Jeglijan language
Jeglijan | |
---|---|
Region | Jeglijan |
Ethnicity | Jeglijan |
Jeglijanic | |
Early forms |
Proto-Jeglijanic
|
Jeglijan script | |
Signed Jeglijan | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 |
jg |
ISO 639-2 |
jgj |
ISO 639-3 |
jgj |
The Jeglijan language is the official language of Jeglijan, hence the name, and the most widely-spoken member of the namesake language family.
Phonology
Consonants
Jeglijan has an unusually large number of phonetic consonants, having 74 in total. However, the "true" number of phonemic consonants is smaller, as several consonants on this chart arose from phonetic processes. Among its consonants it makes several rare distinctions, including a four-way contrast of phonation in stops, "whistled" sibilants, and true palatal stops that contrast with the postalveolar affricates, which derive from clusters of a velar stop followed by /j/. They are often conflated with (and in some dialects merge into) the postalveolar stops.
Labial | Dental | Labialized Dental | Alveolar | Whistled Alveolar | Postalveolar | Whistled Postalveolar | Palatal | Labialized
Palatal |
Velar | Labialized Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||||
Breathy-voiced nasal | mʱ | nʱ | ɲʱ | |||||||||
Voiceless stop | p | t | tʷ | ts | tsᵠ | tʃ | tʃᵠ | cç | cçʷ | k | kʷ | |
Voiced stop | b | d | dʷ | dz | dzᵝ | dʒ | dʒᵝ | ɟʝ | ɟʝʷ | g | gʷ | |
Aspirated stop | pʰ | tʰ | tʷʰ | tsʰ | tsᵠʰ | tʃʰ | tʃᵠʰ | cçʰ | cçʷʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |
Breathy-voiced stop | bʱ | dʱ | dʷʱ | dzʱ | dzᵝʱ | dʒʱ | dʒᵝʱ | ɟʝʱ | ɟʝʷʱ | gʱ | gʷʱ | |
Voiceless continuant | f | s | sᵠ | ʃ | ʃᵠ | ç | çʷ | x | ʍ | h | ||
Voiced continuant | v | z | zᵝ | ʒ | ʒᵝ | j | ɥ | w | ||||
Liquid | l~ɫ | r | ʎ | |||||||||
Breathy-voiced liquid | lʱ~ɫʱ | rʱ | ʎʱ |
Vowels
Jeglijan has advanced tongue root vowel harmony. This means, if a +ATR vowel begins a word, then all vowels shift to their +ATR counterparts. Similarly, when a -ATR vowel begins a word, all vowels shift to their -ATR counterparts.
Nasal vowels are true phonemes, and they contrast with vowel-nasal sequences word-finally only (where they are represented with a final -ng, indicating a historical pronunciation).
+ATR | -ATR |
---|---|
/i/ | /e/ |
/æ/ | /ɑ/ |
/ø/ | /o/ |
/y/ | /u/ |
/ẽ/ | /ɛ̃/ |
/æ̃/ | /ɑ̃/ |
/œ̃/ | /ɔ̃/ |
Phonotactics
The syllable structure for Jeglijan is /(s)(C)(L)V(L)(F)/, where:
- C = any consonant except /ŋ/;
- L = the liquids /l/ and /r/;
- V = any vowel;
- F = nasals /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/ (only after oral vowels), /ts/, or /k/.
Other rules
- /h/ cannot appear word-initially;
- Phones with the same sonority cannot be adjacent in a word. By extension, diphthongs, long vowels, and geminate consonants are also prohibited.
- Syllable-coda nasals only appear at the very end of a word. In all other positions, these nasals were lost and the preceding vowel nasalized.
- /l/ follows front-back harmony, being pronounced as [l] after +ATR vowels, and [ɫ] after -ATR vowels.
Orthography
Main article: Jeglijan script
The Jeglijan language uses a superalphasyllabary, meaning entire syllables, including onset, vowel, and coda, are encoded in a single character.
To be expanded...
