Onshokoese language

Onshokoese
(Onshokodakkyo)
Pronunciation	[ɔ̃ːɕɔkɔdakkʲɔ]
Region	Onshokostan, Todendugayo, Hyuwasshwigo, Onshokoese diaspora
Ethnicity	Onshokoese
Native speakers	180.93 million (2024)
Language family	Onshokoic
Early forms	Proto-Onshokoic Old Onshokoese Early Middle Onshokoese Late Middle Onshokoese Early Modern Onshokoese
Writing system	Onshokoese syllabary
Official status
Official language in	Onshokostan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	osk
ISO 639-2	osk
ISO 639-3	osk

Onshokoese (, Onshokodakkyo, [ɔ̃ːɕɔkɔdakkʲɔ]) is the principal language of the Onshokoic language family spoken by the Onshokoese people. It is the indigenous language of Etheisia with the most speakers, boasting nearly 181 million speakers, more than twice of an order of magnitude higher than the second-most spoken indigenous language, TBD. It is spoken primarily in Onshokostan, Todendugayo, and Hyuwasshwigo, the only countries where it is the national language, and within the Onshokoese diaspora worldwide.

The Onshokoic family also includes various other indigenous languages of Eastern Etheisia. There have been many attempts to group the Onshokoic languages with other families, but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance.

Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Onshokostan. Remani documents from the 1st century AD recorded a few Onshokoese words, but substantial Old Onshokoese texts did not appear until the 4th century, just after the creation of its unique writing system.

Onshokoese is a polysynthetic language, and it differs dramatically from the languages of Verdantis, making it difficult for adult learners to acquire. A single Onshokoese word can convey ideas that would require multiple words to express otherwise, from the context of the assertion and connotations about the speaker to the idea's action and its object. The morphological complexity of the Onshokoese language is best exhibited in verbs, which also incorporate an action's instrument, motion, volition, and how long or how often an action occurs. Onshokoese also has a large number of derivative suffixes, which is why speakers have been reluctant to borrow loanwords from other languages.

History

Prehistory

Proto-Onshokoic, the common ancestor of the Onshokoese and TBD languages, is thought to have been brought to Onshokostan by settlers coming from Central Etheisia sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BCE, replacing the languages of the original TBD inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern TBD language. Because writing had yet to be introduced from Verdantis, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Onshokoese, or comparison with the TBD languages and Onshokoese dialects.

Classification

Onshokoese is a member of the Onshokoic language family, which also includes the TBD languages. As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language for purely nationalistic purposes, Onshokoese is sometimes called a language isolate.

According to TBD, Onshokoese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in the world. Since Onshokoese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as TBD. At the fringe, some linguists have suggested a link to Indo-Verdantian languages, including TBD, and to TBD. Main modern theories try to link Onshokoese either to other eastern Etheisian languages, like TBD or the proposed larger TBD family, or to various indigenous languages of Northern Verdantis, especially TBD. None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the TBD family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to TBD has wide support.

Other theories view the Onshokoese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as a distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages.

Phonology

Main article: Onshokoese phonology

Vowels

Onshokoese has seven vowel qualities and five (or six, depending on dialect) diphthong qualities, and vowel length is phonemic.

Pure Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i~ɪ	iː			ɯᵝ~ɤᵝ	ɯᵝː
Close-Mid	ɛ	eː			ɔ	oː
Open-Mid		ɛː				ɔː
Open			a~ɐ	aː

Diphthongs

	-ɪ	-o
Close	ɤᵝi	ɪo
Mid	ɔɪ	ɛo
Open	aɪ	ao

In addition, The close-mid vowels /eː/ and /oː/ derive from the diphthongs */ɛɪ/ and */ɔo/ respectively, explaining why there is no phonemic short */e/ nor */o/. Long vowels, nasalized vowels, and diphthongs are represented with a bare vowel character in the Onshokoese syllabary. The vowel romanized as u is actually a compressed vowel /ɯᵝ/, but it may be unrounded to just [ɯ~ɤ] in rapid speech. It advances to a central [ɨᵝ~ɪ̵ᵝ] when preceded by /ɕ/, /dz/, /dʑ/, /s/, /tɕ/, /ts/, /j/, /z/, /ʑ/, or a palatalized consonant. The diphthong /ɛo/ has merged into /ɪo/ for nearly all speakers except when word-final.

