Sutaqlian language: Difference between revisions

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== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Sutaqlian is known for its unusual consonant inventory. Although the stops and nasals are typical of a language with palatal and uvular consonants, the approximants come in three varieties: plain, murmured, and nasalized. Most notably, the murmured approximants are the only murmured consonants in the Sutaqlian language, but several unofficial dialects fortify them to murmured stops.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants
|+ Consonants
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! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
|-
|-
| '''Nasal''' || m || n || || ŋ || ||  
| '''Nasal''' || m || n || || ŋ || ||
|-
|-
| '''Voiceless stop''' || p || t || c || k || q ||
| '''Voiceless stop''' || p || t || tʃ || k || q ||
|-
|-
| '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || ɟ || g || ɢ ||
| '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || dʒ || g || ɢ ||
|-
|-
| '''Fricative''' || || s || || || || h
| '''Fricative''' || || s || || || || h
|-
|-
| '''Approximant''' || ʋ || l || j || || ʁ ||
| '''Approximant''' || ʋ || l || j || || ʁ ||
|-
|-
| '''Murmured Approximant''' || ʋ̤ || l̤ || j̤ || || ʁ̤ ||
| '''Murmured Approximant''' || ʋ̤ || l̤ || j̤ || || ʁ̤ ||
|-
|-
| '''Nasalized Approximant''' || ʋ̃ || l̃ || j̃ || || ʁ̃ ||
| '''Nasalized Approximant''' || ʋ̃ || l̃ || j̃ || || ʁ̃ ||
|}
|}
'''Vowels:''' /a/, /i/, /u/; they are [ɑ], [e], [o] after uvulars.
'''Vowels:''' /a/, /i/, /u/; they are [ɑ], [e], [o] after uvulars.
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|}
|}


The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l/. The nasalized approximants are actually due to assimilation of a nasal and approximant, and thus they can never begin a word; for example, [l̃] can be analyzed as /nl/. The only syllable-final consonant allowed next to another consonant is /n/, which assimilates to the following consonant. All sonorants (/j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʁ/, /ʋ/), however, can end a word.
The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l/. The nasalized approximants are actually due to the fusion of a nasal and approximant, and thus, except in unofficial dialects, they can never begin a word; for example, [l̃] can be analyzed as /nl/. The only syllable-final consonant allowed next to another consonant is /n/, which assimilates to the following consonant. All sonorants (/j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʁ/, /ʋ/), however, can end a word.
== Orthography ==
== Orthography ==
[[File:Sutaqlian syllabary.svg|thumb|The Sutaqlian syllabary]]
[[File:Sutaqlian syllabary.svg|thumb|The Sutaqlian syllabary]]

Revision as of 12:17, 11 July 2022

Sutaqlian
TBD
Region Sutaqlia
Ethnicity Sutaqlian
Native speakers
 ~22 million (2022)
Pan-Anqirhan
Early forms
Pre-Anqirhan
  • Classical Anqirhan
    • Vernacular Anqirhan
      • Sutaqlian
Official status
Official language in
 Sutaqlia
Language codes
ISO 639-1 sq
ISO 639-2 stq
ISO 639-3 stq

Sutaqlian is the official language of Sutaqlia.

Phonology

Sutaqlian is known for its unusual consonant inventory. Although the stops and nasals are typical of a language with palatal and uvular consonants, the approximants come in three varieties: plain, murmured, and nasalized. Most notably, the murmured approximants are the only murmured consonants in the Sutaqlian language, but several unofficial dialects fortify them to murmured stops.

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Voiceless stop p t tʃ k q
Voiced stop b d dʒ g ɢ
Fricative s h
Approximant ʋ l j ʁ
Murmured Approximant ʋ̤ l̤ j̤ ʁ̤
Nasalized Approximant ʋ̃ l̃ j̃ ʁ̃

Vowels: /a/, /i/, /u/; they are [ɑ], [e], [o] after uvulars.

Transcription into Latin
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ng
Voiceless stop p t c k q
Voiced stop b d j g gh
Fricative s h
Approximant v l y r
Murmured Approximant vh lh yh rh
Nasalized Approximant nv nl ny nr

The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l/. The nasalized approximants are actually due to the fusion of a nasal and approximant, and thus, except in unofficial dialects, they can never begin a word; for example, [l̃] can be analyzed as /nl/. The only syllable-final consonant allowed next to another consonant is /n/, which assimilates to the following consonant. All sonorants (/j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʁ/, /ʋ/), however, can end a word.

Orthography

The Sutaqlian syllabary

Grammar

The following section contains ideas for the Sutaqlian language that may or may not make the final cut.

Nouns

Classes

  • Humans
  • Land animals
  • Sea animals
  • Plants and fungi
  • Life-like forces of nature (e.g. rivers, weather, fire)
  • Solid objects
  • Flexible objects (e.g. fabrics, paper)
  • Stretchy objects
  • Thin, long objects (e.g. ropes)
  • Edible objects
  • Liquids
  • Abstract objects

Verbs

Tenses

  • Present
  • Recent Past
  • Remote Past
  • Near Future
  • Far Future

Moods

  • Indicative
  • Subjunctive
  • Conditional
  • Volitional
  • Potential
  • Imperative
  • Admirative

Examples

See also

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