Jeglijan language

Jeglijan
Region	Jeglijan
Ethnicity	Jeglijan
Language family	Jeglijanic
Early forms	Proto-Jeglijanic Classical Jeglijan Medieval Jeglijan Jeglijan
Writing system	Jeglijan script
Signed forms	Signed Jeglijan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	jg
ISO 639-2	jgj
ISO 639-3	jgj

The Jeglijan language is the official language of Jeglijan, hence the name, and the most widely-spoken member of the namesake language family.

Phonology

Consonants

Jeglijan has an unusually large number of phonetic consonants, having 74 in total. However, the "true" number of phonemic consonants is smaller, as several consonants on this chart arose from phonetic processes. Among its consonants it makes several rare distinctions, including a four-way contrast of phonation in stops, "whistled" sibilants, and true palatal stops that contrast with the postalveolar affricates, which derive from clusters of a velar stop followed by /j/. They are often conflated with (and in some dialects merge into) the postalveolar stops.

	Labial	Dental	Labialized Dental	Alveolar	Whistled Alveolar	Postalveolar	Whistled Postalveolar	Palatal	Labialized Palatal	Velar	Labialized Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n				ɲ
Breathy-voiced nasal	mʱ	nʱ				ɲʱ
Voiceless stop	p	t	tʷ	ts	tsᵠ	tʃ	tʃᵠ	cç	cçʷ	k	kʷ
Voiced stop	b	d	dʷ	dz	dzᵝ	dʒ	dʒᵝ	ɟʝ	ɟʝʷ	g	gʷ
Aspirated stop	pʰ	tʰ	tʷʰ	tsʰ	tsᵠʰ	tʃʰ	tʃᵠʰ	cçʰ	cçʷʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ
Breathy-voiced stop	bʱ	dʱ	dʷʱ	dzʱ	dzᵝʱ	dʒʱ	dʒᵝʱ	ɟʝʱ	ɟʝʷʱ	gʱ	gʷʱ
Voiceless continuant	f			s	sᵠ	ʃ	ʃᵠ	ç	çʷ	x	ʍ	h
Voiced continuant	v			z	zᵝ	ʒ	ʒᵝ	j	ɥ		w
Liquid		l~ɫ		r		ʎ
Breathy-voiced liquid		lʱ~ɫʱ		rʱ		ʎʱ

Vowels

Jeglijan has advanced tongue root vowel harmony. This means, if a +ATR vowel begins a word, then all vowels shift to their +ATR counterparts. Similarly, when a -ATR vowel begins a word, all vowels shift to their -ATR counterparts.

Nasal vowels are true phonemes, and they contrast with vowel-nasal sequences word-finally only (where they are represented with a final -ng, indicating a historical pronunciation).

+ATR	-ATR
/i/	/e/
/æ/	/ɑ/
/ø/	/o/
/y/	/u/
/ẽ/	/ɛ̃/
/æ̃/	/ɑ̃/
/œ̃/	/ɔ̃/

Phonotactics

The syllable structure for Jeglijan is /(s)(C)(L)V(L)(F)/, where:

• C = any consonant except /ŋ/;
• L = the liquids /l/ and /r/;
• V = any vowel;
• F = nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ (only after oral vowels), /ts/, or /k/.

Other rules

• /h/ cannot appear word-initially;
• Phones with the same sonority cannot be adjacent in a word. By extension, diphthongs, long vowels, and geminate consonants are also prohibited.
• Syllable-coda nasals only appear at the very end of a word. In all other positions, these nasals were lost and the preceding vowel nasalized.
• /l/ follows front-back harmony, being pronounced as [l] after +ATR vowels, and [ɫ] after -ATR vowels.

Orthography

Main article: Jeglijan script

The Jeglijan language uses a superalphasyllabary, meaning entire syllables, including onset, vowel, and coda, are encoded in a single character.

To be expanded...

