand Kaha IX's proposed reforms, which included the amnesty of jailed republican and anti-monarchist activists and the official creation of political parties, although many political organizations had functioned as such before 1916, including the [[Cadasan National Union]] and PIN. The House of Kaha saw Kaha IX's sudden rise to power and apparent eagerness in engaging in discussions as a betrayal of the Cahaya dynasty's values.

=== Rajasamudra bombing and collapse of talks, escalation ===
By late October 1916, talks for allowing some form of popular representation in the Administration Council were beginning to materialize. Asih and Periannan proposed either a bicameral system with the Council as the upper house and a "House of Commons" (''Dawan Raken'') as the lower house, or allocate seats for candidates elected by the ''bisa'' (commoners) class within the Administration Council.

On November 13, 1916, while leaving the [[Vihara Rajasamudra]] royal residence in [[Krunghom]], Kaha IX was severely injured in a [[Vihara Rajasamudra bombing|bombing]]. The perpetrators were never identified, but Regent Sulieman Fawaz claimed the attack was orchestrated by members of the [[Harimaun Amar]], an obscure radical republican paramilitary group. He used the incident to justify placing the king under house arrest in Selamat and suspended all reform initiatives with the notable exception of the education sector, [[Commonwealth Institution]] and [[Naemullah University]] were allowed to continue operations while the mandatory nationwide primary education law was kept.
Following the public announcement of the bombing and Sulieman Fawaz's temporary rule, Periannan and other republican leaders abandoned talks. Instead, Periannan began to discuss privately with Djsuryoto over mobilizing the growing anti-monarchy forces. Sulieman Fawaz spent late 1916 and early 1917 consolidating his power by purging the Cahaya government of the reform faction and tightening control over media. He imprisoned Kaha IX's younger brother, [[Tunku Yacob Idris]] and his own younger brother, [[Tunku Abdul Rahim]], two known reformers in December 1916.

=== Entering World War I ===
Entering {{W|World War I}} was an unpopular opinion among the commoners, military, and most of the nobility. The [[Mapuan Archipelago]] was located far away from the main battlefields of Europe and Germany's colonies in the Pacific. The Cahaya dynasty was itself plagued with increasing internal issues: corruption, unnecessary taxation, along with natural disasters like the [[1913 Lang Cit floods]] which devastated the rice paddies Cadasa was reliant on and caused 2,000 deaths, with tens of thousands of starvation-related deaths in the following months. However, Kaha IX believed that joining the war on the side of the Allies would be beneficial to improve Cadasa's standing on the world stage, and secure the country a seat at post-war negotiation tables, especially with the British Empire. Kaha IX hoped the British would recognize the Cahaya dynasty's aid and effort, and relinquish their economic privileges in Camatanam.

After the bombing, Sulieman Fawaz was desperate to create a crisis that would legitimize his already unpopular regency and distract the populace from the dynasty's problems. He personally conversed with Kaha IX on officially joining the First World War. By this time, Kaha IX had doubts about his previous views. On July 12, 1917, Kaha IX reluctantly issued a royal proclamation declaring war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.

== First phase (July 1917-November 1918) ==

=== Formation of Cadasan Revolutionary Army ===
Following the declaration of war, on July 18, the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] was officially formed in a speech by Louis Periannan that became known as "My Goal" (''[[Matlanat Saya (speech)|Matlanat Saya]]'') speech. In this speech, addressed to a small crowd of 200 republican activists and military defectors and meant to be recorded down and mass published, Periannan explained how the Cahaya dynasty had caused mass suffering among the populace, while the elite had prospered and damaged Cadasa's sovereignty in the process.

=== Split within the Cadasan Revolutionary Army ===

=== Skirmishes and engagements ===

=== Armistice and aftermath ===

== Second phase (November 1918-May 1919) ==

== Third phase (May 1919-October 1920) ==

== End and aftermath ==

== Legacy ==
[[Category:Cadasan Civil War]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Wars involving Cadasa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1917 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1918 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1919 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1920 in Cadasa]]

Cadasan Civil War

2026-06-16T06:30:44Z

STseng: /* Entering World War I */

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Cadasan Civil War
|partof = [[Republicanism in Cadasa|Cadasan Republican Movement]] and {{W|aftermath of World War I}}
|date = July 12, 1917 – October 2, 1920 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=12|year1=1917|month2=10|day2=02|year2=1920}})
|place = [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]]
*[[Northern Revolutionary Army]] 
Provincial governments 
[[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Baratlamuri Independence Union]]
|combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Louis Periannan]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[C. W. Asih]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Watani (statesman)|Watani]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[George Lim]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Sujoyo]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Budi Djsuryoto]] [[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Sulaiman Deiras]]
|commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kaha IX|Karukunan]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz|Sulieman Fawaz]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Amir Jusoh]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[M. Yusuf Qita]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kajar Manurung]]
|strength1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 49,000 (in 1917) 115,000 (in 1920)
|strength2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 210,000
|casualties1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 60,909 killed (civilians and combatants)
|casualties2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 102,481 killed
|result = Revolutionary victory
*Declaration of the [[Republic of Cadasa]] and the [[First Republic of Baratlamuri|Republic of Baratlamuri]]
*Monarchy disestablished
*Creation of the [[Nan Tung City-State|State of Nan Tung]]
}}

The '''Cadasan Civil War''' ({{lang-cd|Perang Awan Cadasa}}), also known as the '''Cadasan War of Independence''' (''Perang Kabaran Cadasa'', ''Perang Kamerdekaan Cadasa''), was an armed conflict between the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] and the [[Cahaya dynasty]] which took place from 1917 to 1920. The war resulted in a revolutionary victory, ending 202 years of Cahaya rule and leading to the declaration of the Republic of Cadasa, one of the earliest still-existing constitutional republics in Asia.

The three-year struggle mainly involved sporadic but violent and bloody armed conflict. In the early stages, republican support was concentrated in cities and port towns, however as the war progressed, the countryside became supportive of the republican cause due to intensification of the dynasty's conscription policy in {{W|World War I}}.

== Background ==
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Cahaya dynasty was suffering from economic stagnation and growing corruption among the ''[[Nobility of the Cahaya dynasty|pangsawan]]'' (nobility class). In particular, within the royal court a schism occurred after the Cahayan defeat in the [[Anglo-Cahayan War]] in 1853, which ended with the cession of southern [[Camatanam Province]] to the {{W|British Empire}}. The British established the city of [[Nan Tung]] in the extreme southeast corner of Mapu Island, which in the following decades became a trade and economic centre, connecting ships between {{W|Southeast Asia}} and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]]. While southern Camatanam was returned to Cadasa in 1905, this return was in exchange for economic privileges, including land rights, plantation concessions, and control over the [[Camatanam Rail Company]].

Within the [[Istana Petamakan]], two opposing factions appeared. One was the [[Reform faction (House of Kaha)|reform faction]] that pushed for the modernization of Cadasa and the adoption of Western military technology and strategies, administrative systems, and selected aspects of Western education, making the state a modern power. The other was the [[Raja faction (House of Kaha)|"raja" faction]] that was against reform. The raja faction believed that adopting Western systems would endanger the monarchy's authority and erode traditional Cadasan culture. They favoured reinforcing existing power structures and strengthening the monarchy's control over the economy and military. Initially, the raja faction was much more powerful and influential in politics, with King [[Kaha VII]] (reign 1854-1874) and future King [[Kaha VIII]] (reign 1874-1916) being a member of this faction, although Kaha VII did eventually allow the import of European weaponry into the [[Royal Cahayan Armed Forces]].

=== Lotus Campaign ===
Kaha VIII had softened his stance on preserving traditional Cahayan power structures and cultures as the years passed. In 1889, he established the [[Commonwealth Institution]] in the capital [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], which was modeled after Eton and Harrow boarding schools in Great Britain. This was considered to be the first of many gradual sweeping reforms nationally in the next two decades known as the [[Lotus Campaign]]. The Lotus Campaign aimed to modernize Cadasa by reforming the central government into a Western-based system. Reforms included reorganizing civil examinations, with every aspiring civil servant taking the same exam regardless of ethnic or familial background. In 1900, primary education was made mandatory in major cities and nationwide by 1915. In 1906, the first civil registry was created and banned the usage of mononyms for newborn babies, ensuring every baby had a surname. In 1911, the [[Administration Council (Cahaya dynasty)|Administration Council]] was created, which was the first type of legislature that existed in Cadasa. It was modeled after the {{W|House of Lords}} in the United Kingdom.

The Lotus Campaign earned many detractors. Many members of the royal family and nobility opposed Kaha VIII's reforms, as they believed the campaign threatened the livelihoods and traditions of the conservative elite. Meanwhile, the growing anti-dynasty and republican forces believed that Kaha VIII was not radical enough. In particular, the Administration Council, whose legislators were all from aristocracy, was targeted intensly. The activists declared that it was not truly representative of the people. Although elections for the council seats were held, the electorate was restricted to male members of the sangha, tantara (military), and pangsawan classes.

=== Growth of republicanism ===
The merchant class continued to grow under Kaha VIII's rule, and the wealthy children of these merchants began to study abroad in Europe, where they were introduced to Western ideas like {{W|social democracy}} and {{W|egalitarianism}}. Some of these included [[Sujoyo]] and [[M. Perang Kamrah]], early liberal thinkers. However, anti-monarchist activities were suppressed. In 1888, [[Louis Periannan]], a rising proponent of republicanism, was arrested and his organization, the [[Cadasa Freedom League]], was banned, followed by the arrest of activist [[Zahir Simrah]] and his [[Anti-Kaha Organization]] in 1890.

Within the commoner classes, republicanism was initially seen as a fringe ideology. Many did not see themselves as capable of voting and deciding the future of a country yet resented the high taxes and the decadence of the elite classes and the imperial family. In 1896, the organization [[Parsebaren Islam]] was established. It was the first Islamic sociopolitical organization within Cadasa, and it advocated for constitutional monarchy, acknowledging the existence of a king while demanding the king give greater rights and representation to the people. This was later superseded by the more radical [[Parti Islam-Nasional]] (PIN) in 1915, which advocated for a Cadasan Islamist republic, declaring that the people should worship Allah, not the king.

Meanwhile, the British colonial city-state of [[Nan Tung]] became a hotbed of republican and anti-monarchy activity against both the Cahaya dynasty and Great Britain. Many figures, including [[George Lim]], [[Amir J. Prawoto]], [[Tan Luk Sieng]], and [[B. D. Saputra]], helped fund and support republican organizations.

=== Failed uprisings and revolutionary army planning ===
In 1905, Periannan returned to Cadasa and attempted the peaceful [[Terbanan Uprising]] in February 1906, which was ultimately a failure. Lim was captured and exiled to Hong Kong, while Periannan fled back to Nan Tung.

On May 11, 1908, peaceful pro-republican protests in the city of [[Turah Mazdahir]] turned deadly after protestors refused to obey the authorities' orders to disperse, resulting in gunfire and the deaths of 10 activists. The event became known as the Turah Mazdahir incident, and galvanized sympathy and support for the republican cause. An established general named [[Budi Djsuryoto]] defected to the republicans after the incident, and allied himself with Periannan.

Djsuryoto's military capabilities and understanding proved important in the following years. He kept contacts within the declining and stagnant Royal Cahayan Armed Forces, which included future Revolutionary Generals [[Yuniarti]] and [[Iskandar Prihatin]], and quietly organized a clandestine network that would result in the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]].

== Prelude (1916-1917) ==

=== Kaha VIII's death and accession of Kaha IX to the throne ===
On March 1, 1916, Kaha VIII passed away after a bout of malaria. His successor was the young and reform-minded [[Kaha IX]]. Kaha IX was despised by many members of the [[House of Kaha]]. In 1911, he was named ''Tunku Makura'' (Crown Prince) and heir apparent instead of his elder brother [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]], who was against reform. This created a massive rift within the royal palace itself, which became more severe as Kaha IX engaged in talks with the republican leaders, which included [[Louis Periannan]] and [[C. W. Asih]]. The republicans initially were not completely opposed to the monarchy, despite increasing radical elements within the broad republican camp. Asih in particular pushed for a constitutional monarchy, allowing an actual elected legislature with competing political parties while allowing Kaha IX to remain in power in a ceremonial role. They also wanted to understand Kaha IX's proposed reforms, which included the amnesty of jailed republican and anti-monarchist activists and the official creation of political parties, although many political organizations had functioned as such before 1916, including the [[Cadasan National Union]] and PIN. The House of Kaha saw Kaha IX's sudden rise to power and apparent eagerness in engaging in discussions as a betrayal of the Cahaya dynasty's values.

=== Rajasamudra bombing and collapse of talks, escalation ===
By late October 1916, talks for allowing some form of popular representation in the Administration Council were beginning to materialize. Asih and Periannan proposed either a bicameral system with the Council as the upper house and a "House of Commons" (''Dawan Raken'') as the lower house, or allocate seats for candidates elected by the ''bisa'' (commoners) class within the Administration Council.

On November 13, 1916, while leaving the [[Vihara Rajasamudra]] royal residence in [[Krunghom]], Kaha IX was severely injured in a [[Vihara Rajasamudra bombing|bombing]]. The perpetrators were never identified, but Regent Sulieman Fawaz claimed the attack was orchestrated by members of the [[Harimaun Amar]], an obscure radical republican paramilitary group. He used the incident to justify placing the king under house arrest in Selamat and suspended all reform initiatives with the notable exception of the education sector, [[Commonwealth Institution]] and [[Naemullah University]] were allowed to continue operations while the mandatory nationwide primary education law was kept.
Following the public announcement of the bombing and Sulieman Fawaz's temporary rule, Periannan and other republican leaders abandoned talks. Instead, Periannan began to discuss privately with Djsuryoto over mobilizing the growing anti-monarchy forces. Sulieman Fawaz spent late 1916 and early 1917 consolidating his power by purging the Cahaya government of the reform faction and tightening control over media. He imprisoned Kaha IX's younger brother, [[Tunku Yacob Idris]] and his own younger brother, [[Tunku Abdul Rahim]], two known reformers in December 1916.

=== Entering World War I ===
Entering {{W|World War I}} was an unpopular opinion among the commoners, military, and most of the nobility. The [[Mapuan Archipelago]] was located far away from the main battlefields of Europe and Germany's colonies in the Pacific. The Cahaya dynasty was itself plagued with increasing internal issues: corruption, unnecessary taxation, along with natural disasters like the [[1913 Lang Cit floods]] which devastated the rice paddies Cadasa was reliant on and caused 2,000 deaths, with tens of thousands of starvation-related deaths in the following months. However, Kaha IX believed that joining the war on the side of the Allies would be beneficial to improve Cadasa's standing on the world stage, and secure the country a seat at post-war negotiation tables, especially with the British Empire. Kaha IX hoped the British would recognize the Cahaya dynasty's aid and effort, and relinquish their economic privileges in Camatanam.

After the bombing, Sulieman Fawaz was desperate to create a crisis that would legitimize his already unpopular regency and distract the populace from the dynasty's problems. He personally conversed with Kaha IX on officially joining the First World War. By this time, Kaha IX had doubts about his previous views. On July 12, 1917, Kaha IX reluctantly issued a royal proclamation declaring war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.

== First phase (July 1917-November 1918) ==

=== Declaration of war and mobilization ===

=== Split within the Cadasan Revolutionary Army ===

=== Skirmishes and engagements ===

=== Armistice and aftermath ===

== Second phase (November 1918-May 1919) ==

== Third phase (May 1919-October 1920) ==

== End and aftermath ==

== Legacy ==
[[Category:Cadasan Civil War]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Wars involving Cadasa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1917 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1918 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1919 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1920 in Cadasa]]

Cadasan Civil War

2026-06-16T06:06:15Z

STseng:

{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Cadasan Civil War
|partof = [[Republicanism in Cadasa|Cadasan Republican Movement]] and {{W|aftermath of World War I}}
|date = July 12, 1917 – October 2, 1920 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=12|year1=1917|month2=10|day2=02|year2=1920}})
|place = [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]]
*[[Northern Revolutionary Army]] 
Provincial governments 
[[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Baratlamuri Independence Union]]
|combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Louis Periannan]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[C. W. Asih]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Watani (statesman)|Watani]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[George Lim]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Sujoyo]] {{flagicon|Cadasa}} [[Budi Djsuryoto]] [[File:Flag of the Baratlamuri Independence Union.png|25px]] [[Sulaiman Deiras]]
|commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kaha IX|Karukunan]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz|Sulieman Fawaz]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Amir Jusoh]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[M. Yusuf Qita]] [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] [[Kajar Manurung]]
|strength1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 49,000 (in 1917) 115,000 (in 1920)
|strength2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 210,000
|casualties1 = {{flagicon|Cadasa}} 60,909 killed (civilians and combatants)
|casualties2 = [[File:Flag of the Cahaya dynasty.png|25px]] 102,481 killed
|result = Revolutionary victory
*Declaration of the [[Republic of Cadasa]] and the [[First Republic of Baratlamuri|Republic of Baratlamuri]]
*Monarchy disestablished
*Creation of the [[Nan Tung City-State|State of Nan Tung]]
}}

The '''Cadasan Civil War''' ({{lang-cd|Perang Awan Cadasa}}), also known as the '''Cadasan War of Independence''' (''Perang Kabaran Cadasa'', ''Perang Kamerdekaan Cadasa''), was an armed conflict between the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] and the [[Cahaya dynasty]] which took place from 1917 to 1920. The war resulted in a revolutionary victory, ending 202 years of Cahaya rule and leading to the declaration of the Republic of Cadasa, one of the earliest still-existing constitutional republics in Asia.

The three-year struggle mainly involved sporadic but violent and bloody armed conflict. In the early stages, republican support was concentrated in cities and port towns, however as the war progressed, the countryside became supportive of the republican cause due to intensification of the dynasty's conscription policy in {{W|World War I}}.

== Background ==
By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Cahaya dynasty was suffering from economic stagnation and growing corruption among the ''[[Nobility of the Cahaya dynasty|pangsawan]]'' (nobility class). In particular, within the royal court a schism occurred after the Cahayan defeat in the [[Anglo-Cahayan War]] in 1853, which ended with the cession of southern [[Camatanam Province]] to the {{W|British Empire}}. The British established the city of [[Nan Tung]] in the extreme southeast corner of Mapu Island, which in the following decades became a trade and economic centre, connecting ships between {{W|Southeast Asia}} and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]]. While southern Camatanam was returned to Cadasa in 1905, this return was in exchange for economic privileges, including land rights, plantation concessions, and control over the [[Camatanam Rail Company]].

Within the [[Istana Petamakan]], two opposing factions appeared. One was the [[Reform faction (House of Kaha)|reform faction]] that pushed for the modernization of Cadasa and the adoption of Western military technology and strategies, administrative systems, and selected aspects of Western education, making the state a modern power. The other was the [[Raja faction (House of Kaha)|"raja" faction]] that was against reform. The raja faction believed that adopting Western systems would endanger the monarchy's authority and erode traditional Cadasan culture. They favoured reinforcing existing power structures and strengthening the monarchy's control over the economy and military. Initially, the raja faction was much more powerful and influential in politics, with King [[Kaha VII]] (reign 1854-1874) and future King [[Kaha VIII]] (reign 1874-1916) being a member of this faction, although Kaha VII did eventually allow the import of European weaponry into the [[Royal Cahayan Armed Forces]].

=== Lotus Campaign ===
Kaha VIII had softened his stance on preserving traditional Cahayan power structures and cultures as the years passed. In 1889, he established the [[Commonwealth Institution]] in the capital [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], which was modeled after Eton and Harrow boarding schools in Great Britain. This was considered to be the first of many gradual sweeping reforms nationally in the next two decades known as the [[Lotus Campaign]]. The Lotus Campaign aimed to modernize Cadasa by reforming the central government into a Western-based system. Reforms included reorganizing civil examinations, with every aspiring civil servant taking the same exam regardless of ethnic or familial background. In 1900, primary education was made mandatory in major cities and nationwide by 1915. In 1906, the first civil registry was created and banned the usage of mononyms for newborn babies, ensuring every baby had a surname. In 1911, the [[Administration Council (Cahaya dynasty)|Administration Council]] was created, which was the first type of legislature that existed in Cadasa. It was modeled after the {{W|House of Lords}} in the United Kingdom.

The Lotus Campaign earned many detractors. Many members of the royal family and nobility opposed Kaha VIII's reforms, as they believed the campaign threatened the livelihoods and traditions of the conservative elite. Meanwhile, the growing anti-dynasty and republican forces believed that Kaha VIII was not radical enough. In particular, the Administration Council, whose legislators were all from aristocracy, was targeted intensly. The activists declared that it was not truly representative of the people. Although elections for the council seats were held, the electorate was restricted to male members of the sangha, tantara (military), and pangsawan classes.

=== Growth of republicanism ===
The merchant class continued to grow under Kaha VIII's rule, and the wealthy children of these merchants began to study abroad in Europe, where they were introduced to Western ideas like {{W|social democracy}} and {{W|egalitarianism}}. Some of these included [[Sujoyo]] and [[M. Perang Kamrah]], early liberal thinkers. However, anti-monarchist activities were suppressed. In 1888, [[Louis Periannan]], a rising proponent of republicanism, was arrested and his organization, the [[Cadasa Freedom League]], was banned, followed by the arrest of activist [[Zahir Simrah]] and his [[Anti-Kaha Organization]] in 1890.

Within the commoner classes, republicanism was initially seen as a fringe ideology. Many did not see themselves as capable of voting and deciding the future of a country yet resented the high taxes and the decadence of the elite classes and the imperial family. In 1896, the organization [[Parsebaren Islam]] was established. It was the first Islamic sociopolitical organization within Cadasa, and it advocated for constitutional monarchy, acknowledging the existence of a king while demanding the king give greater rights and representation to the people. This was later superseded by the more radical [[Parti Islam-Nasional]] (PIN) in 1915, which advocated for a Cadasan Islamist republic, declaring that the people should worship Allah, not the king.

Meanwhile, the British colonial city-state of [[Nan Tung]] became a hotbed of republican and anti-monarchy activity against both the Cahaya dynasty and Great Britain. Many figures, including [[George Lim]], [[Amir J. Prawoto]], [[Tan Luk Sieng]], and [[B. D. Saputra]], helped fund and support republican organizations.

=== Failed uprisings and revolutionary army planning ===
In 1905, Periannan returned to Cadasa and attempted the peaceful [[Terbanan Uprising]] in February 1906, which was ultimately a failure. Lim was captured and exiled to Hong Kong, while Periannan fled back to Nan Tung.

On May 11, 1908, peaceful pro-republican protests in the city of [[Turah Mazdahir]] turned deadly after protestors refused to obey the authorities' orders to disperse, resulting in gunfire and the deaths of 10 activists. The event became known as the Turah Mazdahir incident, and galvanized sympathy and support for the republican cause. An established general named [[Budi Djsuryoto]] defected to the republicans after the incident, and allied himself with Periannan.

Djsuryoto's military capabilities and understanding proved important in the following years. He kept contacts within the declining and stagnant Royal Cahayan Armed Forces, which included future Revolutionary Generals [[Yuniarti]] and [[Iskandar Prihatin]], and quietly organized a clandestine network that would result in the [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]].

== Prelude (1916-1917) ==

=== Kaha VIII's death and accession of Kaha IX to the throne ===
On March 1, 1916, Kaha VIII passed away after a bout of malaria. His successor was the young and reform-minded [[Kaha IX]]. Kaha IX was despised by many members of the [[House of Kaha]]. In 1911, he was named ''Tunku Makura'' (Crown Prince) and heir apparent instead of his elder brother [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]], who was against reform. This created a massive rift within the royal palace itself, which became more severe as Kaha IX engaged in talks with the republican leaders, which included [[Louis Periannan]] and [[C. W. Asih]]. The republicans initially were not completely opposed to the monarchy, despite increasing radical elements within the broad republican camp. Asih in particular pushed for a constitutional monarchy, allowing an actual elected legislature with competing political parties while allowing Kaha IX to remain in power in a ceremonial role. They also wanted to understand Kaha IX's proposed reforms, which included the amnesty of jailed republican and anti-monarchist activists and the official creation of political parties, although many political organizations had functioned as such before 1916, including the [[Cadasan National Union]] and PIN. The House of Kaha saw Kaha IX's sudden rise to power and apparent eagerness in engaging in discussions as a betrayal of the Cahaya dynasty's values.

=== Rajasamudra bombing and collapse of talks, escalation ===
By late October 1916, talks for allowing some form of popular representation in the Administration Council were beginning to materialize. Asih and Periannan proposed either a bicameral system with the Council as the upper house and a "House of Commons" (''Dawan Raken'') as the lower house, or allocate seats for candidates elected by the ''bisa'' (commoners) class within the Administration Council.

On November 13, 1916, while leaving the [[Vihara Rajasamudra]] royal residence in [[Krunghom]], Kaha IX was severely injured in a [[Vihara Rajasamudra bombing|bombing]]. The perpetrators were never identified, but Regent Sulieman Fawaz claimed the attack was orchestrated by members of the [[Harimaun Amar]], an obscure radical republican paramilitary group. He used the incident to justify placing the king under house arrest in Selamat and suspended all reform initiatives with the notable exception of the education sector, [[Commonwealth Institution]] and [[Naemullah University]] were allowed to continue operations while the mandatory nationwide primary education law was kept.
Following the public announcement of the bombing and Sulieman Fawaz's temporary rule, Periannan and other republican leaders abandoned talks. Instead, Periannan began to discuss privately with Djsuryoto over mobilizing the growing anti-monarchy forces. Sulieman Fawaz spent late 1916 and early 1917 consolidating his power by purging the Cahaya government of the reform faction and tightening control over media. He imprisoned Kaha IX's younger brother, [[Tunku Yacob Idris]] and his own younger brother, [[Tunku Abdul Rahim]], two known reformers in December 1916.

=== Entering World War I ===
Entering {{W|World War I}} was an unpopular opinion among the commoners, military, and most of the nobility. The [[Mapuan Archipelago]] was located far away from the main battlefields of Europe and Germany's colonies in the Pacific. The Cahaya dynasty was itself plagued with increasing internal issues: corruption, unnecessary taxation, along with natural disasters like the [[1913 Lang Cit floods]] which devastated the rice paddies Cadasa was reliant on. However, Kaha IX believed that joining the war on the side of the Allies would be beneficial to improve Cadasa's standing on the world stage, and secure the country a seat at post-war negotiation tables, especially with the British Empire. Kaha IX hoped the British would recognize the Cahaya dynasty's aid and effort, and relinquish their economic privileges in Camatanam.

After the bombing, Sulieman Fawaz was desperate to create a crisis that would legitimize his already unpopular regency and distract the populace from the dynasty's problems. He personally conversed with Kaha IX on officially joining the First World War. By this time, Kaha IX had doubts about his previous views. On July 12, 1917, Kaha IX reluctantly issued a royal proclamation declaring war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.

== First phase (July 1917-November 1918) ==

== Second phase (November 1918-June 1919) ==

== Third phase (June 1919-October 1920) ==

== End and aftermath ==

== Legacy ==
[[Category:Cadasan Civil War]]
[[Category:20th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Revolution-based civil wars]]
[[Category:Wars involving Cadasa]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1917 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1918 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1919 in the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1920 in Cadasa]]

Cadasan Civil War

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Cadasan Civil War

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STseng: /* Kaha VIII's death and accession of Kaha IX to the throne */

Cadasan Civil War

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Kaha IX

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{{Infobox royalty
|image=Kaha XI.jpg
|caption=Kaha XI in 1920
|predecessor=[[Kaha VIII]]
|successor=Position abolished
|birth_date=May 18, 1894
|birth_place=[[Istana Petamakan]], [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], [[Cahaya dynasty]]
|death_date=February 16, 1983 (age {{Age|1894|05|18|1983|02|16}}) [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], Cadasa
|spouse={{marriage|[[Tengku Nur Sofia]]|1919|1928|end=died}}
|reign=March 1, 1916 - October 2, 1920 ({{Age in years and days|1916|03|01|1920|10|02}})
|coronation=November 7, 1916
|issue=[[Tunku Iskandar Nasser]] [[Tengku Halima Emira]] [[Tengku Fairouz Umm Kulthum]] [[Tunku Abdullah Mohamed]]
|father=[[Kaha VIII]]
|mother=[[Tengku Yusra binti Ismail]]
|religion={{W|Sunni Islam}}
|succession=[[King of the Cahaya dynasty]]
|house=[[Kaha dynasty|Kaha]]
|regent=[[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]]|era name=Karukunan|era dates=March 1, 1916 - October 2, 1920}}

'''Kaha IX''', era name '''Karukunan''' (May 18, 1894 – February 16, 1983), birth name '''Yacob Ibrahim al-Mustafa ibni Raja Abdul Ahmed Kabir''' was the ninth and final king (raja) of the [[Cahaya dynasty]]. He ruled from 1916 to 1920, and was the shortest-reigning king of the dynasty.

Kaha IX's legacy in [[Cadasa]] is largely positive. Although he was loyal to the dynasty and monarchy, Kaha understood that things had to change in order to preserve the dynasty. His continuation of the attempted transformation of the country into a constitutional monarchy was foiled by brother [[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]] and [[Kaha VIII]] consort [[Tengku Hadiyya]]. They placed him under house arrest in 1916, and the dynasty fell 4 years later.
==Early life==
Yacob Ibrahim al-Mustafa ibni Raja Abdul Ahmed Kabir, royal name '''Tunku Yacob Ibrahim''', was born on May 18, 1894 (Karedian 20), in the [[Istana Petamakan]], in [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], the capital of the [[Cahaya dynasty]]. His father was [[Kaha VIII]], and his mother was [[Tengku Yusra binti Ismail]], one of the king's consorts and a member of a prominent Selamat family. He had several half-brothers and sisters and a younger sister, [[Tengku Khadija Zeynab]].

Privately educated in Selamat and briefly in {{W|George Town, Penang|George Town}} in {{W|Penang}}, Yacob was exposed to modern political ideas during his adolescence. During this period, Kaha VIII embarked on several political and social reforms that aimed to modernize Cadasa, which became known as the [[Lotus Campaign]]. This included the creation of an elected legislature known as the [[Administration Council (Cahaya dynasty)|Administration Council]] and the office of prime minister.

== Rise in favour and conflicts with the court ==
[[Tunku Sulieman Fawaz]] (1883-1920), the son of Kaha VIII and [[Tengku Hadiyya]], had long been regarded as heir apparent and was backed by the conservative and military elites. However, Kaha VIII, who had not officially named a successor yet, began to favour Yusra and her children Yacob and Khadija.

Sulieman's aggressive personality furthered Kaha VIII's distrust towards him, especially after a diplomatic incident in [[Nan Tung]] in 1910 where he made inflammatory remarks towards the British governor of the colony. In 1911, the 17-year old Tunku Yacob Ibrahim was named Crown Prince (''Tunku Makura''). The appointment broke centuries of tradition where the eldest male child, regardless of maternal faction, inherited the throne. This created a massive rift in the Kaha dynasty between the children of Tengku Yusra and the descendants of his earlier consorts, which felt that Kaha VIII had betrayed the dynasty and the country.

==Reign (1916-1920)==
On March 1, 1916, Kaha VIII died, and Yacob Ibrahim, the eldest son, became king. He was given the title Kaha IX and the era name Kerukunan. His coronation was held on November 7.

