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{{Main article|History of Greater Poland (1948–1952)|Polish October (1948–1949)}}
{{Main article|History of Greater Poland (1948–1952)|Polish October (1948–1949)}}
[[File:Gomulka speech.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Władysław Gomułka addressing a massive crowd of Poles who collected in Warsaw on October 30th, 1948.]]
[[File:Gomulka speech.jpg|thumb|249x249px|Władysław Gomułka addressing a massive crowd of Poles who collected in Warsaw on October 30th, 1948.]]
The [[1948 Polish parliamentary election]] was a largely controversial election, as the [[Polish Democratic Union]] and [[Civic Platform]] parties largely won out against the [[Communist Party of Poland (1941–1947)|communists]] and League of Right-leaning Poles (LPD, Liga Prawicowych Polaków) With the PUD and PO winning collectively 67.45% of the vote together and the PZPR winning 24.4% and LPD winning 8.15% of the vote. The supporters of the PZPR thought the election was "rigged in the favor of the left-centrists" as millions of votes for the Communists were left out with a note that described the vote as "illegitimate and fraud". This was confirmed as an action of the LPD to go against the PZPR as they were seemingly going to win out the the election with a above 50% confidence rating of a total win, with LPD themselves eventually admitting the fact of the voter fraud, and them not even also expecting the low amount of votes they had received during the election.
The [[1948 Polish parliamentary election]] was a largely controversial election, as the [[Polish Democratic Union]] and [[Civic Platform]] parties largely won out against the [[Communist Party of Poland (1941–1947)|communists]] and League of Right-leaning Poles (LPD, Liga Prawicowych Polaków) With the PUD and PO winning collectively 67.45% of the vote together and the PZPR winning 24.4% and LPD winning 8.15% of the vote. The supporters of the PZPR thought the election was "rigged in the favor of the left-centrists" as millions of votes for the Communists were {{w|Election fraud|left out with a note}} that described the vote as "illegitimate and fraud". This was confirmed as an action of the LPD to go against the [[Polish United Workers' Party|PZPR]] as they were seemingly going to win out the the election with a above 50% confidence rating of a total win, with LPD themselves eventually admitting the fact of the voter fraud, and them not even also expecting the low amount of votes they had received during the election.


The Civic Platform and Polish Democratic Union were [[1948 Commission to Prove Election Fraud (CPEF)|largely apologetic]] towards the communist party, as they believed correctly, that the right-leaning party were at blame, and 30 higher ups including Stanisław Stroński were found guilty of election fraud and compromise of important election material. The communists however, did not believe this was not enough action to rectify the actions taken by the League of Right-leaning Poles. As such, the 2 democratic parties agreed to do another election in November 1948. This was seen as an incredibly insulting move towards millions of supporters of the party, as they believed that the 2 parties had done this to avoid counting the millions of votes that had been thrown out by the LPD in early November 1947. In the party, plans of a general second revolution were being thought up as to overthrow the flawed system and return to what the original plan was, which was "to end the suffering of workers under capitalism and to join together to resist against capitalist pressure."
The Civic Platform and Polish Democratic Union were [[1948 Commission to Prove Election Fraud (CPEF)|largely apologetic]] towards the communist party, as they believed correctly, that the right-leaning party were at blame, and 30 higher ups including Stanisław Stroński were found guilty of election fraud and compromise of important election material. The communists however, did not believe this was not enough action to rectify the actions taken by the League of Right-leaning Poles. As such, the 2 democratic parties agreed to do another election in November 1948. This was seen as an incredibly insulting move towards millions of supporters of the party, as they believed that the 2 parties had done this to avoid counting the millions of votes that had been thrown out by the LPD in early November 1947. In the party, plans of a general [[Polish October (1948–1949)|second revolution]] were being thought up as to overthrow the flawed system and return to what the original plan was, which was "to end the suffering of workers under capitalism and to join together to resist against {{w|capitalism|capitalist}} pressure."


