User:Symposium/History of Kalseri
Prehistory
Excavations close to Mount Takal found tools and bones that date back to around 10,000 BC, showing that modern-day Kalșeri began to be populated around that date. However, the first stable settlement is dated at around 4500 BC, in modern-day Gomíl, and by 1000 BC, several villages were built across Raflá, the main island, the most prominent of which is Lágrél, close to modern-day Evalria. The first stable village in Iskio is believed to have been built in 850 BC, while Relkaf was not shown to be inhabited during the period.
The settlers were relatively isolated from each other and would mostly get in contact when their claims overlapped each other, causing conflicts.
First chiefdoms
The first chiefdoms started appearing during the 4th century BC, the oldest of which is often agreed upon to be Lág. Lág is said to have been established in the year 300 BC, which is the assumed date of the coronation of the first recorded King of Lág, Ausvan I. Proofs of the first coronation taking place in 300 BC were shown by Lág-French historian Chenel Avousse in his series of books History of Lág up to the Present Day, published in 1659.
The other seven main chiefdoms were Șanvel, Așál, Iskio, Takalim, Janval, Șindal and Kalúen. Searches in Relkaf provided still no evidence that the island was ever inhabited during this period. The eight chiefdoms were independent from each other, and skirmishes for local control were frequent; the first relevant conflict happened around 233 BC, when the Janval chiefdom annexed the Șindal rivals to its territory and brought the extinction of the rival tribe.
By 5 AD, the Urgel peninsula was populated by both the Iskio and Takalim chiefdoms; across the centuries, the contact between the two tribes resulted in the appearance of the Urgel chiefdom.
Middle Ages
Second Lág
In 813, Rovuan VII the Conqueror ascended to the throne of Lág: he immediately showed to be a belligerent king and sought to annex the seven other chiefdoms to his. After reforming the Lág army to make it more efficient and faster, Rovuan started with the invasion of the Așál chiefdom. He went with a direct approach the first time, and was defeated. Not wanting to lose again, the King adopted the ambush strategy; this time, he successfully annexed the Așál chiefdom, and the defeated soldiers were incorporated into the Lág army; he would apply the same strategy with the Kalúen and Takalim tribes. To commemorate the victories, Rovuan built three obelisks and renamed the city of Lágrél into Eșan Falseria (now Evalria).
Rovuan's army was now considered too powerful for anyone to battle them. The Șanvel chiefdom tried to topple the Lág regime, but was quickly defeated, while Urgel, Iskio and Janval, realizing that there was no feasible way to drive out the mighty Lág army, surrendered and offered to join Lág peacefully; the three new subject tribes were welcomed in 836, and their kings and commanders were spared.
In the same year, Rovuan VII was re-coronated King of Greater Lág at the main square of Eșan Falseria; he requested that Lág be referred to as Greater, as to assert dominance over the other tribes. The High Council of the Eight Tribes of Lág was established a year later, with the Eight Tribes being Lág, Șanvel, Așál, Iskio, Takalim, Janval, Urgel and Kalúen. After the coronation, Rovuan VII, now called "the Conqueror" by the commoners, would build the Royal Palace and rule over his country until his death in 847. Hundreds of people attended the funeral.
The Disorderly Biennium
Lerfuan II died in 1082. The throne was to go to the late king's first-born son, Malnus II, but he was born outside of marriage. A series of letters was exchanged between Unvan Falseris, a priest of the Serigéa, who believed that the throne was to go to someone else, and Malnus' brother Terduan, General of the Lág land army, who thought that his brother's alleged illegitimacy was not to matter.
This discussion became more intense and the words used were harsher, to the point where the exchange evolved into a conflict: one hundred Serigéa guards breached the Royal Palace of Evalria and Falseris sought to talk to Terduan about this; the latter, however, saw the unannounced appearance as trespass and promptly ordered his guards to drive out the Serigéa by all means necessary, including killing the guards in case of resistance. The guards, however, rather than using homicide as a last resort, killed every Serigéa guard on sight without hesitation. Falseris saw this as an act of war and sent more Serigéa guards in Evalria; upon discovering the plan, Terduan and his army guarded all the gates of the city.
Once the Serigéa guards arrived at the main gate, the Lág Army opened fire and proceeded to kill every Serigéa guard present; the Serigéa answered swiftly and killed the Lág soldiers to enter the City through the Main Gate. The people started taking stances, with most citizens joining Terduan's side (the Malnusists), but also a significant minority supporting Falseris (the Legitimists): what was a skirmish evolved into a civil war contained in the city. Falseris eventually surrendered and the Main Gate Treaty was signed between the two sides, downgrading the Serigéa guards to a largely ceremonial role and appointing Terduan as Regent of Lág. The treaty also compelled the Council to change the inheritance law so that only children born in marriage could ascend to the throne.
The treaty, however, did not stop the disorder in Evalria: citizens were still maiming each other, and the Lág Army had to intervene once again in the city for the conflict to stop, arresting everyone with a disorderly attitude. Terduan signed a special bill that would intensify military presence in the city for ten years and arrest any citizen who did harm to another citizen. Several people were still arrested, but the violence rates plummeted in the city following the promulgation of the bill.
After seeing that violence decreased in the cities, Terduan eventually left the throne to his brother Malnus in 1085, allowing the return to a normal regime.
