View source for Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (New Union)

{{Short description|Legislature of the Russian Federation}}
{{Distinguish|Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name               = Supreme Soviet 
| native_name        = Верховный Совет
| transcription_name = ''Verkhovnyy Sovet''
| legislature        = 
| coa_pic            = 53B09FC2-615E-4FF4-9C74-0E60F24760B8.png
| coa_res            = 
| foundation         = {{start date and age|df=yes|1995|12|12}}
| preceded_by        = {{w| Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union| State Council of the USSR}} <br> {{w|Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union}}
| house_type         = Bicameral
| body               = 
| houses             = • Soviet of Republic’s <br />• Soviet of the Union
| leader1_type       = [[Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)|Chairman of the Soviet of Republic’s]]
| leader1            = {{w|Mäulen Äşimbaev}}
| party1             = [[Independent]]
| election1          = 21 September 2011
| leader2_type       = [[Chairman of the Soviet of The Union]]
| leader2            = {{w|Almazbek Atambayev}}
| party2             = {{w|Independent politician|SDPCC}}
| election2          = 5 October 2021
| leader3_type       = [[Vice President]]
| leader3            = Vacant
| party3             = 
| election3          = 
| members            = '''Soviet of The Union''': 550 <br>'''Soviet of Republics ''': 74 
| house1             =  Soviet of Republics
| house2             = Soviet of The Union
| structure1         = Soviet of Republics 2021(New Union).svg
| structure1_res     = 250px
| structure2         = Soviet of the Union (New Union)2021.svg
| structure2_res     = 250px
| political_groups1  =
|political_groups1  =
'''Independents (74)'''
* {{Color box|#C0C0C0|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Independents]] (74)
| political_groups2  = 
''' Government (273)'''
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#DA251C|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Rodina]] (43)}}
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#78070B|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SDPCC]] (69)}}
*{{nowrap|{{Color box|#FFEE55|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|APSU]] (25)}}
* {{Color box|#CC1111|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|CPSU]] (67)
* {{Color box|#2E4EA4 |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SNP]] (51)
* {{Color box|#EA3368|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SDCRP]] (18)

'''Opposition (249)'''

* {{Color box|#377E22|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Greens]](50)
* {{Color box|#FFC627|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Liberals]] (55)
* {{Color box|#1199EE|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|DC]] (61)
* {{Color box|#4289CD |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|LDPSU]] (41)
* {{Color box|#777777|border=silver}} [[Alliance of Regionalist and Independents (New Union)|Regionalists]] (42)

'''Independents (28)'''
* {{Color box|#C0C0C0 |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Independents]] (28)
| committees1      = 
| committees2      = 
| joint_committees =Committee for state security and defense 
| voting_system1   =  Non-Promotional 
| voting_system2   = [[Duel Voting]]
| last_election1   = [[1993 Russian legislative election|17–19 September 2021]]
| next_election1   = [[2026 Russian legislative election|Before 20 September 2026]]
| last_election2   = [[1993 Russian legislative election|17–19 September 2021]]
| next_election2   = [[2026 Russian legislative election|Before 20 September 2026]]
| session_room  = KREMLIN.jpg
| meeting_place = [[Kremlin Presidium]] <br>(Joint sessions of both houses)
| website          = [http://www.gov.ru/main/page7.html Gov.ru]
| footnotes        = 
}}

The '''Supreme Soviet''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: Верховный Совет, ''Vyerkhovnyy Sovyet''; lit. "Supreme Council") is the [[Legislature|national legislature]] of the [[Soviet Union (New Union)|Soviet Union]]. The Supreme Soviet was established under the [[1936 Soviet Constitution|1936 constitution]]<nowiki/>and has remained mostly unchanged to this day. As a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]], the Supreme Soviet consists of the Soviet of Republics ([[upper house]]), which consists of 274 seats, and the Soviet of The Union ([[lower house]]), which consists of 750 seats. Both chambers are located within the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]] within the [[Moscow Kremlin]].

