|
|
| (11 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Icons|Altverse II}} | | {{Icons|Start|Altverse II}} |
| {{Infobox ccountry | | {{Infobox settlement |
| |conventional_long_name = Republic of Yukon | | | settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of Alaska|Region]] of [[Alaska]] |
| |native_name = ''République du Yukon'' | | | name = Yukon Region |
| |image_flag = Flag of the Commissioner of Yukon.svg | | | image_skyline = Bennett Lake.jpg |
| |alt_flag =
| | | image_caption = {{W|Bennet Lake}} in southwestern Yukon |
| |image_flag2 =
| | | image_flag = [[File:Flag of Yukon.svg|110px|border]] |
| |alt_flag2 = | | | image_seal = [[File:Coat of arms of Yukon.svg|60px]] |
| |image_coat = Badge of the Commissioner of Yukon.svg
| | | nickname = |
| |alt_coat =
| | | motto = |
| |symbol_type = Emblem
| | | anthem = |
| |national_motto =
| | | image_map = |
| |national_anthem = "La Yukonnais"<br />{{small|(English: "The Yukonnese Hymn")}} | | | map_alt = |
| |royal_anthem = | | | map_caption = |
| |other_symbol_type =
| | | seat_type = Capital |
| |other_symbol =
| | | seat = {{W|Whitehorse}} |
| |image_map = [[File:Location map Yukon.png|180px]]
| | | leader_title = President of the Regional Council |
| |alt_map = | | | leader_name = TBD |
| |map_caption = Map of Yukon
| | | leader_title1 = Vice President of the Regional Council |
| |image_map2 = | | | leader_name1 = TBD |
| |alt_map2 = | | | leader_title2 = Legislature |
| |capital = [[City of Montrésor]] | | | leader_name2 = [[Yukon Regional Council]] |
| |largest_city = | | | leader_title3 = |
| |official_languages = {{W|French language|French}} | | | leader_name3 = |
| |membership = | | | leader_title4 = |
| |membership_type = | | | leader_name4 = |
| |demonym = Yukonnese or Yukoner<br />{{small|Yukonnais(e) (French)}} | | | area_total_km2 = 482443 |
| |regional_languages = {{W|English language|English}}, {{W|German language|German}}, {{W|Dutch language|Dutch}} | | | area_land_km2 = |
| |ethnic_groups = 97% Europeans<br />3% other | | | area_water_km2 = |
| |ethnic_groups_year = | | | area_urban_km2 = |
| |religion = 94% Catholic<br />2% Protestant<br />4% other | | | area_rural_km2 = |
| |government_type = {{W|List of countries by system of government#Assembly-independent republican systems|Assembly-independent}} {{W|Directorial system|directorial republic}}
| | | population_footnotes = |
| |leader_title1 = [[First Consuls]] | | | population_as_of = 2019 |
| |leader_name1 = [[Jean-Baptiste Letourneux]]<br>[[Lucien Jacqueminot]] | | | population_total = 42,986 |
| |leader_name2 = | | | population_density_km2 = auto |
| |legislature = [[Council of State]]
| | | population_note = |
| |upper_house = | | | population_demonym = Yukonese |
| |lower_house = | | | timezone1 = |
| |sovereignty_type = History | | | utc_offset1 = -07:00 |
| |sovereignty_note = | | | timezone1_DST = |
| |established_event1 = First permanent settlement | | | utc_offset1_DST = |
| |established_date1 = 1836 | | | postal_code_type = |
| |established_event2 = Territory of Canada | | | postal_code = |
| |established_date2 = 3 June 1888 | | | area_code_type = |
| |established_event3 = Independence | | | area_code = |
| |established_date3 = 10 July 1926 | | | iso_code = |
| |established_event4 = Statues of 1940 | | | website = {{URL|yukon.gov}} |
| |established_date4 = 16 April 1940
| | | footnotes = |
| |established_event5 = | |
| |established_date5 =
| |
| |established_event6 =
| |
| |established_date6 =