Incognitism
The imposition of peace opened up a long period of thriving societal, artistic and literary productions, under which a new current developed, called Incognitism (Kalhan: Fokașiensea), where the main theme was the exploration of the unknown lands that may surround home and the thrill related to it. Many writers and poets started narrating mythical events that once happened in lands far away from home, often using measurements and references to real-life geography in the texts; an important spokesman of Incognitism was Lavus Kérahan, who published the poem Cycles of Halmer (Halmers Kimia) around 1092; the Cycles narrate the events of Halmer, a valiant warrior who goes 10,000 garșia (3,574 kilometers or 2,220.781 miles) to fight the evil wizard Șemáun, who has spawned several monsters.
In 1306, inspired by a number of Incognitist books, a group of about 55 sailors built a special boat called Halmers Șini and then sailed to the alleged land where the events described in the Cycles took place; the sailors landed in modern-day Barnstaple, in Devon, and decided to explore the land, looking for any traces of Halmer's doings. The same challenge was accepted by another group of people, who ventured in the opposite direction, later setting foot in the land around what is now Long Branch, New Jersey.
Modern history
Spanish missions
In 1537, a Spanish ship docked in Loskaf, on the eastern coast of the island of Iskio; from the ship, a group of Franciscan missionaries entered the Lág territory and settled around the dock. The village was remodelled on Spanish towns and renamed Rivas de Loscafo, with the newly-built Saint Cecilia Church being located at the center of the new settlement. During the construction of Rivas de Loscafo, the inhabitants of the existing village were driven out, sometimes forcibly. Among the citizens driven out was Sníus Randen, King Loșar II's envoy in Loskaf: Randen promptly reported the arrival of the Spanish and asked that the King take action.
A few days after the church was inaugurated, Loșar arrived in Loskaf and asked an explanation to the main friar, Alejandro Gutiérrez Sepúlveda; the latter answered, in Kalhan, that he and his group were not trying to do any harm, but rather just spreading the word of God in the island. The King, believing that Gutiérrez was acting in good faith, decided to let the Spaniards stay in the island; he later issued a bill that would allow Catholicism to be freely followed in the Lág Kingdom.
Intrigued by the religion, Loșar insisted on taking lessons about the religion in Latin and Spanish, not wanting to look unprepared for his announced conversion to Catholicism. On May 24, 1539, as scheduled, the King was baptized in the waters of the San Rafael River, close to Rivas de Loscafo, and adopted the Christian name of Joseph. The King's wife and children were baptized, as well, and his father chose the name Philip for the first-born child, Matthew for the second-born and Mary for the youngest daughter. Joseph's wife chose to be baptized as Lydia.
Three years after the conversion, Joseph would make Catholicism the official religion of the Royal Family. He continued reigning over Lág until his death in 1568; he would later be beatified and sanctified by the Catholic Church in 1987 for his actions. Joseph was succeeded by his first-born son Philip. The new king kept the same views on the Catholic Church as his father's, and later issued a bill that would make Catholicism the official religion of Lág. He helped to build churches everywhere in the country and funded Catholic institutions in Lág.
Following the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in Spain in 1582, Philip issued the Calendar Act, which would introduce the Gregorian calendar in Lág. He would also contribute to the latinization of the Kalhan language, ditching the Old Kalhan alphabet for all official purposes.
For years, more missionaries would settle in Iskio and Raflá, creating more villages according to the model applied in their homeland and spread Catholicism in the country. However, the works of the Spaniards were severely limited by the harsh winters and the generally less-than-ideal weather in the Kingdom, as shown by the relative scarcity of Spanish settlements in the main islands, rarifying even more in the North.
Bad weather was the main factor behind the withdrawal of the missionaries from the island, as no new missions were carried out after 1593, and few monks decided to stay in the Kingdom; among those few was Rodolfo Sánchez Piernas (Rodolf Sanșis), who would go on to become Philip II's trusted High Summoner of the Council of the Eight Tribes.
French landing in Relkaf
In 1534, before exploring the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Breton explorer Jacques Cartier spotted an island (now Relkaf) that he called Île Longue Inconnue ("unknown long island") and later landed there, claiming it in the name of King Francis I; however, colonization of the island did not begin until 1605, when Gervaise La Cornelle was invited by Henry IV to settle there and start a new community.
La Cornelle travelled to the island and, in 1606, he founded a city, calling it Henriville, in honor of the king. The settlement then grew over the years, with other towns being created on the island, and the island was renamed Île Cap-Long ("Long Cape Island"), and it was administered under the French colony of Canada.
English settlement
In 1667, the English Province of Cape Sundervale, at the time occupied by the Șanvel tribe, was established, which covered the northern settlement of Șanvel; King John II of Lág saw this as violation of sovereignty and threatened to personally arrest Reginald Simms, the Governor of the Colony, if the English did not leave the island as soon as possible. Upon seeing that the settlers refused to quit the island, John ordered his army to kidnap Simms and destroy the English port in the settlement. Simms was successfully kidnapped, but the destruction plot was foiled by the local guards, who then proceeded to arrest the designated saboteurs. John attempted once again to drive out the English from his island by plotting to destroy the first English ship to dock at the pier using the most furnished divisions of his Army.
Upon discovering the plan, England waged war against Lág and, after a a month-long conflict, the Kingdom was consequently annexed to England and reorganized as the Province of Callen. John II was hanged in front of the Governor's Mansion in Cape Sundervale in February 1668, while the rest of the Lág royal family and the now-dissolved Lág Army was banned from entering the Cape; Simms was freed and reinstated as Governor of the Province of Cape Sundervale, and Anglicanism was made the official religion in the islands. Another condition imposed by the war was that all Kalhan names of cities and villages were to be changed to English names, such as Evalria being renamed New Leeds.
