Russia (Pepperverse)

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Russian Empire Росси́йская Импе́рия
Flag State Coat of Arms
Motto:  Истина, Равенство, Рациональность, Справедливость Istina, Ravenstvo, Ratsional'nost', Spravedlivost "Truth, Equality, Rationality, Justice"
Anthem:  Государственный гимн Российская Империя Gosudarstvennyy gimn Rossiyskaya Imperiya "State Anthem of the Russian Empire"
Greater Coat of Arms
Capital and largest city	Moscow
Official languages	Russian
Recognised national languages	Russian, English, French
Ethnic groups (2023)	71.7% Russian 3.2% Tatar 1.1% Chechen 1.1% Bashkir 11.3% other 11.6% not reported
Religion	66% Christianity · 65% Russian Orthodoxy (official) · 1% other Christian 20% no religion 8% Islam 1% other (including Buddhism) 4% undeclared
Demonym(s)	Russian
Government	Federal Christian Theocratic Absolute Monarchy under a Consultative Imperial Autocracy
• Empress	Maria Vladimirovna
• Prime Minister	Vagin Lavro Dmitrievich
Legislature	Governing Senate
• Upper house	State Council
• Lower house	State Duma
Formation
• Kievan Rus'	879
• Vladimir-Suzdal	1157
• Grand Duchy of Moscow	1263
• Tsardom of Russia	16 January 1547
• First Russian Empire	2 November 1721
• February Revolution	15 March 1917
• Soviet Union	30 December 1922
• Declaration of State Sovereignty	12 June 1990
• Russian Federation	12 December 1991
• Second February Revolution	15 March 2023
• Second Russian Empire	2 November 2023
Area
•	17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi) (1st)
Population
• 2022 estimate	147,182,123 (9th)
• Density	8.4/km2 (21.8/sq mi) (187th)
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
• Total	$5.056 trillion (6th)
• Per capita	$35,309 (56th)
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
• Total	$1.862 trillion (11th)
• Per capita	$13,005 (68th)
Gini (2020)	36.0 medium
HDI (2021)	0.822 very high · 52nd
Currency	Ruble (₽)
Time zone	UTC+2 to +12
Driving side	right
Calling code	+7
ISO 3166 code	RU

Russia (Russian: Россия; Romanized: Rossiya), officially known the Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя; Romanized: Rossiyskaya Imperiya), is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extends across eleven time zones, and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. Norway and Finland to the northwest; Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and Ukraine to the west, as well as Lithuania and Poland (with Kaliningrad Oblast); Georgia and Azerbaijan to the southwest; Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the south; China and North Korea to the southeast—as well as sharing maritime boundaries with Japan and the United States. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kazan.

The East Slavs emerged as a recognised group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries CE. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Rus' ultimately disintegrated, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow growing to become the Tsardom of Russia. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the First Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR—the world's first constitutionally socialist state. Following the Russian Civil War, the Russian SFSR established the Soviet Union with three other Soviet republics, within which it was the largest and principal constituent. At the expense of millions of lives, the Soviet Union underwent rapid industrialisation in the 1930s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.

In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putin, under whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and a shift towards authoritarianism. However, Vladimir Putin would be later overthrowned by the monarchists during the Second Russian Revolution thus re-establishing the monarchy in Russia with Maria Vladimirovna of the House of Romanov ascending to the Russian imperial throne in 2 November 2023 as Empress of Russia.

Internationally, Russia ranks among the lowest in measurements of democracy, human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption and also being the only largest country being under a totalitarian regime. The Russian economy ranks 11th by nominal GDP, relying heavily on its abundant natural resources. Its mineral and energy sources are the world's largest, and its figures for oil production and natural gas production rank highly globally. The Russian GDP ranks 65th by per capita; Russia possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the French Hegemony, SCO, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, and WTO; and the leading member state of post-Soviet organisations such as CIS, CSTO, and EAEU/EEU. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

See also

This page uses material from the Wikipedia page Russia, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (view authors).