Transcription into Latin
Labial | Palatalized
Labial |
Dental | Labialized Dental | Alveolar | Whistled Alveolar | Postalveolar | Whistled Postalveolar | Palatal | Labialized
Palatal |
Velar | Labialized Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | mj | n | nj | ng | ||||||||
Breathy-voiced nasal | mh | mhj | nh | nhj | |||||||||
Voiceless stop | p | pj | t | tw | tz | tzw | tj | tü | kj | qü | k | qu | |
Voiced stop | b | bj | d | dw | dz | dzw | dj | dü | gj | gü | g | gu | |
Aspirated stop | ph | phj | th | thw | tzh | tzhw | thj | thü | khj | qhü | kh | qhu | |
Breathy-voiced stop | bh | bhj | dh | dhw | dzh | dzhw | dhj | dhü | ghj | ghü | gh | ghu | |
Voiceless continuant | f | fj | s | sw | sh | shw | ç | çü | ch | wh | h | ||
Voiced continuant | v | vj | z | zw | zh | zhw | j | ju | w | ||||
Liquid | l | r | lj | ||||||||||
Breathy-voiced liquid | lh | rh | ljh |
Grammar
Nouns
Number | Nominative | Accusative | Dative | Genitive |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | -Ø | -ma | -ge | -r |
Dual | -l | -mal | -gel | -ler |
Plural | -n | -man | -gen | -ner |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns (Nominative)
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za | Wil | Nel | Wi | Ne |
Second
Male |
Ga | Gal | Gan | ||
Second
Female |
Ge | Gel | Gen | ||
Third Male | Ir | Irol | Ern | ||
Third Female | Ire | Irel |
Personal pronouns (Accusative)
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Zama | Wimal | Nemal | Wiman | Nenam |
Second
Male |
Gama | Gamal | Gaman | ||
Second
Female |
Gema | Gemal | Geman | ||
Third | Irma | Irmal | Irman |
Personal pronouns (Dative)
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Zage | Wigel | Negel | Wigen | Negem |
Second
Male |
Gage | Gagel | Gagen | ||
Second
Female |
Gege | Gegel | Gegen | ||
Third | Irge | Irgel | Irgen |
Possessive pronouns (Genitive)
Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Zar | Wiler | Neler | Wir | Ner |
Second
Male |
Gar | Galer | Ganer | ||
Second
Female |
Ger | Geler | Gener | ||
Third Male | Irer | Iroler | Erner | ||
Third Female | Ireler |
Verbs
Conjugations
Verb Form | -a | -ja | -la | -ma | -na | -ra | -sa | -wa | era (the copula) | ika "to go" |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | -a | -ja | -la | -ma | -na | -ra | -sa | -wa | era | ika |
Active Participle | -ank | -enk | -lnk | -nk | -nk | -rk | -senk | -onk | rank | kenk |
Passive Participle | -ado | -ido | -ldo | -ndo | -ndo | -rado | -zdo | -udo | Do not exist | |
Present Habitual | -ack | -jack | -lack | -mack | -nack | -rack | -sack | -wack | * | *** |
Past Habitual | -abo | -ibo | -lbo | -mbo | -mbo | -rbo | -zbo | -ubo | ** | iko |
Immediate +
Imperative |
-agri | -igri | -lgri | -ngri | -ngri | -gri | -zgri | -ugri | egri | ikri |
Preterite | -ame | -ime | -lme | -me | -me | -rme | -sme | -ume | ** | jame |
Simple Future | -aga | -iga | -lga | -nga | -nga | -rga | -zga | -uga | rega | kaga |
Present Progressive | -atre | -itre | -ltre | -ntre | -ntre | -tre | -stre | -utre | etre | kitre |
Past Progressive | -ar | -jar | -lar | -mar | -nar | -ar | -sar | -war | jar | ikar |
Present Perfect | -ajon | -jon | -ljon | -mjon | -njon | -rjon | -shon | -jon | rajon | kjon |
Pluperfect | -atze | -itze | -ltze | -ntze | -ntze | -rtze | -se | -utze | ritze | kitze |
Future Perfect | -asul | -shul | -sul | -nsul | -nsul | -rsul | -sul | -usul | rasul | kisul |
Era and ika
The most significantly irregular verbs are era (the copula) and ika "to go", and era is also the only suppletive verb. Era's first-person singular present and past forms derive from the Classical Jeglijan adposition ama, which marked the now nonexistent essive case and is no longer grammatical in the modern language. This was likely done to avoid conflation with the first-person possessive determiner zar. Further, am is the only present indicative form in the entire language that does not end with -ck.