Transcription into Latin

	Labial	Palatalized Labial	Dental	Labialized Dental	Alveolar	Whistled Alveolar	Postalveolar	Whistled Postalveolar	Palatal	Labialized Palatal	Velar	Labialized Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	mj	n				nj				ng
Breathy-voiced nasal	mh	mhj	nh				nhj
Voiceless stop	p	pj	t	tw	tz	tzw	tj	tü	kj	qü	k	qu
Voiced stop	b	bj	d	dw	dz	dzw	dj	dü	gj	gü	g	gu
Aspirated stop	ph	phj	th	thw	tzh	tzhw	thj	thü	khj	qhü	kh	qhu
Breathy-voiced stop	bh	bhj	dh	dhw	dzh	dzhw	dhj	dhü	ghj	ghü	gh	ghu
Voiceless continuant	f	fj			s	sw	sh	shw	ç	çü	ch	wh	h
Voiced continuant	v	vj			z	zw	zh	zhw	j	ju		w
Liquid			l		r		lj
Breathy-voiced liquid			lh		rh		ljh

Grammar

Nouns

Number	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
Singular	-Ø	-ma	-ge	-r
Dual	-l	-mal	-gel	-ler
Plural	-n	-man	-gen	-ner

Pronouns

Personal pronouns (Nominative)

	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Za	Wil	Nel	Wi	Ne
Second Male	Ga	Gal		Gan
Second Female	Ge	Gel		Gen
Third Male	Ir	Irol		Ern
Third Female	Ire	Irel

Personal pronouns (Accusative)

	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Zama	Wimal	Nemal	Wiman	Nenam
Second Male	Gama	Gamal		Gaman
Second Female	Gema	Gemal		Geman
Third	Irma	Irmal		Irman

Personal pronouns (Dative)

	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Zage	Wigel	Negel	Wigen	Negem
Second Male	Gage	Gagel		Gagen
Second Female	Gege	Gegel		Gegen
Third	Irge	Irgel		Irgen

Possessive pronouns (Genitive)

	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Zar	Wiler	Neler	Wir	Ner
Second Male	Gar	Galer		Ganer
Second Female	Ger	Geler		Gener
Third Male	Irer	Iroler		Erner
Third Female		Ireler

Verbs

Conjugations

Verb Form	-a	-ja	-la	-ma	-na	-ra	-sa	-wa	era (the copula)	ika "to go"
Infinitive	-a	-ja	-la	-ma	-na	-ra	-sa	-wa	era	ika
Active Participle	-ank	-enk	-lnk	-nk	-nk	-rk	-senk	-onk	rank	kenk
Passive Participle	-ado	-ido	-ldo	-ndo	-ndo	-rado	-zdo	-udo	Do not exist
Present Habitual	-ack	-jack	-lack	-mack	-nack	-rack	-sack	-wack	*	***
Past Habitual	-abo	-ibo	-lbo	-mbo	-mbo	-rbo	-zbo	-ubo	**	iko
Immediate + Imperative	-agri	-igri	-lgri	-ngri	-ngri	-gri	-zgri	-ugri	egri	ikri
Preterite	-ame	-ime	-lme	-me	-me	-rme	-sme	-ume	**	jame
Simple Future	-aga	-iga	-lga	-nga	-nga	-rga	-zga	-uga	rega	kaga
Present Progressive	-atre	-itre	-ltre	-ntre	-ntre	-tre	-stre	-utre	etre	kitre
Past Progressive	-ar	-jar	-lar	-mar	-nar	-ar	-sar	-war	jar	ikar
Present Perfect	-ajon	-jon	-ljon	-mjon	-njon	-rjon	-shon	-jon	rajon	kjon
Pluperfect	-atze	-itze	-ltze	-ntze	-ntze	-rtze	-se	-utze	ritze	kitze
Future Perfect	-asul	-shul	-sul	-nsul	-nsul	-rsul	-sul	-usul	rasul	kisul

Era and ika

The most significantly irregular verbs are era (the copula) and ika "to go", and era is also the only suppletive verb. Era's first-person singular present and past forms derive from the Classical Jeglijan adposition ama, which marked the now nonexistent essive case and is no longer grammatical in the modern language. This was likely done to avoid conflation with the first-person possessive determiner zar. Further, am is the only present indicative form in the entire language that does not end with -ck.

*Present forms of era	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Za am	Wil erack	Nel erack	Wi järk	Ne järk
Second Male	Ga järk	Gal erack		Gan jerack
Second Female	Ge järk	Gel erack		Gen jerack
Third Male	Ir järk	Irol erack		Ern jerack
Third Female	Ire järk	Irel erack

**Past forms of era	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Za ambo	Wil erbo	Nel erbo	Wi erbo	Ne erbo
Second Male	Ga rabo	Gal erbo		Gan erbo
Second Female	Ge rabo	Gel erbo		Gen erbo
Third Male	Ir rabo	Irol erbo		Ern erbo
Third Female	Ire rabo	Irel erbo

***Present forms of ika	Singular	Dual Inclusive	Dual Exclusive	Plural Inclusive	Plural Exclusive
First	Za jack	Wil ick	Nel ick	Wi jack	Ne jack
Second Male	Ga jack	Gal ick		Gan jack
Second Female	Ge jack	Gel ick		Gen jack
Third Male	Ir ick	Irol ick		Ern jack
Third Female	Ire ick	Irel ick

Modal verbs

Modal verbs must be followed by an infinitive. They also demonstrate irregularity and lack non-finite, progressive, and habitual forms. When in the progressive aspect, a modal verb is followed by an active participle instead. Although itjara (to want) is technically also the modal verb for the Desiderative, its forms are not listed because it conjugates like a regular -ra verb.