Tea Revolt and War of Independence
In 1765, two years after the Treaty of Paris which gave the French Cap-Long Island to Great Britain, the British Parliament passed the Stamp Act; the act was met with harsh complaints from the authorities in New Leeds, because it was seen as an act imposed by a Parliament in which they had no say. A year later, the British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but it also threatened to extradite those who lived in the Province of Callen to face trial in England, should another protest arise.
Upon finding out that enforcing taxes like the Stamp Act was difficult, the Parliament in London then repealed all the controversial taxes, but later passed one such tax in 1773. Much like in the other colonies, the East Indian tea was met with resistance, and, at the climax of the Tea Revolt, an organization called Hișon Vionia ("Free Sons") fired a cannon against a ship carrying East Indian tea to Port Walpole, destroying her. Following the incident, the Province of Callen deprived of its autonomy and passed a series of acts similar to the Intolerable ones in Boston. The response of Hișon Vionia was to set up a local council, essentially rejecting the Crown's authority in the Province; the organization also called for boycott of British goods.
After declaring the Province of Callen to be in a state of rebellion, the British intervened and ordered the withdrawal of the local section of the Army; the latter refused to leave the colony. On November 4, 1774, fighting broke out in New Leeds, with the rebel soldiers being joined by Ioen Lágan's newly-formed Kalhan Militia; however, the rebels lost and were forced to relocate to Saint Paul, where they would plan an ambush attack against the British, rather than attacking them directly. Throughout 1775, more people joined the Kalhan Militia, which was then reorganized into the Kalșerian Army.
On March 18, 1775, the Kalșerian Army entered New Leeds through an unprotected gate and drove out the British, declaring New Leeds (now Evalria) the capital city of Kalșeri. More cities were then freed of British control, causing more people to join the Kalșerian Army. After suffering a defeat in Chalmersville (today Iarkel), the Kalșerian Army underwent a revamp, rationalizing the internal structure as much as possible and changing several older officials to newer, more skilled ones.
After the reorganization, Ioen Lágan would ask the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Empire to help the Kalșerian Army achieve the goal of independence. The two superpowers agreed, and the KFE Entente was formed. After a series of important victories, the Entente would eventually surround the British Army in Port Walpole on August 29, 1783; there, General Harold Lance, understanding that there was no feasible way of fighting back without suffering significant losses, surrendered.
The Peace of Paris brought the independence of the United States and Kalșeri, with General Ioen Lágan being appointed King, with the regal name of John III. However, during the treaty, the inhabitants of Cape Sundervale expressed reluctance to join the newly-born Kingdom of Kalșeri; aware of this, John III agreed to let the British Crown keep Cape Sundervale, while Cap-Long Island, seen as not strategically important, would be handed to Kalșeri. As a sign of gratitude towards France and Spain, the Kalșerian Crown offered two uninhabited 2 km2 allotments by the coast in the island of Iskio to the two colonial superpowers, but both countries refused.
Early Independence Period
On September 7, 1783, John III was coronated in New Leeds, in front of thousands of people. During the week from September 8 to September 15, he issued a series of decrees that would later establish a federal parliamentary monarchic framework, such as the Grouping Act, which would allow parties to be formed, and the Subdivision Act, which would establish a pyramid of local government, with the federal cantons at the top, followed by counties and baronetcies, and municipalities at the bottom.
Taking advantage of the Grouping Act, the majority of members of Hișon Vionia would go on to form the Kalhan Front (Kalhan Eri), while others would form the Kalhanseri Party; the two parties would then collaborate with the King to form the High Council in 1784 and the requirements to vote (citizens could vote if they were males, if they were 21 or older and they could read or if they were 21 or older, illiterate and had previously served in the military, and if they were not previously convicted). Another party, the BIP, was formed to protect the interests of British citizens living in the Kingdom. On September 20, 1784, the first democratic elections took place, and the Kalhan Front won 48 of the 80 seats in the High Council, with the Liberals winning 31 and the BIP winning one; Petrus Șámberlen (KF) was subsequently nominated the first Prime Minister.
Important bills isued under Șámberlen's government were the Freemen Act of 1788, which would ban slavery in the Kingdom, and the introduction of a new currency, the Kalșerian dollar, although coinage did not begin until the Bank of Kalșeri was created in 1791 and a silver standard based on the Spanish dollar was adopted three years later.
Șámberlen would later retire in 1794, ten years after he was elected; he was then succeeded by Tomas Ienuvion, the author of Seriflalko, a member of the Kalhanseri Party. The first relevant act by Ienuvion was the promulgation of the Imanhal Statute, a basic document inspired by the United States Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen within a monarchic framework, which further solidified the status quo, as the powers of the King were left practically untouched and the British control over Cape Sundervale was respected. Squabbles about Cape Sundervale were not infrequent during the drafting of the Statute, mainly because of the Kalhan Front, who insisted for the inclusion of the Cape into Kalșeri.
For the first half of the 19th century, political debate was dominated by whether to expand the electoral base for the High Council; the Kalhan Front asked for the expansion of the base, while the Kalhanseri Party adopted a more conservative stance on the issue.
In 1837, the Roniem Cabinet (Kalhanseri) passed a bill that confirmed the federal nature of the Cantons; at the same time, the bill would also expand the borders of the existing cantons, simplifying local bureaucracy. The borders of the pre-reform cantons were kept to form provinces.