Whether nasalization is a phonemic feature of Onshokoese is heavily debated. For example, the word (ahkya, to embrace), is pronounced [ahkʲɐ]. Compare its pronunciation to that of (anhki, insect), which is phonemically /anhki/ but actually pronounced [ãhkʲi]. Both and differ by the latter having the final nasal , which in this environment triggers nasalization (see phonological processes below). Some linguists use this near-minimal pair as proof that nasalization is indeed phonemic, yet this contrast would have a low functional load.

Consonants

All dialects of Onshokoese generally have an inventory of 21 consonant phonemes. Some dialects may have otherwise non-occurring sounds such as [f, v, θ, ð, l] in loanwords. Among the consonants considered "foreign", [f] and [v] are considered the easiest to discern; although /φɯᵝ/ and /β̞ɯᵝ/ are romanized as fu and vu respectively, Onshokoese speakers do not perceive loaned [f] and [v] the same as native /φ/ and /β̞/, instead pronouncing them closer to /p/ and /b/ respectively.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Alveolopalatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	[ɲ]		[ŋ]
Stop	p b	t d			k g
Affricate		ts dz	tɕ dʑ
Fricative	φ	s z	ɕ ʑ	[ç]	[x]~h
Flap		ɺ~ɹ
Approximant	β̞~[w]			j

The r of the Onshokoese language represents a single sound that is transcribed as /ɹ/ when followed by another consonant or at the end of a word, and /ɺ/ everywhere else. The latter phone /ɺ/ is a compromise between its two most common allophones: an apical tap [ɾ] and a lateral approximant [l]. The syllable-final /ɹ/ is dropped in non-rhotic varieties, causing the following compensatory vowel changes:

Written as	(ar)	(er)	(ir)	(or)	(ur)
Rhotic varieties	aɹ	ɛɹ	ɪɹ	ɔɹ	ɤ̝ᵝɹ
Non-rhotic varieties	aː	ɛɐ	eɐ	ɔɐ	ɤᵝɐ

Syllabal-final r only appears at the end of a word or before the consonants /p/ and /k/; otherwise it forms a geminate and/or turns into a nasal via the following rules:

Expected	Written as	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
	Transliterated	*ar-ba	*ar-cha	*ar-da	*ar-dza	*ar-ga	*ar-ha	*ar-ja	*arka	*ar-ma	*ar-na	*ar-pa	*ar-ra	*ar-sa	*ar-sha	*ar-ta	*ar-tsa	*ar-wa	*ar-wha	*ar-ya	*ar-za	*ar-zha
Result	Written as
	Transliterated	amba	atcha	anda	andza	anga	ara	anja	arka	amma	anna	arpa	ara	assa	assha	atta	attsa	aro	aro	arya	anza	anzha

Phonotactics

The phonotactics of Onshokoese are moderately complex. The maximum syllable structure is ((F)C(G))V(V/C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by, in order of occurrence:

1. A voiceless fricative /ɕ/, /h/, or /s/, or a velar stop /k/ or /g/;
2. Any consonant (only nasals can follow velar stops);
3. A semivowel /j/ or /β̞/ which assimilates into the preceding consonant; and
4. The second mora of a long vowel or diphthong, or syllable-final /n/ or [ɹ].

The syllable-final /n/ is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the place of articulation of the following phoneme. It elides immediately before a fricative, /j/, and /β̞/, causing nasalization and except when a following fricative is itself followed by a stop, compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel. This assimilation occurs even across word boundaries.

FC-clusters

The FC clusters, that is, /ɕ/, /g/, /h/, /k/, or /s/ followed by another consonant, can all occur word-medially; those beginning with /s/, /k/, and /g/ can also occur word-initially.

1st → 2nd ↓	ɕ	g	h	k	s
b	ɕb		hb		sb
d	ɕd		hd		sd
dʑ			hdʑ
g	ɕg		hg		sg
k	ɕk		hk		sk
m	ɕm	gm [gʷ̃~ŋʷ]		km [kʷ̃]	sm
n	ɕn	gn [gn~ŋŋ]		kn	sn
p	ɕp		hp		sp
t	ɕt		ht		st
tɕ			htɕ

All of these clusters can follow a nasal vowel, written as a vowel followed by n. No clusters ending with /m/ or /n/ may follow /n/; the first nasal in the cluster has dropped without a trace.