During his rule, he engaged in talks with republicans to help the Cahaya dynasty transition into a constitutional monarchy and allowed the official creation of political parties, continuing his father's liberal reforms. Kaha IX also attempted to repair familial relations by personally appointing Sulieman Fawaz as his regent and designating him as Tunku Makura.

On November 13, 1916, while leaving the [[Vihara Rajasamudra]] royal residence in [[Krunghom]], Kaha IX was severely injured in a [[Vihara Rajasamudra bombing|bombing]]. The perpetrators were never identified, but Regent Sulieman Fawaz claimed the attack was orchestrated by members of the [[Harimaun Amar]], an obscure radical republican paramilitary group. He used the incident to justify placing the king under house arrest in Selamat and suspended all reform initiatives.

== Coup and abolition of the monarchy ==
Under the regency of Sulieman Fawaz, the reforms of both Kaha VIII and Kaha IX were dismantled. The powers of the prime minister were greatly reduced and the Administration Council was suspended. The suppression of political liberalization led to [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] forces organizing, beginning the [[Cadasan War of Independence]] that would end with the declaration of the Republic of Cadasa on October 2, 1920.

On July 12, 1917, under the orders of Sulieman, Kaha IX issued an edict that announced a declaration of war against {{W|German Empire|Germany}} and {{W|Austria-Hungary}}. Although Cadasa was located far away from the main battlefields of Europe and the Middle East and from the German colonies in East Asia and Oceania, the declaration of war was an attempt to rally the country's citizens around the king and confirm that the king was of "superior military and political intellect".

The announcement of the declaration of war accelerated discontent among commoners, many of which joined or began funding the Cadasan Revolutionary Army. Many refused to join the [[Cadasan Expeditionary Army]] or mutinied upon arriving in the {{W|Western Front (World War I)|Western Front}} in 1918.
==Later life==
Kaha IX's lower body remained disabled for the remainder of his life. Along with other members of the royal family, Kaha IX was stripped of his titles after the declaration of the republic, and was known by his abbreviated birth name Yacob ibni Abdul Kabir on official identity documents. He, along with his wife [[Tengku Nur Sofia|Nur Sofia]] and their four children, were exiled to {{W|Singapore}} in January 1921 after being placed under house arrest by republican authorities. In Singapore, Kaha continued to express a desire for the monarchy to be restored and for Cadasa to adopt a Japanese-style parliamentary system of government. Despite funding from Yacob, attempts to restore the monarchy in [[Rayan Muharem Rebellion|1922]] and 1923 all failed.

In 1925, the family moved again to {{W|Belgravia}} in {{W|London}} where they lived an affluent lifestyle. However, Nur Sofia died of tuberculosis in 1928, followed by an assassination attempt in 1929. After this event, Kaha became paranoid and settled in {{W|Tokyo}}. Following the growth of {{W|Japanese militarism}} and the advent of the {{W|Second World War}}, Kaha briefly settled in {{W|Cairo}} before moving to {{W|Bangkok}} in the 1950s.

In 1970, Cadasan president [[Aarush Chiu]] allowed all surviving exiled royals to return to the country. Kaha lived in an ordinary apartment in Selamat, writing about his experiences as the last king. In 1983, he died of complications from heart disease.
[[Category:20th-century Kaha dynasty]]
[[Category:Kings of the Cahaya dynasty]]
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]

Cadasan Civil War

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Cadasan Civil War

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Cadasa

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STseng: /* Economy */

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| native_name = Nagarayyat Cadasa
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa.png
| motto = No official motto
| national_anthem = Kedamaian akan Datang Cahaya
| image_map = Map of Cadasa (2025).png
| map_width = 250px
| capital = [[New Cadasa]]
| largest_city = [[Nan Tung]]
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]
| languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Malay language|Malay}}, {{W|Chinese language|Chinese}}, {{W|Tamil language|Tamil}}, {{W|Hindi language|Hindi}}, [[Nantungese]]
| ethnic_groups = 65% Cadasan 14% Malay 10% Chinese 3% Indian 8% Others
| ethnic_groups_year = 2021
| religion = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap | 35.1% Islam | 16.7% folk | 15.6% Buddhism | 13.2% No religion | 11.0% Christianity | 3.5% Hinduism | 4.9% Others}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = Unitary presidential constitutional republic
| leader_title1 = [[President of Cadasa|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Yusuf Susanti]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Cadasa|Vice-President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Nadia Ginting]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[National Council of Cadasa|National Council]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cadasa|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| sovereignty_note = from the [[Cahaya dynasty]]
| established = 1920
| established_event1 = {{W|Declaration of independence|Declared}}
| established_date1 = October 2, 1920
| population_estimate = 60,768,497
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP = $2.22 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $36,575
| GDP_nominal = $765 billion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,603
| Gini = 29.6
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| currency_code = CDK
| time_zone = [[Cadasa Standard Time|CST]]
| utc_offset = +7
| date_format = DD/MM/YYYY
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = +64
| iso3166code = CD
| flag_size = 100px
}}

'''Cadasa''', officially the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}), is an island country located in Southeast Asia. Cadasa shares a maritime border with {{W|Indonesia}} to the east and [[Baratlamuri]] to the southwest. It consists of three main islands: [[Mapu Island|Mapu]], [[Haql Tenda]], and [[Haql Palatuqu]], with the Mapu Island being the most populated and largest out of the three. With a population of 60,768,497, Cadasa is the 5th-most populated country in {{W|Southeast Asia}}.

Modern humans arrived in Cadasa in 63,000 BCE. Then, the Austronesians reached the [[Jazali Mountains]] in about 1,000 BCE. Later, Buddhist traders brought Buddhism to Cadasa, causing 5 new kingdoms to flourish. The 5 kingdoms except for Haql and Alyatak were later united under the [[Krunghom Kingdom]] in 1032. Islam reached [[Selamat, Cadasa|Temrik Pasun]] in 1054, causing outrage among the Krunghom Kingdom. Eventually, the Islamic [[Dijanush Sultanate]] was able to fully annex the Krunghom, Haql, and Alyatak Kingdoms, effectively maintaining control over the entire [[Mapuan Archipelago]], but the Krunghom Kingdom successfully rebelled in 1457, leaving Dijanush to be overthrown and replaced with the [[Camatanam Sultanate]] in the following year.

In 1645, the Dutch East India Company, which had heard that the Islamic kingdoms in Ondalsa had a monopoly on the spice trade in the region, invaded the Camatanam sultanate along with the kingdom of Krunghom. However, the Dutch were decisively defeated in 1718 by the newly-formed [[Cahaya dynasty]], which was lead by [[Kaha I]]. In 1853, Britain waged a [[Anglo-Cahayan War|war against Cahaya]], with Britain annexing the southern provinces of Cadasa. The British and Cahayans managed to live peacefully, but the Cahaya dynasty became more corrupt and unwilling to change. After a failed revolution in 1918, Cahayan revolutionaries successfully overthrowed the Cahaya dynasty in 1920 and proclaimed the Republic of Cadasa.

Cadasa is a presidential, constitutional republic with an elected legislature. Cadasa has 18 provinces and 2 special territories. It is a newly-industrializing country and has the second-highest GDP in Southeast Asia. The country is a member of the {{W|United Nations}}, {{W|World Trade Organization}}, {{W|International Monetary Fund}}, {{W|ASEAN}}, {{W|East Asia Summit}}, [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States]], and an observer of the {{W|Non-Aligned Movement}}.

==Names and etymology==
===Names===
The Chinese name for Cadasa is 卡大颯/飒 (''Kǎ dà sà''), abbrievated to 卡 or 卡國/国. Rarely, it is called 光國/国, an obsolote spelling from the Cahaya dynasty era. The Tamil name is கடசா (''Kaṭacā''). The old and archaic spelling from Tamil Indonesians is மேற்கு தீவு, which means "West Island".

A nickname for Cadasa is the ''Tiger Republic'' (Nagarayyat Harimau). It is most likely assumed that tigers were widespread throughout the mainland [[Mapu Island]] before humans began to poach tigers after their migration, resulting in the [[Mapuan tiger]] to become critically endangered.
===Etymology===
The etymology of "Cadasa" is disputed. It is widely accepted that the "Ca" part comes from the [[Cahaya dynasty]] which comes from Malay ''cahaya'' itself. However, there is disagreement about the etymological origin of the "dasa" part. Out of many beliefs, there are three major hypotheses:
*The most widespread belief is that the "dasa" part comes from the Sanskrit word for ten (दश, ''daśa''), signifying the 10th nationwide government of Cadasa, as many republicans considered each of the dynasty's 9 monarchs to have their own separate governments. Many experts reject this belief, because the [[Dijanush Sultanate]], later the [[Camatanam Sultanate]], used to rule all of modern-day Cadasa. However, it should be acknowledged that the Dijanush Sultanate did not originally control the entire region, whereas the Cahaya dynasty, which was born from the union of Camatanam and Krunghom, was the first polity to unite all of modern Cadasa, so it is the most widely accepted belief.
*Republicans widely support a claim that the word Cadasa is a reversal of a shortening of the words in the phrase "Selam akan datang cahaya" (Peace will become the light) which was commonly used by republicans and is now used as the first verse and name of the Cadasa's national anthem (albeit ''selam'' being replaced with the secular term ''kadamaian''. Then, the words were shortened to "se a da ca". Finally, the syllables were reversed to read "ca-da-a-se" and ultimately became simplified to Cadasa.
*Another belief claims that the "da" is an abbreviation of the Dijanush Sultanate and "sa" of the capital [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]. Some historians support this hypothesis because abbreviations written in the {{W|Kawi Script}} (the official script of the [[Cadasan language]] until 1923) would typically have no diactrics. However, it is widely rejected because the Dijanush Sultanate had already been renamed to Camatanam in 1458 and merged with the Krunghom Kingdom into the Cahaya dynasty in 1718, and most republicans were presumably not even aware of the Dijanush Sultanate, as the Krunghom Kingdom destroyed much of the historical evidence of the Dijanush Sultanate during their merging.
==History==
===Prehistoric Cadasa (-200 AD) ===
The first homo sapiens migrated to [[Mapu Island]] in 65,000 BCE. Later, [[Haql Island]] was split from Mapu Island due to rising sea levels in 12,000 BCE. A millenium later, Haql Island would be split into two, and [[Baratlamuri]] was split off from Mapu Island at 5,000 BCE, forming the [[Alyatak Strait]].

The first {{W|Austronesian people|Austronesians}} migrated to Cadasa in 1,000 BCE. According to research, the first Austronesians were brought as labourer and slaves by Malay and Javanese in their trading fleets, signifying that they were {{W|Ma'anyan people}}.
===Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (200-1000 AD)===
Throughout the 3rd century, a few Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms in the [[Cadasan Archipelago]] were formed. Those were the [[Jazali Kingdom]], the [[Krunghom Kingdom (205-1375)|Krunghom Kingdom]], the [[Kurabata Kingdom]], the [[Haql Kingdom]], and the [[Alyatak Kingdom]].

In the 9th century, the {{W|Srivijaya Empire}} discovered the Cadasan Archipelago. In 989, {{W|Cudamani Warmadewa}}, the Maharaja of Srivijaya, launched a naval invasion against Jazali, Krunghom, and Kurabata because they feared that the kingdoms would want to challenge Srivijaya control of the region, with the help of Chinese traders. However, Jazali and Kurabata united with Krunghom, and Krunghom decisively defeated the Srivijaya Empire in the mid-11th century, with {{W|Chola Empire|Chola}} support.
=== Islamic era (1000-1645)===
Islam reached [[Selamat, Cadasa|Temrik Pasun]] in 1054, later gradually spreading to northern [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]] throughout the next few centuries. Islam spread to the [[Alyatak Island]] in the following year. Islam spread rapidly in the Krunghom Kingdom so much that Krunghom persecuted the Arab merchants that converted people to Islam.

In 1172, the predominantly Islamic [[Dijanush Kingdom]] was established in modern [[Guntang Provincial District|Guntang]], Camatanam. Dijanush attempted to rebel and conquer the Krunghom Kingdom, in retaliation for Islamic persecution. However, they were only able to conquer modern-day [[Camatanam Province]], with [[Makanaamana]] (now [[Camatanam City|Camatanam]]) as its capital. In the 12th century, Tamil people settled in Dijanush and converted to Islam.

In 1303, Dijanush conquered the Haql Kingdom because the ruler refused to convert to Islam, killing nearly 50,000 people. In 1274, Dijanush began a campaign to conquer and rule all of the Cadasan archipelago, successfully conquering the [[Krunghom Kingdom (1457-1718)|Krunghom Kingdom]] by 1375. Eventually, the Krunghom Kingdom rebelled in 1453 and regained almost all of Mapu Island in 1457, so Dijanush (renamed to Camatanam) now only controlled Camatanam, Haql, and Alyatak (called Baratlamuri by Camatanam).

In 1664, the [[Vizhutu Empire]] attempted to conquer Baratlamuri from the [[Camatanam Sultanate]] due to the heavy persecution of Buddhists. Vizhutua successfully conquered it in 1665, and Buddhism resurged in Baratlamuri.
===Colonial era and Cahaya dynasty (1645-1920)===
In 1645, the {{W|Dutch East India Company}} attempted to annex the [[Camatanam Sultanate]] and the [[Krunghom Kingdom (1457-1718)|Krunghom Kingdom]], because they were major trading centers in Ondalsa. However, the natives were hostile to the Dutch, and there were multiple skirmishes and battles. The Dutch established trading posts along the coast of Mapu island. In 1718, an army led by the [[Alyatak people|Alyataks]] and the [[Cahayan people|Cahayan]] tribes drove the Dutch out of Mapu island. The Alyatak-Cahayan alliance broke up soon after due to disagreements on the new government. The more powerful Cahayans defeated the Alyataks and united the [[Camatanam Sultanate]] and the [[Krunghom Kingdom (1457-1718)|Krunghom Kingdom]], establishing the [[Cahaya dynasty]]. In 1766, the Vizhutu Empire ceded Baratlamuri to the Cahaya dynasty after Cahayan victory in the [[Vizhutuo-Cahayan War]].

In 1853, the British Empire attacked the dynasty and colonized the future [[Camatanam Selatan Province]] and [[Nan Tung]]. The British and Cahayans managed to live peacefully, but the Cahaya dynasty became more corrupt and unwilling to change. After WWI, revolutionaries decided to establish a republic. The [[Cadasan Revolutionary Army]] was formed and split into the [[Northern Revolutionary Army]] (to overthrow the Cahayans) and the [[Southern Revolutionary Army]] (to overthrow the British). In 1920, the NRA overthrew the Cahayans in a [[Selamat Revolution|bloody coup d'etat]] and forced Britain to recognize the new nation, which they did. To avoid the potential spread of unrest, the British made Nan Tung into a [[Nan Tung City-State|city-state]], and the [[First Republic of Baratlamuri|Republic of Baratlamuri]] gained independence. [[Louis Periannan]] was the first president.
=== Post-independence era (1920-1957)===
Periannan resigned in 1925 due to poor health. In 1928, [[Amir Hasibuan]] of the wealthy [[Hasibuan family]] was elected president. Although he came from a privileged background, Hasibuan was eager to help the less fortunate and campaigned for the distribution of wealth from the cronies of the former monarchy. However, in 1936, he was removed from office by [[Mohamed Nurlela]] in what is widely considered to be one of the most rigged elections in Cadasan and Asian history. The removal of Hasibuan caused left-wing militants to rise up, and the [[communist insurgency in Cadasa]] started.

Cadasa was officially neutral in the beginning of World War II, but in 1942, Japan sympathizer [[James Teoh]] became president after poisoning Koh, and Cadasa became a [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|client state of Japan]], joining the war on the side of the Axis. Teoh was executed after the war due to treason.
===Martial law and dictatorship (1957-1989)===
In 1957, after the left-wing [[Tan Yeng Sen]] won a third term as president of Cadasa, the right-wing US-supported military staged a [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat|non-bloody coup]]. [[Martial law in Cadasa|Martial law]] was declared March 17, 1957. Communist parties or organizations were banned, and suspected communists were killed. The [[National Party of Cadasa]] (PNC) was declared the only legal party. In 1958, Cadasa invaded [[First Republic of Baraltamuri|Baratlamuri]], and ruled it for the next 31 years.

In 1965, [[Aarush Chiu]] became president. He continued to rule as a strongman, but also worked to create a Cadasan identity and transform Cadasa into a developed country. In 1982, due to the crowdedness of then-capital [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], a planned city and new capital [[New Cadasa]] was founded. In 1989, martial law was finally lifted (due to the end of the cold war), and non-PNC parties were legalized.
===Modern era (1989-present)===
The first direct elections since 1957 were held in 1992. In 1993, Cadasa acceded to the [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States]]. In 1994, the city of Nan Tung [[Reunification of Cadasa|reunified]] with Cadasa.

The 2004 Indian ocean tsunami resulted in 40,000 deaths in Cadasa.

Currently there are 3.1 million cases of COVID-19 in Cadasa.
==Geography==
Cadasa is an island country located in the Indian Ocean. It shares a maritime border with {{W|Indonesia}} to the east and [[Baratlamuri]] to the southwest. As Cadasa's culture and customs have been strongly influenced by the Malay Archipelago, there have been many debates on whether or not Cadasa should be considered part of [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]] or {{W|Southeast Asia}}. It has 251 islands, the main one being [[Mapu (island)|Mapu]] (meaning 'mother' in Cadasan). Other main islands include [[Haql Tenda]] and [[Haql Palataqu]], along with smaller outer lying islands including [[Rubah Island|Rubah]] and [[Karawa Islands|Karawa]] Islands. While most of Cadasa's territory lies within the eastern Indian Ocean, the [[Cendang Islands]] are located south of the {{W|Chagos}} in the central Indian Ocean.

The [[Jazali Mountains]] are located in the northwestern region of Mapu island. In the mountain range, [[Mount Muliah]] (meaning 'glorious' in Cadasan) is the highest peak in Cadasa, with a height of 3,281 m. The range is the origin of several Cadasan river systems, including [[Lang Cit River|Lang Cit]] and [[Atianou River|Atianou]]. Around 60% of the country, concentrated in the western regions, is covered in forests, including the mountaineous terrain.
===Climate===
The climate of Cadasa almost entirely has a tropical savanna climate. Its equatorial position ensures a stable climate year-round. Cadasa has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer and winter. Compared to other parts of the country, the dry season is longer in the Jazali Mountains. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, with tropical cyclones usually impacting Cadasa between the months of November and May.

Several studies have shown that Cadasa is extremely susceptible to the projected risks of climate change. The warming could increase risks of drought, disrupt rainfall patterns, and increase risks of disease, food shortages, and wildfires.

=== Biodiversity ===
Cadasa is classified as a megadiverse country by {{W|Conservation International}}. There is a high number of species and a high level of endemism in the country, especially in the Jazali mountains, as species are isolated from each other by highland forests. However, since the 1970s, logging, agriculture and other practices have devastated tree cover, and deforestation is an ongoing issue in Cadasa. The Cadasan government has established [[List of national parks in Cadasa|31 national parks]] across the country in an effort to preserve species and prevent further desforestation.

=== Geology ===
Cadasa's main islands are located where the {{W|Sunda plate}} and the {{W|Australian plate}} converges, making the region extremely unstable with earthquakes and volcanoes. Major disasters that affected the country include the {{W|2004 Indian Ocean tsunami}} and the [[1996 Pulungan earthquake]].

==Economy==
Cadasa has a mixed economy. It is classified as a newly industrialized country. Cadasa has a GDP nominal of US$765 billion and a GDP (PPP) of US$2.22 trillion. The 1997 financial crisis hit Cadasa hard. Debt reached US$40 billion, and the government had to reform the economy.

Today, important sectors include agriculture, oil, manufacturing, tourism, and technology. Automotive manufacturing is the 25th largest in the world. Cadasa has an abundant source of natural resources, such as coal, petroleum, and copper, which are its main exports. Other exports are semiconductors and consumer and industrial electronics, including home appliances and computing equipment.

Cadasa's economic structure has shifted over time. Before the 1960s, the country was dependent on agriculture. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the government gradually diversified the economy as industrialization occurred into manufactured exports and technology development.
=== Transport===
The transport sector is important in Cadasan society, contributing 6% of the GDP. There are 394,238 km (244,968 mi) of roads in Cadasa. There is a network of controlled-access highways across the country known as the [[National Expressway System (Cadasa)|National Expressway System]], alongside older [[National highways of Cadasa|national highways]], [[Provincial highways of Cadasa|provincial highways]] and [[Local highways of Cadasa|local highways]]. The largest airport in Cadasa is [[Nan Tung International Airport]], followed closely by [[Louis Paraiyar International Airport|Louis Periannan International Airport]] in Selamat. [[Cadasa Railways]] provides rail service.
===Currency===
The currency of Cadasa is the [[Cadasan krung]]. US1 = CK1.32
== Government and politics==
Cadasa is a republic with a presidential system. There are the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. The President of Cadasa is the head of state and government, and also the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]]. The highest representative body at the national level is the [[Cadasan People's Assembly]] (''Akayat Raken Cadasa''; ARC). There are two houses: National Assembly, with 90 seats and National Council, with 250 seats.
===Parties and elections ===
{{See also|List of political parties in Cadasa|List of presidents of Cadasa|Elections in Cadasa}}Cadasa has a multi-party system. The major parties include: the conservative [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]], liberal [[Cadasan People's Party-Labour Party]] (or Rakerja, PRC-PK), progressive [[Liberal Party of Cadasa|Liberal Party]], and right-wing [[Cadasa Democratic Rally]]. There is a two four-year term limit on the presidency; this is to prevent the country to become a dictatorship again.

There are two main types of elections in Cadasa: general and local. General elections, electing the president and the members of the National Assembly and some members of the National Council, usually take place in the first Friday of June every four years. The presidential inauguration takes place on September 20. Local elections, electing governors of provinces and special territories, mayors of cities and towns, and provincial and municipal legislative councils, take place in the first Saturday of December every three years. Since 2012, elections for governors and mayors are unified. The voting age is 18.

The electoral system varies. For general elections, proportional representation is used, but for local elections, a mix of FPTP and proportional representation is used.
===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Provinces and special territories of Cadasa}}Cadasa is divided into 18 provinces and 2 special territories, which are the first-level administrative divisions. Provinces are governed by a directly elected governor and a provincial legislature known as Provincial Assemblies, while special territories are directly governed by the national government.

Under the provinces and special territories are the [[Provincial districts and cities of Cadasa|provincial districts and cities]], led by a District Chief and a Mayor, respectively. In Nan Tung, these are known as [[Nan Tung#Administrative divisions|regions]]. Cities are further divided into city districts, while provincial districts are divided into [[District city (Cadasa)|district cities]], [[Towns of Cadasa|towns]] and [[Villages of Cadasa|villages]]. These divisions are further divided into neighbourhoods.

===Military===
The [[Cadasan Armed Forces]], compromising of the [[Cadasan Army|Army]], [[Cadasan Navy|Navy]], [[Cadasan Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[Cadasan Air Force|Air Force]], has around 190,000-200,000 personnel. Formed from the [[Royal Cahaya Armed Forces]] in 1920, the Cadasan Armed Forces possessed a strong influence in Cadasan society. Many members of the National Assembly and National Council were part of the military, and being in the military was a status symbol. This influence peaked during the martial law period, and defense spending reached a peak of 5% of Cadasa's GDP in 1979. The Armed Forces, along with the secret police [[Komilcad]], helped to suppress opposition and execute political opponents. Especially in Baratlamuri and Haql, the military were involved in human rights abuses and brutality. Since the 1990s, the military has far less control in Cadasa.
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Cadasa}}The culture of Cadasa is extremely diverse and multicultural due to many peoples migrating to Cadasa over the centuries.
===Music===
{{Main|Music of Cadasa}}
=== Cuisine===
{{Main article|Cadasan cuisine}}Cadasan cuisine is influenced by many cultures like the Chinese, Indonesians, Tamils, Indians, and Nantungese. Popular dishes include pineapple prawn satay, {{W|nasi goreng}} (with naan instead of {{W|krupuk}}), and Cadasan-style {{W|tumpeng}}.
=== Naming ===
As Cadasan people are very diverse, there is no standard for Cadasan names. Names can be of any origin. There are many Cadasans with Muslim names, but they don't necessarily follow the Islamic faith. Almost all Cadasans have surnames, unlike similar countries like Malaysia or Indonesia. This is due to a law created in 1906 in the dynasty era, making surnames mandatory. For romanization of Chinese names, Mandarin, Hokkien, Teochew, or Cantonese transliteration are commonly used.
=== Media===
{{See also|Television in Cadasa|Cinema of Cadasa}}97% of Cadasans own a television. The first TVs were brought over in the 1960s. Until 1991, the only TV network available was the [[Cadasa Television Service]] (STC). As with other countries around the world, streaming services like {{W|Disney+}} and {{W|Amazon Prime Video}} are popular. Popular television genres are dramas, comedies, and thrillers.

Cadasa is one of the main centers of the Southeast Asian film industry, with local film-making beginning in the early 1920s. The late 1940s to the late 1950s are considered a high point of Cadasan cinema, with directors like [[Iskandar Graha]] and [[M. Pratam Raharjo]] exploring new themes and techniques. Film productions peaked in the 1980s before declining in the 1990s, then experiencing a resurgence in the 2000s. Post-martial law, independent filmmaking experienced a rise in activity and today, Cadasa is recognized as a center for art and indie films in Southeast Asia. The [[Cadasan Film Awards]] have been annually awarded since 1971.
==Demographics==
===Population ===
Cadasa recorded a population of 60,768,497 in 2020. 56 million out of 60 million Cadasans live on Mapu, the main island. Out of those, 30,991,933 (51.0%) are female, 29,776,564 (49.0%) are male.
===Ethnic groups and languages===
Cadasa is ethnically diverse, being home to as much as 100 ethnic groups. About 65.4% of the population is ethnically Cadasan, while 14.1% of the population is of [[Malay Cadasans|Malay]] descent. [[Chinese Cadasans]], compromising of 10.6% of Cadasa's population, have historically been dominant in business and politics. There is also a sizable [[Indian Cadasan]] minority, mainly descended from Tamils and Sinhalese. About 5% of Cadasa's population is classified as [[raken asli]] (Indigenous peoples). Raken asli in the east include the [[Kurabatans]], [[Arom people|Arom]], [[Alyataks]], and [[Setangas people|Setangas]], while in the west, the [[Jazali Mountains]] are home to various [[Jazali indigenous peoples|indigenous groups]], including the [[Gabi people|Gabi]], [[Dedak people|Dedak]], [[Birui people|Birui]], and [[Palal people|Palal]]. Foreign-born residents, including expatriates and other immigrants, compose about 3% of the population.

[[Cadasan language|Cadasan]] is the official and main language of Cadasa. Other languages include [[Nantungese]], [[Cadasan Mandarin]], [[Cadasan Hokkien]], [[Cadasan Tamil]], and [[Cadasan Hindi]]. English is also spoken to an extent. It is the only nation in [[Nesiondalsa]] with an Austronesian language as the dominant language.

The [[Jazalic languages|Jazalic]] languages, namely the [[Arom-Chonda languages|Arom-Chonda]] and [[Gabi-Nyeipar languages|Gabi-Nyeipar]] branches, are also spoken in Cadasa, but to a far less extent compared to other countries in [[Nesiondalsa]] despite being the place the language family originated from. This is due to the assimilation and discrimination tactics used by the ruling governments of Cadasa over the centuries against the indigenous.

Arom-Chonda languages spoken in Cadasa include the [[Arom language|Arom]], [[Ewaso language|Ewaso]], [[Kesilkesil language|Kesilkesil]], [[Kebiya language|Kebiya]], [[Kesi language|Kesi]], [[Toyupili language|Toyupili]], [[Chonda language|Chonda]], and [[Kurabata language|Kurabata]] languages, and Gabi-Nyeipar languages spoken include the [[Gabi language|Gabi]], [[Dedak language|Dedak]], [[Birui language|Birui]], [[Palal language|Palal]], and [[Nyeipar language|Nyeipar]] languages.

=== Religion ===
<blockquote>''Main article: [[Religion in Cadasa]]''</blockquote>The constitution declares that Cadasa is a secular state with no state religion, and it also guarantees freedom of religion. As of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, approximately 35.1% of the population practices {{W|Islam}}, 16.7% practice folk religions, 15.6% {{W|Buddhism}}, 13.2% are not religious, 11.0% {{W|Christianity}}, 3.5% {{W|Hinduism}}, and 4.9% practice other religions. 98% of Muslim Cadasans follow the branch of {{W|Sunni Islam}}. A significant percentage of Muslim Cadasans are {{W|non-observing Muslims}}. Many who practice folk religions often blend in elements of Islam in their faith, making the true percentage of Cadasans practicing Islam much higher.

In the Chinese Cadasan community, Buddhism is the predominant religion practiced (80.1%) with significant minorities of Taoism and Christianity. Most Indian Cadasans follow Hinduism.

Historically, religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism were dominant in the north, while Islam was dominant in the south. This changed in 1827, when Islam was declared the official state religion, and many adherents spread throughout the country. However, Islam never fully replaced the strong Buddhist traditions in the north. Following the independence of Cadasa in 1920, the newly enacted constitution strongly discouraged religious majoritarianism and curbed the power of Islamic leaders and imams.

===Education===
It is compulsory until age 16. There are a variety of schools in Cadasa: government, private, religious, or international. Cadasa's top universities include: [[University of Cadasa]], [[University of Nan Tung]], and [[Krunghom Institute of Technology]]. Literacy rate is 99% for boys and 98.6% for girls.
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Fictional countries]]
[[Category:Cadasa]]

Film (Cadasan band)

2026-05-25T15:24:07Z

STseng:

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Film
| alias = Dead Poets
| origin = [[Camatanam City]], [[Camatanam Province|Camatanam]], Cadasa
| genre = {{flatlist|
*{{W|Rock music|Rock}}
*{{W|power pop}}
*{{W|jangle pop}}
*{{W|alternative rock}}
*[[Cadapop]]
}}
| years_active = 1991–present
| label = {{flatlist|
*[[Dato Records|Dato]]
*[[Universal Music Cadasa|Universal]]
*[[Kakra Mas Records|Kakra Mas]]
}}
| current_members = [[Qasim Saragih]] 
[[Aris I. Fitri]] 
[[Tahir Tambunan]] 
[[Y. Suteng Hanifa]]
}}

'''Film''' is a Cadasan rock band formed in [[Camatanam City]] in 1991 by vocalist [[Qasim Saragih]] and bassist [[Tahir Tambunan]]. The two soon recruited [[Aris I. Fitri]] and [[Y. Suteng Hanifa]] as guitarist and drummer respectively, completing the lineup. The group is one of the best-selling artists in Cadasa with over 20 million records sold as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}, and are credited with leading the "{{W|alternative rock}} explosion" that would dominate Cadasa's rock scene for the rest of the 1990s. Film is well-known for their consistent sound, with Fitri's extensive use of arpeggios and refrain from big flashy solos and Saragih's bright, clear voice and often obscure nature-related imagery in his lyrics, which focus on personal themes.