Gann's cabinets
After the 1869 election took place and being nominated by the High Council and the King, handling the first CDP–Kalhanseri government was not an easy task for Enrik Gann, as he was constantly pressured by Ieremía Skanhal's Kalhan Front to expand the electoral base. After initial resistance, Gann eventually gave in and allowed the Coalition to start a series of talks with the Kalhan Front. The Loyalists, while agreeing that the base needed to be expanded, decided not to intervene, declaring that they would obey British laws. The talks eventually led up to the drafting of the Base Act, which would expand the electoral base for the High Council by abolishing the conviction clause and granting the right to vote to every male 21 or older, regardless of literacy. With this, the voting base went from 32.6% to 47%.
Gann's policies included the stipulation of a free trade agreement between Cape Sundervale and Kalșeri and compulsory education for children between 5 and 12 years of age in 1873.
The Long Depression impacted Kalșeri as well, as the mainland was hit by the wave of unemployment from the United States, while Cape Sundervale suffered from the trade slump Britain was facing. Gann then enacted several protectionist laws to foster Kalșerian production, under which the import of crop and from other countries was severely limited, synthetized by Gann's famous words:
Rodle uașta kukissiviód, neu uașta kukișad aniahalfi? Ne deventas: aina șers rial e vúi drirta șers rialvașiau, au kuki vuiata aniahalfi e vúi șalánta șalseton dreridúkiau? (If one can't get it here, why should one get it from elsewhere? What would you rather do: support our country and grant employment to our compatriots in these times of need, or import the goods from elsewhere and give money to greedy executives?)
— Prime Minister Enrik Gann during the re-election campaign, Evalria, February 24, 1874
The protectionist policies were supported by the Kalhan Front, with Skanhal announcing that his party would be ready to assist the governing coalition on the topics of employment and distribution of national goods.
Throughout 1874, most parties stuck to campaigning in big cities, but the Kalhan Front, staying true to its slogan "One People, One Language, One Nation", campaigned in rural communities as well, touching a potential electoral goldmine.
Gann was narrowly re-elected Prime Minister, although every party except for the Kalhan Front lost seats. This year also marks the entrance of the Monarchists in the High Council.
The Prime Minister closely followed his line during the past cabinet. Under the second cabinet, the Currency Act was amended to limit the amount of coins and banknotes that could be created, to prevent hyperinflation, a chain of government-run shops offering solely products made in Kalșeri was opened, schools and factories were built and the first university in Kalșeri was opened, offering courses both in Kalhan and in English. The Currency Act of 1789 was amended in 1877, with the adoption of the gold standard; the Kalșerian hem, which replaced the dollar, was now tied to gold, with 1 gram of gold being equal to 1 hem (ħ31.103 per troy ounce), and the metric system was adopted in 1878; the adoption of the metric system was followed by a "conversion period", in which every official measurement would be displayed in both the metric system and the traditional measurement system for 10 years, after which only the metric system would be used.
Gregory and advent of the Republic
On December 12, 1877, John IV died without issuing any heirs, causing the main branch of the royal family to become extinct. The late monarch's personal physician insisted that this happened because John's wives were sterile, but it was speculated that the late king was actually impotent. Soon after the death of John IV, three options were considered: hold a referendum to establish a republic (supported by the Kalhan Front), appoint someone else from the family as King (proposed by the Monarchists) or have the Prime Minister serve as the Regent until a suitable successor is found (legally allowed, but not supported by anyone in particular). Gann decided to go with the proposal by the Monarchist Party: the Royal Succession Committee (Ríeton Andoeri) was formed three days after the death of the King. After inspecting the royal family tree, the Committee chose Gregory, the late monarch's cousin, as the new King. After accepting, Gregory was nominated King and coronated in Evalria, on January 1, 1878.
The first years of Gregory's reign were marked by instability and insecurity caused by the Long Depression, but his authoritative figure helped to establish a climate of peace and order in Kalșeri. His reign would last until the night of April 19, 1891, when Gregory died in his sleep. Like his cousin John IV, Gregory died without issuing any legit heirs. Gregory did have a son, but he was born out of wedlock, and thus barred from ascending to the Kalșerian throne.
With the death of the heirless king, the Kalhan Front brought back the proposal to hold a referendum to establish a republic. Initially, the Monarchists were pushing for Ieroneus to be coronated, but when it was pointed out that he was not eligible for the throne, they backed out and the majority of the party preferred not to intervene in the issue. The CDP, not wanting to resurrect the Committee again, supported the Front's proposal.
On May 1, 1891, after a special bill was passed, the referendum took place. For this referendum, women 21 and older were also allowed to vote. The day after the referendum, the results were announced at the Royal Palace in Evalria: 57% voted to establish a Republic, while 43% voted to keep the Monarchy. Ieremía Skanhal was elected temporary Head of State by the High Council and actively helped the country to complete the transition.
Royalist revolts and division
Most parties accepted the result, with the Kalhan Front holding a celebration in King Ausvan Square, but the Radical Monarchists, who had split from the Monarchists and formed the National Royalist Party, challenged the result to the Supreme Court. Upon rejection of the appeal, the NRP protested in Ștet, Imanhal and Rivíl, where support for the monarchy was still very high; these protests were led by Lisandrus Vark, who wanted to place Ieroneus Lágan to the Lág throne, ignoring the out-of-wedlock clause.