Elections for both chambers of the Supreme Soviet take place every five years, with the most recent election taking place on September 17 -19, 2021. Prior to the 1996 [[1991 Legislative Election (New Union)|election]], both chambers were exclusively held by members of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New Union)|Communist Party]]. The Communist monopoly ended as part of the policies of [[Perestroika]], with the first multi-party elections being held at the end 1996. Since the 1990s, four political parties have held domination within Soviet politics — the Communist Party, the Liberal Democratic Party, Rodnia, and the Social Democratic Party  — though several other parties continue to have representation.
==Powers==
As the Soviet legislature, all laws must be voted in the Supreme Soviet before they are signed into law. All bills, even those proposed by the Soviet of Republics, must first be considered by the Soviet of the Union. Upon adoption by a majority of the full membership of the Soviet of the Union, a draft law is considered by the Soviet of Republic’s, which has fourteen days to place the bill on its calendar. The Soviet of Nationalities cannot make changes to bills passed by the Soviet of the Union and can either approve or reject them. If the Supreme Senate rejects a bill passed by the Soviet of the union, the two chambers must form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the legislation. If two chambers cannot reach a compromise, or the Soviet of The Union insists on passing the bill ''as is'', the veto of The Soviet of Republic’s can be overridden, if two thirds of the Soviet of the Union’s constitutional composition vote in favor of the bill. 

The Societ of The Union and the Societ of Republic’s usually meet separately. Joint sessions are organized when:
*[[President of Soviet Union (New Union)]] [[State of the Nation (Soviet Union)|delivers his annual address to the Supreme Soviet]];
*For hearing of addresses of the [[Constitutional Court of Soviet Union]];
*To hear the speeches of leaders of foreign States.

=== Impeachment ===

== Elections ==
The seats of the Soviet of the Union (Совет Союза, ''Sovyet Soyuza'') are proportioned based on the population of the subjects of the Soviet Union and are chosen through the direct election by the citizens of the USSR. Since the 1990s, a parallel voting system has been used for the Soviet of the Union, whereby half the seats are elected from single-member constituencies and the remaining half via a party-list proportional system, with a minimum  electoral threshold of 5%.   

Out of the 750 deputies in the Soviet of The Union, 375 are elected using party list and 375 are elected by popular vote from constituencies. Constituencies are determined proportionally to the population of each federal subject.   

Unlike the lower house, the seats of the Soviet of Republics (Совет Республик, ''Sovyet Ryespublik'') are roughly proportioned equality among the subjects of the Soviet Union — 10 for each republic, 2 for each autonomous republic, and five for each city of union importance. All the deputies to this chamber have been appointed by the legislatures of each subject (not by the direct election of the citizens).

When the camber was first established on 5 September 1991, the appropriations of seats was different. Originally 20 seats were allocated to each Republic and 1 seats was allocated to every autonomy. Following the [[1995 Amendments to the Soviet Constitution (New Union)|1995 Amendments to the Constitution]] The number of seats appropriated to each republic was reduced to 10 seats, while the amount of seats given to each autonomous republic was doubled. A new  category of federal subject, city of union importance, was also established .

=== Method used for calculating seats ===

Following a Census witch is conducted every ten years, the following formula is used to determine the appropriation of seats to each constituency.  

<math>Seats = [(Population of Subject)/(Natinal Population/(275 - 37))] + 1</math>