==History==

===Formation and early years===
Saragih and Tambunan first met in September 1988 at the [[University of Camatanam]]. Both were second-year economics majors and quickly bonded over their shared love of movies, music, and books. Initially, both had no plans of making music, and Tambunan hoped to drop out and go to [[Universiti Multimedia]] in [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], the nation's leading film school, to become a movie director. Both enjoyed movies by {{W|David Lynch}} and {{W|Steven Spielberg}}.

In 1989, the two began casually playing music in Tambunan's rented apartment, recruiting a friend named Daniel Wong as drummer. Saragih played guitar, while Tambunan sang due to Saragih's insecurity over his high-pitched voice. However, Wong moved to {{W|Singapore}} shortly after, and Saragih and Tambunan drifted apart musically. Both continued to focus on their studies.

In spring 1991, now in the last year of their studies, the two went to a cinema club meeting at the university, where they met [[Aris I. Fitri]], a veterinary studies student with a shared interest in music and movies. Fitri enjoyed playing guitar and introduced the two to his close friend [[Y. Suteng Hanifa|Yahya Suteng Hanifa]], who was studying at the [[Camatanam Polytechnic]], as a drummer. By this time, the lineup was finalized. Initially, the group called themselves the "Dead Poets" after the 1989 film ''{{W|Dead Poets Society}}'' and began playing gigs at live houses including [[Club 60]] under this name.

During this time, glam metal-influenced groups such as [[Harimau Yang Hebat]] dominated the live circuit with their rock ballads and theatrical performances. Saragih was deeply influenced by these bands and [[Amir Arifin]], one of the first popular rock musicians in Cadasa, and tried to imitate his domineering voice and sociopolitical lyrics while pushing Fitri to write more memorable and flashy riffs. Many club managers dismissed Dead Poets as another derivative ballad band.

===Name change and ''Film'' (1992-1994)===
In late 1992, the band began to reassess their approach to songwriting and performance. Tambunan later cited records by {{W|the La’s}}, {{W|Simon & Garfunkel}}, {{W|Neil Young}}, and {{W|Donovan}} as influential during this period. Dead Poets continued to perform in [[Camatanam City]] clubs, slowly becoming the openers for those clubs. A club sound engineer helped them record a three-track demo which was circulated among radio DJs and promoters. Eventually, the demo attracted the attention of [[Dato Records]], a mid-size indie label, and they signed a contract with the label in 1993. After an executive advised that their name Dead Poets could pose legal and promotional difficulties, the band decided to change their name. While considering alternatives, the group temporarily adopted the name ''Film'', a reference to their shared interest in cinema. The name was intended as a placeholder, but the band chose to retain it following the success of their self-titled album.

Recording for Film's debut began in November 1993 and finished in February 1994. It was marred with difficulties, as Fitri was very dissatisfied with his guitar sound and at one point destroyed his instrument in the studio in frustration. The sessions were further complicated by the band's relative inexperience (Fitri was the only band member with a formal musical background) and limited budget. They often recorded late at night after finishing their day jobs. The band also ran into tensions with producer [[S. K. Premachandra]], who pushed for the group to have cleaner arrangements and radio-friendly mixes.

Eventually, on March 7, 1994, Film's debut single, "Itu Ta" (That's Her), was released. It did not chart and, aside from sporadic airplay from Camatanam area contemporary radio stations, went relatively unnoticed. Their second single, "[[Logarak Laju]]" (Fast Train) was more successful, receiving play on college and alternative radio stations across southern Cadasa. On June 10, 1994, Film's debut [[Film (1994 album)|self-titled album]] was released, featuring the two singles. Initially, sales were modest.

One of the album tracks was "[[Keudipanya Warian]]" (My Daily Life), a [[Cadasan language|Cadasan-language]] cover of {{W|The Cure}}'s hit "{{W|Just Like Heaven}}". Unexpectedly, many radio DJs liked the cover and started playing it, leading to more exposure nationwide. As the cover gained popularity, the album’s sales increased steadily.

To capitalize on this success, Dato Records released the song as an official single. Its success marked Film’s commercial breakthrough, transforming the album into a nationwide hit and propelling it into the mainstream. The album has since become one of the best-selling albums of all time in Cadasa.

=== ''Ke Langit'' and award wins (1995-1997) ===
To support the album, the band embarked on a nationwide tour across the country from August 1994 to November 1994 where they played to sell-out crowds against an austere setup. The band also appeared in several music and variety programs, including [[Penyiaran Nagarayyat Tigres]]'s ''Pop Station''. Dato was eager to get Film back into the recording studio for their second album, and in January 1995 released the single "[[Aksan persani unru maharap]]" , which debuted in the Top 10 of the [[PIRC Charts]] for the first time. In June 1995, the single "[[Prakto]]" debuted at number 3 for the PIRC Charts, becoming their first number 1 hit the following week. Sales of "Prakto" reached 500,000 by the end of the year and the ballad has since become one of Film's most recognizable and signature songs.

On December 6, 1995, Film's second album ''[[Ke Langit]]'' was released. It featured a more electric-driven sound with an emphasis on anthemic and arena-ready choruses. It sold moderately well, but critics noted that it was slightly more underwhelming than its debut. To support the album, Film embarked on a tour across {{W|Southeast Asia}}, playing in [[Baratlamuri]], {{W|the Philippines}}, {{W|Malaysia}}, {{W|Indonesia}}, and {{W|Thailand}} as well as their own home country. Although ticket sales outside Cadasa were more modest, the concert tour solidified Film as one of Cadasa's premier live acts and largest bands at that time.

During this period, Saragih began to take on a more dominant leadership role, writing the lyrics of most of the album tracks and collaborating with Premachandra on the album's sound. In February 1996, they released the single "[[Tarian Terakha]]" (Last Dance).

During the 1996 [[Anugurah Gita Cadasa]] ceremony, Film received nominations for Best Album, Best Band, and Best Popular Artist. While they lost Best Album to [[Sahira Des]], Film won Best Band and famously Best Popular Artist, beating out singers [[Siti Wangulo]] and [[Yew Yau Boon]], who at the time was arguably Southeast Asia's most dominant pop figure. The victory was widely covered in magazines and newspapers, and it was at this point where the band realized that they had truely become stars.

=== ''Harapan'' and reinvention (1998-2004) ===
By late 1997, the {{W|1997 Asian crisis|Asian economic crisis}} had gripped Cadasa and severely impacted the music industry. According to Saragih, the band's planned follow-up to ''Ke Langit'' underwent a radical change. Recording for their third album began in December 1997. It was a both a creative and necessary decision to move away from the anthemic, optimistic outlook envisioned in their previous work to a more introspective, lo-fi tone to save money. The sessions were characterized by acoustic folk textures and slower tempos.

On March 3, 1998, Film released their third album ''[[Harapan (Film album)|Harapan]]''. It initially shocked many critics, who expected a continuation of their jangly alternative-pop sound. Although sales of the album did not surpass their debut or ''Ke Langit'', internationally ''Harapan'' was much more successful, becoming their best-selling album in Indonesia and Thailand. The record was nominated for Best Album at the Anugurah Gita Cadasa ceremony in 1999, and is often cited as an influence on the nascent [[lagu tanah naru]] movement.
[[Category:Cadasan alternative rock groups]]
[[Category:Cadasan pop rock music groups]]
[[Category:Cadasan pop music groups]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Cadasan music quartets]]

Hirohisa Banno

2026-05-21T22:26:39Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Hirohisa Banno|native_name=坂野裕久|native_name_lang=ja|office=Military Administrator of Cadasa|term_start=August 15, 1942|term_end=February 4, 1945|successor=[[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]|monarch={{W|Hirohito|Shōwa}}|birth_date={{birth date|1887|07|13}}|birth_place={{W|Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato}}, {{W|Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi}}, {{W|Empire of Japan}}|death_date={{death date and age|1968|03|18|1887|07|13}}|death_place={{W|Tokyo}}, {{W|Japan}}|alma_mater={{W|Imperial Japanese Army Academy}}|allegiance={{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| branch = {{army|Empire of Japan}}|commands={{W|Japanese Seventh Area Army|7th Area Army}} [[Japanese Nineteenth Area Army|19th Area Army]] {{W|Japanese Twelfth Area Army|12th Area Army}}|battles={{W|World War I}} {{W|World War II}}|president=[[James Teoh]]}}'''Hirohisa Banno''' ({{Lang|ja|坂野裕久}}, ''Banno Hirohisa''; July 13, 1887 - March 18, 1968) was a general of the {{W|Imperial Japanese Army}} during {{W|World War II}}. He was the Military Administrator of Cadasa from August 1942 to February 1945. Under his direction, Banno ordered the [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|invasions of Baratlamuri]] and [[Upper Vizhutu campaign|Upper Vizhutu]].
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]
[[Category:Military history of Cadasa during World War II]]

Hirohisa Banno

2026-05-21T22:23:45Z

STseng: Created page with "{{Infobox officeholder|name=Hirohisa Banno|native_name=坂野裕久|native_name_lang=ja|office=Military Administrator of Cadasa|term_start=August 15, 1942|term_end=February 4, 1945|successor=Seiichirō Matsuoka|monarch={{W|Hirohito|Shōwa}}|birth_date={{birth date|1887|07|13}}|birth_place={{W|Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato}}, {{W|Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi}}, {{W|Empire of Japan}}|death_date={{death date and age|1968|03|18|1887|07|13}}|death_place={{W|Tokyo}}, {{W|Jap..."

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Hirohisa Banno|native_name=坂野裕久|native_name_lang=ja|office=Military Administrator of Cadasa|term_start=August 15, 1942|term_end=February 4, 1945|successor=[[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]|monarch={{W|Hirohito|Shōwa}}|birth_date={{birth date|1887|07|13}}|birth_place={{W|Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato}}, {{W|Yamaguchi Prefecture|Yamaguchi}}, {{W|Empire of Japan}}|death_date={{death date and age|1968|03|18|1887|07|13}}|death_place={{W|Tokyo}}, {{W|Japan}}|alma_mater={{W|Imperial Japanese Army Academy}}|allegiance={{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| branch = {{army|Empire of Japan}}|commands={{W|Japanese Seventh Area Army|7th Area Army}} [[Japanese Nineteenth Area Army|19th Area Army]] {{W|Japanese Twelfth Area Army|12th Area Army}}|battles={{W|World War I}} {{W|World War II}}|president=[[James Teoh]]}}'''Hirohisa Banno''' (July 13, 1887 - March 18, 1968) was a general of the {{W|Imperial Japanese Army}} during {{W|World War II}}. He was the Military Administrator of Cadasa from August 1942 to February 1945. Under his direction, Banno ordered the [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|invasions of Baratlamuri]] and [[Upper Vizhutu campaign|Upper Vizhutu]]. While nominally
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Imperial Japanese Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]
[[Category:Military history of Cadasa during World War II]]

Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)

2026-05-21T21:57:41Z

STseng:

<blockquote>''For the current Republic of Cadasa, see [[Cadasa]]''</blockquote>{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| common_name = Cadasa
| native_name = ''Nagarayyat Cadasa'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]) カダサ共和国 ({{W|Japanese language|Japanese}})
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa (1942-1945).png
| anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| image_map = Map of Cadasa in WWII.png
| map_caption = Map of Cadasa in 1945, light green represents occupied territories
| capital = [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]
| life_span = 1942–1945
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = '''De jure:''' Unitary presidential constitutional republic '''De facto:''' Puppet state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}}
| title_deputy = Military Administrator
| title_leader = President
| year_leader1 = 1942–1945
| leader1 = [[James Teoh]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1945
| deputy1 = [[Hirohisa Banno]]
| year_deputy2 = 1945
| deputy2 = [[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]]
| era = {{W|Pacific War}}, {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| date_start = July 3, 1942
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = August 15, 1942
| event2 = [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]]
| date_event2 = August 15, 1942
| event3 = [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|Invasion of Baratlamuri]]
| date_event3 = December 1942
| event4 = [[Rakura massacre]]
| date_event4 = May-June 1944
| event_end = [[Cadasa campaign|Dissolved]]
| date_end = August 15, 1945
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| time_zone = GMT+9
| drives_on = left
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| today = [[Cadasa]] [[Baratlamuri]] [[Ququidinia]] [[Elidish]]
}}

From 1942 to 1945, the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{Lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}; {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: {{lang|ja|カダサ共和国|}}, ''Kadasa-kyōwakoku'') was a client state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}} during {{W|World War II}}. Cadasa's plentiful resources, large population, and established military force made it a valuable asset in Japan's war in Southeast Asia and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]].
==Background ==
In 1939, World War II broke out. As many Cadasans still held resentment over Cadasa's participation in the First World War, not many people supported Cadasan entry into WWII. President [[Mohamed Nurlela]] echoed these sentiments, declaring that, as long as he was president, "Cadasa will never lose another man due to war". As a result, Cadasa was neutral for the first years of the war.

However, Nurlela appointed [[James Teoh]], an efficient civil servant but a known Japanophile and war sympathizer, to the post of vice-president in 1941. On July 3, 1942, Nurlela died due to poisoning, and Teoh automatically became president. Teoh's first act as president was to declare a state of emergency under the guise of protecting Cadasan neutrality and maintaining order; he also used the state of emergency to curtail civil liberties and appointing pro-Japanese right-wing officials to cabinet positions, such as lawyer [[B. Djwa Nikmah]] to the post of Minister of Justice and General [[Iskandar Prianto]] to the post of Minister of Defense.
==Republic==
By mid-July, Imperial Japanese forces had entered [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]] and other major ports across the country, and anti-war, socialist, and traditionalist members of the Cadasan People's Assembly were arrested and forced into hiding in an event known as the [[Purge of Selamat]].

On August 5, the Cadasan People's Assembly was renamed [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]], and the composition radically changed. Out of 160 members, almost half (70) of the members were of the Japanese-controlled Cadasan military.

On August 15, 1942, Teoh ended Cadasan neutrality and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The People's Assembly unanimously voted for war the same day, and Cadasa officially entered WW2. Several government ministers and military personnel who were against the decision departed Cadasa for Australia, where they would set up a [[Cadasan government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in Sydney. The same day, Teoh announced the [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]] (''Pacat Persabalan'', 友好協定) between the Empire of Japan and Cadasa, whose relations were previously neutral. During Nurlela's tenure, Cadasan-Japanese relations decreased due to Nurlela disagreeing with the "savagery of the Imperial Army", referencing the Nanking Massacre and Second Sino-Japanese War. With Teoh's accession to the presidency, relations improved significantly, and Cadasa also became part of the {{W|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere}}. IJA general [[Hirohisa Banno]] was officially named Military Administrator of Cadasa. On August 26, the Cadasans invaded and occupied the British colony [[Nan Tung City-State|Nan Tung]] following limited British resistance.

In November 1942, planning began for an amphibious invasion of [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]]. It would be carried out in phases. In December 1942, the Japanese {{W|Southern Expeditionary Army Group}} with Cadasan support invaded and occupied [[Baratlamuri]], before progressing to [[Upper Vizhutu]] later in 1943. While in Upper Vizhutu, Cadasan and Japanese forces were known for their brutality on civilians, including organizing and conducting the [[Rakura massacre]] in [[Rakura]], the capital of Upper Vizhutu.

The plan was to invade and conquer the [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan Federation]] by 1946, which would ultimately never come to fruition.

In November 1943, Teoh and a delegate of Cadasans attended the {{W|Greater East Asia Conference}} in Tokyo. Teoh spoke at length about how, "in just one year, Japan has modernized and civilized our country, while [[British Nan Tung|67 years]] of British rule has utterly destroyed the economy and people of southern Cadasa...". Meanwhile, many Cadasans were being mistreated by the Japanese soldiers.

At the start of 1945, American and [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan]]-led Allied forces embarked on the liberation of Cadasa in the [[Cadasa campaign]]. On August 15, 1945, following the {{W|surrender of Japan}}, Teoh resigned and was replaced by [[Maras Erisano]], who severed all ties with Imperial Japan.

== Society ==

=== Underground resistance ===
As Teoh's intentions with the war became clear, resistance organizations formed. The largest three were known as the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (''Tantera Satianagara Raken Cadasa''; TSRC), the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]] (''Tandak Antifasis Cadasa''; TAC), and the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s military wing. The TSRC was mainly composed of anti-Japanese members of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]] who resigned from their post and nationalist politicians, while the TAC was composed mainly of [[Chinese Cadasans]] or Cadasan Communist Party-adjacent leftists, labour movement figures, and some non-communist progressives who opposed Japanese fascism.
[[Category:Puppet states]]
[[Category:1942 establishments]]
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]

Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)

2026-05-21T21:50:05Z

STseng:

<blockquote>''For the current Republic of Cadasa, see [[Cadasa]]''</blockquote>{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| common_name = Cadasa
| native_name = ''Nagarayyat Cadasa'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]) カダサ共和国 ({{W|Japanese language|Japanese}})
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa (1942-1945).png
| anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| image_map = Map of Cadasa in WWII.png
| map_caption = Map of Cadasa in 1945, light green represents occupied territories
| capital = [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]
| life_span = 1942–1945
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = '''De jure:''' Unitary presidential constitutional republic '''De facto:''' Puppet state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}}
| title_deputy = Military Administrator
| title_leader = President
| year_leader1 = 1942–1945
| leader1 = [[James Teoh]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1945
| deputy1 = [[Hirohisa Banno]]
| year_deputy2 = 1945
| deputy2 = [[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]]
| era = {{W|Pacific War}}, {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| date_start = July 3, 1942
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]]
| date_event2 = August 15, 1942
| event3 = [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|Invasion of Baratlamuri]]
| date_event3 = December 1942
| event_end = [[Cadasa campaign|Dissolved]]
| date_end = August 15, 1945
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| time_zone = GMT+9
| drives_on = left
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| today = [[Cadasa]] [[Baratlamuri]] [[Ququidinia]] [[Elidish]]
}}

From 1942 to 1945, the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{Lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}; {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: {{lang|ja|カダサ共和国|}}, ''Kadasa-kyōwakoku'') was a client state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}} during {{W|World War II}}. Cadasa's plentiful resources, large population, and established military force made it a valuable asset in Japan's war in Southeast Asia and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]].
==Background ==
In 1939, World War II broke out. As many Cadasans still held resentment over Cadasa's participation in the First World War, not many people supported Cadasan entry into WWII. President [[Mohamed Nurlela]] echoed these sentiments, declaring that, as long as he was president, "Cadasa will never lose another man due to war". As a result, Cadasa was neutral for the first years of the war.

However, Nurlela appointed [[James Teoh]], an efficient civil servant but a known Japanophile and war sympathizer, to the post of vice-president in 1941. On July 3, 1942, Nurlela died due to poisoning, and Teoh automatically became president. Teoh's first act as president was to declare a state of emergency under the guise of protecting Cadasan neutrality and maintaining order; he also used the state of emergency to curtail civil liberties and appointing pro-Japanese right-wing officials to cabinet positions, such as lawyer [[B. Djwa Nikmah]] to the post of Minister of Justice and General [[Iskandar Prianto]] to the post of Minister of Defense.
==Republic==
By mid-July, Imperial Japanese forces had entered [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]] and other major ports across the country, and anti-war, socialist, and traditionalist members of the Cadasan People's Assembly were arrested and forced into hiding in an event known as the [[Purge of Selamat]].

On August 5, the Cadasan People's Assembly was renamed [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]], and the composition radically changed. Out of 160 members, almost half (70) of the members were of the Japanese-controlled Cadasan military.

On August 15, 1942, Teoh ended Cadasan neutrality and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The People's Assembly unanimously voted for war the same day, and Cadasa officially entered WW2. Several government ministers and military personnel who were against the decision departed Cadasa for Australia, where they would set up a [[Cadasan government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in Sydney. The same day, Teoh announced the [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]] (''Pacat Persabalan'', 友好協定) between the Empire of Japan and Cadasa, whose relations were previously neutral. During Nurlela's tenure, Cadasan-Japanese relations decreased due to Nurlela disagreeing with the "savagery of the Imperial Army", referencing the Nanking Massacre and Second Sino-Japanese War. With Teoh's accession to the presidency, relations improved significantly, and Cadasa also became part of the {{W|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere}}. IJA general [[Hirohisa Banno]] was officially named Military Administrator of Cadasa. On August 26, the Cadasans invaded and occupied the British colony [[Nan Tung City-State|Nan Tung]] following limited British resistance.

In November 1942, planning began for an amphibious invasion of [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]]. It would be carried out in phases. In December 1942, the Japanese {{W|Southern Expeditionary Army Group}} with Cadasan support invaded and occupied [[Baratlamuri]], before progressing to [[Upper Vizhutu]] later in 1943. While in Upper Vizhutu, Cadasan and Japanese forces were known for their brutality on civilians, including organizing and conducting the [[Rakura massacre]] in [[Rakura]], the capital of Upper Vizhutu.

The plan was to invade and conquer the [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan Federation]] by 1946, which would ultimately never come to fruition.

In November 1943, Teoh and a delegate of Cadasans attended the {{W|Greater East Asia Conference}} in Tokyo. Teoh spoke at length about how, "in just one year, Japan has modernized and civilized our country, while [[British Nan Tung|67 years]] of British rule has utterly destroyed the economy and people of southern Cadasa...". Meanwhile, many Cadasans were being mistreated by the Japanese soldiers.

At the start of 1945, American and [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan]]-led Allied forces embarked on the liberation of Cadasa in the [[Cadasa campaign]]. On August 15, 1945, following the {{W|surrender of Japan}}, Teoh resigned and was replaced by [[Maras Erisano]], who severed all ties with Imperial Japan.

== Society ==

=== Underground resistance ===
As Teoh's intentions with the war became clear, resistance organizations formed. The largest three were known as the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (''Tantera Satianagara Raken Cadasa''; TSRC), the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]] (''Tandak Antifasis Cadasa''; TAC), and the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s military wing. The TSRC was mainly composed of anti-Japanese members of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]] who resigned from their post and nationalist politicians, while the TAC was composed mainly of [[Chinese Cadasans]] or Cadasan Communist Party-adjacent leftists, labour movement figures, and some non-communist progressives who opposed Japanese fascism.
[[Category:Puppet states]]
[[Category:1942 establishments]]
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]

Flag of Cadasa

2026-05-21T21:48:42Z

STseng:

{{Infobox flag|image1=|proportion=|adopted=1920|design=|designed_by=|Name=Flag of Cadasa|Image=Flag of Cadasa.png|Proportion6=|Proportion=2:3|Adoption=October 2, 1920|Design=Triband of blue and red with a star in the middle|Designer=[[Louis Periannan]], [[Watani (statesman)|Watani]]}}

The '''flag of [[Cadasa]]''' is a triband, with blue on the two sides and red in the middle. At the centre of the red band is a star.

==History==
The flag of Cadasa was inspired by the flag of the Alyatak-Cahayan alliance of the 1710s which formed the [[Cahaya dynasty]]. That flag was the exact same as the Cadasan flag but with no star.

During the [[Selamat Revolution]], this flag was used as a symbol for republican revolutionaries against the corrupt [[Cahaya dynasty]]. It was designed by [[Louis Periannan]] and [[Watani (statesman)|Watani]], two of Cadasa's founding fathers.

From 1942 to 1945, when Cadasa was a [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|client state of Japan]], the shade of the red band was changed to match the shade of red on the {{W|Flag of Japan}}.

==Colours and meaning==
The blue represents the sea, of which Cadasa is surrounded by. Blue also represnts loyalty and justice. The red represents the blood shed during the Selamat Revolution and courage and valor. The star represents the Cadasan people, and each of the five points symbolizes the main ethnic groups of Cadasa: the Cadasans, Malays, Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples.

[[Category:Flags]]
[[Category:National symbols of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1920]]

File:Map of Cadasa in WWII.png

2026-05-21T21:47:46Z

STseng:

Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)

2026-05-21T19:09:17Z

STseng:

<blockquote>''For the current Republic of Cadasa, see [[Cadasa]]''</blockquote>{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| common_name = Cadasa
| native_name = ''Nagarayyat Cadasa'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]) カダサ共和国 ({{W|Japanese language|Japanese}})
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa (1942-1945).png
| anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| image_map = Map of Cadasa in WWII.png
| capital = [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]
| life_span = 1942–1945
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = '''De jure:''' Unitary presidential constitutional republic '''De facto:''' Puppet state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}}
| title_deputy = Military Administrator
| title_leader = President
| year_leader1 = 1942–1945
| leader1 = [[James Teoh]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1945
| deputy1 = [[Hirohisa Banno]]
| year_deputy2 = 1945
| deputy2 = [[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]]
| era = {{W|Pacific War}}, {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| date_start = July 3, 1942
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]]
| date_event2 = August 15, 1942
| event3 = [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|Invasion of Baratlamuri]]
| date_event3 = December 1942
| event_end = [[Cadasa campaign|Dissolved]]
| date_end = August 15, 1945
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| time_zone = GMT+9
| drives_on = left
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| today = [[Cadasa]] [[Baratlamuri]] [[Ququidinia]] [[Elidish]]
}}

From 1942 to 1945, the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{Lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}; {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: {{lang|ja|カダサ共和国|}}, ''Kadasa-kyōwakoku'') was a client state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}} during {{W|World War II}}. Cadasa's plentiful resources, large population, and established military force made it a valuable asset in Japan's war in Southeast Asia and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]].
==Background ==
In 1939, World War II broke out. As many Cadasans still held resentment over Cadasa's participation in the First World War, not many people supported Cadasan entry into WWII. President [[Mohamed Nurlela]] echoed these sentiments, declaring that, as long as he was president, "Cadasa will never lose another man due to war". As a result, Cadasa was neutral for the first years of the war.

However, Nurlela appointed [[James Teoh]], an efficient civil servant but a known Japanophile and war sympathizer, to the post of vice-president in 1941. On July 3, 1942, Nurlela died due to poisoning, and Teoh automatically became president. Teoh's first act as president was to declare a state of emergency under the guise of protecting Cadasan neutrality and maintaining order; he also used the state of emergency to curtail civil liberties and appointing pro-Japanese right-wing officials to cabinet positions, such as lawyer [[B. Djwa Nikmah]] to the post of Minister of Justice and General [[Iskandar Prianto]] to the post of Minister of Defense.
==Republic==
By mid-July, Imperial Japanese forces had entered [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]] and other major ports across the country, and anti-war, socialist, and traditionalist members of the Cadasan People's Assembly were arrested and forced into hiding in an event known as the [[Purge of Selamat]].

On August 5, the Cadasan People's Assembly was renamed [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]], and the composition radically changed. Out of 160 members, almost half (70) of the members were of the Japanese-controlled Cadasan military.

On August 15, 1942, Teoh ended Cadasan neutrality and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The People's Assembly unanimously voted for war the same day, and Cadasa officially entered WW2. Several government ministers and military personnel who were against the decision departed Cadasa for Australia, where they would set up a [[Cadasan government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in Sydney. The same day, Teoh announced the [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]] (''Pacat Persabalan'', 友好協定) between the Empire of Japan and Cadasa, whose relations were previously neutral. During Nurlela's tenure, Cadasan-Japanese relations decreased due to Nurlela disagreeing with the "savagery of the Imperial Army", referencing the Nanking Massacre and Second Sino-Japanese War. With Teoh's accession to the presidency, relations improved significantly, and Cadasa also became part of the {{W|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere}}. IJA general [[Hirohisa Banno]] was officially named Military Administrator of Cadasa. On August 26, the Cadasans invaded and occupied the British colony [[Nan Tung City-State|Nan Tung]] following limited British resistance.

In November 1942, planning began for an amphibious invasion of [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]]. It would be carried out in phases. In December 1942, the Japanese {{W|Southern Expeditionary Army Group}} with Cadasan support invaded and occupied [[Baratlamuri]], before progressing to [[Upper Vizhutu]] later in 1943. While in Upper Vizhutu, Cadasan and Japanese forces were known for their brutality on civilians, including organizing and conducting the [[Rakura massacre]] in [[Rakura]], the capital of Upper Vizhutu.

The plan was to invade and conquer the [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan Federation]] by 1946, which would ultimately never come to fruition.

In November 1943, Teoh and a delegate of Cadasans attended the {{W|Greater East Asia Conference}} in Tokyo. Teoh spoke at length about how, "in just one year, Japan has modernized and civilized our country, while [[British Nan Tung|67 years]] of British rule has utterly destroyed the economy and people of southern Cadasa...". Meanwhile, many Cadasans were being mistreated by the Japanese soldiers.

At the start of 1945, American and [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan]]-led Allied forces embarked on the liberation of Cadasa in the [[Cadasa campaign]]. On August 15, 1945, following the {{W|surrender of Japan}}, Teoh resigned and was replaced by [[Maras Erisano]], who severed all ties with Imperial Japan.

== Society ==

=== Underground resistance ===
As Teoh's intentions with the war became clear, resistance organizations formed. The largest three were known as the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (''Tantera Satianagara Raken Cadasa''; TSRC), the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]] (''Tandak Antifasis Cadasa''; TAC), and the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s military wing. The TSRC was mainly composed of anti-Japanese members of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]] who resigned from their post and nationalist politicians, while the TAC was composed mainly of [[Chinese Cadasans]] or Cadasan Communist Party-adjacent leftists, labour movement figures, and some non-communist progressives who opposed Japanese fascism.
[[Category:Puppet states]]
[[Category:1942 establishments]]
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]

Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)

2026-05-21T15:57:15Z

STseng:

<blockquote>''For the current Republic of Cadasa, see [[Cadasa]]''</blockquote>{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| common_name = Cadasa
| native_name = ''Nagarayyat Cadasa'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]) カダサ共和国 ({{W|Japanese language|Japanese}})
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa (1942-1945).png
| anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| image_map = Map of Cadasa in WWII.png
| capital = [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]
| life_span = 1942–1945
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = '''De jure:''' Unitary presidential constitutional republic '''De facto:''' Puppet state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}}
| title_deputy = Governor
| title_leader = President
| year_leader1 = 1942–1945
| leader1 = [[James Teoh]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1945
| deputy1 = [[Hirohisa Banno]]
| year_deputy2 = 1945
| deputy2 = [[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]]
| era = {{W|Pacific War}}, {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| date_start = July 3, 1942
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]]
| date_event2 = August 15, 1942
| event3 = [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|Invasion of Baratlamuri]]
| date_event3 = December 1942
| event_end = [[Cadasa campaign|Dissolved]]
| date_end = August 15, 1945
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| time_zone = GMT+9
| drives_on = left
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| today = [[Cadasa]] [[Baratlamuri]] [[Ququidinia]] [[Elidish]]
}}

From 1942 to 1945, the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{Lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}; {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: {{lang|ja|カダサ共和国|}}, ''Kadasa-kyōwakoku'') was a client state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}} during {{W|World War II}}. Cadasa's plentiful resources, large population, and established military force made it a valuable asset in Japan's war in Southeast Asia and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]].
==Background ==
In 1939, World War II broke out. As many Cadasans still held resentment over Cadasa's participation in the First World War, not many people supported Cadasan entry into WWII. President [[Mohamed Nurlela]] echoed these sentiments, declaring that, as long as he was president, "Cadasa will never lose another man due to war". As a result, Cadasa was neutral for the first years of the war.