The protests escalated and spread to the northern countryside; several newly-elected non-Monarchist officials were kicked out of their offices and were replaced with Monarchist candidates. President Skanhal threatened to apply repressive measures to contrast the revolts; this threat was largely ignored by the National Royalists, who kept protesting. Skanhal then enacted a bill that would allow the police to contain the protests with any appropriate measures they found necessary to enact. A result of this bill was the Disorder of Ștet, where the police brutally repressed the Royalist revolts, sometimes even using homicide as a solution; the violent repression caused the NRP to keep fighting and eventually led to Ștet being seized by the Party and the proclamation of the Reformed Kingdom of Lág on November 13, 1892, when the cantons of Takalim and Relkaf pledged allegiance to Ieroneus Lágan.
The High Council did not recognize the unilateral secession and saw it as an act of treason, declaring all Monarchist High Councillors from the rebel regions to be expelled, which prompted the NRP to build a wall on the western and northern borders of Takalim, effectively isolating Urgel from the mainland. Skanhal ordered the Army to destroy the walls, but the attempts to demolish it were met with resistance from the newly-formed Lág Militia, who guarded the border.
The period of tension lasted until October 9, 1894, when the newly-elected President Malnus Șiven and the de facto King of Lág Ieroneus Lágan signed a treaty that would recognize the independence of the Reformed Kingdom of Lág from the Kalșerian Republic.
1900s
World War I and the Artsagia
On August 9, 1914, President Emilius Skorfin of the Christian Democratic Party, pressured by most of the parties in the High Council, declared that Kalșeri would not intervene in the war. The declaration of non-intervention, while well-received by many, was labeled as an "act of cowardice" by the KAE, who then protested in Evalria and demanded that Kalșeri do something about the war; President Skorfin replied that the Great War did not involve and could not involve Kalșeri in any conceivable way.
On September 14, 1914, a group of about 500 volunteers from Janval who called themselves Artsagia ("Explorers"), disappointed by Skrofin's non-belligerent attitude, stole a dreadnought, the KȘ Jarn, and sailed from the port of Linton, near Imanhal, to Saint-Nazaire, in France; from there, they would find their way to the Western Front to fight against the Central Powers. Upon discovering the news, President Skorfin issued a memorandum to both sides, stating that while the endeavor by the Artsagia was commendable, they did not represent Kalșeri.
On November 15, 1918, four days after the end of World War I, the surviving 98 Artsagia were sent back home in Janval. There, they were greeted as heroes by most of the people in the canton, and Governor Kor Nyquist honored them with the Cantonal Medal of Honor. The Skorfin cabinet was less enthusiastic about the venture, refusing to honor the survivors with the Order of the Kalșerian Sun as they did not officially represent Kalșeri; this move was met with criticism by Nyquist, several more Janvalian officials and Janvalians in general, causing Skorfin's popularity to plummet.
On December 1, 1918, overwhelmed by the backlash, Emilius Skorfin resigned with immediate effect; he was succeeded by hitherto-High Summoner Ronald Simm, also a Christian Democrat, but more supporting of the Artsagia expedition, who then proceeded to honor the survivors with the national Order.
Ioen Rovuan's dictatorship
On October 29, 1929, the New York Stock Exchange crashed; from this event, the Great Depression kicked in, causing companies and banks to fail, unemployment to rise and personal income, prices, profits and tax revenue to plummet. The crisis made citizens look for alternatives to the traditional parties, who came up with unsatisfactory results to combat the crisis; the most prominent of these "alternative movements" was the Movement for Action (Driréri), also called the Silverjackets due to the uniform the members were wearing, led by actor Ioen Klarensius Șandler. With the parties giving no clear solution to the crisis, many citizens started registering for the Silverjackets, who then restored order in the cities through unorthodox means, fundamentally acting as a "private police".
The popularity of the Silverjackets culminated on May 1, 1932, when President Egbert Raus resigned. The resignation triggered a snap election, after which Șandler was elected President of Kalșeri. At the inauguration speech, Șandler made clear that "he was not to stay there and do nothing", reflecting the Kalșerian philosophy of directness.
The first few months of Șandler's presidency were marked by the creation of the Kalșerian Air Force on January 1, 1933. On April 3, 1933, the High Council, controlled by the Silverjackets, passed a controversial law that would allow the President to draft bills and submit them to the High Council. After the bill was signed into law, Șandler started calling himself Ioen Rovuan, in honor of Rovuan VII, the first King of the Greater Lág. He then passed a bill that would ban all opposition parties from entering the High Council on April 19 of the same year, and the hem was renamed "rovuan" on May 4. On May 11, Kalșerie Ginaia would be made the Republic's official shop, too, making the registration of a private shop extremely difficult; this measure proved to be unpopular among commoners, and Rovuan was forced to revert the change.
The ban on other political parties in the High Council was met with harsh resistance, and on May 16, 1933, the Kalhan Front, the CDP and the Liberals would create the Free Council, where all the banned parties could meet. Rovuan ordered the arrest of the leaders of the main parties multiple times for this, but the Silverjackets were stopped by the Free Council's militia, the Kalhan Liberation Squadron (KLS), every time. Concurrently, the Urgelian section of the Communist Party occupied Klián, ousted the local section of the Movement for Action and proclaimed the People's Republic of Urgel, led by Marsellus Gerna.
Kalșerian–Reformed Lág War
Realizing that persecuting the Free Council would have led to unrest, Ioen Rovuan changed strategy: he actively invited the Free Council to help him prepare the invasion of the Reformed Lág and Cape Sundervale, as part of his "One People, One Language, One Nation" doctrine. The Free Council rejected Rovuan's request and sided with Lág, before declaring war against the Kalșerian Republic; the Kalșerian–Reformed Lág War had begun.