Grammar

Main article: Onshokoese grammar

Onshokoese, like many indigenous languages of Etheisia, is polysynthetic, exhibiting characteristics of synthesis and a high morpheme-to-word ratio. Onshokoese is a head-marking language in which inflectional morphology on nouns and particularly verbs carries significant amounts of grammatical information. However, many words are prone to initial and final sound mutations that stem back to Old Onshokoese, and these changes must be learned individually.

In terms of basic word order, Onshokoese is classified as a subject–object–verb language, with most adjectives and adverbs coming before the nouns and verbs they modify.

Complex inflectional and derivational morphology play a central role in Onshokoese grammar. Noun inflection and particularly verb inflection indicate a wide variety of grammatical information, realized through the use of prefixes and suffixes added to word stems.

There is a distinction between two different types of third person: the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in focus) and the obviative (the third person deemed less important or out of focus), which is sometimes called the fourth person. Nouns can be singular, dual, or plural in number, and either animate or inanimate. Separate personal pronouns exist but are used mainly for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first-person plurals.

Conjugation

Onshokoese verbs must (with very few exceptions) contain at least one pronominal prefix, the verb's root, and one of twenty-one tense suffixes. Additionally, verbs may incorporate the object's noun class, an instrumental affix, a directional affix, one or more aspectual affixes (with limitations), negation, and a modal affix. For example, the verb form (nijwestiru), "I am going", has each of these morphemes:

ni-	ijwe		-styo-	-ru
1S NOMINATIVE	'to go'		PROGRESSIVE ASPECT	PRESENT TENSE

The pronominal prefix is -, which indicates the first person singular nominative. The verb root is , 'to go', a reduced form of its infinitive . The aspect suffix that this verb employs for the progressive aspect is --, a variant of the more common --. The present tense suffix for regular verbs in Onshokoese is -.

Onshokoese makes three number distinctions on pronouns: singular, dual and plural. It does not make gender distinction, but does distinguish animacy in third and fourth person pronouns. Onshokoese also makes the distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns in the first person dual and plural. This makes a total of fourteen persons. The following is the conjugation of the present progressive indicative form in all fourteen persons:

Person		Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	inclusive	(nijwestiru) I am going	(nigijwestiru) You and I are going	(nigichijwestiru) We all are going
	exclusive		(nidenjwestiru) He/she/they and I are going	(nichijwestiru) They and I are going
2nd		(gijwestiru) You are going	(gidenjwestiru) You two are going	(gichijwestiru) You all are going
3rd		(wijwestiru) He/she/they are going	(widenjwestiru) Those two are going	(wichijwestiru) They are going
4th		(rijwestiru) He/she/they are going	(ridenjwestiru) Those two are going	(richijwestiru) They are going

Onshokoese also differentiates between the progressive ('I am going') and habitual ('I often go') aspects more than most Verdantian languages do. The habitual aspect's prefix is --. The following is the conjugation of the present habitual indicative form in all fourteen persons:

Person		Singular	Dual	Plural
1st	inclusive	(nijweshoru) I often go	(nigijweshoru) You and I often go	(nigichijweshoru) We all often go
	exclusive		(nidenjweshoru) He/she/they and I often go	(nichijweshoru) They and I often go
2nd		(gijweshoru) You often go	(gidenjweshoru) You two often go	(gichijweshoru) You all often go
3rd		(wijweshoru) He/she/they often go	(widenjweshoru) Those two often go	(wichijweshoru) They often go
4th		(rijweshoru) He/she/they often go	(ridenjweshoru) Those two often go	(richijweshoru) They often go

Pronouns and pronominals

An Onshokoese word's pronominal marks not only the agent of a verb, but often the direct and indirect object as well. This is the case if the object was in question already mentioned and would be substituted by a separate pronoun in Verdantian languages. Contrary to Verdantian languages, animacy is marked, but gender is not. Pronominal prefixes are always strung together in the order nominative/reflexive/reciprocal–dative/benefactive/malefactive–accusative, without any exceptions. The only "irregularity" is the wholly predictable change of a prefix final -e/-i or -o to -y or -w respectively before a vowel combined with predictable changes to the penultimate consonant.