However, Nurlela appointed [[James Teoh]], an efficient civil servant but a known Japanophile and war sympathizer, to the post of vice-president in 1941. On July 3, 1942, Nurlela died due to poisoning, and Teoh automatically became president.
==Republic==
On July 5, the Cadasan People's Assembly was renamed [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]], and the composition radically changed. Out of 160 members, almost half (70) of the members were of the Japanese-controlled Cadasan military.

On July 6, 1942, Teoh ended Cadasan neutrality and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The People's Assembly unanimously voted for war the same day, and Cadasa officially entered WW2. Several government ministers and military personnel who were against the decision departed Cadasa for Australia, where they would set up a [[Cadasan government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in Sydney.

On August 15, 1942, Teoh announced the [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]] (''Pacat Persabalan'', 友好協定) between the Empire of Japan and Cadasa, whose relations were previously neutral. During Nurlela's tenure, Cadasan-Japanese relations decreased due to Nurlela disagreeing with the "savagery of the Imperial Army", referencing the Nanking Massacre and Second Sino-Japanese War. With Teoh's accession to the presidency, relations improved significantly, and Cadasa also became part of the {{W|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere}}. On August 26, the Cadasans invaded and occupied the British colony [[Nan Tung City-State|Nan Tung]] following limited British resistance.

In November 1942, planning began for an amphibious invasion of [[Ondalsan Archipelago|Ondalsa]]. It would be carried out in phases. In December 1942, Cadasa with Japanese support invaded and occupied [[Baratlamuri]], before progressing to [[Upper Vizhutu]] later in 1943. While in Upper Vizhutu, Cadasan and Japanese forces were known for their brutality on civilians, including organizing and conducting the [[Rakura massacre]] in [[Rakura]], the capital of Upper Vizhutu.

The plan was to invade and conquer the [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan Federation]] by 1946, which would ultimately never come to fruition.

In November 1943, Teoh and a delegate of Cadasans attended the {{W|Greater East Asia Conference}} in Tokyo. Teoh spoke at length about how, "in just one year, Japan has modernized and civilized our country, while [[British Nan Tung|67 years]] of British rule has utterly destroyed the economy and people of southern Cadasa...". Meanwhile, many Cadasans were being mistreated by the Japanese soldiers.

At the start of 1945, American and [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan]]-led Allied forces embarked on the liberation of Cadasa in the [[Cadasa campaign]]. On August 15, 1945, following the {{W|surrender of Japan}}, Teoh resigned and was replaced by [[Maras Erisano]], who severed all ties with Imperial Japan.

== Society ==

=== Underground resistance ===
As Teoh's intentions with the war became clear, resistance organizations formed. The largest three were known as the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (''Tantera Satianagara Raken Cadasa''; TSRC), the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]] (''Tandak Antifasis Cadasa''; TAC), and the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s military wing. The TSRC was mainly composed of anti-Japanese members of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]] who resigned from their post and nationalist politicians, while the TAC was composed mainly of [[Chinese Cadasans]] or Cadasan Communist Party-adjacent leftists, labour movement figures, and some non-communist progressives who opposed Japanese fascism.
[[Category:Puppet states]]
[[Category:1942 establishments]]
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]

Cairo Raijar

2026-05-21T15:39:31Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Cairo Raijar|native_name=[[File:Cairo Raijar in Sarwabhasa.png|100px]]|image=Cairo Raijar.jpg|term_start=July 7, 1944|term_end=May 29, 1972|viceprimeminister=[[Iskandar Karabari]] [[J. Samayamantri]] [[A. P. Vijay]] [[J. Tamba]] [[Suresh R. Patil]]|predecessor=[[Aditya Wangiyo]]|successor=[[Suresh R. Patil]]|constituency=|monarch=[[King Achlendra|Achlendra]] [[King Vishwanath I of Vizhutua|Vishwanath I]]|order=Prime Minister of the Vizhutuan Federation|caption=Raijar in 1955|term_start1=March 13, 1940|term_end1=June 1, 1943|order1=Minister of Justice|birth_date=April 2, 1892|birth_place=[[Visaha]], [[Vizhutu State|Vizhutu]], [[Vizhutua]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1972|5|29|1892|4|2}}|death_place=[[Visaha National University Hospital]], [[Visaha]], [[Vizhutu State|Vizhutu]], [[Vizhutua]]|nationality=Vizhutuan|party=[[Vizhutuan People's Party]] (after 1934) [[Vizhutuan Socialist Workers' Party]] (before 1934)|spouse={{marriage|[[Jasmine Covarrubias]]|1912|1920}}|children=6 (including [[Ruwan Raijar|Ruwan]] and [[Ananda Raijar|Ananda]])|alma_mater=[[Visaha National University]] (LLB)|occupation=lawyer, academic, politician, journalist|parents=[[G. M. Raijar]] (father)
[[Inaya Raijar Badir]] (mother)|family=[[Raijar family]]|order2=Member of [[Parliament of Vizhutua|Parliament]]|parliament2=Vizhutuan|constituency_MP2=[[Hianghun (constituency)|Hianghun]]|constituency_MP3=[[Visaha North (constituency)|Visaha North]]|parliament3=Vizhutuan|term_start2=July 3, 1946|term_start3=April 18, 1939|term_end2=May 29, 1972|term_end3=July 3, 1946}}'''Gautam Cairo Raijar''', better known as '''Cairo Raijar''', ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:Cairo Raijar in Sarwabhasa.png|100px]]; ''{{VizhutuanScript|Kaíro Rǎiyaŕ}}''; April 2, 1892 - May 29, 1972) or '''Kairo Raiyar''', was a [[Vizhutuan Federation|Vizhutuan]] lawyer, academic, journalist, and politician who served as the [[List of Prime Ministers of the Vizhutuan Federation|Prime Minister of the Vizhutuan Federation]] from 1944 to his death in 1972. With a total of {{Age in years, months and days|1944|7|7|1972|5|29}}, Raijar is the longest serving prime minister in Vizhutuan history.

Respected and loved by the Vizhutuan people, Raijar's premiership was marked by political stability and economic growth. He ended the imperialist foreign policy known as [[naya divai, kayasam tecasj|''naya divai, kayasam tecasj'']], championed the [[Vizhutuan economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, released political prisoners from the [[Aditya Wangiyo|Wangiyo]] regime, supported Vizhutua's entry into the {{W|Non-Aligned Movement}}, and regularly criticized both capitalism and communism.
==Early life==
Cairo Raijar was born in his home in the [[Bandres District|Bandres]] district of [[Visaha]], Vizhutua, on 2 April 1892, the second son of [[G. M. Raijar|Gautam Maitreya Raijar]] (1865-1948), an general in the [[Vizhutuan Army]] and [[Inaya Raijar Badir]] (1869-1967), a socialite and famous artist. He was named after the {{W|Cairo|capital of Egypt}}, a city whom his mother admired. The Raijars were a wealthy family involved in military, law, and medicine. In 1920, Raijar graduated from the [[Visaha National University]] Law School.
==Career ==
In 1922, Raijar joined the [[Vizhutuan Army]], and served until 1925. Raijar was radicalized there and joined the [[Vizhutuan Socialist Workers' Party]] (VSWP), becoming a journalist for the party's newspaper, before leaving the party for the [[Vizhutuan People's Party]] (VPP) in 1934.

In [[1939 Vizhutuan general election|1939]], he was elected to the [[Parliament of the Vizhutuan Federation]] for [[Visaha North (constituency)|Visaha North]]. He was Minister of Justice from 1940 to 1943. In 1943, he was elected the leader of the Vizhutuan People's Party.
==Prime Minister of the Vizhutuan Federation (1944-1972)==

=== World War II and post-war reconstruction ===
The [[1944 Vizhutuan federal election]] was held on June 4, 1944. Raijar and the VPP won and formed a minority government, winning 339 seats. Raijar's term started on July 7, inheriting his predeccessor [[Aditya Wangiyo]]'s war cabinet. At the time of Raijar taking office, Vizhutua was faced with bombings of major cities by Cadasan and Japanese air forces, including the [[Bombing of Visaha]] which occurred on May 18, 1943 that resulted in 76 deaths. In addition, the collaborationist government of the [[Provisional National Government of Vizhutua]], based in [[Saraiki]], [[Bur State]], threatened to attack mainland Vizhutua. TBA

Raijar introduced legislation of the [[Bur-Nyidush Statehood Agreement]] in early 1945 as the Second World War was winding down. He expanded to a majority government in [[1946 Vizhutuan federal election|1946]]. The same year, Bur and Nyidush were returned to Vizhutua as full states, with the same status and rights as the other six states of Vizhutua instead of territories.

After the war, Raijar started to make Vizhutua developed, modeled after the US post-war boom. An anti-colonialist, he expressed anger towards the [[Naya divai, kayasam tecasj|''naya divai, kayasam tecasj'']] (one flag, thousand nations) concept, which dominanted Vizhutuan foreign policy for the past 300 years, bringing legislation to end it and increasing Vizhutua's influence as a neutral and anti-imperialist power. In 1946, Raijar helped to return Bur and Nyidush to Vizhutua. In the 1950s, Vizhutuan population grew fivefold, and the capital city Visaha became a modern city with office buildings and skyscrapers.

=== Foreign policy and later rule ===
He visited Moscow in 1956, followed by Washington DC in 1961. {{W|Nikita Khrushchev}} and {{W|John F. Kennedy}}, leaders of the USSR and US respectively at the time, both said that Raijar was a kind and humorous man.

In the 1960s, Raijar started to cut down corruption in the Vizhutuan government, and in 1971 delievered the first opening speech at FNOS's first summit at [[Hayram]], [[Gezirnus]].
== Death and state funeral==
In 1968, Raijar was diagnosed with prostate cancer, and started to experience symptoms of dementia in late 1969. His health started to deteriorate, and despite calls for him to resign due to health, Raijar was determined to serve Vizhutua “until his very last day”.

In March 1972, Raijar was admitted to the Visaha National University Hospital due to the cancer spreading to the rest of his body. By then, Vice-Prime Minister [[Suresh R. Patil]] commenced ''de facto'' duties as prime minister, although Raijar still remained ''de jure'' prime minister. He died on May 29, 1972. A state funeral was held on June 10, 1972.
==Legacy==
Raijar is considered to be one of the greatest Vizhutuan prime ministers. He improved Vizhutua's economy and by 1965 corruption was virtually nonexistant in the Vizhutuan government. Raijar was also known for radically changing Vizhutua's foreign policy, from one pro-colonialism to one pro-neutrality, and for peacefully putting down [[Secession in Vizhutua|separatist movements]] by giving some rights to the [[states of Vizhutua]].

Except for a brief period from 1972 to 1973, following his death, the Raijar family continued to rule Vizhutua. Raijar’s son [[Ruwan Raijar]] served as prime minister from 1973 to 1986 and grandson [[Bhaswar Raijar|Bhaswar]] served from 1986 to 2000. He and his family's political theories and policies are called [[Raiyarism]].
[[Category:Cairo Raijar]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Vizhutua]]
[[Category:Raijar family]]
[[Category:People of the Cold War]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan socialists]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan lawyers]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan politicians]]
[[Category:Ministers of Justice (Vizhutua)]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan anti-communists]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan anti-imperialists]]

Vizhutuan People's Party

2026-05-21T14:41:41Z

STseng:

{{Infobox political party|founded=January 19, 1919|dissolved=August 3, 2000|succeeded_by=[[Socialist People's Party (Vizhutua)|Socialist People's Party]]|headquarters=10 [[Terahana]], [[Visaha]], [[Vizhutua]]|youth_wing=[[Vizhutuan Peoples of Tomorrow]]|membership=10,385,063 (1999)|ideology={{W|Centrism}} [[Raiyarism]] {{W|Democratic socialism}} {{W|Social democracy}} {{W|Anti-imperialism}} {{W|Anti-colonialism}} {{W|Anti-capitalism}} {{W|Multiculturalism}} {{W|Egalitarianism}} {{W|Left-wing nationalism}} '''Factions:''' {{w|Radical centrism}} {{W|Liberal conservatism}} {{W|Economic progressivism}}|continental_affiliation={{W|Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats}}|international_affiliation={{W|Liberal International}}|colors={{legend|#eb5402|Orange}}|regional_affiliation=[[Ondalsan Centrist Union]]|position='''1919-1943:''' Centre to centre-left '''1943-1980s:''' Centre-left to left-wing '''1980s-2000:''' Centre to centre-left|split_from=[[People's Party (Vizhutua)|People's Party]]|row2=|colorcode=#eb5402}}The '''Vizhutuan People's Party''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: TBA; '''VPP''') was a dominant political party in mid-to-late 20th century [[Vizhutua]]. Led by the [[Raijar family]], [[Cairo Raijar|Cairo]] (1944-1972), son [[Rafiq Raijar|Rafiq]] (1973-1986), and grandson [[Bhaswar Raijar|Bhaswar]] (1986-2000), the VPP consistently dominated elections and won majority governments and was the ruling party from 1944 to 2000. It advocated [[Raiyarism]], an egalitarian political ideology based on Cairo Raijar's policies.

In 2000, following the resignation of Bhaswar Raijar due to the [[Kheng Tin scandal]], the VPP merged with the [[Vizhutuan Socialist Workers' Party|VSWP]] to form the [[Socialist People's Party (Vizhutua)|Socialist People's Party]].
==History ==
===Beginnings (-1919)===
The Vizhutuan People's Party has its roots in the radical [[People's Party (Vizhutua)|People's Party]], which was founded in 1911 on a basis of anti-corruption, anti-monarchism, progressivism, and reformism. In 1919, moderates from the People's Party split and formed the VPP.
===Early victories (1919-1943)===
Originally, the VPP was more liberal and from 1926 to 1929 it ruled the country under Prime Minister [[Bharat de Silva]] as a minority government. [[J. R. V. Chaudhary]], who was Prime Minister from 1934 to 1939, led the party to a more centrist position.
===Cairo Raijar era (1943-1972) ===
In 1943, Cairo Raijar was elected leader of the VPP, and in 1944, led the party to its first out of many election victories. Raijar's premiership was marked by political stability and economic growth. He constructed the [[Vizhutuan economic miracle]] of the 1950s and 1960s, released political prisoners from the [[Kareem Widodo|Widodo]] regime, helped create the [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States]] (FNOS), joining Vizhutua in the Non-Aligned Movement, and regularly criticized both capitalism and communism.

It was at this time that the VPP had near complete influence in Vizhutuan society. Although Vizhutua wasn't a one-party state, almost all government employees were members of the VPP.
=== Continued dominance (1972-1999) ===
In 1972, Raijar died, but the VPP continued to form majority governments. In 1973, parliament was dissolved and a snap election was called just to let Raijar's son, Rafiq, become Prime Minister. The number of seats decreased, but the VPP was able to continue forming majority governments. The VPP started to slowly decrease in number of seats following the [[1980-81 Vizhutuan floods]], of which the government reacted slowly and provided insufficient aid, resulting in the deaths of 10,000 people.

In 1984, the VPP joined {{W|Liberal International}}, and in 1990, became a founding member of the [[Ondalsan Centrist Union]].
===Scandal and merger (1999-2000)===
In December 1999, popular Prime Minister Bhaswar Raijar was revealed to have ties to the [[Tsanakarun|Tsanakarunese]] criminal gang [[Kheng Tin]]. Naturally, he and the VPP denied it, but as 2000 went on more and more reports were made. Parliament was dissolved on July 27, 2000, and Raijar resigned on August 2.

The scandal was so shameful that the VPP and former rival VSWP merged the next day.
[[Category:Political parties]]
[[Category:Fictional political parties]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]
[[Category:1919 establishments]]
[[Category:1910s establishments]]
[[Category:2000s disestablishments]]
[[Category:2000 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Vizhutuan People's Party]]
[[Category:Raiyarism]]

File:Cairo Raijar.jpg

2026-05-21T14:38:41Z

STseng:

Ondalsan Archipelago

2026-05-21T01:58:28Z

STseng:

[[File:Map of the Ondalsan Archipelago.png|thumb|190x190px]]
The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ([[Keimasian language|Keimasian]]: ''Ondaiśa Vikamu''; [[Elidishan language|Elidishan]]: ''Ondaĺkʉn Kazaij'', [[Tufur language|Tufur]]: ''Kanusâ'an Ondal''; [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]: ''Kepulawan Ondalsa'', [[Sarwabhasa]]: ''Ondalsa Visamuih'') or the '''Ondalsan Islands''', is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean. There are around 15,580 islands in the archipelago, around half of which are inhabitied. [[Cadasa]] and [[Baratlamuri]] are sometimes considered to be part of the islands, but sometimes not due to their relative farness from the rest of the archipelago.
==Countries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Flag
!Map
!Name
!Capital
!Largest city
!Population
!Area (km squared)
|-
|[[File:Flag of Baratlamuri.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Baratlamuri.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Baratlamuri]]
|[[Yasana]]
|[[Pekhoi]]
|5,231,294
|89,192
|-
|[[File:Flag of Cadasa.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Cadasa (2025).png|center|frameless]]
|[[Cadasa]]
|[[New Cadasa]]
|[[Nan Tung]]
|60,768,497
|628,548
|-
|[[File:Flag of Elidish.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Elidish.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Elidish]]
| colspan="2" |[[Rakura]]
|43,706,394
|194,312
|-
|[[File:Flag of Keimasia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Keimasia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Keimasia]]
| colspan="2" |[[Harlington]]
|10,395,291
|103,391
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kuliadei.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Kuliadei.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Kuliadei]]
|[[Kuliadei City]]
|[[Port Auclair]]
|19,395,301
|290,292
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ququdinia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Ququdinia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Ququdinia]]
| colspan="2" |[[San Candella]]
|1,294,921
|45,203
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ungegia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Ungegia.png|center|frameless]]
|[[Ungegia]]
|[[Akrinron]]
|[[Talundadap]]
|2,000,092
|100,202
|-
|[[File:Flag of Vizhutua.png|center|frameless]]
|[[File:Map of Vizhutua.jpg|center|frameless]]
|[[Vizhutuan Federation|Vizhutua]]
| colspan="2" |[[Visaha]]
| 92,752,202
| 1,295,281
|}{{Countries of Nesiondalsa}}
[[Category:Archipelagos]]
[[Category:Fictional archipelagos]]
[[Category:Ondalsan Archipelago]]
[[Category:Archipelagos of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Regions in Oceania]]
[[Category:Regions in Eurasia]]

Visaha

2026-05-21T01:56:53Z

STseng:

{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = {{VizhutuanScript|wijaṛa}}
| image_skyline = Visaha.jpg
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Vizhutua]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Vizhutu]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1250
| governing_body = Visaha City Council
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[R. Balakrishna]]
| area_total_km2 = 1739
| population_total = 7295012
| population_metro = 15395291
| utc_offset = +6:45
| iso_3166_code = VZ-VS
| area_code = 67-100 to 67-199
}}

'''Visaha''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:Visaha in Sarwabhasa script.png|100px]]; [[Romanization of Sarwabhasa|romanized]]: ''Wijaṛa'') is the capital of [[Vizhutu State]], [[Wijarra Province]], and the [[Vizhutuan Federation]]. Consisting of 13 urban districts and 18 rural districts, it is also the largest city of Vizhutua, with a population of nearly 7.3 million within its city limits and almost 18.4 million in the surrounding [[Greater Visaha Region|metropolitan area]]. Visaha lies on the banks of the [[Hianghun River]] in southern Vizhutua, 32 km (19.8 mi) from the [[Aucorusrian Sea]].

Visaha began as a small village known as Antrangarai. In 1250, the [[Vizhutu Empire]] declared Antrangarai as its capital and renamed it to Visaha after it was the site of [[Battle of Antrangarai|the last battle]] in the [[First Vizhutu-Lenying War]]. The city became the political and economic centre of the empire soon after. Growth was gradual until post-{{W|World War II}}, when Visaha's population tripled in 25 years and a number of modern construction projects were devised and built.

Visaha is the political, economic, financial, and cultural centre of the federation. The [[Parliament of Vizhutua]] is located here, as with the [[Prajna Palace]], the main residence of the [[Vizhutuan royal family]]. It is categorized as an Alpha++ city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network (fictional)|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. Visaha is also one of the world's leading centre's on research, development, and education, with universities like the [[Visaha National University]].

== History ==
The area known as Visaha was settled by the indigenous tribes in the {{W|Mesolithic}} era. However, Visaha, then known as '''Antrangarai''' (from Tamil ஆற்றங்கரை; ''Attrankarai'', meaning riverside), was still a small village until the [[Vizhutu Empire]] declared Antrangarai as its capital. It was renamed to Wijarra (Anglicized to Visaha) in 1250, which was a corruption of Sanskrit "Vijayvāṛā" (विजयवाड़ा) meaning "place of victory", after it was the site of [[Battle of Antrangarai|the last battle]] in the [[First Vizhutu-Lenying War]]. The ''Antrangarai'' name however, was kept for a site upstream the Hianghun, north of Visaha, and today, [[Antrangarai]] is a major city in [[Wijarra Province]].

Visaha soon experienced rapid growth as the Vizhutu Empire's [[King Saatvik]] wanted to make Vizhutu a great power. As expected, Visaha was designated capital when the [[Vizhutu Empire]] conquered all of the other states in 1622.

During the [[Vizhutuan economic miracle]] of the 1950s to the 1970s, Visaha's population massively grew. In 1945, its population was 1.5 million. By 1970, its population was 4.5 million. The first skyscrapers and modern buidlings appeared during this period.

In 2015, the [[Cairo Raijar Bridge]] was built, replacing the old Chandair Bridge.

==Politics and government==
Visaha is the capital of Vizhutua. All government buildings are located in the city or nearby suburbs. The Visaha City Council is the body related to municipal affairs, which is headed by mayor [[R. Balakrishna]], located in the City Hall in [[Hianghun District]]. Visaha is also home to the [[Parliament of Vizhutua]], and it elects 20 representatives to the parliament.

===Districts===

====Urban====

*[[Asangara District]]
*[[Bandres District]]
*[[Bhakar District]]
*[[Hianghun District]]
*[[Kedesar District]]
*[[Sarvakarah District]]
*[[Nhavara District]]
*TBA

====Rural ====

*TBA
==Economy ==
{{Empty}}

== Culture==
Visaha is the cultural centre of Vizhutua. Many world-famous attractions are located here, like the [[National Museum of Vizhutua]], which comprises artifacts and paintings from Vizhutua and all over the world. The 110-floor [[Akasha Tower]], opened in 2010, is the tallest in Ondalsa and top-10 in the world. There are also tours through Prajna Palace and other residences of the Vizhutuan royal family.

== Transportation==
There are several modes of transportation in Visaha. Driving is the most popular, and many highways connect the city with the rest of Vizhutua. Public transport is a close second, with bus, rail, and train also being popular. The [[Visaha Metro]] is one of the largest rapid transit systems in Ondalsa, with a daily ridership of 4.1 million.

As downtown Visaha is only a few kilometres from the sea, ships are also a method of transportation, but it is mainly used for cruise and cargo purposes. [[Port Antrangarai]] is the largest port in Vizhutua.

Visaha is served in air by two airports: [[Visaha International Airport|Visaha]] (VJR) and [[Visaha Thasapari International Airport|Thasapari]] (VTH). Visaha International Airport is the largest airport by size and passengers, handling 70 million passengers in 2019, while the older Thasapari Airport is for low-cost carriers and private jets.
[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Fictional cities]]
[[Category:Capital cities]]
[[Category:Fictional capital cities]]
[[Category:Largest cities]]
[[Category:Fictional largest cities]]
[[Category:Cities in Vizhutua]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]

File:Visaha.jpg

2026-05-21T01:56:28Z

STseng:

Visaha

2026-05-21T01:54:41Z

STseng:

{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = {{VizhutuanScript|wijaṛa}}
| image_skyline = Visaha.jpg
| subdivision_type = country
| subdivision_name = [[Vizhutua]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Vizhutu]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1250
| governing_body = Visaha City Council
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[R. Balakrishna]]
| area_total_km2 = 1739
| population_total = 7295012
| population_metro = 15395291
| utc_offset = +6:45
| iso_3166_code = VZ-VS
| area_code = 67-100 to 67-199
}}

'''Visaha''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:Visaha in Sarwabhasa script.png|100px]]; [[Romanization of Sarwabhasa|romanized]]: ''Wijaṛa'') is the capital of [[Vizhutu State]], [[Wijarra Province]], and the [[Vizhutuan Federation]]. Consisting of 13 urban districts and 18 rural districts, it is also the largest city of Vizhutua, with a population of nearly 7.3 million within its city limits and almost 18.4 million in the surrounding [[Greater Visaha Region|metropolitan area]]. Visaha lies on the banks of the [[Hianghun River]] in southern Vizhutua, 32 km (19.8 mi) from the [[Aucorusrian Sea]].

Visaha began as a small village known as Antrangarai. In 1250, the [[Vizhutu Empire]] declared Antrangarai as its capital and renamed it to Visaha after it was the site of [[Battle of Antrangarai|the last battle]] in the [[First Vizhutu-Lenying War]]. The city became the political and economic centre of the empire soon after. Growth was gradual until post-{{W|World War II}}, when Visaha's population tripled in 25 years and a number of modern construction projects were devised and built.

Visaha is the political, economic, financial, and cultural centre of the federation. The [[Parliament of Vizhutua]] is located here, as with the [[Prajna Palace]], the main residence of the [[Vizhutuan royal family]]. It is categorized as an Alpha++ city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network (fictional)|Globalization and World Cities Research Network]]. Visaha is also one of the world's leading centre's on research, development, and education, with universities like the [[Visaha National University]].

== History ==
The area known as Visaha was settled by the indigenous tribes in the {{W|Mesolithic}} era. However, Visaha, then known as '''Antrangarai''' (from Tamil ஆற்றங்கரை; ''Attrankarai'', meaning riverside), was still a small village until the [[Vizhutu Empire]] declared Antrangarai as its capital. It was renamed to Wijarra (Anglicized to Visaha) in 1250, which was a corruption of Sanskrit "Vijayvāṛā" (विजयवाड़ा) meaning "place of victory", after it was the site of [[Battle of Antrangarai|the last battle]] in the [[First Vizhutu-Lenying War]]. The ''Antrangarai'' name however, was kept for a site upstream the Hianghun, north of Visaha, and today, [[Antrangarai]] is a major city in [[Wijarra Province]].

Visaha soon experienced rapid growth as the Vizhutu Empire's [[King Saatvik]] wanted to make Vizhutu a great power. As expected, Visaha was designated capital when the [[Vizhutu Empire]] conquered all of the other states in 1622.

During the [[Vizhutuan economic miracle]] of the 1950s to the 1970s, Visaha's population massively grew. In 1945, its population was 1.5 million. By 1970, its population was 4.5 million. The first skyscrapers and modern buidlings appeared during this period.

In 2015, the [[Cairo Raijar Bridge]] was built, replacing the old Chandair Bridge.

==Politics and government==
Visaha is the capital of Vizhutua. All government buildings are located in the city or nearby suburbs. The Visaha City Council is the body related to municipal affairs, which is headed by mayor [[R. Balakrishna]], located in the City Hall in [[Hianghun District]]. Visaha is also home to the [[Parliament of Vizhutua]], and it elects 20 representatives to the parliament.

===Districts===

====Urban====

*[[Asangara District]]
*[[Bandres District]]
*[[Bhakar District]]
*[[Hianghun District]]
*[[Kedesar District]]
*[[Sarvakarah District]]
*[[Nhavara District]]
*TBA

====Rural ====

*TBA
==Economy ==
{{Empty}}

== Culture==
Visaha is the cultural centre of Vizhutua. Many world-famous attractions are located here, like the [[National Museum of Vizhutua]], which comprises artifacts and paintings from Vizhutua and all over the world. The 110-floor [[Akasha Tower]], opened in 2010, is the tallest in Ondalsa and top-10 in the world. There are also tours through Prajna Palace and other residences of the Vizhutuan royal family.

== Transportation==
There are several modes of transportation in Visaha. Driving is the most popular, and many highways connect the city with the rest of Vizhutua. Public transport is a close second, with bus, rail, and train also being popular. The [[Visaha Metro]] is one of the largest rapid transit systems in Ondalsa, with a daily ridership of 4.1 million.

As downtown Visaha is only a few kilometres from the sea, ships are also a method of transportation, but it is mainly used for cruise and cargo purposes. [[Port Antrangarai]] is the largest port in Vizhutua.

Visaha is served in air by two airports: [[Visaha International Airport|Visaha]] (VJR) and [[Visaha Thasapari International Airport|Thasapari]] (VTH). Visaha International Airport is the largest airport by size and passengers, handling 70 million passengers in 2019, while the older Thasapari Airport is for low-cost carriers and private jets.
[[Category:Cities]]
[[Category:Fictional cities]]
[[Category:Capital cities]]
[[Category:Fictional capital cities]]
[[Category:Largest cities]]
[[Category:Fictional largest cities]]
[[Category:Cities in Vizhutua]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]

Vizhutua

2026-05-21T01:10:54Z

STseng:

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox_country
| conventional_long_name = Vizhutuan Federation
| name =
| image_flag = Flag of Vizhutua.png
| image1 = <tabber>
Flag= [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Coat of Arms = [[File:Coat of Arms of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Map = [[File:Map of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
</tabber>
| confederated =
| anthem = [[Vijhutu Ichogo]]
| image_map = Map of Vizhutua.jpg
| capital = [[Visaha]]
| official_language(s) =
| regional_language(s) = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Sarwabhasa]]
| regional_languages = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| ethnic_groups = 53% Vizhutu 13% Tambal 11% Lenying 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny 7% Bur 6% Nyidush 
| religion = 83.9% [[Buddhism]] or traditional faiths 9.2% Islam 6.9% Irreligious
| demonym = Vizhutuan(s)
| leader_title1 = [[King of Vizhutua|King]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hrindyashu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Vizhutua|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Khami Tonseak]]
| denonym = Vizhutuan
| government = Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
| monarch = [[Hrindyashu]]
| prime_minister = [[Pratika Chandra]]
| population =
| population_estimate = 92,752,202
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP = $3.172 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,201
| GDP_nominal = $2.807 trillion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,810
| HDI = 0.910
| currency = [[Vizhutuan ngan]] (VZN)
| time_zone = UTC+6:45 (Greater Vizhutu Time)
| date_format = yyyy/mm/dd
| drives_on = right
| religious_group(s) =
| gdp_(ppp) =
| gdp_(nominal) =
| per_capita_(ppp) =
| per_capita_(nominal) = $94,166 (2021)
| gini_index =
| hdi_index =
| legislature = [[Parliament of Vizhutua]]
| area_km2 = 1,495,281
| calling_code = +70
| iso3166code = VS
| cctld = .vs
| event_start = Formation of the [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| date_start = 1167
| event1 = Vizhutu conquest over Tambal Island
| date_event1 = 1622
| event2 = [[Lenying Revolution|Constitutional monarchy]]
| date_event2 = November 21, 1856
| event3 = [[Constitution of Vizhutua|Current constitution]]
| date_event3 = April 16, 1945
| event4 =
| predecessor = [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Empire.png|25px]] [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| area =
}}

'''Vizhutua''', officially the '''Vizhutuan Federation''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:viźutuseg.png|100px]]; [[Romanization of Sarwabhasa|romanized]]: ''Viḍutusəŋɡ'') is a country located in the {{W|Indian Ocean}}, located to the west of {{W|Australia}}, north of [[Keimasia]], and south of [[Ungegia]], [[Kuliadei]], and [[Elidish]]. By both area and population, Vizhutua is the largest country in the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]], and is the economic and political power in the region. The nation's capital and largest city is [[Visaha]], followed by [[Shaoye]], [[Guerut]], [[Medregulup]], and [[Lenying]]. Vizhutua's population is about 92 million people as of 2021.