On July 15, 1933, the Republic swiftly invaded Ștet, the capital city of the Reformed Lág; the royal authorities were forced to move to Klián, where the Free Council had moved, and planned a counter-offensive there. Lág Prime Minister Baron Halas would then contact the British, alerting them that Ioen Rovuan's army had a high chance of seizing Cape Sundervale from them. An exchange of telegrams took place between Ramsay MacDonald and Governor Charles Greene, discussing about how London was to defend the Cape.
Internal resistance was also developing in Iskio, which had been controlled more severely than other cantons because of its important port. On the night of August 19, 1933, the KLS seized the battleships Ausvan and Iușa at Ginfra and placed them close to Cape Sundervale. Ioen Rovuan let this operation take place, unaware of who was actually controlling the battleships.
While the exchange was going, feeling confident, Ioen Rovuan pushed towards Cape Sundervale, ignoring his generals' fears of a British intervention and clearly stating: "London will tremble in front of me". Rovuan's army was ordered to bypass the heavily-guarded King's Gate and invade the Cape by going on water and entering the territory through an unguarded port. General Torvald Vankius noted that for every soldier to carry on the invasion alive and well, a floating device was needed; the dictator answered: "Are you doubting the physical strength of our valiant men, Tor? They will just swim there, they're strong enough!", ignoring that the soldiers who were ordered to invade the Cape were malnourished, as most of the trucks delivering basic needs had been hijacked by the KLS. On the night between August 8 and 9, one hundred men acted as ordered, swimming the Sundervale Strait; out of these 100 soldiers, 97 drowned because they couldn't swim, weren't strong enough to swim for fifteen kilometers or because of hypothermia. The three men who managed to reach the designated landing port were exhausted and, upon being noticed by a British, put up no resistance. One more soldier would die of hypothermia after the operation, while the other two were sent to the nearest clinic.
Vankius reported that the operation failed, with all but two soldiers dying; Ioen Rovuan then changed strategy and decided to breach the Cape through King's Gate. General Herman Skandvel intervened, saying that such an invasion would be impossible and that the British would immediately notice the invaders; the dictator ignored Skandvel's objection and ordered the plan to be carried out. On August 22, 1933, the Republican Army entered Victoria Street, through the Main Gate; Governor Greene quickly alerted London about Rovuan's arrival, and the local section of the British Army immediately responded to the attempted invasion by opening fire. The British easily defended the Cape, while the Republican Army division tasked with invading the Cape was decimated, mostly for the same causes as the failed surprise invasion: the soldiers simply weren't strong enough to endure a battling session.
Leaving nothing to chance, not even the worst-case scenario, the British authorities authorized Rodney and Nelson to go to Cape Sundervale, on the other side of the cape, opposite Ausvan and Iușa.
On August 13, the Urgelian Army demolished the wall separating Urgel from Takalim and began a process of liberation, in which some municipalities were freed from the Silverjacket control and brought under Urgelian control. Initial resistance was put up by the Republican Army, who managed to hold on to Hareflá for nine days, until they couldn't keep up with the Urgelian forces and the supporters who constantly outsmarted the Republicans.
Downfall of Ioen Rovuan
On September 15, 1933, the two British battleships arrived. Realizing that the British had placed two battleships by Cape Sundervale, the dictator ordered Vankius to bring out the battleships Loșar I and Furfius and deal with the four enemy battleships. General Vankius replied that the two ships were not big enough to withstand the attack of the four enemy battleships, and that Loșar I had been decommissioned in 1927, so only Furfius was available. Rovuan repeated his order, but Vankius objected once again, saying that bringing Loșar I back in action would mean having to fix her and upgrade the weapons, and that he himself was the general of the Land Army; after witnessing a rant by Rovuan on how the generals were pedantic, Vankius asked Admiral Jorj Tarson to bring back Loșar I and Furfius; Tarson obliged, even though both officials knew that the operation was doomed to fail.
During September of 1933, Vankius defected to the British–KLS side, citing Rovuan's poor decision-making skills as the main reason behind the side change. The night of September 25, 1933, in a secret location by Cape Sundervale, the general revealed Rovuan's counter-offensive; when he mentioned that the dictator was planning to use two massively outdated ships, the British officials went into a laughing fit, as reported in his autobiography:
After I showed every technical detail of Loșar I and Furfius to the two British commanders [Lieutenant-Commander Alwyn Chandler and Major Kenneth Laven], they asked me if I was serious about Rovuan using those two boats. I nodded; the collective reaction was of hysterical laughter. The normally stern Britons couldn't stop laughing. Chandler tried to contain his laughter and asked me: "So, you're telling me that he wants to take us out of the game..." He stopped mid-sentence, taking some air in. "...with those broken toys?" I said yes. A wave of embarrassment then made me cover the face with my hands, for I was ashamed of having served for that idiot [Ioen Rovuan]. He wanted to run a country when he didn't have the skills of running a barn in Șindal! A child could have done a better job than Rovuan did! I knew this whole Silverjacket thing was doomed to fail. He'd never served in the Army, after all.
— General Torvald Vankius, Life in the Barracks, 1957
Meanwhile, in Evalria, Ioen Rovuan's figure went from being praised to being openly derided, to the point where he became the subject of many jokes about his incompetent military leadership. The Silverjackets initially tried to arrest anyone who uttered those jokes, but then they stopped prosecuting anyone over it, seeing that they were based on the official radio broadcasts; the expressions no Șanveltrolla ("to swim through the Sundervale Strait", which means doing the impossible and failing) and ioenrovuanși (literally "to Ioen Rovuan", meaning to stubbornly reject reality and force orders to be carried out) have since entered common usage. The derision was exacerbated by Rovuan's inaction about the crisis brought in by the Great Depression. By this point, even the most loyal Silverjackets began to express discontent about Rovuan's actions, such as Ausvan Simmel, co-founder of the Silverjackets, who labelled Rovuan's regime as "nothing short of a farce".