Verb Form	bhiwa (Debitive Mood)	etjora (Hortative Mood)	jedola (Hypothetical Mood)	pilana (Conditional Mood)	shuma (Potential Mood)	vruna (Inferential Mood)
Present	bhiwack	etjork	jedolk	pelnk	shumack	vronk
Past	bhime	etjorme	jelme	pilme	shume	vrome
Future	bhuga	etjorga	jolga	pelnga	shonga	vronga
Present Perfect	bhajon	etjon	jedjon	pilanjon	shumjon	vrunjon
Pluperfect	bhutze	etjortze	jeltze	pelntze	shontze	vrontze
Future Perfect	bhisul	etjosul	jedosul	pelnsul	shonsul	vronsul

Vocabulary

The Jeglijan lexicon is a extensive list of all known words within the Jeglijan language. It shall serve as a comprehensive dictionary for the language, providing a reference for any words use in the language that one may wish to find.

A

Alguo; "bird"

Atla; "mighty, powerful"

B

Bila; "(to) go berserk)

Bili; "berserk"

Brese; "command, control"

Bretz; "Bretz, Emperor"

Breza; "(to) rule"

Brejhe; "empire, kingdom"

C

Char; "work"

Chara; "(to) work"

Ç

Çiber; "food"

Çibra; "(to) eat"

Çibraler; "meal"

D

Darm; "hammer"

Dhol; "dog"

Don; "all"

Dong; "crow, raven"

Donfam; "mankind"

Donfern; "eternal, everlasting"

Donje; "(the) world"

E

Era; the copula

Erben; "iron"

Emo; "little"

F

Fam; "man"

Ferna; "(to) last, (to) survive"

G

Gal; "water"

Galnari; "sea snake" (from Gli+Nari)

Gli; "sea"

Glijrong; "sea mother"

Galdaguo; "sea bird" (from Gli+Alguo)

Gliwal; "river"

Glor; "light"

Guer; "fight"

Guera; "(to) fight"

I

Ika; "(to) go"

Ista; "wood"

J

Jan; "sky, heavens"

Jankhang; "creator god, sky father"

Je; "earth, land, soil"

Jrong; "mother"

K

Khang; "father"

Khangstla; "(to) assassinate"

L

Lega; "(to) build"

Luga; "surface"

M

Mandi; "night"

Mhang; "education"

Mhanga; "(to) teach"

Mhangre; "teacher" (from Mhang+-de through ŋ-laut)

Mlago; "fire"

Mlagual; "electricity, 'fire-path'" (from Mlago+Wal)

Mritz; "cold"

Mrizgli; "ice, snow"

N

Naln; "ring"

Nari; "serpent, snake"

Nom; "sun"

O

Okena; "(to) bring"

Orn; "master"

Oste; "gold"

P

Peda; "diamond"

Pochli; "year"

Q

Qhuapa; "textile"

Quan; "holy"

Quomhang; "priest, 'holy teacher'"

Quona; "(to) worship"

Quonselan; "Bretz's Staff"

Quonwal; "worship, 'holy path'"

R

Rhode; "island"

Rudre; "later"

S

Selan; "staff";

Skatja; "(to) unite"

Spor; "conquest, domination"

Spora; "(to) conquer"

Stla; "(to) kill"

Sune; "sword"

T

Thong; "bowl"

Twel; "home"

U

Uden; "also"

V

Vrack; "mountain, crag"

W

Wal; "road, path, trail"

Wem; "many"

Z

Zama; "(to) create"

Zena; "(to) lift, raise, elevate"

Zendoluga; "table, raised platform"

Zoser; "help"

Zosra; "(to) help"

Zatz; "flower"

Numbers

Zero; Zeltz

One; Da

Two; Il

Three;

Four;

Five;

Six;

Seven;

Eight;

Nine;

Ten;