Case → Person ↓	Nominative	Reflexive	Reciprocal	Dative	Benefactive	Malefactive	Accusative
1S	- ni-	- nimi-		- no-	- noka-	-/- nostyo-/noste-	- na-
2S	- gi-	- gimi-		- go-	- goka-	-/- gostyo-/goste-	- ga-
3S	- wi-	- wimi-		- wo-	- woka-	-/- wostyo-/woste-	- wa-
4S	- ri-	- rimi-		- ro-	- roka-	-/- rostyo-/roste-	- ra-
1D INC	- nigi-	- nigimi-	- nigizwi-	- nogo-	- nogoka-	-/- nogostyo-/nogoste-	- naga-
1D EXC	- niden-	- nidemmi-	- nidenzwi-	- noden-	- nodenka-	-/- nodenstyo-/nodenste-	- naden-
2D	- giden-	- gidemmi-	- gidenzwi-	- goden-	- godenka-	-/- godenstyo-/godenste-	- gaden-
3D	- widen-	- widemmi-	- widenzwi-	- woden-	- wodenka-	-/- wodenstyo-/wodenste-	- waden-
4D	- riden-	- ridemmi-	- ridenzwi-	- roden-	- rodenka-	-/- rodenstyo-/rodenste-	- raden-
1P INC	- nigichi-	- nigichimi-	- nigichizwi-	- nogochi-	- nogochika-	-/- nogochistyo-/nogochiste-	- nagachi-
1P EXC	- nichi-	- nichimi-	- nizwi-	- nochi-	- nochika-	-/- nochistyo-/nochiste-	- nachi-
2P	- gichi-	- gichimi-	- gizwi-	- gochi-	- gochika-	-/- gochistyo-/gochiste-	- gachi-
3P	- wichi-	- wichimi-	- wizwi-	- wochi-	- wochika-	-/- wochistyo-/wochiste-	- wachi-
4P	- richi-	- richimi-	- rizwi-	- rochi-	- rochika-	-/- rochistyo-/rochiste-	- rachi-

Noun classifiers

Onshokoese transitive verbs where the direct object is inanimate require special pronominal affixes which denote one or more of its properties. For example, Onshokoese has no single verb corresponding to the verb to give. Instead, one of thirteen affixes must be inserted between the pronominal prefix and the verb's stem.

Conjugation of "Give him/her/them..."

Classifier type	Affix	Onshokoese	Translation
Liquid	-- (-gu-)	(giwogusdyoru)	Give him/her/them some (water, milk, juice, wine, etc.)
Soft semi-solid matter	-- (-me-)	(giwomesdyoru)	Give him/her/them some (ice cream, dough, etc.)
Palm-sized solid object	-- (-to-)	(giwotosdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (bottle, ball, small box, stone, etc.)
Large solid object	--/- (-dogo-/-doge-)	(giwodogesdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (table, desk, bed, etc.)
Flat flexible object	-- (-bwe-)	(giwobwesdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (blanket, rug, coat, sheet of paper, etc.)
Slender flexible object	--/-- (-stya-/-sti-)	(giwostisdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (rope, long sock, rubber band, etc.)
Slender solid object	-- (-ena-)	(giwoinasdyoru)	Give him/her/them an (arrow, saw, hammer, spoon, etc.)
Flat solid object	-- (-migu-)	(giwomigusdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (plate, pan, cutting board, book, etc.)
Small collectible object	-- (-dun-)	(giwodunsdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (nail, seed, marble, coin, etc.)
Carrier of a load	-- (-kora-)	(giwokorasdyoru)	Give him/her/them a (backpack, saddle, large box, bag, etc.)
Edible matter	-- (-sa-)	(giwosasdyoru)	Give him/her/them some (fruit, meat, bread, etc.)
Grainy matter	--/- (-spo-/-spe-)	(giwospesdyoru)	Give him/her/them some (sugar, sand, salt, dust, etc.)

Instrumental case

Onshokoese also derives new verbs by attaching one of ten instrumental prefixes onto a preexisting verb.

Conjugation of "TBD..."