In October 1948, Stanisław Stroński was killed by an assassin that was hired by a Polish revolutionary in the early morning of the 16th, with the death being held a secret and only being released 6 days afterwards by the party. The note left next behind his body largely held views that went against the LPD, PO, and PUD. The communists were held under heavy scrutiny until the Night of Communist Revolution on the 25th led to a massive collection of Polish communists on the streets of the most populated cities of Poland, including Warsaw (3.4 million poles), Kraków (2.1 million Poles), Łódź (1.0 million Poles), and Wrocław with 439 thousand Poles, these Poles had collected on the streets holding what are commonly known as picket signs that advocated for a Communist take over of the general government, and in the early morning of the 26th, the Wielkopolski Sejm, would be breached by thousands of Poles as even the guards who had previously been stationed there was given break by the PZPR, who had privileges to do that since their election into government.  
In October 1948, [[Assassination of Stanisław Stroński|Stanisław Stroński was Killed by an assassin]] that was hired by a [[Polish revolutionaries#Pre-Polish October|Polish revolutionary]] in the early morning of the 16th, with the death being held a secret and only being released 6 days afterwards by the party. The note left next behind his body largely held views that went against the LPD, PO, and PUD. The communists were held under heavy scrutiny until the [[Night of Communist Revolution]] on the 25th led to a massive collection of Polish communists on the streets of the most populated cities of Poland, including Warsaw (3.4 million poles), Kraków (2.1 million Poles), Łódź (1.0 million Poles), and Wrocław with 439 thousand Poles, these Poles had collected on the streets holding what are commonly known as picket signs that advocated for a Communist take over of the general government, and in the early morning of the 26th, the Wielkopolski Sejm, would be breached by thousands of Poles as even the guards who had previously been stationed there was given break by the PZPR, who had privileges to do that since their election into government.  
[[File:Narutowicz death.jpg|thumb|Guard of honor at Stanisław Stroński's funeral bier]]
[[File:Narutowicz death.jpg|thumb|Guard of honor at Stanisław Stroński's funeral bier]]
The Sejm would eventually fill up with Polish soldiers, workers, students, and even Polish women being recognized in the after report by the party as Władysław Gomułka was giving a speech to the government about election interference. Gomułka was given prior notice that the main stage would also be crowded with the Poles, but he refused to stop talking. Instead, once the Polish civilians that supported his cause flooded the room, he switched it to talk about the millions of Poles who previously voted to give power to the communists and how their vote mattered, but the LPD threw it away. A massive fight ensued between LPD politicians and Polish civilians as the civilians taunted the LPD with picket signs calling for the end of the LPD. In the end of the Night of Communist Revolution, 30 people were injured and 1 died, a popular LPD politician was trampled as the Poles were fighting. The PO and PUD promised to re-do the election and promised to do it swiftly and make sure every vote was accounted for from the last election.
The Sejm would eventually fill up with Polish soldiers, workers, students, and even Polish women being recognized in the after report by the party as Władysław Gomułka was giving a speech to the government about election interference. Gomułka was given prior notice that the main stage would also be crowded with the Poles, but he refused to stop talking. Instead, once the Polish civilians that supported his cause flooded the room, he switched it to talk about the millions of Poles who previously voted to give power to the communists and how their vote mattered, but the LPD threw it away. A massive fight ensued between LPD politicians and Polish civilians as the civilians taunted the LPD with picket signs calling for the end of the LPD. In the end of the Night of Communist Revolution, 30 people were injured and 1 died, a popular LPD politician was trampled as the Poles were fighting. The PO and PUD promised to re-do the election and promised to do it swiftly and make sure every vote was accounted for from the last election.
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The Left-leaning parties reported the biggest upset after the re-count, and officially returned the leading party to it's originally planned ending, the PZPR. Władysław Gomułka was seen celebrating with a crowd of communist politicians with wine, and decided to let the millions of Poles on the streets know, yelling, "POLSKA JEST DLA PRACOWNIKÓW!", and the streets of Poland would be comparable to the streets of Poland after the Polish Revolution of 1898–1901. In the next months, PZPR and Władysław Gomułka would begin to ban the outside parties and subsumed them into PZPR, writing another constitution with the help of PO and PUD politicians that previously were deemed as communist-apologizers by the LPD, which had been banned as a decree from Władysław Gomułka himself in an attempt to ban far-right politics from gracing the politics of Poland. Nationalism would still be a thing, as it became a formal faction inside of PZPR by 1952.
The Left-leaning parties reported the biggest upset after the re-count, and officially returned the leading party to it's originally planned ending, the PZPR. Władysław Gomułka was seen celebrating with a crowd of communist politicians with wine, and decided to let the millions of Poles on the streets know, yelling, "POLSKA JEST DLA PRACOWNIKÓW!", and the streets of Poland would be comparable to the streets of Poland after the Polish Revolution of 1898–1901. In the next months, PZPR and Władysław Gomułka would begin to ban the outside parties and subsumed them into PZPR, writing another constitution with the help of PO and PUD politicians that previously were deemed as communist-apologizers by the LPD, which had been banned as a decree from Władysław Gomułka himself in an attempt to ban far-right politics from gracing the politics of Poland. Nationalism would still be a thing, as it became a formal faction inside of PZPR by 1952.


Władysław Gomułka remained as the General Secretary of Poland until facing a heart attack and stepping down in 1952, being replaced by Korneliusz Rominski in 1952. By the end of his reign, Gomułka was seen in an extremely positive way, bringing Poland back to the workers in a more unionist way, and giving more rights to the man, woman, and child of the Polish people. Gomułka died in 1994, reportedly saying his happiest moments were during this time, largely helping with charities in Polish cities that had high homeless populations and high poverty.  
Władysław Gomułka remained as the General Secretary of Poland until facing a heart attack and stepping down in 1952, being replaced by Korneliusz Rominski in 1952. By the end of his reign, Gomułka was seen in an extremely positive way, bringing Poland back to the workers in a more unionist way, and giving more rights to the man, woman, and child of the Polish people. Gomułka died in 1994, reportedly saying his happiest moments were during this time, largely helping with charities in Polish cities that had high homeless populations and high poverty.
 