Andamanese intermixed with Austroasiatic peoples and migrated to the Ondalsan Archipelago in 20,000 BC, creating the Ondalese people. The first government, the [[Tambal Empire]], was formed in 498 BCE. More ethnic groups created their own kingdoms until Vizhutuan War of Unity caused the Vizhutu Empire to gradually conquer the kingdoms by 1622. In 1856, Bur and Nyidush were ceded to the British Empire until 1945, causing civil unrest that eventually lead to the creation of democracy. [[Cadasa]] and {{W|Empire of Japan|Japan}} invaded Vizhutua during World War II. Since 1946, Vizhutua has developed into a emerging power.

Politically, Vizhutua is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising 8 states. Vizhutua's population of over 92 million is highly urbanised in all states. [[Shaklokuo]], [[Gabili]], [[Lenying]], [[Oching]], [[Bunebiri]], [[Shaoye]], and [[Visaha]], are the regional capitals.

Vizhutua is an emerging power with an highly developed economy despite it being modeled on socialism; it is the largest economy in Ondalsa, the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the third-largest by PPP. It ranks highly in quality of life, democracy, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties, safety, environmental performance, and political rights. Vizhutua is a founding member of the [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States|Federation of Ondalsan States]], [[Group of 192]], the [[Committee for Economic Cooperation, Trade, Assistance, and Development]], the [[AANOA Development Bank]], the {{W|United Nations}} and the {{w|Non-Aligned Movement}}. It is also a member of other multilateral organizations including the {{W|International Monetary Fund}}.
==Etymology==
Vizhutua is named after the Vizhutu Empire, which itself is named after the [[Vizhutuan people|Vizhutu]] ethnic group. "Vizhutu" is a corruption of the Tamil word ''Vedū'' (வேடுவன்) meaning to hunt, reflecting the hunter-gatherer life of the Ondalsan peoples. It originally referred to the inhabitants of the Ondalsan Archipelago as an ethnic slur, but it gradually became a endonym of the Vizhutu people.
==History==
===Prehistory and Nutaderrami kingdoms (-5th century)===
Vizhutua was inhabited by the indigenous starting around 63,000 BCE. The [[Jazalic expansion]] which originated from the [[Jazali Mountains]] in [[Cadasa]] went to [[Baratlamuri]] and then went southward towards the rest of [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]]. The [[Vizhutuan language]] is classified as a [[Kuiliadeic languages|Kuliadeic language]]. From 498 BC to around 100 AD, the [[Tambal Empire]] existed. It was the first government in Vizhutua and even Ondalsa as a whole.

In 98 BCE, the [[Rangit Kingdom]] was formed after trade relations between the [[Rrangit people]] and the [[Nytans]] were established. Throughout the next few centuries, the Rangit and Tambal peoples adopted [[Gali Nutaderram]], which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Vizhutua. Traces of [[Kubusa script|Kubusa]] writing have been found as early as the 1dt century, and it is still used to write the Tambale and Rangitle languages. In 193 CE, the Rangit and Tambal kingdoms merged to form the [[United Kingdom of Rangitabal]]. However, Rangitambal was dissolved in 358 CE after ethnic tensions between the Tambal and Rangit were intensifying due to the Tambal establishing trade relations with the [[Nesionytan Empire]], but the Rangit Empire brutally annexed the Tambal Kingdom after the [[Two Hundred Years' War]] ended in 499.
===Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (5th century-1622)===
Throughout the 5th century, Buddhist missionaries converted the Vizhutu, Fusoncha, Pondunya, and Lenying people in the south, causing the [[Vizhutu Kingdom|Vizhutu]], [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenying]],and [[Hianghun Kingdom|Hianghun]] kingdoms to branch out from the Rangit Empire. There were many conflicts between the four kingdoms, and after [[Islam in Vizhutua|Islam]] spread throughout Vizhutua in the mid-11th century, the Islamic sultanates of [[Keimas Sultanate|Keimas]], [[Oshuasil Sultanate|Oshuasil]], and [[Brajasiya Sultanate|Brajasiya]] branched out of the Rangit Kingdom. In 1330, the sultanates of [[Bur Sultanate|Bur]] and [[Nyidush Sultanate|Nyidush]] were established.

After the Tambals were defeated by the rival [[Rangit Kingdom|Rangitians]], many other monarchial entitles appeared. In the south, the [[Vizhutu Empire|Vizhutus]] and [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenyings]] appeared, while in the north there lived the Rangitians and Keimas. There were many wars between the nations.

Starting in 1163, Vizhutuan military leader and Buddhist Candavira defeated and conquered several other states in the area, namely the kingdom of Hianghun in 1163 and the Muslim sultanates of Oshuasil and Brajasiya in 1165 and 1167 respectively. Candavira declared himself emperor and the Vizhutuan Empire was formed in 1167 after the Kingdom of Hianghun was defeated and annexed. The state embarked on territorial expansion, and in 1268, Vizhutu began a campaign to expand its influence by conquering the kingdoms north of Vizhutua, after it failed to conquer [[Duhawa Kingdom]] in present-day [[Keimasia]] in 1258. The [[U'udiny Kingdom]] was conquered in 1268, [[Elidish Kingdom|Elidish]] in 1278, [[Ungeg Kingdom|Ungeg]] in 1284, and [[Quylyadei Kingdom|Quylyadei]] in 1298.

In 1562, the [[Southern Tansai War]] started between the Lenyings and the Keimas. A total of 4 million people died, and the [[Sultanate of Keimas]] was exiled to the Duhawa Kingdom as the [[Emirate of Keimasia]]. Through the [[Keimaso-Duhawan War]], the newly-established Keimasia was able to conquer all of Duhawa by 1568.

===Vizhutu Empire (1622-1856)===
In 1616, the Vizhutu Empire, which had grown into one of the largest and wealthiest empires in Ondalsa, decided to conquer all of Tambal Island, starting the [[Vizhutuan War of Unity]]. In 1619, the Vizhutus conquered the Lenyings, then the Rangitians in 1620, what was left of Tambal in 1621, and Nyidush and Bur in 1622. The Vizhutu Empire emphasized the idea of ''[[naya divai, kayasam tecasj]]'' (one flag, thousand nations), which was the Vizhutuan Emperor's divine right to unite "all the nations of Ondalsa" under one flag.

In 1766, Baraltamuri, which was formerly part of the federation, was ceded to the [[Cahaya dynasty]], after it was annexed through the [[Vizhutuo-Cahayan War]].

From 1805 to 1806, there was a [[Vizhutuan famine of 1805–1806|famine]] affecting Lenying, Fusoncha, and Ponduoy states. A total of 500,000-800,000 people died of starvation, and it started discontent towards the monarchy and emperor, who lived in luxury and opulence when most of his citizens were dying and poor.

In 1856, the states of [[Kuliadei State|Kuliadei]], [[Ungeg State|Ungeg]], [[Elidish State|Elidish]], [[Ququdin State|Ququdin]], Bur, and Nyidush were ceded to the British following the [[Battle of Oching]] of the [[Anglo-Vizhutuan War]]. There was so much outrage, that it caused the [[Lenying Revolution]], a series of armed conflicts, protests, and riots that started in the city of [[Lenying]]. The revolution was a catalyst for changing the Vizhutuan government, which had become increasingly unpopular over the years. The government forces were weak and within a few months the revolutionaries had taken Visaha. Emperor [[King Tathagatha I of Vizhutua|Tathagatha I]] and the revolutionaries signed a truce and a new constitution came into force November 21, 1856. As a result, the monarchy became constitutional, the title of "emperor" became "king", and the office of prime minister was established.

===Federation and reforms (1856-1944)===
The [[1856 Vizhutuan federal election|1856 elections]] were the first elections in Vizhutuan history. However, the system was corrupt and not free. In addition, the ''naya divai, kayasam tecasj'' imperialist ideology continued to dominate Vizhutuan foreign policy, with many Vizhutuan nationalists and exceptionalists in government. There were many coup d'états up until the reign of [[King Kaushtubh of Vizhutua|Kaushtubh]], which started in 1901. He, along with elected prime minister [[Armand Parekh]], introduced reforms that cut down corruption and introduced liberal democracy. The [[1906 Vizhutuan federal election|1906 federal election]] was the first free and fair election in Vizhutua.

Although Vizhutua was neutral during World War I, it was not the same for World War II, as the Japanese cilent state of Cadasa and [[Dajankagru]] invaded Vizhutua in 1942, in order to partition Vizhutua into Cadasan and Dajankagrash territory. In 1943, the city of Tambal was ravaged by Cadasan and Dajankagrash bombing. Vizhutua subsquently joined the war under the Allies, attempting to regain its territory. The following two years were the bloodiest years in Vizhutuan history. As much as 5 million Vizhutuan soldiers sacrificed their lives while Cadasa and Dajankagru tried to invade the country.

===Modern Vizhutua (1944-present)===
In 1944, [[Cairo Raijar]] was elected prime minister. After the war, Raijar started to make Vizhutua developed, modeled after the US post-war boom. In 1946, Bur and Nyidush were returned to Vizhutua from Britain for their co-operation in the war. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Vizhutuan economy grew fivefold, and the capital city, [[Visaha]], became a modern city with office buildings and skyscrapers. Raijar also kickstarted an anti-colonialist and neutrality policy towards other countries. In 1961, Vizhutua became a founder member of the {{W|Non-Aligned Movement}}.

In fact, Raijar was so popular that he died in office in 1972. His son [[Rafiq Raijar]] became prime minister from 1973 to 1986, and Rafiq's son [[Bhaswar Raijar|Bhaswar]] was prime minister from 1986 to 2000, until Bhaswar's ties to the [[Tsanakarun|Tsanakarunese]] criminal group [[Kheng Tin]] were exposed.

On December 26, 2004, along with the rest of [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]], Vizhutua suffered from major casualties and damage by the {{W|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}. However, Vizhutua's economy continued to prosper at the same rate because it was not heavily reliant on fishing and tourism, as fishing was prohibited and tourism didn't constitute a large portion of the economy.

==Economy==
Vizhutua is a emerging power with an highly developed mixed market economy with elements of the Nordic mode and Vietnam's socialist-oriented economy, known as the [[Vizhutuan model]]; it is the largest economy in Ondalsa, the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifteenth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The unemployment rate is low, at 1.9% as of 2022. About 0.6% of Vizhutuans lived below the poverty line (50 ngan) in 2018.

Owning to its location between Australia, India, and Southeast Asia, Vizhutua has been known as a maritime trade hub for centuries. Following the Second World War, Vizhutua's economy became more self-reliant and less agrarian, introducing a manufacturing and service sector. This included transitioning from textiles to electronics by the 1980s and 1990s. It has a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world.

===Agriculture===
Vizhutua has long been an agricultural society, and this is apparent in the present day, with 7% of the GDP based on agriculture. In 2020, Vizhutua produced 36 million tonnes of rice.

===Currency===
The [[Vizhutuan ngan]] is the currency of Vizhutua and is the fifth-most traded currency in the world. It is traded primarily in [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]].

=== Transportation ===
Vizhutua has a complex and advanced transport network consisting of high-speed railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that crisscross the country. The [[Vizhutua Expressway Network]] operates service stations and the toll highways while [[Railways Vizhutua]] operates and maintains the railways that service all major Vizhutuan cities.

==Demographics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[Vizhutuan people]]''</blockquote>As of 2021, Vizhutua's population is estimated to be 92.7 million, making it the 17th most populous nation in the world. The population is unevenly spread, with almost 20% of the population living in the [[Greater Visaha]] area. Vizhutua's population is heavily urbanized, 85% of people live in cities.

Almost 10 million Vizhutuans live overseas, most commonly in [[Cadasa]], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

53% of the population are ethnic [[Vizhutu people|Vizhutus]], followed by 13% Tambals, 11% Lenying, 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny, 7% Bur, and 6% Nyidush.

===Religion===
The vast majority of Vizhutuans practice Buddhism or other traditional faiths, followed by Islam (the most common sect is Sunni), which is followed by 9.2% of Vizhutuans. Irreligious people take up 6.9% of Vizhutuans. Other faiths practiced include Sikhism, Christianity, and Judaism.

===Language===
In 1947, [[Sarwabhasa]] was promulgated as the "sole official language of the Federation". Sarwabhasa is the most commonly spoken language in Vizhutua. It is a mix of mainly [[Vizhutuan language]] words and other regional languages in Vizhutua, like [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]], [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]], [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]], [[Bur language|Bur]], and [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]. Almost all Vizhutuans speak more than two languages: Sarwabhasa, their regional language, and an international language, most commonly English.

===Health===
Since 1946, Vizhutua operates under a universal healthcare system, with equality of access. It is illegal to not provide healthcare when one needs it. Since 1980, all elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.

Vizhutua has one of the highest life expectanies in the world, at 83.24, with 81.20 for males and 86.03 for females.

==Government and politics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[List of monarchs of Vizhutua]], [[List of Prime Ministers of the Vizhutuan Federation|List of prime ministers of Vizhutua]], [[List of political parties in Vizhutua]], [[Elections in Vizhutua]], [[Constitution of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>Before the reforms of 1856, the federation was an absolute monarchy. In 1856, the office of prime minister was established.

Vizhutua's system of government takes place under a framework of a federal constitutional monarchy, whereby a hereditary monarch serves as head of state. The monarch is also head of the armed forces, and must be a practicing Hindu. The current monarch is [[Hrindyashu]], who started his reign in 2015. All of the eight states have their own head of state. The prime minister, however, is seen as head of government and ''de facto'' head of state since the monarchy is ceremonial. The current prime minister is [[Khami Tonseak]], a member of the [[New Democratic Union]], who started her term in 2025.

There are three branches of government in Vizhutua.

*Legislative: The unicameral [[Parliament of Vizhutua]] is the legislature of the federation. It consists of of 801 seats. The prime minister also holds a seat in the parliament.
*Executive: Includes the prime minister and their cabinet.
*Judicial: The Supreme Court is the highest court in Vizhutua. It has a good reputation of being fair and non-partisan.

There are two major political parties in Vizhutua: the [[Socialist People's Party (Vizhutua)|Socialist People's Party]] and the [[New Democratic Coalition]] (a coalition between the [[New Democratic Union]], and the [[Conservative Party (Vizhutuan Federation)|Conservative Party]]).

===Administrative divisions===
<blockquote>''See also: [[States of Vizhutua]], [[Provinces of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>The first-level administrative division in Vizhutua are called provinces. Before 2000, Vizhutua had eight states, however they were replaced by 178 provinces, which were the second-level administrative divisions until 2000. The states became semi-autonomous entities, with the 178 provinces.
#[[Bur State|Bur]]
#[[Fusoncha State|Fusoncha]]
#[[Lenying State|Lenying]]
#[[Nyidush State|Nyidush]]
#[[Ponduny State|Ponduny]]
#[[Rangit State|Rangit]]
#[[Tambal State|Tambal]]
#[[Vizhutu State|Vizhutu]]

===Cities===
{{See also|List of largest cities in Vizhutua}}
Major cities include:

*[[Visaha]] (pop. 7,295,012)
*[[Shaoye]] (pop. 2,873,193)
*[[Guerut]] (pop. 2,091,740)
*[[Medregulup]] (pop. 1,900,053)
*[[Lenying]] (pop. 1,656,495)

==Culture==
The culture of Vizhutua has been shaped by long intermiction between original indigenous customs of the Ondalese peoples and influences from the Malay subcontinent, China, and the Indian subcontinent.

===Cuisine===
[[Vizhutuan cuisine]] is a combination of many cultures. The national dish of Vizhutu is [[gawazol]], a satay curry. Spice is one of the most important ingredients in Vizhutuan cuisine, common ones include: lemongrass, cumin, pepper, etc.

===Music===
Vizhutua traditional music originated from the [[Tambal State|Tambal]] area, and has spread to the rest of Ondalsa. In modern times, Vizhutuan music is similar to the rest of the world, with pop, rock, hip-hop, being popular genres.

===Media===
{{See also|Television in Vizhutua}}
Vizhutua was the first country in Ondalsa to introduce television, beginning in 1950. The main TV broadcasting company in the Vizhutuan Federation is [[Vizhutuan National Broadcasting Enterprises]]. Radio includes [[Radio Vizhutua]], owned by the Vizhutuan Media Corporation. The ''[[Visaha Times]]'' is the most widely circulated newspaper, with a circulation of 700,000.

Vizhutua is considered to be one of the most free regarding journalism in the Ondalsan Archipelago.
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Fictional countries]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Ondalsan Archipelago]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]

Vizhutua

2026-05-21T00:58:42Z

STseng:

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox_country
| conventional_long_name = Vizhutuan Federation
| name =
| image_flag = Flag of Vizhutua.png
| image1 = <tabber>
Flag= [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Coat of Arms = [[File:Coat of Arms of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Map = [[File:Map of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
</tabber>
| confederated =
| anthem = [[Vijhutu Ichogo]]
| image_map = Map of Vizhutua.jpg
| capital = [[Visaha]]
| official_language(s) =
| regional_language(s) = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Sarwabhasa]]
| regional_languages = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| ethnic_groups = 53% Vizhutu 13% Tambal 11% Lenying 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny 7% Bur 6% Nyidush 
| religion = 83.9% [[Buddhism]] or traditional faiths 9.2% Islam 6.9% Irreligious
| demonym = Vizhutuan(s)
| leader_title1 = [[King of Vizhutua|King]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hrindyashu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Vizhutua|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Khami Tonseak]]
| denonym = Vizhutuan
| government = Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
| monarch = [[Hrindyashu]]
| prime_minister = [[Pratika Chandra]]
| population =
| population_estimate = 92,752,202
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP = $3.172 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,201
| GDP_nominal = $2.807 trillion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,810
| HDI = 0.910
| currency = [[Vizhutuan ngan]] (VZN)
| time_zone = UTC+6:45 (Greater Vizhutu Time)
| date_format = yyyy/mm/dd
| drives_on = right
| religious_group(s) =
| gdp_(ppp) =
| gdp_(nominal) =
| per_capita_(ppp) =
| per_capita_(nominal) = $94,166 (2021)
| gini_index =
| hdi_index =
| legislature = [[Parliament of Vizhutua]]
| area_km2 = 1,495,281
| calling_code = +70
| iso3166code = VS
| cctld = .vs
| event_start = Formation of the [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| date_start = 1167
| event1 = Vizhutu conquest over Tambal Island
| date_event1 = 1622
| event2 = [[Lenying Revolution|Constitutional monarchy]]
| date_event2 = November 21, 1856
| event3 = [[Constitution of Vizhutua|Current constitution]]
| date_event3 = April 16, 1945
| event4 =
| predecessor = [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Empire.png|25px]] [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| area =
}}

'''Vizhutua''', officially the '''Vizhutuan Federation''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:viźutuseg.png|100px]]; [[Romanization of Sarwabhasa|romanized]]: ''Viḍutusəŋɡ'') is a country located in the {{W|Indian Ocean}}, located to the west of {{W|Australia}}, north of [[Keimasia]], and south of [[Ungegia]], [[Kuliadei]], and [[Elidish]]. By both area and population, Vizhutua is the largest country in the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]], and is the economic and political power in the region. The nation's capital and largest city is [[Visaha]], followed by [[Shaoye]], [[Guerut]], [[Medregulup]], and [[Lenying]]. Vizhutua's population is about 92 million people as of 2021.

Andamanese intermixed with Austroasiatic peoples and migrated to the Ondalsan Archipelago in 20,000 BC, creating the Ondalese people. The first government, the [[Tambal Empire]], was formed in 498 BCE. More ethnic groups created their own kingdoms until Vizhutuan War of Unity caused the Vizhutu Empire to gradually conquer the kingdoms by 1622. In 1856, Bur and Nyidush were ceded to the British Empire until 1945, causing civil unrest that eventually lead to the creation of democracy. [[Cadasa]] and {{W|Empire of Japan|Japan}} invaded Vizhutua during World War II. Since 1946, Vizhutua has developed into a emerging power.

Politically, Vizhutua is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising 8 states. Vizhutua's population of over 92 million is highly urbanised in all states. [[Shaklokuo]], [[Gabili]], [[Lenying]], [[Oching]], [[Bunebiri]], [[Shaoye]], and [[Visaha]], are the regional capitals.

Vizhutua is an emerging power with an highly developed economy despite it being modeled on socialism; it is the largest economy in Ondalsa, the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the third-largest by PPP. It ranks highly in quality of life, democracy, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties, safety, environmental performance, and political rights. Vizhutua is a founding member of the [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States|Federation of Ondalsan States]], [[Group of 192]], the [[Committee for Economic Cooperation, Trade, Assistance, and Development]], the [[AANOA Development Bank]], the {{W|United Nations}} and the {{w|Non-Aligned Movement}}. It is also a member of other multilateral organizations including the {{W|International Monetary Fund}}.
==Etymology==
Vizhutua is named after the Vizhutu Empire, which itself is named after the [[Vizhutuan people|Vizhutu]] ethnic group. "Vizhutu" is a corruption of the Tamil word ''Vedū'' (வேடுவன்) meaning to hunt, reflecting the hunter-gatherer life of the Ondalsan peoples. It originally referred to the inhabitants of the Ondalsan Archipelago as an ethnic slur, but it gradually became a endonym of the Vizhutu people.
==History==
===Prehistory and Nutaderrami kingdoms (-5th century)===
Vizhutua was inhabited by the indigenous starting around 63,000 BCE. The [[Jazalic expansion]] which originated from the [[Jazali Mountains]] in [[Cadasa]] went to [[Baratlamuri]] and then went southward towards the rest of [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]]. The [[Vizhutuan language]] is classified as a [[Kuiliadeic languages|Kuliadeic language]]. From 498 BC to around 100 AD, the [[Tambal Empire]] existed. It was the first government in Vizhutua and even Ondalsa as a whole.

In 98 BCE, the [[Rangit Kingdom]] was formed after trade relations between the [[Rrangit people]] and the [[Nytans]] were established. Throughout the next few centuries, the Rangit and Tambal peoples adopted [[Gali Nutaderram]], which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Vizhutua. Traces of [[Kubusa script|Kubusa]] writing have been found as early as the 1dt century, and it is still used to write the Tambale and Rangitle languages. In 193 CE, the Rangit and Tambal kingdoms merged to form the [[United Kingdom of Rangitabal]]. However, Rangitambal was dissolved in 358 CE after ethnic tensions between the Tambal and Rangit were intensifying due to the Tambal establishing trade relations with the [[Nesionytan Empire]], but the Rangit Empire brutally annexed the Tambal Kingdom after the [[Two Hundred Years' War]] ended in 499.
===Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (5th century-1622)===
Throughout the 5th century, Buddhist missionaries converted the Vizhutu, Fusoncha, Pondunya, and Lenying people in the south, causing the [[Vizhutu Kingdom|Vizhutu]], [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenying]],and [[Hianghun Kingdom|Hianghun]] kingdoms to branch out from the Rangit Empire. There were many conflicts between the four kingdoms, and after [[Islam in Vizhutua|Islam]] spread throughout Vizhutua in the mid-11th century, the Islamic sultanates of [[Keimas Sultanate|Keimas]], [[Oshuasil Sultanate|Oshuasil]], and [[Brajasiya Sultanate|Brajasiya]] branched out of the Rangit Kingdom. In 1330, the sultanates of [[Bur Sultanate|Bur]] and [[Nyidush Sultanate|Nyidush]] were established.

After the Tambals were defeated by the rival [[Rangit Kingdom|Rangitians]], many other monarchial entitles appeared. In the south, the [[Vizhutu Empire|Vizhutus]] and [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenyings]] appeared, while in the north there lived the Rangitians and Keimas. There were many wars between the nations.

Starting in 1163, Vizhutuan military leader and Buddhist Candavira defeated and conquered several other states in the area, namely the kingdom of Hianghun in 1163 and the Muslim sultanates of Oshuasil and Brajasiya in 1165 and 1167 respectively. Candavira declared himself emperor and the Vizhutuan Empire was formed in 1167 after the Kingdom of Hianghun was defeated and annexed. The state embarked on territorial expansion, and in 1268, Vizhutu began a campaign to expand its influence by conquering the kingdoms north of Vizhutua, after it failed to conquer [[Duhawa Kingdom]] in present-day [[Keimasia]] in 1258. The [[U'udiny Kingdom]] was conquered in 1268, [[Elidish Kingdom|Elidish]] in 1278, [[Ungeg Kingdom|Ungeg]] in 1284, and [[Quylyadei Kingdom|Quylyadei]] in 1298.

In 1562, the [[Southern Tansai War]] started between the Lenyings and the Keimas. A total of 4 million people died, and the [[Sultanate of Keimas]] was exiled to the Duhawa Kingdom as the [[Emirate of Keimasia]]. Through the [[Keimaso-Duhawan War]], the newly-established Keimasia was able to conquer all of Duhawa by 1568.

===Vizhutu Empire (1622-1856)===
In 1616, the Vizhutu Empire, which had grown into one of the largest and wealthiest empires in Ondalsa, decided to conquer all of Tambal Island, starting the [[Vizhutuan War of Unity]]. In 1619, the Vizhutus conquered the Lenyings, then the Rangitians in 1620, what was left of Tambal in 1621, and Nyidush and Bur in 1622. The Vizhutu Empire emphasized the idea of ''[[naya divai, kayasam tecasj]]'' (one flag, thousand nations), which was the Vizhutuan Emperor's divine right to unite "all the nations of Ondalsa" under one flag.

In 1766, Baraltamuri, which was formerly part of the federation, was ceded to the [[Cahaya dynasty]], after it was annexed through the [[Vizhutuo-Cahayan War]].

From 1805 to 1806, there was a [[Vizhutuan famine of 1805–1806|famine]] affecting Lenying, Fusoncha, and Ponduoy states. A total of 500,000-800,000 people died of starvation, and it started discontent towards the monarchy and emperor, who lived in luxury and opulence when most of his citizens were dying and poor.

In 1856, the states of [[Kuliadei State|Kuliadei]], [[Ungeg State|Ungeg]], [[Elidish State|Elidish]], [[Ququdin State|Ququdin]], Bur, and Nyidush were ceded to the British following the [[Battle of Oching]] of the [[Anglo-Vizhutuan War]]. There was so much outrage, that it caused the [[Lenying Revolution]], a series of armed conflicts, protests, and riots that started in the city of [[Lenying]]. The revolution was a catalyst for changing the Vizhutuan government, which had become increasingly unpopular over the years. The government forces were weak and within a few months the revolutionaries had taken Visaha. Emperor [[King Tathagatha I of Vizhutua|Tathagatha I]] and the revolutionaries signed a truce and a new constitution came into force November 21, 1856. As a result, the monarchy became constitutional, the title of "emperor" became "king", and the office of prime minister was established.

===Federation and reforms (1856-1944)===
The [[1856 Vizhutuan federal election|1856 elections]] were the first elections in Vizhutuan history. However, the system was corrupt and not free. In addition, the ''naya divai, kayasam tecasj'' imperialist ideology continued to dominate Vizhutuan foreign policy, with many Vizhutuan nationalists and exceptionalists in government. There were many coup d'états up until the reign of [[King Kaushtubh of Vizhutua|Kaushtubh]], which started in 1901. He, along with elected prime minister [[Armand Parekh]], introduced reforms that cut down corruption and introduced liberal democracy. The [[1906 Vizhutuan federal election|1906 federal election]] was the first free and fair election in Vizhutua.

Although Vizhutua was neutral during World War I, it was not the same for World War II, as the Japanese cilent state of Cadasa and [[Dajankagru]] invaded Vizhutua in 1942, in order to partition Vizhutua into Cadasan and Dajankagrash territory. In 1943, the city of Tambal was ravaged by Cadasan and Dajankagrash bombing. Vizhutua subsquently joined the war under the Allies, attempting to regain its territory. The following two years were the bloodiest years in Vizhutuan history. As much as 5 million Vizhutuan soldiers sacrificed their lives while Cadasa and Dajankagru tried to invade the country.

===Modern Vizhutua (1944-present)===
In 1944, [[Cairo Raijar]] was elected prime minister. After the war, Raijar started to make Vizhutua developed, modeled after the US post-war boom. In 1946, Bur and Nyidush were returned to Vizhutua from Britain for their co-operation in the war. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Vizhutuan economy grew fivefold, and the capital city, [[Visaha]], became a modern city with office buildings and skyscrapers. Raijar also kickstarted an anti-colonialist and neutrality policy towards other countries. In 1961, Vizhutua became a founder member of the {{W|Non-Aligned Movement}}.

In fact, Raijar was so popular that he died in office in 1972. His son [[Rafiq Raijar]] became prime minister from 1973 to 1986, and Rafiq's son [[Bhaswar Raijar|Bhaswar]] was prime minister from 1986 to 2000, until Bhaswar's ties to the [[Tsanakarun|Tsanakarunese]] criminal group [[Kheng Tin]] were exposed.

On December 26, 2004, along with the rest of [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]], Vizhutua suffered from major casualties and damage by the {{W|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}. However, Vizhutua's economy continued to prosper at the same rate because it was not heavily reliant on fishing and tourism, as fishing was prohibited and tourism didn't constitute a large portion of the economy.

==Economy==
Vizhutua is a emerging power with an highly developed mixed market economy with elements of the Nordic mode and Vietnam's socialist-oriented economy, known as the [[Vizhutuan model]]; it is the largest economy in Ondalsa, the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifteenth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The unemployment rate is low, at 1.9% as of 2022. About 0.6% of Vizhutuans lived below the poverty line (50 ngan) in 2018.

Owning to its location between Australia, India, and Southeast Asia, Vizhutua has been known as a maritime trade hub for centuries. Following the Second World War, Vizhutua's economy became more self-reliant and less agrarian, introducing a manufacturing and service sector. This included transitioning from textiles to electronics by the 1980s and 1990s. It has a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world.

===Agriculture===
Vizhutua has long been an agricultural society, and this is apparent in the present day, with 7% of the GDP based on agriculture. In 2020, Vizhutua produced 36 million tonnes of rice.

===Currency===
The [[Vizhutuan ngan]] is the currency of Vizhutua and is the fifth-most traded currency in the world. It is traded primarily in [[Nesiondalsa|Ondalsa]].

=== Transportation ===
Vizhutua has a complex and advanced transport network consisting of high-speed railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that crisscross the country. The [[Vizhutua Expressway Network]] operates service stations and the toll highways while [[Railways Vizhutua]] operates and maintains the railways that service all major Vizhutuan cities.

==Demographics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[Vizhutuan people]]''</blockquote>As of 2021, Vizhutua's population is estimated to be 92.7 million, making it the 17th most populous nation in the world. The population is unevenly spread, with almost 20% of the population living in the [[Greater Visaha]] area. Vizhutua's population is heavily urbanized, 85% of people live in cities.

Almost 10 million Vizhutuans live overseas, most commonly in [[Cadasa]], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

53% of the population are ethnic [[Vizhutu people|Vizhutus]], followed by 13% Tambals, 11% Lenying, 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny, 7% Bur, and 6% Nyidush.