Instrument	Affix	Onshokoese	Translation
action by a cutting motion	-- (-dzir-)
action by a throwing or propelling motion	-- (-ikwi-)
action by an impact or force from a distance	-- (-agwi-)
action by a striking or hitting motion	-- (-anto-)
action by the foot or leg	-- (-tuzhi-)
action by a pressure or pushing motion	-- (-jwe-)
action by the mouth or voice	-- (-jeshi-)
action by the hand	-- (-aski-)
action by heat	-- (-chani-)
action by a miscellaneous instrument	-- (-ki-)

Locatives and directionals

Conjugation of "I threw the ball..."

Locative or direction	Affix	Onshokoese	Translation
up vertically	-- (-enta-)	(junzha nitwentaokwiteko)	I threw the ball straight up.
down vertically	-- (-maji-)	(junzha nitomajukwiteko)	I threw the ball straight down.
uphill	-- (-gwehi-)	(junzha nitogohikwiteko)	I threw the ball uphill.
downhill	-- (-nibi-)	(junzha nitonibikwiteko)	I threw the ball downhill.
into a hole, gap, or depression	-- (-swe-)	(junzha nitotsowikwiteko)	I threw the ball into the valley.
out of a hole, gap, or depression	-- (-cho-)	(junzha nitochoukwiteko)	I threw the ball out of the valley.
upstream, upriver	-- (-mya-)	(junzha nitomiwikwiteko)	I threw the ball upstream.
downstream, downriver	-- (-sona-)	(junzha nitosnoikwiteko)	I threw the ball downstream.
across	-- (-sba-)	(junzha nitosbawikwiteko)	I threw the ball across the field.
parallel to	-- (-ryan-)	(junzha nitorinhkwiteko)	I threw the ball along the fence.
heading towards	-- (-styu-)	(junzha nitostiwikwiteko)	I threw the ball towards the house.
heading away from	-- (-oda-)	(junzha nitoodokwiteko)	I threw the ball away from the house.
out to sea	-- (-tsai-)	(junzha nitotsaiwikwiteko)	I threw the ball out to sea.
towards the seashore	-- (-spwi-)	(junzha nitospowikwiteko)	I threw the ball towards the seashore.
through water	-- (-kna-)	(junzha nitoknoikwiteko)	I threw the ball underwater.
underground	-- (-gushi-)	(junzha nitogushukwiteko)	I threw the ball underground.
inside	-- (-ono-)	(junzha nitoonoikwiteko)	I threw the ball into the house.
outside	-- (- -)	( )	I threw the ball out of the house.
into a container or vessel	-- (-gani-)	(junzha nitoganoikwiteko)	I threw the ball into the cup.
out of a container or vessel	-- (- -)	( )	I threw the ball out of the cup.

Spatial deixis

Onshokoese has a rich system of spatial deixis. That is, many of the spatial properties of things and events are linguistically encoded in great detail; this holds true for demonstrative pronouns (like English "this one", "that one") as well as spatial adverbs ("here", "there").

There are TBD categories that define the orientation of a thing or event with respect to the environment. The environment in this sense includes topographical features (e.g., there is a contrast between upriver and downriver), the participants in the speech event (e.g., there is a contrast between proximity to the speaker and proximity to the hearer), and the linguistic context (one of these twelve categories is used for anaphora). This twelve-way contrast is cross-cut by a trinomial contrast in horizontal extension/motion: this determines whether the referent is extended (horizontally long or moving) or non-extended, and if non-extended, whether distal (typically far away, indistinct, and invisible) or proximal (typically nearby, distinct, and visible).

To illustrate, the spatial demonstrative roots of Onshokoese are attached to swinche, the word for cat, in the following table:

Distance	Affix	Onshokoese	Translation

Vocabulary

See also: Linguistic purism in Onshokoese

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1D9zQ8mmaFVFlXQSfuHOU0B-Sh6LrZKBig4DMEsuC8t0/edit?usp=sharing

Writing system

Main article: Onshokoese syllabary

The Onshokoese syllabary

	-a	-e	-i	-o	-u	-Ø
Ø-
ch-
h-
k-
kw-
m-
n-
r-
s-
sh-
t-
ts-
w-					*
wh-
y-

Onshokoese is written in a 79-character syllabary created in the early 4th century by Ichutayanzhi Myoshkimi (  , lit. Ichutayanzhi the Wise), shortly after the Remani Empire initiated contact and trade with the Onshokoese. Many of the characters resemble Latin, Greek, or Cyrillic script letters, but most of these have completely unrelated sound values; Ichutayanzhi had seen Latin and Greek writing, but he could not read them.

