List of U.S. Break-Away states
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past.
There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being. In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and during World War II. In the 1996 case Loizidou v. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.
There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See (1870–1929); Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation); and Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.
List
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"Government Type" column legend Far-Left
Left
Centre
Right
Far-Right
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| Name | Declared | Type of Government | Head of State | Further information | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The People's Union of New Afrika | 2007 | Unitary Marxist–Leninist one-party socialist republic | GENERAL SECRETARY | Diplomatic Missions by TPUNA | |
| The Republic of California | 2008 | Unitary presidential constitutional republic | PRESIDENT | Unrecognized by Aztlan (See: Californian-Aztlan Border Dispute) | |
| The Republic of Texas | 2009 | Unitary presidential constitutional republic | PRESIDENT | Doesn't recognize the People's Union of New Afrika. | |
| The Social Republic of Aztlan | 2009 | Unitary Marxist–Leninist dictatorial socialist republic | HOLY COUNCIL OF AZTLÁN | Unrecognized by California (See: Californian-Aztlan Border Dispute) | |
| The People's Republic of New England | 2009 | Federal Marxist-Leninist one-party parliamentary socialist republic | GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE NORTHEAST | in a Territorial Dispute with Canada | |
| The Cascadian Democratic Republic | 2010 | Federal Leninist one-party socialist republic under a totalitarian dictatorship | GENERAL SECRETARY OF CASCADIAN WORKERS | in a Territorial Dispute with Canada | |
| The Republic of Alaska | 2010 | Federal presidential constitutional republic | PRESIDENT | None | |
| The Kingdom of Hawaii | 2010 | Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy | PRIME MINISTER
KING |
Unrecognized by Japan, as a Japanese Protectorate owns half of the island chain. | |