===Religion===
The vast majority of Vizhutuans practice Buddhism or other traditional faiths, followed by Islam (the most common sect is Sunni), which is followed by 9.2% of Vizhutuans. Irreligious people take up 6.9% of Vizhutuans. Other faiths practiced include Sikhism, Christianity, and Judaism.

===Language===
In 1947, [[Sarwabhasa]] was promulgated as the "sole official language of the Federation". Sarwabhasa is the most commonly spoken language in Vizhutua. It is a mix of mainly [[Vizhutuan language]] words and other regional languages in Vizhutua, like [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]], [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]], [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]], [[Bur language|Bur]], and [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]. Almost all Vizhutuans speak more than two languages: Sarwabhasa, their regional language, and an international language, most commonly English.

===Health===
Since 1946, Vizhutua operates under a universal healthcare system, with equality of access. It is illegal to not provide healthcare when one needs it. Since 1980, all elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.

Vizhutua has one of the highest life expectanies in the world, at 83.24, with 81.20 for males and 86.03 for females.

==Government and politics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[List of monarchs of Vizhutua]], [[List of Prime Ministers of the Vizhutuan Federation|List of prime ministers of Vizhutua]], [[List of political parties in Vizhutua]], [[Elections in Vizhutua]], [[Constitution of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>Before the reforms of 1856, the federation was an absolute monarchy. In 1856, the office of prime minister was established.

Vizhutua's system of government takes place under a framework of a federal constitutional monarchy, whereby a hereditary monarch serves as head of state. The monarch is also head of the armed forces, and must be a practicing Hindu. The current monarch is [[Hrindyashu]], who started his reign in 2015. All of the eight states have their own head of state. The prime minister, however, is seen as head of government and ''de facto'' head of state since the monarchy is ceremonial. The current prime minister is [[Pratika Chandra]], a member of the [[New Democratic Union]], who started her term in 2019.

There are three branches of government in Vizhutua.

*Legislative: The unicameral [[Parliament of Vizhutua]] is the legislature of the federation. It consists of of 801 seats. The prime minister also holds a seat in the parliament.
*Executive: Includes the prime minister and their cabinet.
*Judicial: The Supreme Court is the highest court in Vizhutua. It has a good reputation of being fair and non-partisan.

There are two major political parties in Vizhutua: the [[Socialist People's Party (Vizhutua)|Socialist People's Party]] and the [[New Democratic Coalition]] (a coalition between the [[New Democratic Union]], and the [[Conservative Party (Vizhutuan Federation)|Conservative Party]]).

===Administrative divisions===
<blockquote>''See also: [[States of Vizhutua]], [[Provinces of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>The first-level administrative division in Vizhutua are called provinces. Before 2000, Vizhutua had eight states, however they were replaced by 178 provinces, which were the second-level administrative divisions until 2000. The states became semi-autonomous entities, with the 178 provinces.
#[[Bur State|Bur]]
#[[Fusoncha State|Fusoncha]]
#[[Lenying State|Lenying]]
#[[Nyidush State|Nyidush]]
#[[Ponduny State|Ponduny]]
#[[Rangit State|Rangit]]
#[[Tambal State|Tambal]]
#[[Vizhutu State|Vizhutu]]

===Cities===
{{See also|List of largest cities in Vizhutua}}
Major cities include:

*[[Visaha]] (pop. 7,295,012)
*[[Shaoye]] (pop. 2,873,193)
*[[Guerut]] (pop. 2,091,740)
*[[Medregulup]] (pop. 1,900,053)
*[[Lenying]] (pop. 1,656,495)

==Culture==
The culture of Vizhutua has been shaped by long intermiction between original indigenous customs of the Ondalese peoples and influences from the Malay subcontinent, China, and the Indian subcontinent.

===Cuisine===
[[Vizhutuan cuisine]] is a combination of many cultures. The national dish of Vizhutu is [[gawazol]], a satay curry. Spice is one of the most important ingredients in Vizhutuan cuisine, common ones include: lemongrass, cumin, pepper, etc.

===Music===
Vizhutua traditional music originated from the [[Tambal State|Tambal]] area, and has spread to the rest of Ondalsa. In modern times, Vizhutuan music is similar to the rest of the world, with pop, rock, hip-hop, being popular genres.

===Media===
{{See also|Television in Vizhutua}}
Vizhutua was the first country in Ondalsa to introduce television, beginning in 1950. The main TV broadcasting company in the Vizhutuan Federation is [[Vizhutuan National Broadcasting Enterprises]]. Radio includes [[Radio Vizhutua]], owned by the Vizhutuan Media Corporation. The ''[[Visaha Times]]'' is the most widely circulated newspaper, with a circulation of 700,000.

Vizhutua is considered to be one of the most free regarding journalism in the Ondalsan Archipelago.
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Fictional countries]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Ondalsan Archipelago]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]

Vizhutua

2026-05-21T00:21:48Z

STseng:

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox_country
| conventional_long_name = Vizhutuan Federation
| name =
| image_flag = Flag of Vizhutua.png
| image1 = <tabber>
Flag= [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Coat of Arms = [[File:Coat of Arms of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
Map = [[File:Map of the Vizhutuan Fedaration.png]] |-|
</tabber>
| confederated =
| anthem = [[Vijhutu Ichogo]]
| image_map = Map of Vizhutua.jpg
| capital = [[Visaha]]
| official_language(s) =
| regional_language(s) = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Sarwabhasa]]
| regional_languages = [[Vizhutuan language|Vizhutuan]] [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]] [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]] [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]] [[Bur language|Bur]] [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]
| ethnic_groups = 53% Vizhutu 13% Tambal 11% Lenying 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny 7% Bur 6% Nyidush 
| religion = 83.9% [[Buddhism]] or traditional faiths 9.2% Islam 6.9% Irreligious
| demonym = Vizhutuan(s)
| leader_title1 = [[Emperor of Vizhutua|Emperor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Hrindyashu]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Vizhutua|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Khami Tonseak]]
| denonym = Vizhutuan
| government = Federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy
| monarch = [[Hrindyashu]]
| prime_minister = [[Pratika Chandra]]
| population =
| population_estimate = 92,752,202
| population_estimate_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP = $9.758 trillion
| GDP_PPP_year = 2021
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $105,208
| GDP_nominal = $7.807 trillion
| GDP_nominal_year = 2021
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $84,166
| HDI = 0.910
| currency = [[Vizhutuan ngan]] (VZN)
| time_zone = UTC+6:45 (Greater Vizhutu Time)
| date_format = yyyy/mm/dd
| drives_on = right
| religious_group(s) =
| gdp_(ppp) =
| gdp_(nominal) =
| per_capita_(ppp) =
| per_capita_(nominal) = $94,166 (2021)
| gini_index =
| hdi_index =
| legislature = [[Parliament of Vizhutua]]
| area_km2 = 1,495,281
| calling_code = +70
| iso3166code = VS
| cctld = .vs
| event_start = Formation of the [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| date_start = 1167
| event1 = Vizhutu conquest over Tambal Island
| date_event1 = 1622
| event2 = [[Lenying Revolution|Constitutional monarchy]]
| date_event2 = November 21, 1856
| event3 = [[Constitution of Vizhutua|Current constitution]]
| date_event3 = April 16, 1945
| event4 =
| predecessor = [[File:Flag of the Vizhutuan Empire.png|25px]] [[Vizhutu Empire]]
| area =
}}

'''Vizhutua''', officially the '''Vizhutuan Federation''' ([[Sarwabhasa]]: [[File:viźutuseg.png|100px]]; [[Romanization of Sarwabhasa|romanized]]: ''Viḍutusəŋɡ'') is a country located in the {{W|Indian Ocean}}, located to the west of {{W|Australia}}, north of [[Keimasia]], and south of [[Ungegia]], [[Kuliadei]], and [[Elidish]]. By both area and population, Vizhutua is the largest country in the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]], and is the economic and political power in the region. The nation's capital and largest city is [[Visaha]], followed by [[Shaoye]], [[Guerut]], [[Medregulup]], and [[Lenying]]. Vizhutua's population is about 92 million people as of 2021.

Andamanese intermixed with Austroasiatic peoples and migrated to the Ondalsan Archipelago in 20,000 BC, creating the Ondalese people. The first government, the [[Tambal Empire]], was formed in 498 BCE. More ethnic groups created their own kingdoms until Vizhutuan War of Unity caused the Vizhutu Empire to gradually conquer the kingdoms by 1622. In 1856, Bur and Nyidush were ceded to the British Empire until 1945, causing civil unrest that eventually lead to the creation of democracy. [[Cadasa]] and {{W|Empire of Japan|Japan}} invaded Vizhutua during World War II. Since 1946, Vizhutua has developed into a great power.

Politically, Vizhutua is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy, comprising 8 states. Vizhutua's population of over 92 million is highly urbanised in all states. [[Shaklokuo]], [[Gabili]], [[Lenying]], [[Oching]], [[Bunebiri]], [[Shaoye]], and [[Visaha]], are the regional capitals.

Vizhutua is a great power with an highly developed economy despite it being modeled on socialism; it is the largest economy in Nesiondalsa, the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the third-largest by PPP. It ranks highly in quality of life, democracy, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties, safety, environmental performance, and political rights. Vizhutua is a founding member of the [[Federation of Nesiondalsan States]], [[Group of 192]], the [[Committee for Economic Cooperation, Trade, Assistance, and Development]], the [[AANOA Development Bank]], the {{W|United Nations}} and the {{w|Non-Aligned Movement}}. It is also a member of other multilateral organizations including the {{W|International Monetary Fund}}.
==Etymology==
Vizhutua is named after the Vizhutu Empire, which itself is named after the [[Vizhutuan people|Vizhutu]] ethnic group. "Vizhutu" is a corruption of the Tamil word ''Vedū'' (வேடுவன்) meaning to hunt, reflecting the hunter-gatherer life of the Ondalsan peoples. It originally referred to the inhabitants of the Ondalsan Archipelago as an ethnic slur, but it gradually became a endonym of the Vizhutu people.
==History==
===Prehistory and Nutaderrami kingdoms (-5th century)===
Vizhutua was inhabited by the indigenous starting around 63,000 BCE. The [[Jazalic expansion]] which originated from the [[Jazali Mountains]] in [[Cadasa]] went to [[Baratlamuri]] and then went southward towards the rest of [[Nesiondalsa]]. The [[Vizhutuan language]] is classified as a [[Kuiliadeic languages|Kuliadeic language]]. From 498 BC to around 100 AD, the [[Tambal Empire]] existed. It was the first government in Vizhutua and even Nesiondalsa as a whole.

In 98 BCE, the [[Rangit Kingdom]] was formed after trade relations between the [[Rrangit people]] and the [[Nytans]] were established. Throughout the next few centuries, the Rangit and Tambal peoples adopted [[Gali Nutaderram]], which had a major effect on the language and culture of those living in Vizhutua. Traces of [[Kubusa script|Kubusa]] writing have been found as early as the 1dt century, and it is still used to write the Tambale and Rangitle languages. In 193 CE, the Rangit and Tambal kingdoms merged to form the [[United Kingdom of Rangitabal]]. However, Rangitambal was dissolved in 358 CE after ethnic tensions between the Tambal and Rangit were intensifying due to the Tambal establishing trade relations with the [[Nesionytan Empire]], but the Rangit Empire brutally annexed the Tambal Kingdom after the [[Two Hundred Years' War]] ended in 499.
===Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms (5th century-1622)===
Throughout the 5th century, Buddhist missionaries converted the Vizhutu, Fusoncha, Pondunya, and Lenying people in the south, causing the [[Vizhutu Kingdom|Vizhutu]], [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenying]],and [[Hianghun Kingdom|Hianghun]] kingdoms to branch out from the Rangit Empire. There were many conflicts between the four kingdoms, and after [[Islam in Vizhutua|Islam]] spread throughout Vizhutua in the mid-11th century, the Islamic sultanates of [[Keimas Sultanate|Keimas]], [[Oshuasil Sultanate|Oshuasil]], and [[Brajasiya Sultanate|Brajasiya]] branched out of the Rangit Kingdom. In 1330, the sultanates of [[Bur Sultanate|Bur]] and [[Nyidush Sultanate|Nyidush]] were established.

After the Tambals were defeated by the rival [[Rangit Kingdom|Rangitians]], many other monarchial entitles appeared. In the south, the [[Vizhutu Empire|Vizhutus]] and [[Lenying Kingdom|Lenyings]] appeared, while in the north there lived the Rangitians and Keimas. There were many wars between the nations.

Starting in 1163, Vizhutuan military leader and Buddhist Candavira defeated and conquered several other states in the area, namely the kingdom of Hianghun in 1163 and the Muslim sultanates of Oshuasil and Brajasiya in 1165 and 1167 respectively. Candavira declared himself emperor and the Vizhutuan Empire was formed in 1167 after the Kingdom of Hianghun was defeated and annexed. The state embarked on territorial expansion, and in 1268, Vizhutu began a campaign to expand its influence by conquering the kingdoms north of Vizhutua, after it failed to conquer [[Duhawa Kingdom]] in present-day [[Keimasia]] in 1258. The [[U'udiny Kingdom]] was conquered in 1268, [[Elidish Kingdom|Elidish]] in 1278, [[Ungeg Kingdom|Ungeg]] in 1284, and [[Quylyadei Kingdom|Quylyadei]] in 1298.

The Vizhutu Empire also wanted to expand its influence southward. [[Raja Poonkuzhali]] attempted to counterbalance the Nutaderrami influence in the [[Kagrash Sphere]] by launching an invasion against [[Kingdom of Baratawle|Baratawle]], [[Maha Achonkar]], and the [[United Kingdom of Dajankagru]] in 1330. The invasion failed in 1331 due to the three kingdoms having much more superior armies than Vizhutu, so Poonkuzhali decided to invade the [[Hajor Kingdom]] and the [[Hokirai Kingdom]] in order to exploit the coconuts, phosphate, and iron. The kingdoms were defeated in 1332, but Vizhutuan rule was short-lived because the Hajor and Hokirai kingdoms successfully rebelled in 1333, so only a small portion of the natural resources were exploited.

In 1562, the [[Southern Tansai War]] started between the Lenyings and the Keimas. A total of 4 million people died, and the [[Sultanate of Keimas]] was exiled to the Duhawa Kingdom as the [[Emirate of Keimasia]]. Through the [[Keimaso-Duhawan War]], the newly-established Keimasia was able to conquer all of Duhawa by 1568.

===Vizhutu Empire (1622-1856)===
In 1616, the Vizhutu Empire, which had grown into one of the largest and wealthiest empires in Nesiondalsa, decided to conquer all of Tambal Island, starting the [[Vizhutuan War of Unity]]. In 1619, the Vizhutus conquered the Lenyings, then the Rangitians in 1620, what was left of Tambal in 1621, and Nyidush and Bur in 1622. The Vizhutu Empire emphasized the idea of ''[[naya divai, kayasam tecasj]]'' (one flag, thousand nations), which was the Vizhutuan Emperor's divine right to unite "all the nations of Nesiondalsa" under one flag.

In 1766, Baraltamuri, which was formerly part of the federation, was ceded to the [[Cahaya dynasty]], after it was annexed through the [[Vizhutuo-Cahayan War]].

From 1805 to 1806, there was a [[Vizhutuan famine of 1805–1806|famine]] affecting Lenying, Fusoncha, and Ponduoy states. A total of 500,000-800,000 people died of starvation, and it started discontent towards the monarchy and emperor, who lived in luxury and opulence when most of his citizens were dying and poor.

In 1856, the states of [[Kuliadei State|Kuliadei]], [[Ungeg State|Ungeg]], [[Elidish State|Elidish]], [[Ququdin State|Ququdin]], Bur, and Nyidush were ceded to the British following the [[Battle of Oching]] of the [[Anglo-Vizhutuan War]]. There was so much outrage, that it caused the [[Lenying Revolution]], a series of armed conflicts, protests, and riots that started in the city of [[Lenying]]. The revolution was a catalyst for changing the Vizhutuan government, which had become increasingly unpopular over the years. The government forces were weak and within a few months the revolutionaries had taken Visaha. Emperor [[King Tathagatha I of Vizhutua|Tathagatha I]] and the revolutionaries signed a truce and a new constitution came into force November 21, 1856. As a result, the monarchy became constitutional, the title of "emperor" became "king", and the office of prime minister was established.

===Federation and reforms (1856-1944)===
The [[1856 Vizhutuan federal election|1856 elections]] were the first elections in Vizhutuan history. However, the system was corrupt and not free. In addition, the ''naya divai, kayasam tecasj'' imperialist ideology continued to dominate Vizhutuan foreign policy, with many Vizhutuan nationalists and exceptionalists in government. There were many coup d'états up until the reign of [[King Kaushtubh of Vizhutua|Kaushtubh]], which started in 1901. He, along with elected prime minister [[Armand Parekh]], introduced reforms that cut down corruption and introduced liberal democracy. The [[1906 Vizhutuan federal election|1906 federal election]] was the first free and fair election in Vizhutua.

Although Vizhutua was neutral during World War I, it was not the same for World War II, as the Japanese cilent state of Cadasa and [[Dajankagru]] invaded Vizhutua in 1942, in order to partition Vizhutua into Cadasan and Dajankagrash territory. In 1943, the city of Tambal was ravaged by Cadasan and Dajankagrash bombing. Vizhutua subsquently joined the war under the Allies, attempting to regain its territory. The following two years were the bloodiest years in Vizhutuan history. As much as 5 million Vizhutuan soldiers sacrificed their lives while Cadasa and Dajankagru tried to invade the country.

===Modern Vizhutua (1944-present)===
In 1944, [[Cairo Raijar]] was elected prime minister. After the war, Raijar started to make Vizhutua developed, modeled after the US post-war boom. In 1946, Bur and Nyidush were returned to Vizhutua from Britain for their co-operation in the war. In the 1950s, the Vizhutuan population grew fivefold, and the capital city, [[Visaha]], became a modern city with office buildings and skyscrapers. Raijar also kickstarted an anti-colonialist and neutrality policy towards other countries. In 1961, Vizhutua became a founder member of the {{W|Non-Aligned Movement}}.

In fact, Raijar was so popular that he died in office in 1972. His son [[Rafiq Raijar]] became prime minister from 1973 to 1986, and Rafiq's son [[Bhaswar Raijar|Bhaswar]] was prime minister from 1986 to 2000, until Bhaswar's ties to the [[Tsanakarun|Tsanakarunese]] criminal group [[Kheng Tin]] were exposed.

On December 26, 2004, along with the rest of [[Nesiondalsa]] except for [[Toalugi]], most of [[Isandarual]], and [[Ulakisonia]], Vizhutua suffered from major casualties and damage by the {{W|2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}. However, Vizhutua's economy continued to prosper at the same rate because it was not heavily reliant on fishing and tourism, as fishing was prohibited and tourism didn't constitute a large portion of the economy.

==Economy==
Vizhutua is a great power with an highly developed market economy with elements of the Nordic mode and Vietnam's socialist-oriented economy, known as the [[Vizhutuan model]]; it is the largest economy in Nesiondalsa, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fourth-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The unemployment rate is low, at 1.9% as of 2022. About 0.6% of Vizhutuans lived below the poverty line (50 ngan) in 2018.

===Agriculture===
Vizhutua has long been an agricultural society, and this is apparent in the present day, with 17% of the GDP based on agriculture. In 2020, Vizhutua produced 36 million tonnes of rice. Since Vizhutua is an island country, seafood is also frequently exported.

===Currency===
The [[Vizhutuan ngan]] is the currency of Vizhutua and is the fifth-most traded currency in the world. It is traded primarily in [[Nesiondalsa]].
==Demographics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[Vizhutuan people]]''</blockquote>As of 2021, Vizhutua's population is estimated to be 92.7 million, making it the 17th most populous nation in the world. The population is unevenly spread, with almost 20% of the population living in the [[Greater Visaha]] area. Vizhutua's population is heavily urbanized, 97% of people live in cities.

Almost 10 million Vizhutuans live overseas, most commonly in [[Cadasa]], Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

53% of the population are ethnic [[Vizhutu people|Vizhutus]], followed by 13% Tambals, 11% Lenying, 10% Fusoncha/Ponduny, 7% Bur, and 6% Nyidush.

===Religion===
The vast majority of Vizhutuans practice Buddhism or other traditional faiths, followed by Islam (the most common sect is Sunni), which is followed by 9.2% of Vizhutuans. Irreligious people take up 6.9% of Vizhutuans. Other faiths practiced include Sikhism, Christianity, and Judaism.

===Language===
In 1947, [[Sarwabhasa]] was promulgated as the "sole official language of the Federation". Sarwabhasa is the most commonly spoken language in Vizhutua. It is a mix of mainly [[Vizhutuan language]] words and other regional languages in Vizhutua, like [[Lenyingan language|Lenyingan]], [[Tambalan language|Tambalan]], [[Rangitan language|Rangitan]], [[Bur language|Bur]], and [[Nyidushan language|Nyidushan]]. Almost all Vizhutuans speak more than two languages: Sarwabhasa, their regional language, and an international language, most commonly English.

===Health===
Since 1946, Vizhutua operates under a universal healthcare system, with equality of access. It is illegal to not provide healthcare when one needs it. Since 1980, all elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.

Vizhutua has one of the highest life expectanies in the world, at 83.24, with 81.20 for males and 86.03 for females.

==Government and politics==
<blockquote>''See also: [[List of monarchs of Vizhutua]], [[List of Prime Ministers of the Vizhutuan Federation|List of prime ministers of Vizhutua]], [[List of political parties in Vizhutua]], [[Elections in Vizhutua]], [[Constitution of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>Before the reforms of 1856, the federation was an absolute monarchy. In 1856, the office of prime minister was established.

Vizhutua's system of government takes place under a framework of a federal constitutional monarchy, whereby a hereditary monarch serves as head of state. The monarch is also head of the armed forces, and must be a practicing Hindu. The current monarch is [[Hrindyashu]], who started his reign in 2015. All of the eight states have their own head of state. The prime minister, however, is seen as head of government and ''de facto'' head of state since the monarchy is ceremonial. The current prime minister is [[Pratika Chandra]], a member of the [[New Democratic Union]], who started her term in 2019.

There are three branches of government in Vizhutua.

*Legislative: The unicameral [[Parliament of Vizhutua]] is the legislature of the federation. It consists of of 801 seats. The prime minister also holds a seat in the parliament.
*Executive: Includes the prime minister and their cabinet.
*Judicial: The Supreme Court is the highest court in Vizhutua. It has a good reputation of being fair and non-partisan.

There are two major political parties in Vizhutua: the [[Socialist People's Party (Vizhutua)|Socialist People's Party]] and the [[New Democratic Coalition]] (a coalition between the [[New Democratic Union]], and the [[Conservative Party (Vizhutuan Federation)|Conservative Party]]).

===Administrative divisions===
<blockquote>''See also: [[States of Vizhutua]], [[Provinces of Vizhutua]]''</blockquote>The first-level administrative division in Vizhutua are called provinces. Before 2000, Vizhutua had eight states, however they were replaced by 178 provinces, which were the second-level administrative divisions until 2000. The states became semi-autonomous entities, with the 178 provinces.
#[[Bur State|Bur]]
#[[Fusoncha State|Fusoncha]]
#[[Lenying State|Lenying]]
#[[Nyidush State|Nyidush]]
#[[Ponduny State|Ponduny]]
#[[Rangit State|Rangit]]
#[[Tambal State|Tambal]]
#[[Vizhutu State|Vizhutu]]

===Cities===
{{See also|List of largest cities in Vizhutua}}
Major cities include:

*[[Visaha]] (pop. 7,295,012)
*[[Shaoye]] (pop. 2,873,193)
*[[Guerut]] (pop. 2,091,740)
*[[Medregulup]] (pop. 1,900,053)
*[[Lenying]] (pop. 1,656,495)

==Culture==
The culture of Vizhutua has been shaped by long intermiction between original indigenous customs of the Ondalese peoples and influences from the Malay subcontinent, China, and the Indian subcontinent.

===Cuisine===
[[Vizhutuan cuisine]] is a combination of many cultures. The national dish of Vizhutu is [[gawazol]], a satay curry. Spice is one of the most important ingredients in Vizhutuan cuisine, common ones include: lemongrass, cumin, pepper, etc.

===Music===
Vizhutua traditional music originated from the [[Tambal State|Tambal]] area, and has spread to the rest of Nesiondalsa. In modern times, Vizhutuan music is similar to the rest of the world, with pop, rock, hip-hop, being popular genres.

===Media===
{{See also|Television in Vizhutua}}
Vizhutua was the first country in Nesiondalsa to introduce television, beginning in 1950. The main TV broadcasting company in the Vizhutuan Federation is [[Vizhutuan National Broadcasting Enterprises]]. Radio includes [[Radio Vizhutua]], owned by the Vizhutuan Media Corporation. The ''[[Visaha Times]]'' is the most widely circulated newspaper, with a circulation of 700,000.

Vizhutua is considered to be one of the most free regarding journalism in the Ondalsan Archipelago.
[[Category:Countries]]
[[Category:Fictional countries]]
[[Category:Countries in Asia]]
[[Category:Ondalsan Archipelago]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Vizhutua]]

Chiu-Kwo family (Cadasa)

2026-05-18T00:39:55Z

STseng: Created page with "The '''Chiu-Kwo family''' is a political family in Cadasa. They have established themselves as one of the most prominent familial dynasties within Cadasan politics. Aarush Chiu and Kwo Su Geok married in 1944, with Chiu later becoming the 10th President of Cadasa from 1965 to 1996, ruling the country as a military dictator under martial law before democratization in 1989, while Kwo holding various cabinet positions within the Cad..."

The '''Chiu-Kwo family''' is a political family in [[Cadasa]]. They have established themselves as one of the most prominent familial dynasties within Cadasan politics. [[Aarush Chiu]] and [[Kwo Su Geok]] married in 1944, with Chiu later becoming the 10th [[President of Cadasa]] from 1965 to 1996, ruling the country as a military dictator under [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]] before democratization in 1989, while Kwo holding various cabinet positions within the Cadasan government from the 1970s to the 1990s, including [[Minister of Health (Cadasa)|Minister of Health]] and [[Minister of Education (Cadasa)|Minister of Education]]. The children of Chiu and Kwo, including [[Ishir Chiu]], [[Sadhana Chiu]], and [[Rajnath Chiu]], later achieved success with their own political careers.
[[Category:Aarush Chiu]]
[[Category:Political families of Cadasa]]

Cadasan Language Policy

2026-05-16T22:44:19Z

STseng:

From 1959 to 1989, the '''Cadasan Language Policy''' ({{Lang-cd|kapejahan pahaca Cadasa}}) was enforced in [[Cadasa]] while it was under [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]]. The policy aimed to increase the usage of the [[Cadasan language]] in everyday life in an attempt to unify the country and forge a stronger national identity.

The usage of other languages in administration were banned, discouraged, or frowned upon depending on the circumstances. Tamil, Hokkien, and Mandarin-speaking Cadasans were encouraged to only speak their native languages in private, while [[Baratlamurian people|Baratlamurians]] and the indigenous [[Jazalian indigenous people|Jazalian]] groups were encouraged to stop speaking their native languages entirely.
==Background==
Cadasa has a long history of multiculturalism and influence from various nations and cultures. The early kingdoms and societies established on [[Mapu Island]] were of various different ethnic and religious groups. Chinese, Malay, and Indian immigration increased in the 18th-19th centuries, and after the [[Cahaya dynasty]] unified the Cadasan islands, there was a need for a common language between these communities. In 1801, Cadasan was declared the official language of the Cahaya dynasty. However, the Cadasan language quickly became the language of the elite as the only people who could afford language classes were of an elite background. Cadasan was not yet a lingua franca, and people continued to speak in their own native languages.

By 1920, when the Republic of Cadasa was established, authorities recognized the need for a universal language. Founding father and president [[Louis Periannan]] introduced mandatory Cadasan language classes in elementary and secondary school in 1921 and the script to write Cadasan was changed from Jawi to Latin to improve literacy rates. However, in poorer provinces, Cadasan language education was subpar. In 1950, President [[Tan Yeng Sen]] announced the introduction of more affordable Cadasan language classes in schools and encouraged the usage of Cadasan in all public spaces. Ethnic and religious tensions boiled during the 1950s, resulting in deadly riots and protests across the country. The [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]] would justify the [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat|1957 military coup d'état]] with the lack of national unity and national language during Tan's presidency.

In 1958, Cadasa invaded the sovereign nation of [[Baratlamuri]] under the pretense of "reclamation." Formerly a province of the Cahaya dynasty from 1766 to 1920, it gained independence in 1920. Many Baratlamurians did not speak Cadasan as the Cahaya dynasty considered Baratlamuri to be peripheral, and instead they spoke the native [[Tufur language|Tufur]] and [[Alyatakan language|Alyatakan]] languages.
==Implementation==
On January 31, 1959, the Cadasan Language Policy was announced by President [[S. P. Situmorang]]. Cadasan became the sole language in government, education, and law, and non-Cadasan civil servants were ordered to cease speaking their native languages immediately. Language workshops and promotion groups were formed to support the new policy. Broadcasters of the [[Cadasa Television Service]] and [[Cadasa Radio Service]] were prohibited from speaking any language other than Cadasan on air.

However, the policy was not equally applied. Chinese and Indian Cadasans, whom have traded and cooperated with ethnic Cadasans in their societies for centuries were allowed to speak their languages in private spaces due to the perception of those groups being more "integrated" into society than others.

The policy was enforced especially in Baratlamuri, Tejaz, and Jazali, where Cadasan authorities tried to brainwash the natives peoples that their culture and languages were inferior and primitive. As a result, people felt shame when they spoke their native languages. In 1962, the usage of Jazalic, Tufur, Alyatakan, and Keimasian birth names for children were banned, and individuals with existing names were forced to "Cadasanize" their names.
==End of the policy==
By the 1980s, many [[Pro-democracy movement in Cadasa|pro-democracy protests]] sprung up against the military dictatorship, and many Jazalians and Baratlamurians demanded to speak their in their own tongues. In 1985, activist [[Ahmed Sapasinra]] was arrested for "public disturbance." He refused to speak in Cadasan and only spoke [[Dedak language|Dedak]] during his trial, eventually being sentenced to 5 years in prison. This galvanized support and revitalized pride among the Jazalic indigenous groups. In 1990, Sapasinra was released from prison, becoming a prominent civil rights activist afterwards.

On May 2, 1989, President Aarush Chiu lifted martial law. The Cadasan Language Policy was officially abolished on August 21, 1989. Many Jazalic languages such as Dedak, Birui, Palak, etc. were recognized as minority languages upon the introduction of the 1995 amendments to the Constitution of Cadasa. Linguistic diversity became celebrated and with the advent of the Internet, many native language speakers created resources for people to rediscover their original roots,
[[Category:Language policy in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Discrimination against Cadasan indigenous peoples]]

Cadasan Language Policy

2026-05-16T22:34:45Z

STseng:

From 1959 to 1989, the '''Cadasan Language Policy''' ({{Lang-cd|kapejahan pahaca Cadasa}}) was enforced in [[Cadasa]] while it was under [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]]. The policy aimed to increase the usage of the [[Cadasan language]] in everyday life in an attempt to unify the country and forge a stronger national identity.