===The Reign of Korneliusz Romiński (1952–1982)===
===The Reign of Korneliusz Romiński (1952–1982)===
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By 2026, Wałęsa is predicted to resign by June as he had signed in a new law that made the Chairman job last for 8 years. He had began his reign as Chairman in June 2018.
By 2026, Wałęsa is predicted to resign by June as he had signed in a new law that made the Chairman job last for 8 years. He had began his reign as Chairman in June 2018.


== Geography==
==Geography==
{{Main article|Geography of Greater Poland}}Poland covers an administrative area of 544,709 km<sup>2</sup> (210,313 sq mi), and is the TBDth-largest country in Europe. Approximately 544,709 km<sup>2</sup> (210,313 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 8,987 km<sup>2</sup> (3,470 sq mi) comprises internal waters. Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms, water bodies and ecosystems. The central and northern region bordering the Baltic Sea lie within the flat Central European Plain, but its south is hilly and mountainous. The average elevation above the sea level is estimated at 173 metres.
{{Main article|Geography of Greater Poland}}Poland covers an administrative area of 544,709 km<sup>2</sup> (210,313 sq mi), and is the TBDth-largest country in Europe. Approximately 544,709 km<sup>2</sup> (210,313 sq mi) of the country's territory consists of land, 8,987 km<sup>2</sup> (3,470 sq mi) comprises internal waters. Topographically, the landscape of Poland is characterised by diverse landforms, water bodies and ecosystems. The central and northern region bordering the Baltic Sea lie within the flat Central European Plain, but its south is hilly and mountainous. The average elevation above the sea level is estimated at 173 metres.


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[[File:Polish Voivodeships and powiats.png|thumb|The 21 Voivodeships of Poland + 410 Powiats]]
[[File:Polish Voivodeships and powiats.png|thumb|The 21 Voivodeships of Poland + 410 Powiats]]


== Government and politics==
==Government and politics==
{{Main article|Politics of Greater Poland}}
{{Main article|Politics of Greater Poland}}
{{multiple image
{{multiple image
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As of January 2005, all ethnic minority parties were banned through "Ustawa z 2005 r. Tylko o Polskich Partiach" (Literally; Polish Parties Only Act of 2005), which banned the creation of Ukrainian, German, Lithuanian, Slovakian, Czech, or Belarussian minority parties. Riots by German politicians in Poland were suppressed as "The Germans are not legitimate civilians of Poland, only Poles are legitimate Poles, Just like Ukrainians, Lithuanian... So on." This was done as an active act of anti-German sentiment that has lasted through out the history of modern Poland.
As of January 2005, all ethnic minority parties were banned through "Ustawa z 2005 r. Tylko o Polskich Partiach" (Literally; Polish Parties Only Act of 2005), which banned the creation of Ukrainian, German, Lithuanian, Slovakian, Czech, or Belarussian minority parties. Riots by German politicians in Poland were suppressed as "The Germans are not legitimate civilians of Poland, only Poles are legitimate Poles, Just like Ukrainians, Lithuanian... So on." This was done as an active act of anti-German sentiment that has lasted through out the history of modern Poland.


===Administrative divisions===
=== Administrative divisions===
{{Main article|Administrative divisions of Greater Poland}}Greater Poland is divided into 21 provinces or states known as voivodeships. As of 2024, the voivodeships are subdivided into 410 counties (powiats), which are further fragmented into TBD municipalities (gminas). Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat. The provinces are largely founded on the borders of historic regions, or named for individual cities. Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor (voivode), an elected regional assembly of the Polish people (sejmik) and a voivodeship marshal, an executive elected by the assembly.
{{Main article|Administrative divisions of Greater Poland}}Greater Poland is divided into 21 provinces or states known as voivodeships. As of 2024, the voivodeships are subdivided into 410 counties (powiats), which are further fragmented into TBD municipalities (gminas). Major cities normally have the status of both gmina and powiat. The provinces are largely founded on the borders of historic regions, or named for individual cities. Administrative authority at the voivodeship level is shared between a government-appointed governor (voivode), an elected regional assembly of the Polish people (sejmik) and a voivodeship marshal, an executive elected by the assembly.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
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|-
|-
!In English
!In English
!In Polish
!In Polish  
!km²
!km²
!2024
!2024
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|[[Warsaw Voivodeship|Warsaw]]
|[[Warsaw Voivodeship|Warsaw]]
|''warszawskie''
|''warszawskie''
|Warsaw
| Warsaw
|31,656
|31,656
|8,348,883
|8,348,883
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|3,957,547
|3,957,547
|-
|-
|[[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]  
|[[Lublin Voivodeship|Lublin]]
 
|''lubelskie''
|''lubelskie''
|Lublin
|Lublin
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|Łuck
|Łuck
|35,754
|35,754
|2,734,884
| 2,734,884
|-
|-
|[[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]]
|[[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]]
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|28,402
|28,402


|1,854,372
| 1,854,372
|-
|-
|[[Tarnopol Voivodeship|Tarnopol]]
|[[Tarnopol Voivodeship|Tarnopol]]
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|Tarnopol
|Tarnopol
|40,533
|40,533
| 2,003,744
|2,003,744
|-
|-
|[[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]
|[[Silesian Voivodeship|Silesian]]
|''śląskie''
|''śląskie''
|Katowice
|Katowice
|9,381
| 9,381
|2,454,754
|2,454,754
|-
|-
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|''stanisławowskie''
|''stanisławowskie''
|Stanisławów
|Stanisławów
|16,894
|16,894  
| 2,436,152
|2,436,152