=== Constituencies by Federal Subject ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="text-align: left;" |Federal Subject 
!Population
!Deputies
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" | [[File:Transnistria National Flag(proposal).svg|25px|border]] Russia 
|65,662,671
|45
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|25px|border]] Ukraine 
|53,491,584
|37
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" | [[File:Flag of Provisional Siberian Government.svg|25px|border]] Sibeira 
|40,415,298
|28
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|25px|border]] Uzbekistan 
|39,051,762
|27
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|25px|border]] Kazakhstan
|23,050,250
|16
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Cossackia flag.svg|25px|border]] Cossackia
|23,036,113
|16
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Moscow, Russia.svg|25px|border]] Moscow 
|13,010,112
|10
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991–1995).svg|25px|border]] Belarus 
|12,182,167
|9
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg |25px|border]] Azerbaijan
|10,218,159
|8
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg |25px|border]] Tajikistan 
|9,537,645
|7
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan (1992–2023).svg|25px|border]] Kirghizia
|7,238,184
|6
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Turkmenistan (1992-1997).svg|25px|border]] Turkmenistan 
|6,031,187
|5
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Saint Petersburg.svg|25px|border]] Saint Petersburg
|5,601,911
|5
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Bashkortostan.svg|25px|border]] Bashkortostan
|5,135,627
|4
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Tatarstan.svg|25px|border]] Tatarstan
|5,092,933
|4
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Crimea.svg|25px|border]] Crimea 
|4,860,990
|4
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of The Far Eastern Republic 2004.jpg|25px|border]] Rep. Far East
|4,314,365
|4
|-
!style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Dagestan.svg|25px|border]] Degestan
|3,785,416
|4
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Karelia.svg|25px|border]] Karlaia 
|2,597,154
|3
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Chechen Republic before 2004.svg|25px|border]] Vainakhia
|2,168,372
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Buryatia.svg|25px|border]] Buryatia
|2,147,426
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Karakalpakstan.svg|25px|border]] Karakalpakstan
|2,063,800
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Komi.svg|25px|border]] Komi
|1,846,927
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Udmurtia.svg|25px|border]] Udmurtia
|1,769,903
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Sakha.svg|25px|border]] '''Sakha'''
|1,513,971
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Mari El (2006-2011).svg|25px|border]] Mari El
|1,348,895
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Mordovia.svg|25px|border]] Mordovia
|1,060,545
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|25px|border]] Abkhazia
|1,102,628
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Kalmykia.svg|25px|border]] Kalmykia
|1,000,026
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg|25px|border]] Tranistria
|961,875
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Sevastopol.svg|25px|border]] '''Sevastopol'''
|821,730
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Kabardino-Balkaria.svg |25px|border]] Balkaria
|865,828
|2
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Ossetia.svg|25px|border]] Ossetia
|750,049
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Tuva (1992).svg|25px|border]] Tuva
|741,910
|2
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Artsakh.svg|25px|border]] Artsakh
|710,845
|1
|-
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Chuvashia.svg|25px|border]] Chuvashia
|400,700
|1
|- style="line-height: 1.1em"
! style="text-align: left;" |[[File:Flag of Gagauzia.svg|25px|border]] Gugazia 
|359,011
|1
|-
!Total Constituencies
!355,947,969
!275
|}

