19th century

 

This article is part of the Altverse II universe.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Timelines:	18th century 19th century 20th century
State leaders:	18th century 19th century 20th century
Decades:	1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s
Categories:	Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments

Napoleon's retreat from Russia in 1812. The war swings decisively against the French Empire.

The 19th (nineteenth) century was the ninth and penultimate century of the second millennium. It was preceded by the 18th century and succeeded by the 20th century.

1800s

1801

• Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres.
• The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom.
• Thomas Jefferson is elected President of the United States by the House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College.
• Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope.
• Cairo falls to the British.
• Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia.
• The British defeat the French at the Second Battle of Abukir.
• Start of the First Barbary War between the United States of America and the Barbary States of North Africa.

1802

• Death of the Tiancewansui Empress; Zhu Rongzu takes the throne of Southern Ming as Jianyi Emperor
• The Jianyi Emperor enacts anti-Catholic reforms to combat the doctrine of papal supremacy.
• The Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.
• Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time.

1803

• William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat".
• The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
• The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina.
• War breaks out between Britain and France; this is considered by some to be the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars.
• First phase of Padri War.

1804

• World population reaches 1 billion
• The Haitian Revolution results in the independence of Haiti from France.
• Territorial disputes cause the Russo-Persian War, which will last until 1813.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French. In response, Francis crowns himself Emperor of Austria.
• The first steam locomotive begins operation.
• Morphine first isolated
• Start of the Fulani Jihad in Nigeria
• The Serbian Revolution erupts against Ottoman rule.

1805

• The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century.
• Napoleon decisively defeats an Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz.
• Tondolese poet and activist João Mayaman is executed by order of the Jianyi Emperor.
• Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement, is born.
• Muhammad Ali's rule in Egypt commences, beginning a period of modernization.

1806

• Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg
• Cape Colony becomes part of the British Empire.
• Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)
• Death of the Jianyi Emperor; Zhu Guiren takes the throne as Taiping Emperor

1807

• Britain and the United States declare the slave trade illegal.
• Potassium and sodium are individually isolated by Humphry Davy.

1808

• Beethoven performs his Fifth Symphony.
• Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War.
• Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War.
• Herman Willem Daendels, the governor-general of the Dutch East Indies begins the construction of Great Post Road in Java.

1809

• Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim.

1810s

1810

• The University of Berlin is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities).
• The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence.
• The trumpet gets valves.
• Punjab War (1810-1820) between the Sikh Empire and British Empire.

1812

• The disastrous French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars.
• British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated.
• War of 1812 (1812-1815) between the United States and Britain.
• The Tondolese Catholic Church secedes from Rome.

1813

• Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice.
• Afghan-Sikh Wars (1813-1837)

1814

• Pope Pius VII excommunicates the Tondolese Catholics.
• Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba.
• Elisha Collier invents the flintlock revolver.
• Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) between the Gurkha Empire and British Empire.

1815

• The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until the 1930s.
• Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars.
• Mount Tambora on Sumbawa erupts, becoming the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, destroying the Tambora culture, and killing at least 71,000 people, including in its aftermath. The eruption created global climate anomalies known as "volcanic winter".
• Jane Austen publishes Emma.

1816

• Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere due to the Tambora eruption last year.
• Independence of Argentina
• The dandy horse, a predecessor of the bicycle, is invented.
• Shaka founds the Zulu Kingdom.

1817

• The Principality of Serbia gains autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.
• The First Seminole War begins in Florida.
• Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus.
• Princess Charlotte of Wales, a popular and likely heir to the British throne, dies following childbirth.

1818

• Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.
• Independence of Chile

1819

• Death of the Taiping Emperor; Zhu Qingsheng takes the throne of Southern Ming, becoming the Yongping Emperor
• John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
• Peterloo Massacre in England
• The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company.
• Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it at the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.