History

Around 309, impressed by the "talking leaves" of Remani texts, Ichutayanzhi began work to create a writing system for the Onshokoese language. After attempting to create a character for each word, he realized this would be too difficult and eventually created characters to represent syllables. He worked on the syllabary for twelve years before completion, and dropped or modified most of the characters he originally created.

After the syllabary was completed in early 321, it achieved almost instantaneous popularity and spread rapidly throughout Onshokoese society. By the end of the decade, the majority of Onshokoese commoners could read and write in their newly developed syllabary, with Emperor Yajoyoukunshir and his imperial court encouraging families to enroll their children in schools so they can learn it.

Description

Each character in the Onshokoese syllabary represents one mora; that means, a lone vowel, a consonant followed by a vowel, a lone consonant in the case of h, n, q, r, s, and sh, or a consonant-glide-vowel sequence in the case of the kw- row. The syllabary is recited starting with the glyph for the bare vowels, followed by the glyphs for syllables starting with a consonant, and ending with the glyphs for bare consonants. For phonotactical reasons, s is the only vowelless glyph that can begin a word, and n and r are the only vowelless glyphs that can end a word. Vu () is extremely rare, appearing in only two native words: vutei (, "rain") and vurumi (, "morning"), names, and loanwords.

Syllables beginning with the voiced consonants j, g, gw, z, zh, d, dz, and b are spelled with glyphs for the corresponding voiceless consonants (ch, k, kw, s, sh, t, ts, and wh respectively) combined with a pair of dots that resembles a quotation mark that appear to the right of the glyph, called the myahkisnaku ("smoothening mark"). Syllables beginning with p are spelled with glyphs for wh combined with a circle that resembles a degree sign called the twandisnaku ("sharpening mark").

Syllables with a glide between the initial consonant and the vowel, with the exception of kw and gw, are spelled with a glyph from the i column if the glide is y, or from the o column if the glide is w, combined with a half circle that resembles an inverted breve placed immediately below the glyph, called the ryanshkesnaku ("halving mark"). The "shortened" glyph is then followed by a bare vowel glyph.

A syllable-final h is represented with the glyph in the h row that matches the vowel of the glyph immediately preceding it, except it also has a ryanshkesnaku under it. Similarly, when preceding a nasal, k and g are written with the glyph in the k row that matches the vowel of the glyph immediately after it with a ryanshkesnaku under it.

Sample texts and audio

The North Wind and the Sun

File:Machwanirja mi Wata.mp3

"The North Wind and the Sun" in Onshokoese

  ,           ,             .
Ike tohkwa, Machwanirija mi Wata widenzheskustwita tomi wigyusshujadaita, yoto yinshgopwa yomo kinyoki anchu robwekepashita ritwashita.
[ikɛ tɔhkʷɐ, matɕᵝæɲiɺʲidʑɐ mʲi βatɐ βʲidɛ̃ːʑɛskɤᵝstᵝʲɪtɐ tɔmʲi βʲigʲɪ̵ᵝɕɕɨᵝdʑædaɪtɐ, jɔtɞ jɪ̃ɕgopᵝɐ kʲiɲɔkʲi ɐɲtɕɨᵝ jɔmɞ ɺobᵝɛkɛpaɕɪtɐ ɺʲitᵝaɕɪtɐ.]
one day, north.wind and sun 3+NOM.D.dispute.PROG.FPST INT.NOM 3+NOM.strong.COMP.COP.FPST, REL.TMP travel.AGNT REL.DAT warm cloak 4+DAT.FFO.INST.wrap.FPST 4+NOM.come.FPST.
One day, the North Wind and the Sun were disputing who was stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.

            .
Wichiipwedeta spwehku yomi yinshgopwa anchuriski wisheribwensadoudaita wigyusshujadaanyago.
[βʲitɕiːpᵝɛdɛtɐ spᵝɛhkɯᵝ jɔmʲi jɪ̃ɕgopᵝɐ ɐɲtɕɨᵝɺʲɪskʲi βʲiɕeɺʲibᵝɛ̃ːsadoːdaɪtɐ βʲigʲɪ̵ᵝɕɕɨᵝdʑædaːɲægɞ.]
3+NOM.P.agree.FPST first REL.NOM travel.AGNT cloak.4+POSS 3+CAUS.4+NOM.FFO.remove.CMPL.FPST 3+NOM.strong.COMP.COP.INFR.FPST+IMM+PRSP.
They all agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger.