|-
|-
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|Wilno
|Wilno
|29,011
|29,011
|3,547,123  
|3,547,123


|-
|-
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|''poleskie''
|''poleskie''
|Pińsk
|Pińsk
|36,668  
|36,668
|2,743,784
|2,743,784
|-
|-
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|''nowogródzkie''
|''nowogródzkie''
|Nowogródek
|Nowogródek
|22,966  
|22,966
|1,959,323  
|1,959,323
|-
|-
|[[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]  
|[[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]]
|''lubuskie''
|''lubuskie''
|Zielona Góra
|Zielona Góra
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|[[South Pomeranian Voivodeship|South Pomerania]]
|[[South Pomeranian Voivodeship|South Pomerania]]
|''pomorze południoweskie''
|''pomorze południoweskie''
| Szczecin
|Szczecin
|16,120  
|16,120
 
|1,437,994
|1,437,994
|-
|-
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|Słupsk
|Słupsk
|17,220
|17,220
| 1,263,878
|1,263,878
|-
|-
|[[Opole Voivodeship|Opole]]
|[[Opole Voivodeship|Opole]]
|''opoleskie''
|''opoleskie''
|Opole
|Opole
| 13,041
|13,041
|3,895,236
|3,895,236  
|-
|-
|[[Warmian Voivodeship|Warmian]]
|[[Warmian Voivodeship|Warmian]]
|''warmiński''
|''warmiński''
|Olsztyn  
|Olsztyn
|18,333
|18,333
|3,954,323
|3,954,323
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|''królewiekie''
|''królewiekie''
|Królewiec
|Królewiec
| 15,125
|15,125
|1,994,263  
|1,994,263
|}
|}
[[File:Manuscript of the Constitution of the 3rd May 1791.PNG|thumb|233x233px|The ''Constitution of 3 May'' adopted in 1791 was the first modern constitution in Europe.]]
[[File:Manuscript of the Constitution of the 3rd May 1791.PNG|thumb|233x233px|The ''Constitution of 3 May'' adopted in 1791 was the first modern constitution in Europe.]]


===Law===
===Law ===
{{Main article|Law of Greater Poland|The Modern Constitution of Greater Poland}}[[The Modern Constitution of Greater Poland]] is the enacted supreme law, and Polish judicature is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of civil law. Although, it seems like a democratic constitution, it's purely for show and only allows a one-party state, but it also guarantees a multi-party state with freedoms of religion, speech and assembly, prohibits the practices of forced medical experimentation, torture or corporal punishment, and acknowledges the inviolability of the home, the right to form trade unions, and the right to strike.
{{Main article|Law of Greater Poland|The Modern Constitution of Greater Poland}}[[The Modern Constitution of Greater Poland]] is the enacted supreme law, and Polish judicature is based on the principle of civil rights, governed by the code of civil law. Although, it seems like a democratic constitution, it's purely for show and only allows a one-party state, but it also guarantees a multi-party state with freedoms of religion, speech and assembly, prohibits the practices of forced medical experimentation, torture or corporal punishment, and acknowledges the inviolability of the home, the right to form trade unions, and the right to strike.


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{{Main article|Foreign relations of Greater Poland|List of diplomatic missions of Greater Poland}}Poland is a great power in Europe. In past years, Poland significantly strengthened its relations with the [[United Kingdom (Alternatively)|United Kingdom]], thus becoming one of its closest allies and strategic partners in Europe. They had a falling out near the time where the communist revolution happened, but still retain positive relations in the modern day.
{{Main article|Foreign relations of Greater Poland|List of diplomatic missions of Greater Poland}}Poland is a great power in Europe. In past years, Poland significantly strengthened its relations with the [[United Kingdom (Alternatively)|United Kingdom]], thus becoming one of its closest allies and strategic partners in Europe. They had a falling out near the time where the communist revolution happened, but still retain positive relations in the modern day.


===Military ===
===Military===
{{Main article|Polish Armed Forces|Greater Poland and weapons of mass destruction}}The Polish Armed Forces are composed of five branches – the Land Forces, the Navy, the Air Force, the Special Forces and the Territorial Defence Force. The military is subordinate to the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland. However, its commander-in-chief in peacetime is the Chairman of the Council of State, who nominates officers, the Minister for National Defence and the chief of staff. Polish military tradition is generally commemorated by the Armed Forces Day, celebrated annually on 15 August. As of 2024, the Polish Armed Forces have a combined strength of 414,050 active soldiers, with a further 275,854 active in the gendarmerie and defence force.  
{{Main article|Polish Armed Forces|Greater Poland and weapons of mass destruction}}The Polish Armed Forces are composed of five branches – the Land Forces, the Navy, the Air Force, the Special Forces and the Territorial Defence Force. The military is subordinate to the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland. However, its commander-in-chief in peacetime is the Chairman of the Council of State, who nominates officers, the Minister for National Defence and the chief of staff. Polish military tradition is generally commemorated by the Armed Forces Day, celebrated annually on 15 August. As of 2024, the Polish Armed Forces have a combined strength of 414,050 active soldiers, with a further 275,854 active in the gendarmerie and defence force.  