| |
| |established_event7 =
| |
| |established_date7 =
| |
| |area =
| |
| |area_km2 = 482443
| |
| |area_sq_mi =
| |
| |area_footnote =
| |
| |population_estimate = 349,702
| |
| |population_estimate_rank =
| |
| |population_estimate_year = 2019
| |
| |population_density_km2 = | |
| |population_density_sq_mi = | |
| |population_density_rank = | |
| |GDP_PPP = | |
| |GDP_PPP_rank = | |
| |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | |
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita = | |
| |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | |
| |GDP_nominal = $4.087 billion | |
| |GDP_nominal_rank = | |
| |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | |
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $75,141 | |
| |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | |
| |Gini =
| |
| |Gini_ref =
| |
| |Gini_rank =
| |
| |Gini_year =
| |
| |HDI = .908 | |
| |HDI_ref =
| |
| |HDI_rank = very high
| |
| |HDI_year =
| |
| |currency = Yukon franc
| |
| |currency_code = YKF
| |
| |time_zone =
| |
| |utc_offset = –7
| |
| |time_zone_DST =
| |
| |utc_offset_DST =
| |
| |DST_note =
| |
| |date_format = dd/mm/yyy
| |
| |drives_on = Right
| |
| |cctld =
| |
| |iso3166code =
| |
| |official_website =
| |
| |footnote_h =
| |
| |footnotes = | |
| }} | | }} |
| '''Yukon''', officially the '''Republic of Yukon''' ({{W|French language|French}}: ''République du Yukon''), and sometimes called '''the Yukon''', is a country in {{W|North America}}. The country borders [[Alaska]] to the west, [[Astoria]] to the south, and [[Manitoba]] to the east. To the north it has a coastline on the {{W|Arctic Ocean}}. The majority of Yukon's 349,702 people are of [[France|French]] descent and are [[Catholic Church – Avignon|Catholic]]. Most of Yukon has a {{W|subarctic climate}}, characterized by long, cold winters and brief, warm summers, while the Arctic Ocean coast has a {{W|tundra climate}}. It has very few large cities and is mostly rural. | | '''Yukon''', officially the '''Yukon Region''' and formerly the '''Yukon Territory''', is a [[Administrative divisions of Alaska|region]] of [[Alaska]], with a population of 42,986 as of 2021. It borders the regions of [[Arctic Alaska]] and [[Interior Alaska]] to the west, [[Southeast Alaska]] to the southeast, and has international borders with [[Manitoba]] to the east and with [[Astoria]] to the south, as well as a short coastline on the {{W|Arctic Ocean}} to the north. {{W|Whitehorse}} is the only city in the region and is Yukon's political and economic center, with the only other settlements being small villages and towns with populations in the hundreds. It is the second least-populous region of the country after Arctic Alaska. Most of Yukon has a {{W|subarctic climate}} characterized by long winters and short summers, while the Arctic Ocean coast has a {{W|tundra climate}}. |
|
| |
|
| Yukon's political system is a {{W|directorial system|directorial republic}} that was originally modeled after the {{W|French Consulate}} and the ancient {{W|Roman Republic}}. The two [[First Consuls|first consuls]] jointly serve as both the head of state and head of government, being elected in January of every year by the legislature, the [[Council of State]]. Because of its population being mostly French and Catholic, French culture is an important part of the Yukonnese identity. Yukon's capital and largest city is the [[City of Montrésor]] and the country is divided into eight prefectures.