Upon discovering that General Vankius had defected to the other side, Ioen Rovuan was reported to have exploded into a curse-laden rant about how he should have liquidated the General when he had the chance. Rovuan then ordered Loșar I and Furfius to fire. The "Battle of Cape Sundervale" was promoted by Ioen Rovuan to be the battle where the Kalșerian Republic would triumph over the British, even though everyone else lost all hope of winning the war. Simmel went to Cape Sundervale and tried to talk Rovuan out of declaring the war, but his appeal fell to deaf ears.
Not wanting to deal with any popular revolt, most High Councillors resigned; those who remained, forming the "Stump Council", repealed every act signed into law by Ioen Rovuan that was considered hiritraton (literally "freedom-killing", loosely translated to "oppressive"), from October to December of 1933; the Bill Act was repealed, opposition parties were allowed back in, the rovuan's name was reverted to "hem", new elections were scheduled for next year and on November 17, 1933, Ioen Rovuan was declared incapacitated by the High Council, which then elected High Summoner Tomas U. Lerfe as President pro tempore.
When the news of the incapacitation reached Ioen Rovuan, he went to the High Council Building in Evalria and demanded that he be reinstated as president, as he was elected by the people, and said that the minority Stump Council could not repeal anything. The High Council ignored Rovuan's demands and stated that he was incapacitated because the 1932 snap election results were rendered void, as copious amounts of evidence of vote rigging were found and the May 1 Statute prescribed that "any elected official who has seized power through illegal means is to be removed as soon as evidence of wrongdoing is found". Ioen Rovuan was then escorted to Flarón, the smallest of the six inhabitable Esiskio Islands, where close allies could meet him, but not help him escape, and where he would stay for about a month, before being brought back to mainland Kalșeri due to complications from pneumonia.
Death of Ioen Rovuan and Treaty of Ștet
On January 4, 1934, at 8am KST, after waking up, Ioen Rovuan asked Admiral Tarson about the state of the battle. The Admiral replied that there was no battle going on. Rovuan requested an explanation; Tarson then opened the curtains of the biggest window in the Governor's Mansion, revealing Lieutenant Șimón Raistat holding a white piece of clothing in front of Lieutenant-Commander Alwyn Chandler. The Republic had surrendered, thus ending the war. Rovuan was furious and ordered Enrik Șeon, a guard who was standing on the other side of the room, to get out and arrest Raistat; Șeon refused, pulled out his Enfield No. 2 and shot Rovuan in the head. After hearing a loud bang from inside the Mansion, Raistat and Chandler went inside to see what caused that noise; Tarson came up to them and told them "they wouldn't have to worry about Rovuan anymore".
The news of the death of Ioen Rovuan reached Evalria in an hour. When Lerfe announced the news live on the radio, the citizens in the capital went out of the streets and cheered; similar episodes happened in other cities, as well. The High Council was then dissolved and the High Summoner resigned. The reaction of the press ranged from relatively neutral (such as Evalria Inquirer's headline "Ioen Rovuan Tard", "Ioen Rovuan Is Dead") to openly mocking, such as Ștet Gazette publishing the headline "Rovuan K***iend!" ("Rovuan Goes to H***!", kauna is an extremely powerful swear word; the copy editor lost his job for this headline), or the Kalșerian Telegraph's "Șure, Șeon!" ("Thank you, Șeon!"); only one newspaper in the whole country, the Flakeș Times, spoke positively of Ioen Rovuan after his death, but only because Rovuan was born in Flakeș. Historians frequently describe Rovuan as a powerful politician, but an incompetent general.
Five days after the death of the dictator, when Șeon entered Evalria, he was lauded by the citizens as a "national hero" who "killed tyranny"; he then announced that the Republic, the Reformed Lág and the United Kingdom were ready for a peace treaty.
On January 14, 1934, Vankius, Gerna, Lerfe, King Ieroneus Lágan, Chandler, Laven and Greene went to Ștet and discussed the terms for the peace treaty. Three days later, the final copy of the treaty was signed at the Royal Palace of the Reformed Lág: the treaty included a Kalșerian–Reformed Lág non-aggression pact, the reinstatement of the borders before the war, the incorporation of the People's Republic of Urgel into the Republic and the inclusion of a clause that would compel the two countries to help the United Kingdom in case of foreign aggression. Another important clause was the heavy monitoring of the Movement for Action for the next ten years: this clause was requested by Tomas U. Lerfe, who saw conditional operation as the better option, rather than outright banning the Movement, as to allow the inclusion of the Silverjackets in the political life of the reformed republic and to avoid another political conflict.
Return to democracy
On February of 1934, the Kalhan Front merged with the Social Democrats, the Communists and several smaller left-wing parties to form the Social Cooperation Party (Giavrerdoeri); the party promised the creation of public work projects to combat the rampant unemployment. Enrik Șeon would end up joining the Christian Democrats and be nominated as the party's candidate.
On July 1, 1934 the Charter of Kalșeri, written by some members of all the major Kalșerian parties at the time, was unanimously passed by the High Council; among the new rights, the Charter expanded the voting rights for anyone 18 or older, regardless of sex, religion, political affiliation or past convictions. Following the promulgation of the Charter, about five thousand women celebrated at King Ausvan Square in Evalria.