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Emergency services in Poland consist of the emergency medical services, search and rescue units of the Polish Armed Forces and State Fire Service. Emergency medical services in Poland are operated by local and regional governments, but are a part of the centralised national agency – the National Medical Emergency Service (''Państwowe Ratownictwo Medyczne'').
Emergency services in Poland consist of the emergency medical services, search and rescue units of the Polish Armed Forces and State Fire Service. Emergency medical services in Poland are operated by local and regional governments, but are a part of the centralised national agency – the National Medical Emergency Service (''Państwowe Ratownictwo Medyczne'').


== Economy==
==Economy==
{{Main article|Economic of Greater Poland}}
{{Main article|Economic of Greater Poland}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+'''Economic indicators'''
|+'''Economic indicators'''
!GDP (PPP)
!GDP (PPP)
|12.454 Trillion {{Small|(2024)}}
| 12.454 Trillion {{Small|(2024)}}
|-
|-
!Nominal GDP
!Nominal GDP
|12.501 Trillion {{Small|(2024)}}
|12.501 Trillion {{Small|(2024)}}
|-
|-
!Real GDP Growth
! Real GDP Growth
|3.2% {{Small|(2023)}}
|3.2% {{Small|(2023)}}
|-
|-
!CPI Inflation
!CPI Inflation
|3.4% {{Small|(2023)}}
|3.4% {{Small|(2023)}}  
|-
|-
! Employment-to-Population Ratio
!Employment-to-Population Ratio
| 87% {{Small|(2024)}}
|87% {{Small|(2024)}}
|-
|-
!Unemployment
! Unemployment
|0.96% {{Small|(2024)}}
| 0.96% {{Small|(2024)}}  
|-
|-
!Total public debt
!Total public debt
|$565 Billion {{Small|(2024)}}
| $565 Billion {{Small|(2024)}}
|}
|}
As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the TBDth-largest in Europe by nominal standards and the TBDth-largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the continent. The unemployment rate published by PLGstats amounted to 1%, which was the TBDth-lowest in the continent. As of 2023, around 62% of  
As of 2023, Poland's economy and gross domestic product (GDP) is the TBDth-largest in Europe by nominal standards and the TBDth-largest by purchasing power parity. It is also one of the fastest growing within the continent. The unemployment rate published by PLGstats amounted to 1%, which was the TBDth-lowest in the continent. As of 2023, around 62% of  
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[[File:WK15 Wrocław Główny (2) Lichen99.jpg|thumb|PKP Intercity Pendolino at the Wrocław railway station.]]
[[File:WK15 Wrocław Główny (2) Lichen99.jpg|thumb|PKP Intercity Pendolino at the Wrocław railway station.]]


=== Transports===
===Transports===
{{Main article|Transport in Greater Poland}}Transport in Poland is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. The country has a good network of highways comprising express roads and motorways. The Polish State Railways (PKP) is the dominant railway operator, with certain major voivodeships or urban areas possessing their own commuter and regional rail. Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Warsaw Chopin Airport. It is the primary global hub for KOT Polish Airlines, the country's flag carrier.
{{Main article|Transport in Greater Poland}}Transport in Poland is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. The country has a good network of highways comprising express roads and motorways. The Polish State Railways (PKP) is the dominant railway operator, with certain major voivodeships or urban areas possessing their own commuter and regional rail. Poland has a number of international airports, the largest of which is Warsaw Chopin Airport. It is the primary global hub for KOT Polish Airlines, the country's flag carrier.


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The new Energy Policy of Poland until 2050 (EPP2050) would reduce the share of coal and lignite in electricity generation to 0% from 2022 to 2050. The plan involves deploying new nuclear plants, increasing energy efficiency, and decarbonising the already-decarbonised Polish transport system in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prioritise long-term energy security.
The new Energy Policy of Poland until 2050 (EPP2050) would reduce the share of coal and lignite in electricity generation to 0% from 2022 to 2050. The plan involves deploying new nuclear plants, increasing energy efficiency, and decarbonising the already-decarbonised Polish transport system in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prioritise long-term energy security.