| | The territory was one of the earliest inhabited by humans that are believed to have entered North America around the end of the last {{W|ice age}}, approximately 12,000 years ago. {{W|Bluefish Caves}}, an archeological site in northern Yukon, contained the remains of tools made by humans that were radiocarbon dated to 24,000–40,000 years ago. Central Yukon was not covered in glaciers and was probably inhabited by humans. By the 19th century, the number of native people living in Yukon was estimated to have been about 10,000 or less, and Europeans involved in the fur trade began arriving in the region that century. The area that became Yukon was absorbed into [[Canada (historic region)|Canada]] by the late 19th century, and Yukon was established as a separate entity in 1898 after being split from the {{W|Northwest Territories}}, before that country's dissolution in the [[Crimson Spring]] of the early 1930s. In the aftermath of Canada's collapse, troops from the [[Sierra]]n territory of Alaska were deployed into Yukon and the Northwest Territories, with the latter being recognized as part of the new nation of [[Manitoba]] while the former decided to join the English-speaking Alaska. When the nation became independent from the [[Kingdom of Sierra]] in 1950 Yukon was part of the new country. Yukon did not formally exist as a unified administrative unit for two decades, being divided into provinces, before the creation of regions in 1970. |
|
| |
|
| There is {{W|Bluefish Caves|archeological evidence}} of human habitation of Yukon as far back as 24,000 years ago, some of the earliest human habitation of North America. Yukon was inhabited by {{W|First Nations}} people for centuries but recorded history began when the Europeans arrived and settled in the area. [[Russia]]n explorers from [[Alaska]] had established a trade network with local tribes, but major efforts to explore the Yukon did not begin until the early 19th century. The {{W|Seven Years' War}} brought much of {{W|New France|French North America}} to the [[United Kingdom|British Empire]], and although the French settlers in Canada had their rights guaranteed it still encouraged some of the colonists to move and explore the interior. In the 1820s, French traders from the Canadian Confederation had traveled through southern Yukon by the system of rivers there. In 1836 Francois Xavier Mercier established a fort and trading post near {{W|Frances Lake}}. Trade with the Indians and the Russians in the region encouraged further migration and the establishment of more outposts, which were mostly inhabited by Frenchmen as news of new opportunities further north began to spread among the Canadian-Francophone community.
| | The main industry in Yukon is mining, including copper, zinc, gold, and silver, followed by manufacturing of light domestic products such as furniture. Tourism is another large sector of the economy because of the multiple national parks in the region. Politically, seven of the region's eight provinces are dominated by the [[National Union Party of Alaska]], except the capital Whitehorse, which is controlled by the [[Liberal Democratic Party of Alaska|Liberal Democratic Party]]. |
| | |
| The discovery of gold by some French prospectors in 1883 along the {{W|Yukon River}} led to more migration and eventually the {{W|Klondike Gold Rush}}. In June 1888 it was administratively split from the Northwest Territories, becoming the Yukon Territory. By the time the Gold Rush died down and many of the [[Anglo-America]]n arrivals decided to leave, the Yukon was left with a mostly French population. When the Canadian Confederation came apart in 1917–1921 with the rise of [[Landonism]] in Quebec and the Maritimes, there was a movement for independence and a rising sense of Yukonnese nationalism. Yukon declared its independence on 10 July 1926 under the leadership of [[Joachim de Cabaret]], who served nine terms as a first consul and became known as "the Father of the country" for his role in the Republic's history. He established the country's political system based on the French Consulate and the Roman Republic, deciding to do so because of Yukon's small population. The great conflicts of the 20th century, in Europe and in North America, brought an influx of immigrants from several nations, especially France, contributing to the population. The Republic of Yukon did not participate in any major conflicts since its independence, largely due to its remote location, while creating a highly developed economy and standard of living.
| |
| | |
| The country's high-income economy is mainly based on {{W|mining}} and {{W|tourism}}, and to a lesser extent {{W|finance}}. In recent years Yukon changed its corporate laws to create a more favorable environment for businesses, and has made itself a center for banking and financial services in the region. It has a very high standard of living, low crime rates, and the lowest unemployment in the Americas. Yukon is a member of such international organizations as the [[League of Nations]], the [[Conference of American States|CAS]], the {{W|IMF}}, {{W|World Bank}}, {{W|WTO}}, and {{W|Francophonie}}.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Etymology== | | ==Etymology== |
| The territory is named after the {{W|Yukon River}}, the longest river in Yukon. The name itself is from a {{W|Contraction (grammar)|contraction}} of the words in the {{W|Gwich'in language|Gwich'in}} phrase ''chųų gąįį han'', which means ''white water river'' and refers to "the pale colour" of {{W|Rock flour|glacial runoff}} in the Yukon River.