*Present forms of era | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za am | Wil erack | Nel erack | Wi järk | Ne järk |
Second
Male |
Ga järk | Gal erack | Gan jerack | ||
Second
Female |
Ge järk | Gel erack | Gen jerack | ||
Third Male | Ir järk | Irol erack | Ern jerack | ||
Third Female | Ire järk | Irel erack |
**Past forms of era | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za ambo | Wil erbo | Nel erbo | Wi erbo | Ne erbo |
Second
Male |
Ga rabo | Gal erbo | Gan erbo | ||
Second
Female |
Ge rabo | Gel erbo | Gen erbo | ||
Third Male | Ir rabo | Irol erbo | Ern erbo | ||
Third Female | Ire rabo | Irel erbo |
***Present forms of ika | Singular | Dual Inclusive | Dual Exclusive | Plural Inclusive | Plural Exclusive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
First | Za jack | Wil ick | Nel ick | Wi jack | Ne jack |
Second
Male |
Ga jack | Gal ick | Gan jack | ||
Second
Female |
Ge jack | Gel ick | Gen jack | ||
Third Male | Ir ick | Irol ick | Ern jack | ||
Third Female | Ire ick | Irel ick |
Modal verbs
Modal verbs must be followed by an infinitive. They also demonstrate irregularity and lack non-finite, progressive, and habitual forms. When in the progressive aspect, a modal verb is followed by an active participle instead. Although itjara (to want) is technically also the modal verb for the Desiderative, its forms are not listed because it conjugates like a regular -ra verb.
Verb Form | bhiwa (Debitive Mood) | etjora (Hortative Mood) | jedola (Hypothetical Mood) | pilana (Conditional Mood) | shuma (Potential Mood) | vruna (Inferential Mood) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | bhiwack | etjork | jedolk | pelnk | shumack | vronk |
Past | bhime | etjorme | jelme | pilme | shume | vrome |
Future | bhuga | etjorga | jolga | pelnga | shonga | vronga |
Present Perfect | bhajon | etjon | jedjon | pilanjon | shumjon | vrunjon |
Pluperfect | bhutze | etjortze | jeltze | pelntze | shontze | vrontze |
Future Perfect | bhisul | etjosul | jedosul | pelnsul | shonsul | vronsul |
Vocabulary
The Jeglijan lexicon is a extensive list of all known words within the Jeglijan language. It shall serve as a comprehensive dictionary for the language, providing a reference for any words use in the language that one may wish to find.
A
Alguo; "bird"
Atla; "mighty, powerful"
B
Bila; "(to) go berserk)
Bili; "berserk"
Brese; "command, control"
Bretz; "Bretz, Emperor"
Breza; "(to) rule"
Brejhe; "empire, kingdom"
C
Char; "work"
Chara; "(to) work"
Ç
Çiber; "food"
Çibra; "(to) eat"
Çibraler; "meal"
D
Darm; "hammer"
Dhol; "dog"
Don; "all"
Dong; "crow, raven"
Donfam; "mankind"
Donfern; "eternal, everlasting"
Donje; "(the) world"
E
Era; the copula
Erben; "iron"
Emo; "little"
F
Fam; "man"
Ferna; "(to) last, (to) survive"
G
Gal; "water"
Galnari; "sea snake" (from Gli+Nari)
Gli; "sea"
Glijrong; "sea mother"
Galdaguo; "sea bird" (from Gli+Alguo)
Gliwal; "river"
Glor; "light"
Guer; "fight"
Guera; "(to) fight"
I
Ika; "(to) go"
Ista; "wood"
J
Jan; "sky, heavens"
Jankhang; "creator god, sky father"
Je; "earth, land, soil"
Jrong; "mother"
K
Khang; "father"
Khangstla; "(to) assassinate"
L
Lega; "(to) build"
Luga; "surface"
M
Mandi; "night"
Mhang; "education"
Mhanga; "(to) teach"
Mhangre; "teacher" (from Mhang+-de through ŋ-laut)
Mlago; "fire"
Mlagual; "electricity, 'fire-path'" (from Mlago+Wal)
Mritz; "cold"
Mrizgli; "ice, snow"
N
Naln; "ring"
Nari; "serpent, snake"
Nom; "sun"
O
Okena; "(to) bring"
Orn; "master"
Oste; "gold"
P
Peda; "diamond"
Pochli; "year"
Q
Qhuapa; "textile"
Quan; "holy"
Quomhang; "priest, 'holy teacher'"
Quona; "(to) worship"
Quonselan; "Bretz's Staff"
Quonwal; "worship, 'holy path'"
R
Rhode; "island"
Rudre; "later"
S
Selan; "staff";
Skatja; "(to) unite"
Spor; "conquest, domination"
Spora; "(to) conquer"
Stla; "(to) kill"
Sune; "sword"
T
Thong; "bowl"
Twel; "home"
U
Uden; "also"
V
Vrack; "mountain, crag"
W
Wal; "road, path, trail"
Wem; "many"
Z
Zama; "(to) create"
Zena; "(to) lift, raise, elevate"
Zendoluga; "table, raised platform"
Zoser; "help"
Zosra; "(to) help"
Zatz; "flower"
Numbers
Zero; Zeltz
One; Da
Two; Il
Three;
Four;
Five;
Six;
Seven;
Eight;
Nine;
Ten;