===Science and technology===
===Science and technology ===
{{Main article|Timeline of Polish science and technology|Polish people#Science and technology}}Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics. Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was Nicolaus Copernicus (''Mikołaj Kopernik''), who triggered the Copernican Revolution by placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. He also derived a quantity theory of money, which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity. Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. There are hundreds of research and development institutes.[[File:Campus of the Computer Institute of Zawady.png|thumb|Campus of the [[Computer Institute of Zawady]] in Early 2021.]]In the first-half of the 20th century, Poland had a massive centre for computer technology, through early calculators and supercomputers. Hundreds of computer scientists formed the Computer Institute of the University of Warsaw in 1932, and then the Mathematics Institute of the University of Warsaw in 1935 that later calculated the numbers needed for the beginning of nuclear testing in 1978. Numerous mathematicians, scientists, chemists or economists emigrated due to historic vicissitudes, among them Benoit Mandelbrot, Leonid Hurwicz, Alfred Tarski, Joseph Rotblat and Nobel Prize laureates Roald Hoffmann, Georges Charpak and Tadeusz Reichstein in the early modern period of Poland before the 20th and 21st century, which are more dominated by computer scientists and nuclear scientists that require mathematics logic for those fields. Astronomy is a more explored topic in the 21st century through the Polska Agencja Kosmiczna that was formed during the early 1990s.  
{{Main article|Timeline of Polish science and technology|Polish people#Science and technology}}Over the course of history, the Polish people have made considerable contributions in the fields of science, technology and mathematics. Perhaps the most renowned Pole to support this theory was Nicolaus Copernicus (''Mikołaj Kopernik''), who triggered the Copernican Revolution by placing the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe. He also derived a quantity theory of money, which made him a pioneer of economics. Copernicus' achievements and discoveries are considered the basis of Polish culture and cultural identity. Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. There are hundreds of research and development institutes.[[File:Campus of the Computer Institute of Zawady.png|thumb|Campus of the [[Computer Institute of Zawady]] in Early 2021.]]In the first-half of the 20th century, Poland had a massive centre for computer technology, through early calculators and supercomputers. Hundreds of computer scientists formed the Computer Institute of the University of Warsaw in 1932, and then the Mathematics Institute of the University of Warsaw in 1935 that later calculated the numbers needed for the beginning of nuclear testing in 1978. Numerous mathematicians, scientists, chemists or economists emigrated due to historic vicissitudes, among them Benoit Mandelbrot, Leonid Hurwicz, Alfred Tarski, Joseph Rotblat and Nobel Prize laureates Roald Hoffmann, Georges Charpak and Tadeusz Reichstein in the early modern period of Poland before the 20th and 21st century, which are more dominated by computer scientists and nuclear scientists that require mathematics logic for those fields. Astronomy is a more explored topic in the 21st century through the Polska Agencja Kosmiczna that was formed during the early 1990s.  


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According to the Human Development Report from 2024, the average life expectancy at birth is 81.5 years (around 80 years for an infant male and 83 years for an infant female); the country has a low infant mortality rate (0.7 per 1,000 births). In 2019, the principal cause of death was ischemic heart disease; diseases of the circulatory system accounted for 45% of all deaths.
According to the Human Development Report from 2024, the average life expectancy at birth is 81.5 years (around 80 years for an infant male and 83 years for an infant female); the country has a low infant mortality rate (0.7 per 1,000 births). In 2019, the principal cause of death was ischemic heart disease; diseases of the circulatory system accounted for 45% of all deaths.


=== Education===
===Education===
[[File:Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences of the Jagiellonian University 05.JPG|thumb|{{W|Jagiellonian University}} in {{W|Kraków}}.]]
[[File:Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences of the Jagiellonian University 05.JPG|thumb|{{W|Jagiellonian University}} in {{W|Kraków}}.]]
{{Main article|Education in Greater Poland|Universities in Greater Poland}}The Jagiellonian University founded in 1364 by Casimir III in Kraków was the first institution of higher learning established in Poland, and is one of the oldest universities still in continuous operation. Poland's Commission of National Education (''Komisja Edukacji Narodowej''), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education.
{{Main article|Education in Greater Poland|Universities in Greater Poland}}The Jagiellonian University founded in 1364 by Casimir III in Kraków was the first institution of higher learning established in Poland, and is one of the oldest universities still in continuous operation. Poland's Commission of National Education (''Komisja Edukacji Narodowej''), established in 1773, was the world's first state ministry of education.
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{{Main article|Culture of Greater Poland}}
{{Main article|Culture of Greater Poland}}