        ,       ,       ;
Mi Machwanirija witsochwita nyapenjwo witsochuketa, go yoto witsochwita nyapenja, yinshgopwa anchuriski robwejohgunta chehesija;
[mʲi matɕᵝæɲiɺʲidʑɐ βʲɪtsotɕᵝitɐ ɲæpɛɲdʑʷɞ βʲitsɔtɕɨᵝkɛtɐ, gɞ jɔtɞ βʲitsotɕᵝɪtɐ ɲæpɛɲdʑɐ, jɪ̃ɕgopᵝɐ ɐɲtɕɨᵝɺʲɪskʲi ɺobᵝedʑɔhgɤᵝntɐ tɕɛhesʲidʑɐ;]
and north.wind 3+NOM.blow.FPST hard.SAME 3+NOM.do.HYP.FPST, but REL.TMP 3+NOM.blow.FPST hard.COMP, travel.AGNT cloak.4+POSS 4+DAT.FFO.fold.FPST close.COMP;
Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but as he blew harder, the traveler folded his cloak closer around him;

  ,   .       ,       .
mi shekyun, Machwanirija winuzhebwita. Mi Wata kinyokimu wihohjandzita, mi yinshgopwa anchuriski ribwensadohdoita.
[mʲi ɕekʲɪ̵ᵝn, matɕᵝæɲiɺʲidʑɐ βʲinɯᵝʑebᵝʲitɐ. mʲi βatɐ kʲiɲɔkʲimɯᵝ βʲɪhɔhdʑændzʲitɐ, mʲi jɪ̃ɕgopᵝɐ ɐɲtɕɨᵝɺʲɪskʲi ɺʲɪbᵝɛ̃ːsadɔhdɔɪtɐ.]
and soon, north.wind 3+NOM.try.stop.FPST. and sun warm.ADVB 3+NOM.shine.INC.FPST, and travel.AGNT cloak.4+POSS 4+NOM.FFO.remove.EXPD.FPST
and eventually, the North Wind gave up. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak.

  ,       .
Mi wi, Machwanirija wizhogitomaita Wata rigyusshujadaita.
[mʲi βʲi, matɕᵝæɲiɺʲidʑɐ βʲiʑɔgʲitɔmaɪtɐ βatɐ ɺʲigʲɪ̵ᵝɕɕɨᵝdʑædaɪtɐ.]
and so, north.wind 3+NOM.admit.DEB.FPST sun 4+NOM.strong.COMP.COP.FPST.
And so, the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was stronger.

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Recording of the first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Onshokoese.

                .
Kecho wishpochi wicheknebakidinedwida mi jukkyo jeshde mi kuntachi wichiryouru.
[keʨɔ β̞ʲɪɕpɔʨʲi β̞ʲɪʨɛknɛbakʲidʲinedᵝʲidɐ mʲi ʥɪ̵ᵝkkʲɔ ʥɛɕdɛ mʲi kɤᵝntaʨʲi β̞ʲɪʨʲiɺʲoːɺɯᵝ.]
all human.P 3+NOM.P.free.birth.PASS.COPULA and equal dignity and right.P 3+NOM.P.have.PRES
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

        ,       .
Wishgyahbodwida ba irkwa mi kyozha, mi wochizwisdimijuudoru shuzutsaki oshegoyenski.
3+NOM.P.endow.PASS.COPULA with reason and conscience, and 3+DAT.P.RECIP.act.OPT.PRES spirit.INST fellow.STATE.GEN
[β̞ʲɪɕgʲæhbodᵝʲidɐ bɐ ɪɹkʷɐ mʲi kʲɔʑɐ, mʲi wɔʨʲizᵝʲɪsdʲimʲɪʥɨᵝːdɔɺɯᵝ ɕɨᵝzɨᵝʦakʲi ɔɕɛgɔjɛ̃skʲi.]
They are endowed with reason and conscience, and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.