| |
|
| |
| ==History==
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Geography== | | ==Geography== |
| [[File:Bennett Lake.jpg|thumb|{{W|Bennet Lake}}.]]
| |
| [[File:Fall in Yukon's Tombstone Territorial Park – Protected areas in Canada Q844692.jpg|thumb|Tombstone National Park.]]
| |
| The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle, border [[Alaska]] to the west and northwest for 1,210 kilometres (752 mi) mostly along longitude 141° W, [[Manitoba]] to the east and [[Astoria]] to the south. Its northern coast is on the {{W|Beaufort Sea}}. Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the {{W|Mackenzie River}} {{W|drainage basin}} to the east in the Mackenzie mountains.
| |
| The Yukon River at Schwatka Lake and the entry to Miles Canyon
| |
|
| |
|
| Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake, the {{W|Yukon River}}. The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large, long and narrow glacier-fed alpine lakes, most of which flow into the Yukon River system. The larger lakes include {{W|Teslin Lake}}, {{W|Atlin Lake}}, {{W|Tagish Lake}}, {{W|Marsh Lake}}, {{W|Lake Laberge}}, {{W|Kusawa Lake}} and {{W|Kluane Lake}}. {{W|Bennett Lake}} on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into {{W|Nares Lake}}, with the greater part of its area within Yukon. Other watersheds in the territory include the Mackenzie River, the {{W|Peel Watershed}} and the {{W|Alsek River|Alsek}}–{{W|Tatshenshini River|Tatshenshini}}, and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea. The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in Manitoba are the {{W|Liard River}} in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast.
| | ==History== |
| | |
| Yukon's highest point, Mount Louis (5,959 m or 19,551 ft), is in the territory's southwest. Mount Louis and a large part of Yukon's southwest are in {{W|Kluane National Park and Reserve}}, an LN {{W|World Heritage Site}}. Other national parks include {{W|Ivvavik National Park}} and {{W|Vuntut National Park}} in the north.
| |
| | |
| The only island off the coast of Yukon is [[Île-de-Louis-Philippe]], named after the leader of the French {{W|July Monarchy}}, {{W|Louis Philippe I|King Louis Philippe}}.
| |
| | |
| ===Administrative divisions=== | |
| The first level of the administrative divisions in Yukon is the prefecture, of which there are eight. According to the official census, Yukon has three cities, nine towns, and 97 unincorporated communes. The territory of the country is divided into eight prefectures, and due to much of the country being sparsely populated, the only administrative level below prefectures is the locality – the municipality, township, or commune.
| |
| | |
| The current prefectures were established in July 1937, after the country's borders with neighboring Alaska, Manitoba, and Astoria were fully demarcated in various agreements.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
| |
| |+Prefectures of Yukon
| |
| ! Name
| |
| ! Capital
| |
| ! Population
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Ansouis]]
| |
| |[[Saint-Véran]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Curemonte]]
| |
| |[[Tournemire]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Montmiral]]
| |
| |[[Castelnou]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Montrésor]]
| |
| |[[City of Montrésor]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Navarrenx]]
| |
| |[[Auvillar]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Nord-Yukon]]
| |
| |[[Saint-Amand]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Saint-Cirq]]
| |
| |[[Locronan]]
| |
| |
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[Yukon Central]]
| |
| |[[Charroux]]
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Politics==
| |
| {{Main|Government of Yukon}}
| |
| The politics of Yukon takes place in the framework of a multi-party {{W|parliamentary system|parliamentary}} {{W|directorial system|directorial republic}}: the [[First Consuls|first consuls]] (''premier consuls'') serve the role of both the {{W|head of state}} and {{W|head of government}}, being elected annually by the legislature known as the [[Council of State]] (''Conseil d'État''), which itself is elected by popular vote. The government has executive power, and it also has legislative power along with the Council of State. There is a separate judiciary.