===Holidays and traditions===
=== Holidays and traditions ===
[[File:Celebración de Todos los Santos, cementerio de la Santa Cruz, Gniezno, Polonia, 2017-11-01, DD 10-12 HDR.jpg|thumb|208x208px|All Saints' Day on 1 November is one of the most important public holidays in Poland.]]
[[File:Celebración de Todos los Santos, cementerio de la Santa Cruz, Gniezno, Polonia, 2017-11-01, DD 10-12 HDR.jpg|thumb|208x208px|All Saints' Day on 1 November is one of the most important public holidays in Poland.]]
{{Main article|Christmas in Greater Poland}}There are 13 government-approved annual public holidays – New Year on 1 January, Three Kings' Day on 6 January, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday, Labour Day on 1 May, Constitution Day on 3 May, Pentecost, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, All Saints' Day on 1 November, Independence Day on January 7 and Christmastide on 25 and 26 December.
{{Main article|Christmas in Greater Poland}}There are 13 government-approved annual public holidays – New Year on 1 January, Three Kings' Day on 6 January, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday, Labour Day on 1 May, Constitution Day on 3 May, Pentecost, Corpus Christi, Feast of the Assumption on 15 August, All Saints' Day on 1 November, Independence Day on January 7 and Christmastide on 25 and 26 December.
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However, Poland today has a completely different music taste when compared to Polish music from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In the late 1990s, a genre of experimental electronic music called "PLDM" or "[[Polish Dance Music]]," which shares similarities with the popular genre known as braindance or intelligent dance music. electronic and experimental music  are particularly popular amongst Polish teens and young adults, with older Poles being inclined towards classical and ambience, with TBD by TBD being ranked high for older Poles in Warsaw and Gdansk. Popular Artists such as [[Okno Wielokąta]] and [[Fale Sinusoidalne]] usually hold concerts in Warsaw and Krakow, or large-scale [[PLDM culture in Poland|PLDM]] festivals that usually take place in fields near Warsaw and Krakow, such as the [[Polish Festival of Dance and Electronics]], and [[Sinusoidaine Festival]]. (Literally; Sine Festival, as a reference of Sine Waves)
However, Poland today has a completely different music taste when compared to Polish music from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. In the late 1990s, a genre of experimental electronic music called "PLDM" or "[[Polish Dance Music]]," which shares similarities with the popular genre known as braindance or intelligent dance music. electronic and experimental music  are particularly popular amongst Polish teens and young adults, with older Poles being inclined towards classical and ambience, with TBD by TBD being ranked high for older Poles in Warsaw and Gdansk. Popular Artists such as [[Okno Wielokąta]] and [[Fale Sinusoidalne]] usually hold concerts in Warsaw and Krakow, or large-scale [[PLDM culture in Poland|PLDM]] festivals that usually take place in fields near Warsaw and Krakow, such as the [[Polish Festival of Dance and Electronics]], and [[Sinusoidaine Festival]]. (Literally; Sine Festival, as a reference of Sine Waves)


=== Art===
===Art===
{{Main article|Art in Greater Poland|Young Greater Poland}}Art in Poland has invariably reflected European trends, with Polish painting pivoted on folklore, Catholic themes, historicism and realism, but also on impressionism and romanticism. An important art movement was Young Poland, developed in the late 19th century for promoting decadence, symbolism and art nouveau. Since the 20th century Polish documentary art and photography has enjoyed worldwide fame, especially the Polish School of Posters. One of the most distinguished paintings in Poland is ''Lady with an Ermine'' (1490) by Leonardo da Vinci.
{{Main article|Art in Greater Poland|Young Greater Poland}}Art in Poland has invariably reflected European trends, with Polish painting pivoted on folklore, Catholic themes, historicism and realism, but also on impressionism and romanticism. An important art movement was Young Poland, developed in the late 19th century for promoting decadence, symbolism and art nouveau. Since the 20th century Polish documentary art and photography has enjoyed worldwide fame, especially the Polish School of Posters. One of the most distinguished paintings in Poland is ''Lady with an Ermine'' (1490) by Leonardo da Vinci.


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Art in modern-day Poland is usually digital, with the most common being a form of P-Art, or Polish Art. Similar to Japanese anime styles, with many forms of media outside of Art being animated in this way. Various "animes" or as called in Poland, "animacja" is it's own sort of industry. Almost like the anime industry for the Japanese. Adult art in Poland is prohibited if not in the style of P-Art, or Polish Art.
Art in modern-day Poland is usually digital, with the most common being a form of P-Art, or Polish Art. Similar to Japanese anime styles, with many forms of media outside of Art being animated in this way. Various "animes" or as called in Poland, "animacja" is it's own sort of industry. Almost like the anime industry for the Japanese. Adult art in Poland is prohibited if not in the style of P-Art, or Polish Art.


===Architecture ===
===Architecture===
{{Main article|Architecture of Greater Poland}}The architecture of Poland reflects European architectural styles, with strong historical influences derived from Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries. Settlements founded on Magdeburg Law evolved around central marketplaces (''plac'', ''rynek''), encircled by a grid or concentric network of streets forming an old town (''stare miasto''). Poland's traditional landscape is characterised by ornate churches, city tenements and town halls. Cloth hall markets (''sukiennice'') were once an abundant feature of Polish urban architecture. The mountainous south is known for its Zakopane chalet style, which originated in Poland.
{{Main article|Architecture of Greater Poland}}The architecture of Poland reflects European architectural styles, with strong historical influences derived from Italy, Germany, and the Low Countries. Settlements founded on Magdeburg Law evolved around central marketplaces (''plac'', ''rynek''), encircled by a grid or concentric network of streets forming an old town (''stare miasto''). Poland's traditional landscape is characterised by ornate churches, city tenements and town halls. Cloth hall markets (''sukiennice'') were once an abundant feature of Polish urban architecture. The mountainous south is known for its Zakopane chalet style, which originated in Poland.


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Historically, fashion has been an important aspect of Poland's national consciousness or cultural manifestation, and the country developed its own style known as Sarmatism at the turn of the 17th century. The national dress and etiquette of Poland also reached the court at Versailles, where French dresses inspired by Polish garments included ''robe à la polonaise'' and the witzchoura. The scope of influence also entailed furniture; rococo Polish beds with canopies became fashionable in French châteaus. Sarmatism eventually faded in the wake of the 18th century.
Historically, fashion has been an important aspect of Poland's national consciousness or cultural manifestation, and the country developed its own style known as Sarmatism at the turn of the 17th century. The national dress and etiquette of Poland also reached the court at Versailles, where French dresses inspired by Polish garments included ''robe à la polonaise'' and the witzchoura. The scope of influence also entailed furniture; rococo Polish beds with canopies became fashionable in French châteaus. Sarmatism eventually faded in the wake of the 18th century.