The usage of other languages in administration were banned, discouraged, or frowned upon depending on the circumstances. Tamil, Hokkien, and Mandarin-speaking Cadasans were encouraged to only speak their native languages in private, while [[Baratlamurian people|Baratlamurians]] and the indigenous [[Jazalian indigenous people|Jazalian]] groups were encouraged to stop speaking their native languages entirely.
==Background==
Cadasa has a long history of multiculturalism and influence from various nations and cultures. The early kingdoms and societies established on [[Mapu Island]] were of various different ethnic and religious groups. Chinese, Malay, and Indian immigration increased in the 18th-19th centuries, and after the [[Cahaya dynasty]] unified the Cadasan islands, there was a need for a common language between these communities. In 1801, Cadasan was declared the official language of the Cahaya dynasty. However, the Cadasan language quickly became the language of the elite as the only people who could afford language classes were of an elite background. Cadasan was not yet a lingua franca, and people continued to speak in their own native languages.

By 1920, when the Republic of Cadasa was established, authorities recognized the need for a universal language. Founding father and president [[Louis Periannan]] introduced mandatory Cadasan language classes in elementary and secondary school in 1921 and the script to write Cadasan was changed from Jawi to Latin to improve literacy rates. However, in poorer provinces, Cadasan language education was subpar. In 1950, President [[Tan Yeng Sen]] announced the introduction of more affordable Cadasan language classes in schools and encouraged the usage of Cadasan in all public spaces. Ethnic and religious tensions boiled during the 1950s, resulting in deadly riots and protests across the country. The [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]] would justify the [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat|1957 military coup d'état]] with the lack of national unity and national language during Tan's presidency.

In 1958, Cadasa invaded the sovereign nation of [[Baratlamuri]] under the pretense of "reclamation." Formerly a province of the Cahaya dynasty from 1766 to 1920, it gained independence in 1920. Many Baratlamurians did not speak Cadasan as the Cahaya dynasty considered Baratlamuri to be peripheral, and instead they spoke the native [[Tufur language|Tufur]] and [[Alyatakan language|Alyatakan]] languages.
==Implementation==
On January 31, 1959, the Cadasan Language Policy was announced by President [[S. P. Situmorang]]. Cadasan became the sole language in government, education, and law, and non-Cadasan civil servants were ordered to cease speaking their native languages immediately. Language workshops and promotion groups were formed to support the new policy.

However, the policy was not equally applied. Chinese and Indian Cadasans, whom have traded and cooperated with ethnic Cadasans in their societies for centuries were allowed to speak their languages in private spaces due to the perception of those groups being more "integrated" into society than others.

The policy was enforced especially in Baratlamuri, Tejaz, and Jazali, where Cadasan authorities tried to brainwash the natives peoples that their culture and languages were inferior and primitive. As a result, people felt shame when they spoke their native languages. In 1962, the usage of Jazalic, Tufur, Alyatakan, and Keimasian birth names for children were banned, and individuals with existing names were forced to "Cadasanize" their names.
==End of the policy==
By the 1980s, many [[Pro-democracy movement in Cadasa|pro-democracy protests]] sprung up against the military dictatorship, and many Jazalians and Baratlamurians demanded to speak their in their own tongues. In 1985, activist [[Ahmed Sapasinra]] was arrested for "public disturbance." He refused to speak in Cadasan and only spoke [[Dedak language|Dedak]] during his trial, eventually being sentenced to 5 years in prison. This galvanized support and revitalized pride among the Jazalic indigenous groups. In 1990, Sapasinra was released from prison, becoming a prominent civil rights activist afterwards.

On May 2, 1989, President Aarush Chiu lifted martial law. The Cadasan Language Policy was officially abolished on August 21, 1989. Many Jazalic languages such as Dedak, Birui, Palak, etc. were recognized as minority languages upon the introduction of the 1995 amendments to the Constitution of Cadasa. Linguistic diversity became celebrated and with the advent of the Internet, many native language speakers created resources for people to rediscover their original roots,
[[Category:Language policy in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Discrimination against Cadasan indigenous peoples]]

Category:Language policy in Cadasa

2026-05-16T22:32:48Z

STseng: Created page with "Category:Language policy by country Category:Languages of Cadasa Category:Law of Cadasa"

[[Category:Language policy by country]]
[[Category:Languages of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Law of Cadasa]]

Cadasan Language Policy

2026-05-16T22:32:14Z

STseng: Created page with "From 1959 to 1989, the '''Cadasan Language Policy''' ({{Lang-cd|kapejahan pahaca Cadasa}}) was enforced in Cadasa while it was under martial law. The policy aimed to increase the usage of the Cadasan language in everyday life in an attempt to unify the country and forge a stronger national identity. The usage of other languages in administration were banned, discouraged, or frowned upon depending on the circumstances. Tamil, Hokkien, an..."

From 1959 to 1989, the '''Cadasan Language Policy''' ({{Lang-cd|kapejahan pahaca Cadasa}}) was enforced in [[Cadasa]] while it was under [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]]. The policy aimed to increase the usage of the [[Cadasan language]] in everyday life in an attempt to unify the country and forge a stronger national identity.

The usage of other languages in administration were banned, discouraged, or frowned upon depending on the circumstances. Tamil, Hokkien, and Mandarin-speaking Cadasans were encouraged to only speak their native languages in private, while [[Baratlamurian people|Baratlamurians]] and the indigenous [[Jazalian indigenous people|Jazalian]] groups were encouraged to stop speaking their native languages entirely.
==Background==
Cadasa has a long history of multiculturalism and influence from various nations and cultures. The early kingdoms and societies established on [[Mapu Island]] were of various different ethnic and religious groups. Chinese, Malay, and Indian immigration increased in the 18th-19th centuries, and after the [[Cahaya dynasty]] unified the Cadasan islands, there was a need for a common language between these communities. In 1801, Cadasan was declared the official language of the Cahaya dynasty. However, the Cadasan language quickly became the language of the elite as the only people who could afford language classes were of an elite background. Cadasan was not yet a lingua franca, and people continued to speak in their own native languages.

By 1920, when the Republic of Cadasa was established, authorities recognized the need for a universal language. President [[Louis Paraiyar]] introduced mandatory Cadasan language classes in elementary and secondary school in 1921 and the script to write Cadasan was changed from Jawi to Latin to improve literacy rates. However, in poorer provinces, Cadasan language education was subpar. In 1950, President [[Tan Yeng Sen]] announced the introduction of more affordable Cadasan language classes in schools and encouraged the usage of Cadasan in all public spaces. Ethnic and religious tensions boiled during the 1950s, resulting in deadly riots and protests across the country. The [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]] would justify the [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat|1957 military coup d'état]] with the lack of national unity and national language during Tan's presidency.

In 1958, Cadasa invaded the sovereign nation of [[Baratlamuri]] under the pretense of "reclamation." Formerly a province of the Cahaya dynasty from 1766 to 1920, it gained independence in 1920. Many Baratlamurians did not speak Cadasan as the Cahaya dynasty considered Baratlamuri to be peripheral, and instead they spoke the native [[Tufur language|Tufur]] and [[Alyatakan language|Alyatakan]] languages.
==Implementation==
On January 31, 1959, the Cadasan Language Policy was announced by President [[S. P. Situmorang]]. Cadasan became the sole language in government, education, and law, and non-Cadasan civil servants were ordered to cease speaking their native languages immediately. Language workshops and promotion groups were formed to support the new policy.

However, the policy was not equally applied. Chinese and Indian Cadasans, whom have traded and cooperated with ethnic Cadasans in their societies for centuries were allowed to speak their languages in private spaces due to the perception of those groups being more "integrated" into society than others.

The policy was enforced especially in Baratlamuri, Tejaz, and Jazali, where Cadasan authorities tried to brainwash the natives peoples that their culture and languages were inferior and primitive. As a result, people felt shame when they spoke their native languages. In 1962, the usage of Jazalic, Tufur, Alyatakan, and Keimasian birth names for children were banned, and individuals with existing names were forced to "Cadasanize" their names.
==End of the policy==
By the 1980s, many [[Pro-democracy movement in Cadasa|pro-democracy protests]] sprung up against the military dictatorship, and many Jazalians and Baratlamurians demanded to speak their in their own tongues. In 1985, activist [[Ahmed Sapasinra]] was arrested for "public disturbance." He refused to speak in Cadasan and only spoke [[Dedak language|Dedak]] during his trial, eventually being sentenced to 5 years in prison. This galvanized support and revitalized pride among the Jazalic indigenous groups. In 1990, Sapasinra was released from prison, becoming a prominent civil rights activist afterwards.

On May 2, 1989, President Aarush Chiu lifted martial law. The Cadasan Language Policy was officially abolished on August 21, 1989. Many Jazalic languages such as Dedak, Birui, Palak, etc. were recognized as minority languages upon the introduction of the 1995 amendments to the Constitution of Cadasa. Linguistic diversity became celebrated and with the advent of the Internet, many native language speakers created resources for people to rediscover their original roots,
[[Category:Language policy in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Discrimination against Cadasan indigenous peoples]]

Columbia Five

2026-05-16T04:16:52Z

STseng:

The '''Columbia Five''' were a group of five Cadasan economists who were all educated at {{W|Columbia University}} in {{W|New York City}}, {{W|U.S.}}. They were given technocratic positions within the Cadasan government in the early 1970s under President [[Aarush Chiu]]. The group focused on promoting {{W|free-market capitalism}} in Cadasa and opening up Cadasa's economy to the West. It was seen as a move away from the state capitalist model seen in the [[Tan Yeng Sen]] era and early martial law period under [[S. P. Situmorang]].

The Columbia Five included [[S. Mahendra]], [[Agung Kuraesin]], [[Hakim Abdul Lestari]], [[Mohamed Rosin Sinurat]], and [[K. Z. Prayoga]].

== History ==

=== Origins of the group ===
The Columbia Five were all alumni of the Economics Department of the [[University of Cadasa, Selamat]]. During the 1950s and early 1960s, the department was chaired by economist [[Mohammad Faizan Hassim]], a former classmate and close friend of Aarush Chiu. Hassim joined the economics sector of the [[Cadasan government in exile]] during {{W|World War II}}, and had made contacts with American officials involved with {{W|Columbia University}}.
[[Category:Economy of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]

Columbia Five

2026-05-16T04:16:28Z

STseng:

The '''Columbia Five''' were a group of five Cadasan economists who were all educated at {{W|Columbia University}} in {{W|New York City}}, {{W|U.S.}}. They were given technocratic positions within the Cadasan government in the early 1970s under President [[Aarush Chiu]]. The group focused on promoting {{W|free-market capitalism}} in Cadasa and opening up Cadasa's economy to the West. It was seen as a move away from the state capitalist model seen in the [[Tan Yeng Sen]] era and early martial law period under [[S. P. Situmorang]].

The Columbia Five included [[S. Mahendra]], [[Agung Kuraesin]], [[Hakim Abdul Lestari]], [[Mohamed Rosin Sinurat]], and [[K. Z. Prayoga]].

== History ==

=== Origins of the group ===
The Columbia Five were all alumni of the Economics Department of the [[University of Cadasa, Selamat]]. The department was chaired by economist [[Mohammad Faizan Hassim]], a former classmate and close friend of Aarush Chiu. Hassim joined the economics sector of the [[Cadasan government in exile]] during {{W|World War II}}, and had made contacts with American officials involved with {{W|Columbia University}}.
[[Category:Economy of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]

Columbia Five

2026-05-16T04:10:59Z

STseng: Created page with "The '''Columbia Five''' were a group of five Cadasan economists who were all educated at {{W|Columbia University}} in {{W|New York City}}, {{W|U.S.}}. They were given technocratic positions within the Cadasan government in the late 1960s under President Aarush Chiu. The group focused on promoting {{W|free-market capitalism}} in Cadasa and opening up Cadasa's economy to the West. It was seen as a move away from the state capitalist model seen in the Tan Yeng Sen e..."

The '''Columbia Five''' were a group of five Cadasan economists who were all educated at {{W|Columbia University}} in {{W|New York City}}, {{W|U.S.}}. They were given technocratic positions within the Cadasan government in the late 1960s under President [[Aarush Chiu]]. The group focused on promoting {{W|free-market capitalism}} in Cadasa and opening up Cadasa's economy to the West. It was seen as a move away from the state capitalist model seen in the [[Tan Yeng Sen]] era and early martial law period under [[S. P. Situmorang]].

The Columbia Five included [[S. Mahendra]], [[Agung Kuraesin]], [[Hakim Abdul Lestari]], [[Mohamed Rosin Sinurat]], and [[K. Z. Prayoga]].

== History ==

=== Origins of the group ===
The Columbia Five were all alumni of the Economics Department of the [[University of Cadasa, Selamat]].
[[Category:Economy of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Martial law in Cadasa]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]

Aarush Chiu

2026-05-16T03:40:09Z

STseng: /* Legacy */

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Aarush Chiu|term_start=January 4, 1965|term_end=September 20, 1996|predecessor=[[S. P. Situmorang]]|successor=[[Idris Pasari]]|born=|died=|cause_of_death=|nationality=Cadasan|party=[[National Party of Cadasa|Parti Nasional]] (1952-2012)|otherparty=Independent (1951-1952) [[Parti Kamajuan]] (1946-1951)|spouse=Neha Thevar (1937-1942) [[Kwo Su Geok]] (1944-2008)|children=7 (including [[Ishir Chiu|Ishir]], [[Rajnath Chiu|Rajnath]] and [[Sadhana Chiu|Sadhana]])|parents=[[Chiu Hoi Ming]] (father) [[Abitha Hari]] (mother)|occupation=Politician Military general|order=10th [[President of Cadasa]]|relations='''Brothers:''' [[Aayush Chiu|Aayush]], [[Arvinder Chiu|Arvinder]] '''Sisters:''' [[Risha Chiu|Risha]], [[Radhika Chiu|Radhika]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cadasa, Selamat]] {{W|Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse College, Cambridge}}|image=Aarush Chiu.jpg|order1=Vice-President of Cadasa|term_start1=March 17, 1957|term_end1=January 4, 1965|predecessor2=[[Amir Ishaq Yusuf]]|successor1=[[Abdul J. R. Sulaiman]]|president1=[[S. P. Situmorang]]|vicepresident=[[Abdul J. R. Sulaiman]] [[Yahya Tenarang]] [[Ho Sai-ka]] [[Nadim A. Pekirna]]|native_name=ஆருஷ் சியு आरुष चिउ 赵治国|birth_date={{Birth date|1917|08|31}}|birth_place=[[Camatanam City]], [[Cahaya dynasty]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2012|10|02|1917|08|31}}|death_place=[[C. W. Asih General Hospital]], [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], [[Cadasa]]|allegiance={{W|United Kingdom}} [[Cadasa]]|branch=[[Cadasan Army]]|rank=Generalissimo|serviceyears=1942–2005|battles={{tree list}}
*[[Cadasa campaign]]
**[[Battle of Selamat]]
*[[Communist insurgency in Cadasa]]
**[[Operation Harimau]]
**[[Ceasefire ambushes on Cadasan Communist Party camps|Ceasefire ambushes]]
{{tree list/end}}}}

'''Aarush Chiu Chi-kwok''' (August 31, 1917 - October 2, 2012) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] politician and former military general who served as the 10th [[List of presidents of Cadasa|President of Cadasa]] from 1965 to 1996, and as vice-president from 1957 to 1965. He was the longest serving President of Cadasa and one of the world's longest serving non-royal head of state, a total of 31 years.

His rule is controversial. Chiu is credited with transforming Cadasa into a developed country and forging a sense of national unity among Cadasans. His rule is also described as authoritarian, with heavy political and press suppression and the implementation of [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]]. Approximately 40,000 Cadasans died during the 32-year period of martial law.
==Name==
His name is from Hindi, meaning "first ray of the sun", and his Chinese name means "ruling the country".
==Early life and education==
Chiu was born on August 31, 1917, to an Indian mother from {{W|Kolkata}} (Calcutta) and a Chinese-Malay father from {{W|Hong Kong}}. He was the eldest child of 10 siblings. His twin brother, [[Aayush Chiu]], would later work with him in politics. At school, Chiu excelled, earning a bachelor's in Economics at the [[University of Cadasa, Selamat]] in 1939, and a master's in Economics at Cambridge in 1941.

Chiu planned to return to Cadasa after graduating, but was interrupted by the [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|Japanese occupation]] of the country in 1942. He briefly served as an officer for the British military, utilizing his regional knowledge and skills in Malay and Cadasan for intelligence purposes in Southeast Asia following the {{W|Fall of Singapore}}. In 1944, he was assigned as a liaison officer to the [[Cadasan government-in-exile]] in Sydney, where he met Lieutenant General [[S. P. Situmorang]].

==Rise in politics==
In 1945, Chiu returned to Cadasa and joined the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]], serving in the army as a major. He participated in assignments in [[Lang Cit Province|Lang Cit]] and [[Kurabata Province|Kurabata]] provinces combatting the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s [[Communist insurgency in Cadasa|insurgency]].

While focused on his military duties, Chiu became increasingly frustrated with the political instability of the country under then-president [[Tan Yeng Sen]], who was elected in 1949. Tan's left-wing policies were criticized by the conservative political and military elite which Chiu became acquainted to as being too "radical" and "socialist". In addition, ethnic tensions between the Cadasan, Chinese, and Tamil ethnic groups flared during Tan's presidency, culminating in violent riots such as the [[1949 Selamat riots]] or the [[1955 Kongsen riots]]. During the 1954-1957 ceasefire of the communist insurgency, Chiu continued to launch raids on Communist Party bases and camps, violating the ceasefire.

In 1952, he joined the [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]] (PNC) along with Situmorang, by then a General. Soon, powerful friends and family members like [[Ahmed Besara]], Aayush Chiu, and his wife [[Kwo Su Geok]] joined. By 1957, Chiu was a Colonel, and the PNC was transformed from a minor party to the main opposition party. Following the PNC's loss in the 1957 election in January, Situmorang met up with Besara, the Chiu twins, and Captain [[Cheung Lung-dan]] to begin the coup d'etat process.

==President of Cadasa (1965-1996)==
[[File:Young Aarush Chiu.jpg|left|thumb|135x135px|Chiu in 1960]]
On March 17, 1957, the military personnel led by [[S. P. Situmorang]] took control of the government in the [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat]]. After the coup, Chiu was appointed Vice-President. In 1960, he was promoted to the rank of General. In 1965, Situmorang died from diabetes and Chiu became president.

During his tenure, Cadasa became a developed country. In the 1970s, he moved Cadasa's economy, heavily reliant on state intervention, to a free-market system via liberalization and cutting of several state services. The reforms attracted foreign investment in the country, leading the economy to grow at a high rate. By the 1980s, Cadasa had one of the highest GDPs in Southeast Asia.

Chiu also worked on developing the country's transportation system. He pushed for the expansion of existing international airports in major cities and the construction of new ones. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the [[National Expressway System (Cadasa)|National Expressway System]], an expressway network, was established in Cadasa.

However, although Chiu began to cultivate a more "benevolent" image than his predecessor as his rule went on, he still supported the continuation of martial law and increased the powers of the feared secret police [[Komilcad]] when pro-democracy protests began to pop up in the 1980s. In 1984, Chiu promoted himself and his brother Aayush to the rank of ''jeneral besar'' (Generalissimo).

His government was unusually cruel when dealing with [[Baratlamuri Province (1958-1989)|Baratlamuri]] affairs, which was under Cadasan occupation during his rule. He considered the indigenous Tufur and Alyatak peoples as "genetically inferior to any Cadasan born on [[Mapu Island|Mapu]]". In 1989, [[Baratlamuri]] became independent, and Chiu apologized for his past comments in 1995.

Chiu was re-elected by the [[Cadasan People's Assembly]] in 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1987.

On November 19, 1980, the [[1119 Incident]] occurred after the shooting of a university student by Komilcad officers during a peaceful protest, involving widespread unrest across several universities in southern Cadasa. Although the unrest was repressed, it spurred the creation of the [[pro-democracy movement in Cadasa]]. Elements of the Cadasan middle class created in part by Chiu's economic policies grew restless against the rule of martial law and corruption. These dissenters also heavily involved students, with the charismatic [[Ibrahim Djoko]] emerging as their spokesperson. On March 5, 1989, the [[1989 Bank of Cadasa scandal|Bank of Cadasa scandal]] broke when it was revealed that the Bank of Cadasa chairman had embezzled national funds to members of the PNC. Chiu appeared on television 5 days later, denying his knowledge of and involvement with the scandal in a widely criticized speech.

On May 2, 1989, Chiu officially lifted martial law and oversaw democratic reforms. He allowed the formation of opposition parties and lifted the ban on the [[Labour Party of Cadasa]]. These reforms culminated in the [[1992 Cadasan general election|1992 general election]], which was the first fair and free elections since 1957. Chiu chose to run as the National Party nominee despite fears that his dictatorial past would cost the PNC the election. However, Djoko, the main frontrunner and [[Labour Party of Cadasa|Labour Party]] candidate, had attracted controversy with his proposed policies, widely seen as too radical and socialist. The third candidate, [[M. Rayan Kuraesin]], ran for the [[Concordia Party]], positioning himself as an alternative to both Chiu and Djoko. The election ended with a plurality for Chiu due to vote splitting between Kuraesin and Djoko.

During his final term, Chiu worked to crack down on corruption within the civil service and welcomed the reunification of [[Nan Tung City-State]] with Cadasa in 1994.

==Later life==
Due to his popularity, Chiu served as a senior advisor to President [[Julian Osman]] in 2000, where he focused on combatting corruption and promoting civil liberties. He served until 2002, when he officially retired from Cadasan politics. In 2005, he was honorably discharged from the Cadasan Army in a large-profile ceremony. Chiu was present during President [[Melati Bajang]]'s announcement of the introduction of the [[Independent Anti-Corruption Commission (Cadasa)|Independent Anti-Corruption Commission]] in 2005.

Afterwards, Chiu started to get involved in improving human rights and preserving democracy in Southeast Asia until his death in 2012, collaborating with organizations such as the {{W|ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Assembly}} to strengthen democratic institutions and electoral processes.

==Death==
<blockquote>''Main article: [[Death and state funeral of Aarush Chiu]]''</blockquote>On October 2, 2012, coincidentally Cadasa's Independence Day, Chiu died in [[C. W. Asih General Hospital]] in Selamat after choking on a piece of steak a few days before. While choking he fell from his chair and broke his hip and pelvis. Infection and pneumonia eventually killed him.

==Family==
<blockquote>''Main article: [[Chiu-Kwo family (Cadasa)]]''</blockquote>

==Legacy==
Chiu remains a divisive figure in Cadasa. Supporters praise him for uniting the country, significantly reducing ethnic tensions, and greatly improving the economy. Critics attack Chiu due to his anti-communism and oppressive rule. Infamous incidents included the [[1967 Pekhoi riots]], when Chiu ordered the military and Komilcad to repress pro-Baratlamuri protests in [[Pekhoi]] (then-capital of Baratlamuri Province), and enacted similar responses in the [[1119 Incident]], a pro-democracy uprising in [[Camatanam City]] that led to at least 200 deaths. Chiu's repairs with ethnic tensions was also condemned for repressing [[raken asli]] or minority cultures in favour of a single uniform Cadasan identity and continuing to harshly enforce the [[Cadasan Language Policy]]. His government also amassed significant amounts of corruption that culminated in the [[1989 Bank of Cadasa scandal]], a scandal in which Chiu denied having any knowledge of.

In 1994 he and former enemy Tan Yeng Sen made amends, and he joined the [[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Cadasa)|Truth and Reconciliation Commission]] in 1995. On September 20, 1996, his last day in office, Chiu made a speech officially apologizing for his dictatorship.
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Cadasan Army generals]]
[[Category:National Party of Cadasa politicians]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians of Indian descent]]

Yusuf Susanti

2026-05-15T19:35:39Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|office=|predecessor=[[Ismail Kit]]|term_start=September 20, 2024|vicepresident=[[Nadia Ginting]]|office1=Minister of Industry and Trade|order=18th [[President of Cadasa]]|predecessor1=[[Budi N. Prasima]]|successor1=[[Ting Sieu Hoa]]|term_start1=June 1, 2019|term_end1=January 9, 2023|president1=[[Ahmed B. Kassar]] [[Ismail Kit]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1966|03|21}}|birth_place=[[Kurabata]], Kurabata, Cadasa|party=[[Labour Party of Cadasa|Parti Kerja]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Clara Usman Haitham]]|1995}}|education=[[University of Kurabata]] (B.Eng) {{W|University of Queensland}} (M.Eng)|successor2=[[Amira Tingrah]]|constituency2=[[Sembalang (constituency)|Sembalang]]|office2=Member of the [[National Assembly (Cadasa)|National Assembly]]|predecessor2=[[K. Jivathran]]|term_start2=July 1, 2012|termend2=June 1, 2019|image=Yusuf Susanti.jpg|children=3}}'''Yusuf Susanti''' (born March 21, 1966) is a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] politician and engineer who is serving as the 18th [[President of Cadasa]] since 2024. A member of the [[Labour Party of Cadasa]], he was previously the Minister of Industry and Trade under presidents [[Ahmed B. Kassar]] and [[Ismail Kit]] from 2019 to 2023.
==Early life and education==
Susanti was born on March 21, 1966, in [[Kurabata]], [[Kurabata Province]] to a middle-class family. His father was an accountant while his mother was a music teacher. During his youth, Susanti developed an interest in music from his mother, and he played piano and violin.

Susanti graduated from the [[University of Kurabata]] in 1988 with a bachelor's in chemical engineering. After his two years of mandatory military service, Susanti studied abroad at the {{W|University of Queensland}}, graduating with a master's in chemical engineering in 1992.
==Career==
After graduating, Susanti settled in {{W|Brisbane}}, where he worked as a process engineer for various companies. In 1998, he returned to Cadasa, around the time the {{W|1997 Asian financial crisis}} was affecting the economies of the region. He joined the state-owned [[Cadasan Petroleum Corporation]] (KPC), where he eventually held the position of Engineering Manager. In July 2006, Susanti became posted to the Ministry of Industry and Trade. He joined the Labour Party later in the year.

In 2009, Susanti gained national attention after giving a much publicized speech at the [[10th Pan-Asia Energy Conference]] held in {{W|Davao City}} in the {{W|Philippines}} criticizing government mismanagement and corruption in the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The event was seen as an embarrassment to the Cadasan government on an international stage, and then-Minister [[Liew Song]] pledged to cut down on corruption. Susanti was invited to join the Labour Party's Economic and Industrial Policy Committee after the event.
==Entry into politics==
Susanti was elected to the [[National Assembly (Cadasa)|National Assembly]] in 2012 under the Labour Party banner for the [[Sembalang (constituency)|Sembalang]] constituency in [[West Selamat Province]]. He became known for his calm, nonchalant demeanour and established himself as a member of the moderate faction of the Labour Party. He was re-elected in 2016.
==Minister of Industry and Trade==
On June 1, 2019, Susanti was appointed as the Minister of Industry and Trade by Labour President [[Ahmed B. Kassar]]. He remained Minister after the election of Ismail Kit, a member of the opposing [[National Party of Cadasa|National Party]], as president in 2020.

On May 2, 2024, Susanti was nominated as the [[Labour Party of Cadasa|Labour Party]] nominee for the [[Rakerja]] coalition in the [[2024 Cadasan general election|2024 general election]]. He won against [[Ismail Kit]], who was running for re-election. Susanti was elected with a plurality of the vote, 48.5%. Despite the Labour Party's victory, the Cadasan right-wing saw its percentage of votes increase compared to 2020, especially among younger voters.
==Presidency (2024-present)==
On September 20, 2024, Susanti was sworn in as the 18th President of Cadasa. Susanti pledged to continue the [[Anti-Corruption Program (Cadasa)|Anti-Corruption Program]] introduced in 2008 under the presidency of [[Melati Bajang]].
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cadasa]]

Julian Osman

2026-05-15T19:29:13Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|image=Julian Osman.jpg|caption=Official portrait, 2000|order=13th [[President of Cadasa]]|order1=Minister of Agriculture and Forestry|predecessor=[[Ho Sai-ka]]|predecessor1=[[M. K. Azman]]|successor=[[Elijah Tan]]|successor1=[[Chua See Huat]]|term_start=September 20, 2000|term_start1=1993|term_end=May 21, 2004|term_end1=September 20, 1996|vicepresident=[[Elijah Tan]]|president1=[[Aarush Chiu]]|party=[[People's Unity Party (Cadasa)|People’s Unity Party]] (1999–2005)|otherparty=[[National Party of Cadasa]] (until 1997) Independent (1997–1999)|birth_date={{Birth date|1947|05|11}}|birth_place=[[Alor Melati]], [[Lang Cit Province|Lang Cit]], Cadasa|death_date={{Death date and age|2010|08|04|1947|05|11}}|death_place=[[Queen's Hospital (Nan Tung)|Queen's Hospital]], [[Nan Tung]], Cadasa|spouse={{marriage|[[Zainab Musrudin]]|1975}}|children=2|order2=Minister of Tourism|order3=Mayor of [[Lang Cit]]|term_start2=1992|term_start3=1988|term_end3=1991|term_end2=1993|president2=Aarush Chiu}}'''Julian Osman''' (May 11, 1947 - August 4, 2010) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] politician who served as the [[President of Cadasa]] from 2000 to 2004. He previously served as the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry from 1993 to 1996, the Minister of Tourism from 1992 to 1993, and the Mayor of [[Lang Cit]] from 1988 to 1991.

A member of the [[People's Unity Party (Cadasa)|People’s Unity Party]], Osman was known for his blunt manner of speaking and various political gaffes. During his administration, Cadasa’s economy began to recover from the {{W|1997 Asian financial crisis}}, and environmental protections were increased in response to growing concerns over {{w|global warming}}.

However, Osman and his cabinet were implicated of bribery and misuse of public works funds in a massive scandal known as [[Transportgate]] in late 2003. While Osman enacted anti-corruption policies in response, Osman's approval ratings dropped to single digits by early 2004, and he was the victim of an [[Attempted assassination of Julian Osman|assassination attempt]] on May 18, 2004, weeks before the [[2004 Cadasan general election|2004 election]]. Osman was left paralyzed from the waist down and officially resigned on May 30, 2004, although his vice-president [[Elijah Tan]] had ''de facto'' assumed official duties since his assassination attempt.
==Early life and education==
Osman was born on May 11, 1947, to a working-class family in [[Alor Melati]], a city on the present [[Lang Cit Province|Lang Cit]]-[[Ganpung]] border. His father was a construction worker, while his mother was a housewife. Osman entered the [[University of Cadasa]]'s [[University of Cadasa, Lang Cit|Lang Cit]] campus in 1965, where he enrolled in mechanical engineering. He worked as a mechanic and bus driver to support himself during his degree.