| |
| | |
| The legislature of the republic is the Council of State, a unicameral body consisting of 70 members elected in all eight prefectures of the country by {{W|proportional representation}} every five years. Along with general legislation, the Council of State approves the budget, elects the first consuls, the nominated ministers in the [[Directory]] (''le Directoire'', the cabinet), all judges including those of the [[Law Court of the Republic]] (''Cour de Justice de la République'', the supreme court), and ratifies foreign treaties. There is also an Advising Commission that examines new laws proposed to the legislature.
| |
| | |
| Every year the Council of State elects two first consuls, and their investiture takes place on 1 February. Each is usually from a different political party. They have one-year term. The practice of having two heads of state, like Roman consuls, chosen in frequent elections, is derived directly from the customs of the {{W|Roman Republic}}. It also derives from the {{W|French Consulate}} of the {{W|Napoleon}}ic era, during which Napoleon Bonaparte and two other individuals served as consuls in a centralized government where they together were the executive authority.
| |
| | |
| The six political parties in Yukon that currently have seats in the legislature include the [[Party of Socialists and Democrats]], the [[Yukonnese Christian Democratic Party]], [[Future Republic]], the [[Yukonnese National Alliance]], [[Democratic Movement – Together Yukon]], and the [[Popular Democratic Party]].
| |
| | |
| ===Military===
| |
| [[File:Combined Resolve VI 160522-A-KF153-003.jpg|thumb|170px|A soldier of the 1st Company, 2nd Territorial Unit, Yukonnese National Guard.]]
| |
| The armed forces of Yukon are collectively known as the [[Army of the Republic of Yukon]] (''Armée de la Republique du Yukon''). It consists of the Land Forces (''Armée de Terre''), the Air Force (''Armée de l'Air''), the National Guard (''Guard Nationale''), and the Coast Guard (''Gendarmerie Maritime''). All of the branches combined have a total of 8,124 personnel.
| |
| | |
| The first militia in Yukon was established in May 1931 to provide basic law enforcement and border security. It became known as the ''Guard Nationale'' in French, and would form the core of the Yukonnese army. In December 1944, the Yukonnese Land Forces were established as a regular standing army with 4,800 men, while the National Guard became a reserve and paramilitary. The Coast Guard was established in 1950 in Nord-Yukon Prefecture for patrolling the Arctic Ocean coastline and providing emergency aid for the people living in the region, while an Air Force equipped with helicopters and transport aircraft was created in 1952.
| |
| | |
| As of 2020, the Land Forces was composed of five infantry battalions: 1st (Montresor), 2nd (Castelnou), 3rd (Saint-Amand), 4th (Auvillar), and 5th (Saint-Veran), and a General Staff and several independent formations. The National Guard is divided into territorial units in each prefecture.
| |
| | |
| ===Law enforcement===
| |
| The main law enforcement agencies in Yukon are the ''Police Nationale'' and the ''Gendarmerie Nationale''. The national police are the regular civilian police, mostly present in the cities and towns, while the national gendarmerie provides security in the more remote and rural areas.
| |
| | |
| ===Foreign relations===
| |
| {{Main|Foreign relations of Yukon}}
| |
| There are 28 embassies in Yukon, while the country has 19 embassies and 52 consulates in other countries.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Economy== | | ==Economy== |
| Yukon is a {{W|developed country}} and its currency is the [[Yukonnese franc]], which is pegged to the [[Sierran dollar]].
| |
|
| |
| ==Transportation==
| |
| ===Road===
| |
| ===Rail===
| |
| ===Air===
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Demographics== | | ==Demographics== |
| ===Ethnic groups===
| |
| ===Language===
| |
| ===Religion===
| |
|
| |
| ==Health==
| |
|
| |
| ==Education==
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Culture== | | ==Government== |
|
| |
|
| ==Notes== | | ==See also== |
| {{Altverse II}}
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Yukon]] | | [[Category:Regions of Alaska]] |
| [[Category:Altverse II]] | | [[Category:States and territories established in 1898]] |
| | [[Category:Arctic Ocean]] |
| | [[Category:Beringia]] |