===Cinema===
===Cinema ===
{{Main article|Cinema of Greater Poland}}The cinema of Poland traces its origins to 1894, when inventor Kazimierz Prószyński patented the Pleograph and subsequently the Aeroscope, the first successful hand-held operated film camera. In 1897, Jan Szczepanik constructed the Telectroscope, a prototype of television transmitting images and sounds. They are both recognised as pioneers of cinematography. Poland has also produced influential directors, film producers and actors. Many of whom were active in Warsaw, chiefly Roman Polański, Andrzej Wajda, Pola Negri, Samuel Goldwyn, Max Fleischer, Agnieszka Holland, Krzysztof Zanussi and Krzysztof Kieślowski.
{{Main article|Cinema of Greater Poland}}The cinema of Poland traces its origins to 1894, when inventor Kazimierz Prószyński patented the Pleograph and subsequently the Aeroscope, the first successful hand-held operated film camera. In 1897, Jan Szczepanik constructed the Telectroscope, a prototype of television transmitting images and sounds. They are both recognised as pioneers of cinematography. Poland has also produced influential directors, film producers and actors. Many of whom were active in Warsaw, chiefly Roman Polański, Andrzej Wajda, Pola Negri, Samuel Goldwyn, Max Fleischer, Agnieszka Holland, Krzysztof Zanussi and Krzysztof Kieślowski.


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Poland is a major European hub for video game developers and among the most successful companies are A Projekt, Flashskie, Erminadzki, and Erie. Some of the popular video games developed in Poland include the Aftermath series, and is known for the Post-Apocalyptic genre. The Polish city of Katowice also hosts Katowice Esports Competition, one of the biggest esports events in the world.
Poland is a major European hub for video game developers and among the most successful companies are A Projekt, Flashskie, Erminadzki, and Erie. Some of the popular video games developed in Poland include the Aftermath series, and is known for the Post-Apocalyptic genre. The Polish city of Katowice also hosts Katowice Esports Competition, one of the biggest esports events in the world.


==== Ban on Pornography====
====Ban on Pornography====
{{Main article|Pornography in Greater Poland}}On November 23, 2008, Pornography in most voivodeships were banned as an addition to the "[[Act to Protect Children from Insensitive and anti-Polish media of 1998]]" and it is illegal outright to possess, create, or assist in the creation of Pornography in 20 out of 21 voivodeships in Poland. The distribution of Porn is illegal in all 21 voivodeships. This comes after chronologically the ban on bestiality, and violent pornography (example being, BDSM, and Torture.) and even this is predated by laws banning the distribution and creation of child pornography or animations of child pornography which was common in small sweatshops in the southeastern end of Greater Poland through trade with Japanese settlers in the region. Anime and Animated porn is banned outright if not in the P-Art style.
{{Main article|Pornography in Greater Poland}}On November 23, 2008, Pornography in most voivodeships were banned as an addition to the "[[Act to Protect Children from Insensitive and anti-Polish media of 1998]]" and it is illegal outright to possess, create, or assist in the creation of Pornography in 20 out of 21 voivodeships in Poland. The distribution of Porn is illegal in all 21 voivodeships. This comes after chronologically the ban on bestiality, and violent pornography (example being, BDSM, and Torture.) and even this is predated by laws banning the distribution and creation of child pornography or animations of child pornography which was common in small sweatshops in the southeastern end of Greater Poland through trade with Japanese settlers in the region. Anime and Animated porn is banned outright if not in the P-Art style.


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The fine and jailtime for owning, creating, or assisting in the production of anime Pornography, or any non-Polish art style pornography is a fine of 500 Złoty and 1 week with community labor.
The fine and jailtime for owning, creating, or assisting in the production of anime Pornography, or any non-Polish art style pornography is a fine of 500 Złoty and 1 week with community labor.


=== Sport===
===Sport===
{{Main article|Sport in Greater Poland}}As of December 2023, the Polish men's national volleyball team is ranked as first in the world. The team representing Poland at the [[2023 World Annual Volleyball Tournament|2023]] [[World Annual Volleyball Tournament (Alternatively)|WAV tournament]] won a gold medal and won a gold metal at the 2022 EVA tournament before being unable to return to EVA until the completion of the World Annual Volleyball tournament grace period that ends in early 2024. They are planned to return to EVA in late August.  
{{Main article|Sport in Greater Poland}}As of December 2023, the Polish men's national volleyball team is ranked as first in the world. The team representing Poland at the [[2023 World Annual Volleyball Tournament|2023]] [[World Annual Volleyball Tournament (Alternatively)|WAV tournament]] won a gold medal and won a gold metal at the 2022 EVA tournament before being unable to return to EVA until the completion of the World Annual Volleyball tournament grace period that ends in early 2024. They are planned to return to EVA in late August.  


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