Sutaqlian language: Difference between revisions
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== Phonology == | == Phonology == | ||
Sutaqlian is known for its unusual consonant inventory. Although the stops and nasals are typical of a language with palatal and uvular consonants, the approximants come in three varieties: plain, murmured, and nasalized. | Sutaqlian is known for its unusual consonant inventory. Although the stops and nasals are typical of a language with palatal and uvular consonants, the approximants come in three varieties: plain, murmured, and nasalized. The murmured approximants are the only murmured consonants in the Sutaqlian language, but several unofficial dialects fortify them to murmured stops. The nasalized approximants are phonemically /n/ followed by an approximant, and thus, except in unofficial dialects, they can never begin a word. However, the most notable feature of Sutaqlian's consonant inventory is the presence of a ''voiced'' uvular stop /ɢ/, which contrasts with /q/ and /ʁ/ in several environments. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Consonants | |+ Consonants | ||
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| '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || dʒ || g || ɢ || | | '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || dʒ || g || ɢ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Fricative''' || || s || || || || h | | '''Fricative''' || || s || (ʃ) || || || h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Approximant''' || ʋ || l || j || || ʁ || | | '''Approximant''' || ʋ || l || j || || ʁ || | ||
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| '''Nasalized Approximant''' || ʋ̃ || l̃ || j̃ || || ʁ̃ || | | '''Nasalized Approximant''' || ʋ̃ || l̃ || j̃ || || ʁ̃ || | ||
|} | |} | ||
Sutaqlian has a basic three-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /u/; they are pronounced [ɑ], [e], [o] after uvulars. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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| '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || j || g || gh || | | '''Voiced stop''' || b || d || j || g || gh || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Fricative''' || || s || | | '''Fricative''' || || s || sh || || || h | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''Approximant''' || v || l || y || || r || | | '''Approximant''' || v || l || y || || r || | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l | The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l/. The only syllable-final consonant allowed next to another consonant is /n/, which assimilates to the following consonant. All sonorants (/j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʁ/, /ʋ/), however, can end a word. | ||
== Orthography == | == Orthography == | ||
[[File:Sutaqlian syllabary.svg|thumb|The Sutaqlian syllabary]] | [[File:Sutaqlian syllabary.svg|thumb|The Sutaqlian syllabary]] |
Revision as of 14:37, 2 August 2022
Sutaqlian | |
---|---|
TBD | |
Region | Sutaqlia |
Ethnicity | Sutaqlian |
Native speakers | ~22 million (2022) |
Pan-Anqirhan | |
Early forms |
Pre-Anqirhan
|
Official status | |
Official language in | Sutaqlia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 |
sq |
ISO 639-2 |
stq |
ISO 639-3 |
stq |
Sutaqlian is the official language of Sutaqlia.
Phonology
Sutaqlian is known for its unusual consonant inventory. Although the stops and nasals are typical of a language with palatal and uvular consonants, the approximants come in three varieties: plain, murmured, and nasalized. The murmured approximants are the only murmured consonants in the Sutaqlian language, but several unofficial dialects fortify them to murmured stops. The nasalized approximants are phonemically /n/ followed by an approximant, and thus, except in unofficial dialects, they can never begin a word. However, the most notable feature of Sutaqlian's consonant inventory is the presence of a voiced uvular stop /ɢ/, which contrasts with /q/ and /ʁ/ in several environments.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
Voiceless stop | p | t | tʃ | k | q | |
Voiced stop | b | d | dʒ | g | ɢ | |
Fricative | s | (ʃ) | h | |||
Approximant | ʋ | l | j | ʁ | ||
Murmured Approximant | ʋ̤ | l̤ | j̤ | ʁ̤ | ||
Nasalized Approximant | ʋ̃ | l̃ | j̃ | ʁ̃ |
Sutaqlian has a basic three-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /u/; they are pronounced [ɑ], [e], [o] after uvulars.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ng | |||
Voiceless stop | p | t | c | k | q | |
Voiced stop | b | d | j | g | gh | |
Fricative | s | sh | h | |||
Approximant | v | l | y | r | ||
Murmured Approximant | vh | lh | yh | rh | ||
Nasalized Approximant | nv | nl | ny | nr |
The maximum syllable structure is ClVC, where only stops can precede /l/. The only syllable-final consonant allowed next to another consonant is /n/, which assimilates to the following consonant. All sonorants (/j/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ʁ/, /ʋ/), however, can end a word.
Orthography
Grammar
The following section contains ideas for the Sutaqlian language that may or may not make the final cut.
Nouns
Classes
- Humans
- Land animals
- Sea animals
- Plants and fungi
- Life-like forces of nature (e.g. rivers, weather, fire)
- Solid objects
- Flexible objects (e.g. fabrics, paper)
- Stretchy objects
- Thin, long objects (e.g. ropes)
- Edible objects
- Liquids
- Abstract objects
Verbs
Tenses
- Present
- Recent Past
- Remote Past
- Near Future
- Far Future
Moods
- Indicative
- Subjunctive
- Conditional
- Volitional
- Potential
- Imperative
- Admirative