1820s

1820

• Missouri Compromise
• Regency period ends in the United Kingdom
• Revolutions of 1820 in Europe
• A Russian naval expedition discovers Antarctica
• Liberia is founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves
• Dissolution of the Maratha Empire
• Apache raids (1820-1835)

1821

• Independence of Mexico
• Greek War of Independence begins

1822

• Prince Pedro declares Brazilian independence and is crowned emperor

1825

• Erie Canal opens
• The Decembrist revolt in Russia

1830s

1830

• July Revolution in France
• Belgian Revolution
• Gran Colombia splits into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela
• November Uprising in Poland against Russia.
• France invades and occupies Algeria

1833

• Britain abolishes slavery

1837

• Rebellions of 1837 in Canada

1840s

1840

• Death of the Yongping Emperor; Zhu Shihong takes the throne of Southern Ming as Rixin Emperor

1841

• The Constitution of Canada is adopted, transitioning the provisional republic to the contemporary federal republic.
• The British defeat the Southern Ming fleet at the Battle of Kuching, and weaken Ming supremacy over Borneo

1842

• The British fleet attacks Manila, forcing the Southern Ming to sign the Treaty of Kawit, which opens Tondo to foreign trade.
• The Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to Britain.

1845

• Great Hunger in Ireland (1845-1852)

1848

• The Mexican-American War ends with the Treaty of Guadelupe-Hidalgo, formalizing the independence of Brazoria and the California Republic.
• A revolutionary wave sweeps across Europe.
• Seneca Falls Convention
• California Gold Rush

1850s

1858

• The 1857 Constitutional Convention results in the adoption of the 1858 Constitution, which reorganizes the California Republic as the Kingdom of Sierra, with Charles I of Sierra as its first monarch.

1860s

1860

• Peru is annexed to Colombia.

1861

• Alexander II of Russia emancipates the serfs
• The American Civil War begins following the secession of the Confederate States
• France intervenes in Mexico, beginning half a century of foreign rule there

1864

• April: Maximilian von Habsburg is crowned Emperor of Mexico
• August: Mexican Republican leader Benito Juarez is captured by turncoat Santiago Vidaurri
• Second Schleswig War

1865

• April 9: The American Civil War apparently ends with the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House
• April 14: U.S. president Abraham Lincoln, vice president Andrew Johnson, and secretary of state William Seward are all assassinated in a conspiracy by Confederate sympathizers
• April 21: Negotiations between Union Gen. Sherman and Confederate Gen. Johnston break down after Johnston learns of the assassinations and opts to keep fighting
• May: Confederate president Jefferson Davis flees with his government to Havana, Cuba
• The Army of the Trans-Mississippi under Gen. Kirby Smith, including native detachments under Stand Watie, continue to hold out and wage guerrilla war throughout the year. Likewise, the CSS Shenandoah severely disrupts trade in the Pacific.

1866

• The War of Contingency begins after the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln and a subsequent attempted coup by the Knights of the Golden Circle leads to a power struggle, the Confederate Uprising, and the collapse of the United States government. The U.S. government is reorganized as the United Commonwealth of America and several U.S. states secede as their own breakaway states: Acadiana (Louisiana), Astoria (Oregon Territory), Florida, the Northeast Union (New York and the New England states), Superior (the American Midwest), and Tournesol (Kansas) breaking away from the former United States.
• Canada attempts to annex Astoria amid the War of Contingency chaos. Sierra intervenes on behalf of Astoria. The conflict becomes known as the Eugene War and results in Astorian-Sierran victory, securing Astoria's independence.

1867

• The Ausgleich preserves the Austro-Hungarian union.

1869

• The War of Contingency ends, after Sierra and Brazoria intervene on behalf of the breakaway states. The Treaty of Salinas is signed, with the United Commonwealth recognizing the sovereignties of the breakaway states.

1870s

1871

• Anglo-Astorian conflict (till 1877)

1874

• The Sierran Civil War erupts between Republicans and Monarchists in Sierra.

1875

• While Sierra is embroiled in internal conflict, Mexico and Brazoria engage in border skirmishes.

1877

• The Sierran Civil War ends in a Monarchist victory and the capitulation of Isaiah Landon and the Republicans.

1880s

1885

• The Madrid Protocol divides Tondo into British, French, and Spanish spheres of influence

1890s

1894

• The First Sino-Japanese War breaks out over tensions between the Qing dynasty and Japan in Korea.

1895

• The war between Japan and China ends with China making concessions, such as accepting Japan's dominance over Korea and the Japanese annexation of Taiwan.

1898

• The Spanish–American War breaks out after the explosion of a Brazorian warship in Havana. Spain is defeated by a coalition of Anglo-American countries in the Antilles of the Caribbean as well as in Tondo and the Spanish Pacific islands, being forced to cede several territories to Sierra and the United Commonwealth.

See also

This page uses material from the Wikipedia page 19th century, which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (view authors).