Osman served in the [[Cadasan Navy]] from 1970 to 1975, attaining the rank of lieutenant, and joined the [[National Party of Cadasa]] (PNC) shortly afterwards. In 1976, while looking for work as an engineer, he began working as a journalist, writing pieces for [[Warian Cadasa|''Warian Cadasa'']] (Cadasa Daily) and [[Nasional (newspaper)|''Nasional'']] (then the only few legal newspapers in the country at the time). His pieces focused mainly on agricultural reform and bureaucratic inefficiency.
== Political and civil career ==
Osman entered the public service in 1981 and was appointed deputy director of rural infrastructure in the Provincial Ministry of Public Works by Lang Cit Governor [[B. Syed Wahojo]].

In 1988, Osman was appointed Mayor of [[Lang Cit]], the capital city of Lang Cit Province. His mayoralty was marked by improvement of the city’s public housing, but corruption allegations were alleged involving corporate contractors in the [[Lang Cit Transit Service]] who were close to Osman. During the [[1989 Cadasan pro-democracy protests|1989 pro-democracy protests]] against the National Party dictatorship, Osman pledged his support for the protestors and called on President [[Aarush Chiu]] to lift press freedoms and legalize multi-party politics.

In 1992, Chiu appointed Osman to the post of Minister of Tourism, before being transferred to the Minister of Agriculture and Forestry in 1993. Osman worked to establish 6 national parks during his tenure, mainly in remote regions in [[Jazali Province|Jazali]] and [[Aracat]].
==Rise in power==
Osman left the National Party in 1997, and in January 1999, while the Asian financial crisis was impacting the country, Osman founded the [[People’s Unity Party (Cadasa)|People’s Unity Party]] (PRB). Consisting of various political and economic positions, the PRB was to act as a third option between the left-wing [[Labour Party of Cadasa]] and the right-wing National Party, whom Osman had both derided as “corrupt” and “unrepresentative of the Cadasan people.”

Osman’s populist rhetoric resulted in a meteoric rise in the polls leading up to the 2000 election. In the election, the PRB won a majority in the [[National Assembly of Cadasa|National Assembly]] while Osman himself garnered 54.5% of the vote.
==Presidency (2000-2004)==
Osman was inaugurated on September 20, 2000. He followed in his predecessor [[Ho Sai-ka]]’s footsteps in repaying bailout loans from the {{W|International Monetary Fund}}. In January 2001, he announced the [[Raken First]] policy, which aimed to revitalize Cadasa's economy. It involved the creation of Special Economic Zones in regional centres such as [[Port Dawari]] and [[Terahak]]. Osman also aimed to strengthen relations with {{W|Brazil}} and {{W|South Africa}} around shared interests in tech and rural development.

On November 12, 2003, Osman's administration was struck by media reports involving the siphoning of public works funds to phantom contractors connected to Osman's allies. This scandal became known as [[Transportgate]] as many of these public works projects were related to infrastructure, including highway construction, railway upgrades, and urban transport expansion.

TBA
==Post-presidency==
Osman was left paralyzed from the waist down after his assassination attempt. He retired to his home in [[Lang Cit]]. However, he struggled with chronic health issues and depression, worsened by media speculation. On August 4, 2010, while on a trip to [[Nan Tung]], he died of respiratory failure.
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cadasa]]
[[Category:People's Unity Party (Cadasa) politicians]]
[[Category:National Party of Cadasa politicians]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians]]

Ibrahim Djoko

2026-05-15T19:26:01Z

STseng:

{{Infobox person
| name = Ibrahim Djoko
| image = Ibrahim Djoko.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|01|07}}
| birth_place = [[Bukit Memumpuih]], [[Nagari Selatan Province|Nagari Selatan]], Cadasa
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|04|10|1952|01|07}}
| death_place = [[Terahak]], [[Ganpung]], Cadasa
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Ibrahim Djoko|Assassination]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cadasa, Camatanam]] (BA)
| occupation = Activist, politician, journalist
| party = [[Labour Party of Cadasa|Parti Kerja Cadasa]] (1989–1996)
}}

'''Ibrahim Mohamed Djoko''' (January 7, 1952 – April 10, 1996) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] political and labor activist, politician, and journalist. He rose to prominence during the [[1119 Incident]] in 1980 and emerged as one of the leading figures associated with the [[pro-democracy movement in Cadasa]] against [[Aarush Chiu]]'s military dictatorship in the 1980s. Djoko is widely recognized as playing a vital role in Cadasa's transition to democracy during the late 1980s to early 1990s.

He was nominated as the [[Labour Party of Cadasa]] (PKC)'s presidential candidate in the [[1992 Cadasan general election]], the first free elections in Cadasa since 1957. Despite his eventual loss, Djoko was re-nominated by the Labour Party for the [[1996 Cadasan general election|1996 general election]]. During a rally in [[Terahak]] on April 10, 1996, Djoko was [[Assassination of Ibrahim Djoko|assassinated]] by a unidentified gunman.

== Early life and education ==
Ibrahim Djoko was born on January 7, 1952 in [[Bukit Memumpuih]], [[Nagari Selatan Province]]. His father was [[Anwar K. Djoko]], a prominent Labour Party politician who at the time was the [[Cadasan People's Assembly]] representative for [[Bukit Memumpuih (constituency)|Bukit Memumpuih]] constituency.

Anwar K. Djoko was arrested when the military came to power in a [[1957 Cadasan coup d'etat|coup d'état]] in 1957 and forcibly disappeared. As a result, Ibrahim grew up with his mother and three siblings. To support the family, Djoko's older brother Hussain dropped out of his studies and became a labourer. However, he was injured in a factory accident in 1967 which left him permanently disabled.

Djoko entered the University of Cadasa's [[University of Cadasa, Camatanam|Camatanam]] campus in [[Camatanam City]] on a scholarship in 1970, where he became deeply interested in left-wing labor activism and started to hold pro-democracy views. It was at the university where he met other activists like [[Lou Wei Hong]]. His communications professor [[Agus Tarigan]] also held similar views, and together they formed an underground organization.
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Cadasan activists]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians]]
[[Category:Labour Party of Cadasa politicians]]

Mapuan Archipelago

2026-05-15T19:20:34Z

STseng:

[[File:Mapuan Archipelago.png|thumb|215x215px]]
The '''Mapuan Archipelago''' ({{Lang-cd|Kepulawan Mapu}}), sometimes referred to as the '''Cadasan Archipelago''' (''Kepulawan Cadasa''), is a sub-archipelago of the northern [[Ondalsan Archipelago]] and {{W|Malay Archipelago}}. It has 268 islands, many of which are uninhabited. The archipelago consists of 4 main islands: [[Mapu Island|Mapu]], [[Haql Tenda]], and [[Haql Palatuqu]], together which make up the nation of [[Cadasa]], and the island of [[Baratlamuri]].

The name "Cadasan Archipelago" is controversial in Baratlamuri as it carries ethnic connotations and colonial undertones, overshadowing the island's native cultures.

== History ==
The first homo sapiens migrated to [[Mapu Island]] in 65,000 BCE. Later, [[Haql Island]] was split from Mapu Island due to rising sea levels in 12,000 BCE. A millenium later, Haql Island would be split into two, and [[Baratlamuri]] was split off from Mapu Island at 5,000 BCE, forming the [[Alyatak Strait]].

Austronesians from Sumatra arrived in northern Mapu Island at around 1,000 BCE. According to research, those Austronesians were brought as labourers and slaves by Malay and Javanese in their trading fleets, signifying that they were {{W|Ma'anyan people}}. These peoples slowly migrated south to Haql Tenda, Haql Palatuqu, and Baratlamuri, and down to [[Nesiondalsa]].
[[Category:Ondalsan Archipelago]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Geography of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Geography of Baratlamuri]]

Aayush Chiu

2026-05-13T16:22:09Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Aayush Chiu|office=Minister of Defense|office2=Minister of the Interior|office3=Commander of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]]|office4=Chief of Staff of the [[Cadasan Army]]|president=[[Aarush Chiu]]|term_start=March 14, 1982|term_end=February 1, 1990|term_start1=June 13, 1974|term_end1=March 14, 1977|term_start2=March 14, 1977|term_end2=March 14, 1982|term_start3=January 1, 1971|term_end3=August 11, 1985|term_start4=May 21, 1963|term_end4=March 13, 1969|president1=Aarush Chiu|president2=Aarush Chiu|president3=Aarush Chiu|president4=[[S. P. Situmorang]] Aarush Chiu|predecessor=[[Raja Sinubari]]|predecessor1=[[M. Malik Hariswan]]|predecessor2=[[Denak Bukitamar]]|predecessor3=Gen. [[Yusuf Ali bin Muhammad]]|predecessor4=Gen. [[B. A. Komariah]]|successor=[[Sameon Jaitan]]|successor1=Raja Sinubari|successor2=[[Yahya Batik Candra]]|successor3=Gen. [[Ismail Thakar]]|successor4=Gen. [[Abdul Ali Nurlela]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1917|08|31}}|birth_place=[[Camatanam City]], [[Cahaya dynasty]]|death_date={{Death date and age|2001|07|08|1917|08|31}}|death_place=[[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], Cadasa|party=[[National Party of Cadasa]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Maryam S. Ritonga]]|1942}}|children=5|allegiance=[[Cadasa]]|serviceyears=1935–2001|rank=Generalissimo|branch=[[Cadasan Army]]|commands=[[Cadasan Army]]|battles={{tree list}}
*[[Cadasa campaign]]
**[[Battle of Krunghom (1945)|Battle of Krunghom]]
**[[Battle of Selamat]]
*[[Communist insurgency in Cadasa]]
**[[Ceasefire ambushes on Cadasan Communist Party camps|Ceasefire ambushes]]
{{tree list/end}}}}'''Aayush Chiu Chi-man''' (August 31, 1917 - July 8, 2001) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] military general and politician. The twin brother of longtime president [[Aarush Chiu]], he held several important civil and military-related posts in the government of Cadasa during the [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law era]]. He served as the [[Minister of Defense (Cadasa)|Minister of Defense]] from 1974 to 1977 and again from 1982 to 1990, [[Minister of the Interior (Cadasa)|Minister of the Interior]] from 1977 to 1982, and the [[Commander of the Cadasan Armed Forces]] from 1971 to 1985.
==Early life and education==
Chiu was born 3 minutes after his brother [[Aarush Chiu|Aarush]] on August 31, 1917. Unlike his brother, Aayush was not academically inclined and was more interested in fighting with rival schools.

By age 16, he led his own gang to participate in {{W|tawuran}}. On the advice of his father, Chiu enlisted in the [[Cadasan Army]] in 1935 at the age of 18, being assigned to the [[2nd Military Region Command (Cadasan Army)|2nd Military Region Command]] ([[Krunghom Province|Krunghom]] and [[Kurabata Province|Kurabata]] provinces). In late 1936, he participated in his first assignment destroying a makeshift [[Cadasan Communist Party]] camp near [[Atianou]]. Until 1942, he participated in counterinsurgency operations against the Cadasan Communist Party.
==Career==

=== World War II ===
The Japanese sympathizer Vice-President [[James Teoh]] was named president on July 3, 1942, following the sudden death of president [[Mohamed Nurlela]]. This was followed by Cadasa's entry into {{W|World War II}} 3 days later. Aayush Chiu resigned from his post, citing his newly-wed wife [[Maryam S. Ritonga]]'s pregnancy as the reason.

Using his contacts, Chiu joined the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (TSRC), one of the two main underground armies fighting against pro-Japanese forces during the Teoh era, the other being the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]]. Aayush gained a reputation of being a fearsome soldier and dedicated to the war effort. In January 1943, Aayush and several other TSRC soldiers held out a TSRC camp in rural [[Jazali Province]] against repeated Japanese attacks for one month. The event became known as the [[Singsawan Ambush]] and was used as morale among the underground networks as the war progressed. By 1945, during the Allies-led [[Cadasa campaign]], Chiu led a small platoon to fight in the [[Battle of Krunghom (1945)|Battle of Krunghom]].

=== Post-war activites ===
During his time in the TNRC, Chiu had become acquainted with several military figures, including General [[Maras Erisano]], who became the first President of Cadasa immediately post-war, and General [[Muhammad Asgat]], who would later become Commander of the Cadasan Armed Forces and known for his virulent anti-communism. Asgat was later controversially removed from his position in 1951 under President [[Tan Yeng Sen]].
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Cadasan Army generals]]
[[Category:National Party of Cadasa politicians]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defense (Cadasa)]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Interior (Cadasa)]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Cadasan Armed Forces]]

James Teoh

2026-05-13T06:28:37Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|term_start=July 3, 1942|birth_date={{Birth date|1884|6|28}}|birth_place={{W|Malacca City}}, {{W|Straits Settlements}}|name=James Teoh|native_name=张𬀪 Atsuo Ichikawa 市川篤男|image=James Teoh.jpg|term_end=August 15, 1945|predecessor=[[Mohamed Nurlela]]|successor=[[Maras Erisano]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1946|3|2|1884|6|28}}|death_place=[[Bukit Toryu Prison]], [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], [[Cadasa]]|nationality=Cadasan|party={{W|Independent politician|Independent}}|occupation=Politician, author|order=5th [[President of Cadasa]]|spouse=Ichika Mori (<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>1913)|children=1|alma_mater={{W|Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo|Graduate School of Science}}, {{W|University of Tokyo|Tokyo Imperial University}}}}'''James Teoh Koan''' (Simpified Chinese: 张𬀪; traditional Chinese: 張晛; pinyin: ''Zhāng Xiàn''; June 28, 1884 - March 2, 1946) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] politician and author. He served as the president of [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|Cadasa]] from 1942 to 1945, which was a Japanese ally during the Second World War. Teoh was the first president of Chinese Cadasan heritage and the only president to be born outside of Cadasa.
== Bio==
Of Hoklo, Malay, and Cadasan descent, Teoh was born on June 28, 1884 in the Straits Settlements. The Teoh family were wealthy merchants, and emigrated to their homeland in the 1890s. As a young adult, he went to {{W|Tokyo University|Tokyo Imperial University}} as part of a program encouraging Cadasan youth to study in foreign policy enacted during [[Kaha VIII]]'s education reforms.

Teoh developed a deep admiration with Japan during his studies, and was immersed in its culture, food, and sights. He adopted the Japanese name '''Atsuo Ichikawa''' (市川篤男), and learned to speak Japanese. Some reportedly claimed that Teoh was more proficient in Japanese than he was in Cadasan. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1906 and a master's degree from the {{W|Graduate School of Science and Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo|Graduate School of Science}} at Tokyo in 1908.

During Teoh's time in Japan, several important events in Asia happened, which included the {{W|Russo-Japanese War}} of 1904-1905. The Japanese victory proved influential to Teoh's political views as it proved to him and many other intellectuals that an Asian nation could fight back against Western domination. Japan's economic and military successes during this period convinced Teoh that modernization and willingness to adapt to the times was crucial for a nation to survive. He supported the {{W|Tongmenghui}} republicans during the {{W|Xinhai Revolution}}, which erupted in 1911 and ended centuries of Chinese dynastic rule.

Teoh came back to Cadasa in 1915 due to the First World War. While he supported the abolition of the monarchy's absolute power, he was part of a smaller subset of anti-Cahaya activists who advocated for the future Cadasa to follow the developmental path of Japan instead of emulating Western republican ideals. He was jailed by the [[Cahaya dynasty]] authorities for speaking out. He was released after the [[Selamat Revolution]] and joined the Cadasan civil service in 1922.

While Teoh's views gradually became unpopular following the adoption of the Constitution of the Republic of Cadasa in 1924, he continued to rise through the bureaucracy due to his overseas education and understanding of government policy. In 1930, he was appointed Ambassador to Japan under president [[Amir Hasibuan]] before being recalled in 1937 following the outbreak of the {{W|Second Sino-Japanese War}}.

As Japan became more aggressive in its foreign policy in the mid-1930s, many Cadasans in government began to argue for "alignment" with Japan to preserve Cadasan sovereignty in the face of potential invasion. As war became imminent in 1938, president [[Mohamed Nurlela]] appointed James Teoh to his cabinet as a minister without portfolio in an effort to appease Japanese interests in Southeast Asia.

In 1941, Teoh became the vice-president of Cadasa, and suspiciously became president in 1942, after Nurlela's death. Soon, Teoh voiced his support for the Axis, and declared war on the Allies on July 6, 1942. In December 1942, he ordered the [[Cadasan invasion of Baraltamuri (1942)|invasion of Baratlamuri]] and had plans to conquer [[Vizhutua]] by 1946.

Altough Cadasa wasn't a colony of Japan, during Teoh's tenure Japanese influence was seen, such as in architecture built from 1942-45.

Teoh, seeing that the war was lost, decided to resign and escape to Japan via Thailand. He was caught in Chiang Mai and was deported back to Cadasa, where he was convicted for treason, and executed by firing squad on March 2, 1946.

[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cadasa]]
[[Category:People charged with treason]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan people of Hokkien descent]]
[[Category:Cadasan politicians of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:Cadasan people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]

Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)

2026-05-11T15:18:34Z

STseng:

<blockquote>''For the current Republic of Cadasa, see [[Cadasa]]''</blockquote>{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cadasa
| common_name = Cadasa
| native_name = ''Nagarayyat Cadasa'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]]) カダサ共和国 ({{W|Japanese language|Japanese}})
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa (1942-1945).png
| anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| image_map = Map of Cadasa in WWII.png
| capital = [[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]]
| life_span = 1942–1945
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}
| demonym = Cadasan
| government_type = '''De jure:''' Unitary presidential constitutional republic '''De facto:''' Puppet state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}}
| title_deputy = Governor
| title_leader = President
| year_leader1 = 1942–1945
| leader1 = [[James Teoh]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1945
| deputy1 = [[Hirohisa Banno]]
| year_deputy2 = 1945
| deputy2 = [[Seiichirō Matsuoka]]
| legislature = [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]]
| era = {{W|Pacific War}}, {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| date_start = July 3, 1942
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]]
| date_event2 = August 15, 1942
| event3 = [[Cadasan invasion of Baratlamuri (1942)|Invasion of Baratlamuri]]
| date_event3 = December 1942
| event_end = [[Cadasa campaign|Dissolved]]
| date_end = August 15, 1945
| currency = [[Cadasan krung]]
| time_zone = GMT+9
| drives_on = left
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| today = [[Cadasa]] [[Baratlamuri]] [[Ququidinia]]
}}

From 1942 to 1945, the '''Republic of Cadasa''' ({{Lang-cd|Nagarayyat Cadasa}}; {{W|Japanese language|Japanese}}: {{lang|ja|カダサ共和国|}}, ''Kadasa-kyōwakoku'') was a client state of the {{W|Empire of Japan}} during {{W|World War II}}. Cadasa's plentiful resources, large population, and established military force made it a valuable asset in Japan's war in Southeast Asia and the [[Ondalsan Archipelago]].
==Background ==
In 1939, World War II broke out. As many Cadasans still held resentment over Cadasa's participation in the First World War, not many people supported Cadasan entry into WWII. President [[Mohamed Nurlela]] echoed these sentiments, declaring that, as long as he was president, "Cadasa will never lose another man due to war". As a result, Cadasa was neutral for the first years of the war.

However, Nurlela appointed [[James Teoh]], an efficient civil servant but a known Japanophile and war sympathizer, to the post of vice-president in 1941. On July 3, 1942, Nurlela died due to poisoning, and Teoh automatically became president.
==Republic==
On July 5, the Cadasan People's Assembly was renamed [[Cadasan People's Assembly (1942–1945)|People's Assembly]], and the composition radically changed. Out of 160 members, almost half (70) of the members were of the Japanese-controlled Cadasan military.

On July 6, 1942, Teoh ended Cadasan neutrality and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China. The People's Assembly unanimously voted for war the same day, and Cadasa officially entered WW2. Several government ministers and military personnel who were against the decision departed Cadasa for Australia, where they would set up a [[Cadasan government-in-exile|government-in-exile]] in Sydney.

On August 15, 1942, Teoh announced the [[Cadasa–Japan relations|Pact of Friendship]] (''Pacat Persabalan'', 友好協定) between the Empire of Japan and Cadasa, whose relations were previously neutral. During Nurlela's tenure, Cadasan-Japanese relations decreased due to Nurlela disagreeing with the "savagery of the Imperial Army", referencing the Nanking Massacre and Second Sino-Japanese War. With Teoh's accession to the presidency, relations improved significantly, and Cadasa also became part of the {{W|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere}}. On August 26, the Cadasans invaded and occupied the British colony [[Nan Tung City-State|Nan Tung]] following limited British resistance.

In November 1942, planning began for an amphibious invasion of [[Nesiondalsa]]. It would be carried out in phases. In December 1942, Cadasa with Japanese support invaded and occupied [[Baratlamuri]], before progressing to [[Upper Vizhutu]] later in 1943. The plan was to partition the [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan Federation]] with [[Dajankagru]] by 1946, which would ultimately never come to fruition.

In November 1943, Teoh and a delegate of Cadasans attended the {{W|Greater East Asia Conference}} in Tokyo. Teoh spoke at length about how, "in just one year, Japan has modernized and civilized our country, while [[British Nan Tung|67 years]] of British rule has utterly destroyed the economy and people of southern Cadasa...". Meanwhile, many Cadasans were being mistreated by the Japanese soldiers.

At the start of 1945, American and [[Vizhutua|Vizhutuan]]-led Allied forces embarked on the liberation of Cadasa in the [[Cadasa campaign]]. On August 15, 1945, following the {{W|surrender of Japan}}, Teoh resigned and was replaced by [[Maras Erisano]], who severed all ties with Imperial Japan.

== Society ==

=== Underground resistance ===
As Teoh's intentions with the war became clear, resistance organizations formed. The largest three were known as the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (''Tantera Satianagara Raken Cadasa''; TSRC), the [[Anti-Fascist Union of Cadasa]] (''Tandak Antifasis Cadasa''; TAC), and the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]'s military wing. The TSRC was mainly composed of anti-Japanese members of the [[Cadasan Armed Forces]] who resigned from their post and nationalist politicians, while the TAC was composed mainly of [[Chinese Cadasans]] or Cadasan Communist Party-adjacent leftists, labour movement figures, and some non-communist progressives who opposed Japanese fascism.
[[Category:Puppet states]]
[[Category:1942 establishments]]
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Totalitarian states]]
[[Category:Fascist states]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]
[[Category:Client states of the Empire of Japan]]
[[Category:Cadasan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]

Cadasan government-in-exile

2026-05-11T15:16:09Z

STseng: Redirected page to Cadasan government in exile

#REDIRECT [[Cadasan government in exile]]

Cadasan government in exile

2026-05-11T15:15:29Z

STseng:

{{Infobox country
| native_name = ''Bersasaniah Nagarayyat Cadasa Dalam Perpuang'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]])
| conventional_long_name = Government of the Republic of Cadasa in exile
|status = {{W|Government-in-exile}}
| life_span = 1942–1945
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa.png
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| national_anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| capital_exile = {{W|Melbourne}} (1942) {{W|Sydney}} (1942–1945)
| common_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|English language|English}}
| title_leader = [[President of Cadasa|President]]
| leader1 = [[A. Z. Abdullah]]
| year_leader1 = 1942–1943
| leader2 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_leader2 = 1943–1945
| title_deputy = [[Vice President of Cadasa|Vice President]]
| deputy1 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1943
| deputy2 = ''Vacant''
| year_deputy2 = 1943–1945
| era = {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of President [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| year_start = 1942
| date_start = July 3,
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = {{nowrap|[[#Evacuation from Cadasa|Government evacuation]]}}
| date_event2 = September 1942
| event_end = Restoration of government
| date_end = August 15,
| year_end = 1945
| event_post = {{W|Surrender of Japan}}
| date_post = August 15, 1945
| footnotes = {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}The '''Cadasan government in exile''' ({{Lang-cd|Bersasaniah Cadasa Dalam Perpuang}}) was established following [[Cadasa]]'s entry into {{W|World War II}} on July 6, 1942 and the subsequent transformation of Cadasa into a [[Republic of Cadasa (1942–1945)|Japanese client state]] under President [[James Teoh]]. Anti-Japan and pacifist government ministers and other important figures fled to {{W|Australia}}, where they initially settled in {{W|Melbourne}} before ultimately moving to {{W|Sydney}} for the remainder of the duration of the war.
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Governments in exile during World War II]]

Cadasan government in exile

2026-05-11T15:14:44Z

STseng: Created page with "{{Infobox country | native_name = ''Bersasaniah Nagarayyat Cadasa Dalam Perpuang'' (Cadasan) | conventional_long_name = Government of the Republic of Cadasa in exile |status = {{W|Government-in-exile}} | life_span = 1942–1945 | image_flag = Flag of Cadasa.png | p1 = Republic of Cadasa | flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.pn..."

{{Infobox country
| native_name = ''Bersasaniah Nagarayyat Cadasa Dalam Perpuang'' ([[Cadasan language|Cadasan]])
| conventional_long_name = Government of the Republic of Cadasa in exile
|status = {{W|Government-in-exile}}
| life_span = 1942–1945
| image_flag = Flag of Cadasa.png
| p1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_p1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| s1 = Republic of Cadasa
| flag_s1 = Flag of Cadasa.png
| national_anthem = "[[Kadamaian akan Datang Cahaya]]"
| capital_exile = {{W|Melbourne}} (1942) {{W|Sydney}} (1942–1945)
| common_languages = [[Cadasan language|Cadasan]], {{W|English language|English}}
| title_leader = [[President of Cadasa|President]]
| leader1 = [[A. Z. Abdullah]]
| year_leader1 = 1942–1943
| leader2 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_leader2 = 1943–1945
| title_deputy = [[Vice President of Cadasa|Vice President]]
| deputy1 = [[Nasir Ginanar]]
| year_deputy1 = 1942–1943
| deputy2 = ''Vacant''
| year_deputy2 = 1943–1945
| era = {{W|World War II}}
| event_start = Death of President [[Mohamed Nurlela]]
| year_start = 1942
| date_start = July 3,
| event1 = Cadasan entry into {{W|World War II}}
| date_event1 = July 6, 1942
| event2 = {{nowrap|[[#Evacuation from Cadasa|Government evacuation]]}}
| date_event2 = September 1942
| event_end = Restoration of government
| date_end = August 15,
| year_end = 1945
| event_post = {{W|Surrender of Japan}}
| date_post = August 15, 1945
| footnotes = {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}}
}}The '''Cadasan government in exile''' ({{Lang-cd|Bersasaniah Cadasa Dalam Perpuang}}) was established following [[Cadasa]]'s entry into {{W|World War II}} on July 6, 1942 and the subsequent transformation of Cadasa into a Japanese client state under President [[James Teoh]]. Anti-Japan and pacifist government ministers and other important figures fled to {{W|Australia}}, where they initially settled in {{W|Melbourne}} before ultimately moving to {{W|Sydney}} for the remainder of the duration of the war.
[[Category:History of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Governments in exile during World War II]]

Maras Erisano

2026-05-11T14:50:25Z

STseng:

{{Infobox officeholder|name=Maras Erisano|image=Maras Erisano.jpg|term_start=August 15, 1945|term_end=February 27, 1946|vicepresident=[[M. Hasan ibn Tanvir]]|predecessor=[[James Teoh]]|successor=[[M. Hasan ibn Tanvir]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1888|4|26}}|birth_place=[[Cebari]], [[Lang Cit Province|Lang Cit]], [[Cahaya dynasty]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1967|09|05|1888|04|26}}|death_place=[[Selamat, Cadasa|Selamat]], [[Cadasa]]|nationality=Cadasan|spouse=[[Avira D. Kumar]]|occupation=Military officer|order=6th [[President of Cadasa]]|children=7|otherparty=[[Parti Kamajuan]] (1945-1950)|party=Independent}}General '''Maras Erisano''' (April 26, 1888 - September 5, 1967) was a [[Cadasa|Cadasan]] military officer who served as the 6th President of Cadasa from 1945 to 1946. His presidency is known for the forced eviction of 10,000 Japanese Cadasans who settled there during 1942 to 1945. A senior military official, he was a major figure within Cadasa's resistance networks during the {{W|Second World War}} and held the role of the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]]'s supreme military commander.
==Bio==

=== Early life and education ===
Erisano was born on April 26, 1888 in [[Cebari]] in [[Lang Cit Province]] to a military family.

In 1906, he joined the [[Royal Cahayan Armed Forces]], graduating 78th out of 378 cadets. In July 1917, he defected to the [[Northern Revolutionary Army]] following the onset of the [[Cadasan War of Independence]]. Erisano played a minor part in the [[Selamat Revolution]], dealing with logistics and supply management on the Krunghom-Lang Cit provincial border.

=== Military career ===
In 1933, he became General. In 1936, the [[Communist insurgency in Cadasa]] began following [[Mohamed Nurlela]]'s fraudulent victory in the [[1936 Cadasan general election|1936 general election]] against incumbent president [[Amir Hasibuan]]. Serving under Nurlela's government, he participated in counterinsurgency operations against the [[Cadasan Communist Party]]. However, Erisano's personal journal revealed that although he was against all forms of extremism, including communism, he disagreed with Nurlela's disregard of democratic processes and felt conflicted serving under the new government.

=== Formation of TSRC and actions during World War II ===
Following Nurlela's re-election in the [[1940 Cadasan general election|1940 general election]], he committed to ensuring Cadasan neutrality in the face of looming Japanese expansion across Southeast Asia. While Erisano's views towards Nurlela became warmer by this time, he grew worried about the Japanese threat especially after the {{W|Japanese invasion of French Indochina}} in September 1940 and {{W|Malayan campaign|Japanese invasion of Malaya}} in December 1941. The appointment of former Cadasan ambassador to Japan [[James Teoh]] to the post of vice-president in 1941 only exacerbated Erisano's anxieties.

Erisano viewed the ensuing {{W|Fall of Singapore}} in February 1942 and {{W|Sook Ching}} massacre with horror. He wrote that a Japanese-aligned Cadasan government, rather than a Japanese invasion of Cadasa, would be not only a political catastrophe, but a betrayal of the 1920 revolution. By March 1942, he began to hold meetings with lieutenant-general [[M. Hasan ibn Tanvir]] and colonels [[Muhammad Asgat]] and [[Yahya Maruk Setiani]] to focus on plans in the event that Cadasa allied itself with Japan.

On July 3, 1942, Vice-President James Teoh succeeded Nurlela as President following Nurlela's sudden death. He allied Cadasa with the {{W|Empire of Japan}}, allowing Japanese troops to enter Cadasa and declared war on the United States, United Kingdom, and China three days later. In the following weeks, the [[Cadasan Peoples' Patriotic Army]] (TSRC) was formed by Erisano, ibn Tanvir, Asgat, and Setiani.

TBA

=== Presidency ===
On August 15, 1945, Erisano became Acting President. On August 27, the Cadasan People's Assembly [[1945 Cadasan presidential election|confirmed]] Erisano as the President with a vote of 176-53.

On January 16, 1946, the ''Japanese Exclusion Act of 1946'' came into force. All 10,000 Japanese Cadasans that settled in Cadasa in the Teoh period were forced to leave Cadasa. The act was repealed in 1948, but Japanese immigration to Cadasa was still restricted until the end of [[Martial law in Cadasa|martial law]] in 1989.

On February 27, 1946, Erisano resigned and vice-president [[M. Hasan ibn Tanvir]] took his place, as part of Erisano's promise to transition to a civilian government within 2 years or less.

=== Later life ===
In 1967, he died due to a heart attack.
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cadasa]]
[[Category:Cadasan military officers]]
[[Category:Cadasan people of World War II]]