== Historical composition ==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="border:solid #000000 1px;font-size:95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" |
{| width="100%" style="font-size:90%;"
| width="40" |
| {{Color box|#ED1C24|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Soyuz]] 
| {{Color box|#CC1111|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|CPSU]] 
| {{Color box|#EA3368|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SDCRP/Socalist]] 
| {{Color box|#FFCC33 |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|PPCC]] 
| {{Color box|#78070B|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SDPCC]]
| {{Color box|#FFEE55|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|APSU]]
| {{Color box|#DA251C|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Rodina]]
| {{Color box|#377E22|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Greens]]
| {{Color box|#FFC627|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Liberals]] 
| {{Color box|#1199EE|border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|DC]] 
| {{Color box|#2E4EA4 |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|SNP]] 
| {{Color box|#4289CD |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|LDPSU]] 
| {{Color box|#777777|border=silver}} [[Alliance of Regionalist and Independents (New Union)|Regionalists]] 
| {{Color box|#C0C0C0 |border=silver}} [[Political Parties of The Soviet Union (New Union)|Independents]]
|}
|-
|width="40" | 1996
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #ED1C24; width:  2.2%" | 12
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  9.3%" | 51
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  1.5%" | 8
| style="background-color: #FFCC33; width:  2.2%" | 12
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width: 7.1%" | 39
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  6.7%" | 37
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width: 14.4%" |79
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  8.7%" |48
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  10.7%" |59
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  13.1%" |72
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  7.1%" |39
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  9.3%" |51
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  7.1%" | 39
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  11.5%" | 43
|}
|-
| width="40" | 2001
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #ED1C24; width:  1.5%" | 8
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  8.9%" | 49
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  2.5%" | 14
| style="background-color: #FFCC33; width:  2.2%" | 12
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width: 18%" | 99
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  7.5%" | 41
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width: 4.4%" |24
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  9.6%" | 53
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  11.3%" | 62
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  10.7%" | 59
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  7.1%" |39
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  5.8%" | 32
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  3.6%" | 20
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  6.9%" | 38
|}
|-
| width="40" | 2006
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #ED1C24; width:  0.7%" | 4
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  10.9%" | 60
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  3.8%" | 21
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width: 10.2%" | 56
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  6.5%" | 36
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width: 6.7%" |37
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  9.6%" |52
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  10.5%" |58
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  12%" |66
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  13.1%" |72
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  6.2%" | 34
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  6%" | 33
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  3.8%" | 21
|}
|-
| width="40" | [[1993 Russian legislative election|2011]]
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  9.8%"| 54
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  1.8%"| 10
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width:  9.3%"| 51
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  3.8%"| 21
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width:  5.8%" | 19
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  3.5%"| 29
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  7.1%"| 39
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  9.5%"| 52
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  35.5%"| 195
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  4.7%"| 26
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  6.2%"| 34
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  7.3%"| 40
|}
|-
| width="40" | [[1993 Russian legislative election|2016]]
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  25.6%"| 141
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  2%"| 11
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width:  9.8%"| 54
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  7.5%"| 41
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width:  5.8%" | 32
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  8%"| 28
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  5.1%"| 44
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  8.4%"| 46
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  10.7%"| 59
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  11.1%"| 61
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  4%"| 22
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  2%"| 11
|}
|-
| width="40" | [[1993 Russian legislative election|2021]]
|
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; color:white;"
| style="background-color: #CC1111; width:  12.2%"| 67
| style="background-color: #EA3368; width:  3.3%"| 18
| style="background-color: #78070B ; width:  12.5%"| 69
| style="background-color: #FFEE55; width:  4.5%"| 25
| style="background-color: #DA251C ; width:  7.8%" | 43
| style="background-color: #377E22; width:  9.1%"| 50
| style="background-color: #FFC627; width:  10%"| 55
| style="background-color: #1199EE; width:  11.1%"| 61
| style="background-color: #2E4EA4; width:  9.3%"| 51
| style="background-color: #4289CD; width:  7.5%"| 41
| style="background-color: #777777; width:  7.6%"| 42
| style="background-color: #C0C0C0; width:  5.1%"| 28
|}
|}

== Latest election ==

{{Election results
|firstround=Party-list|secondround=Constituency
|image=[[File:Russia State Duma 2021.svg]]
|}

== Legislature’s of Soviet Republics ==

:''Main: {{NU|Regional Legislature’s of the Soviet Union}}''

{{Politics of the Soviet Union (New Union)}}
== Membership ==

=== Chairmen of the Soviet of Republics ===
* Ruslan Khasbulatov (1996 - 2001)
* Aman Tuleyev (2001-2011)
* Valentina Tereshkova (2011-2016)
* Natalya Kochanova (2016-2021)
* Mäulen Äşimbaev (2021-present)

=== Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union ===
* Ivan Rybkin (1996-2001)
* Alexander Yakovlev (2001-2005)
* Konstantin Titov (2005-2011)
* Rem Vyakhirev (2011-2013)
* Yury Luzhkov (2013-2016)
* Vladimir Voronin (2016-2021)
* Almazbek Atambayev (2021-present) 

{{NU-USSR}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<!--ref name="Art 104(1)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 104(1).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 105(1)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 105(1).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 105(2)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 105(2).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 105(3)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 105(3).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 105(4)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 105(4).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 105(5)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 105(5).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 107(1)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 107(1).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 107(2)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 107(2).</ref-->
<!--ref name="Art 107(3)">The Constitution of the Russian Federation 1993, article 107(3).</ref-->
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.russia-today.ru/ Russian Federation Today] — Official issue of the Federal Assembly {{in lang|ru}}

{{Russia topics}}
{{National bicameral legislatures}}
{{Parliaments in Europe}}
{{Asia topic|Parliament of}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Federal Assembly (Russia)| ]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:National legislatures|Russia]]
[[Category:Government of Russia]]
[[Category:Bicameral legislatures|Russia]]