On the other side of the Kalșeri-Lág low wall, on August 5, 1934, King Ieroneus died at the age of 72, leaving the throne to his son Ieroneus II.
The first free presidential election since Ioen Rovuan's rise to power took place, with the SoCoop candidate Ignașus Holbek being elected to the post. As soon as Holbek stepped in, he created the National Reconstruction Board, which aimed to rescue, restructure and finance banks and private companies that went bankrupt during the Great Depression, akin to the Italian IRI, the National Works Board, to rapidly create manual-labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers, the National Farm Board, to combat poverty in rural areas of the country and to create jobs for unskilled young men, and the Ministry of Social Insurance, which handles the benefits of retired workers, disabled citizens and veterans to this day; the creation of most of these entities was propelled by the success of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Television also appeared in the Kalșerian market with ever-increasing popularity; to take advantage of this, the National Radio Authority (Rialton Arkanuregeri, RANG) was reworked into the National Communications Corporation (Rialton Nursauskikoní, RNU), licenses began to be issued to TV stations, and the call sign system was reworked.
Another important bill passed under Holbek was an amendment to the High Council Act of 1869, which modified the number of seats per canton: rather than allotting a fixed number of seats, the number of the seats per canton was now determined by the number of inhabitants in the state at the time of the election, divided by 150,000; this amendment still stands to this day.
Most of the national boards created by Holbek would later be made redundant by 1939, as their operations were deemed no longer necessary and they were conceived as temporary measures, but at the behest of those covered by the Ministry of Social Insurance, the President decided to keep the Ministry and the National Reconstruction Board.
Throughout the 1939 presidential campaign, Holbek stated that in case of war, Kalșeri would not take any sides. However, on September 4, 1939, a day after the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, Major Kenneth Laven, Governor of Cape Sundervale, pointed out that under the terms of the Treaty of Ștet, Kalșeri and Lág were to help the United Kingdom in case of war; Holbek promptly responded that the clause was worded in a way to suggest help to the UK in case of defensive war.
World War II
On September 20, Ignașus Holbek was re-elected President of the Kalșerian Republic. As stated multiple times during the electoral campaign, he declared that Kalșeri would not enter the war and join anyone's side; the Liberals agreed, while the Movement for Action asked for the country to join. Several smaller nationalist parties voiced their discontent at the decision to stay neutral, such as the KAE, which held a rally in Evalria.
Throughout October 1940, several divisions of the army were sent to defend the most strategic points of the country, such as Ginfra, Evalria, Șindal and Relkaf from possible invasions, a joint British-Kalșerian operation to defend Cape Sundervale began, and the NSCR was introduced, listing all the possible conscripts, should a conflict arise in Kalșeri.
The over-all idleness in the war allowed Kalșeri to focus on existing issues in the country; these issues ranged from the serious, such as a series of amendments passed from 1941 to 1946 to aid economically underdeveloped cantons, to the more trivial, such as a language reform in 1941. The language reform was followed by an amendment to the Education Act of 1873, which would expand the compulsory education age from the 5-to-12-years-old range to the 5-to-16-years-old, restrict the use of school uniforms and restructure the Kalșerian public education system to fit the new range.
(Sep. 20, 1944 presidential election) -> Holbek re-elected. His third term was marked by Kalșeri's accession to several world-wide organizations, all done with his trusted Minister of External Affairs Ioen B. Jervál.
Contemporary history
On June 26, 1945, Ioen Jervál was sent as the Kalșerian delegate to sign the UN Charter in San Francisco.
On April 23, 1947, Kalșeri joined the International Monetary Fund.
On May 7, 1947, the Royal Television Corporation (Ríarkasargeri, RASG) of Lág announced that King Ieroneus II was diagnosed with early lung cancer, owing to his smoking addiction; the diagnosis forced the ailing king to delegate most of his duties to the Prime Minister Sníus Kelman, Duke of Imanhal. Days after the announcement, talks of reunification began to intensify, especially by the newly-formed pressure group Kalșerian Unity (Kalșeriton Erirdo).
Once the news of the pressure group reached Evalria, Holbek was supportive of the cause, but said that time was required to properly manage an eventual reunification; his party, the Social Cooperationists, supported his position, while the Liberal Party pushed for a more immediate reunification plan. The situation stayed like this for several months, until the President announced that a plan was ready to fully unite the two countries by 1950. The One Country Plan (Oi-Rial-Drionia), as it was called, was met with mostly positive commentary by the Kalșerian parties, whereas their Lág counterparts were less supporting of the plan, as it gave too much Kalșerian influence over the Kingdom, too soon.
Holbek and Kelman met in Ștet and discussed the Plan, removing the Kalșerian provisions considered to be noxious to the Kingdom; the revision, though, meant that the full unification would have to be delayed to "at least a year or two", as Kelman put it. The delay caused Kalșerian Unity and the Kalșerian Liberal Party to protest along the wall.
On April 30, 1948, Kalșeri signed the Charter of the Organization of American States, thus joining the OAS.
On April 3, 1949, Minister Jervál was sent to Washington, D.C. to sign the North Atlantic Treaty the next day. About two months later, on May 25, after the London Declaration was issued, Kalșeri joined the Commonwealth of Nations.
On September 20, 1949, the Liberal candidate Stevan Kirkia was elected. He promoted the immediate reunification of Kalșeri and Lág and throughout his term, a series of talks with Kelman were planned, to help the two countries go through a process of smooth reunification.
In 1951, Kalșeri joined the World Bank Group and its component organizations. On the same year, the High Council began discussing the Daylight Saving Act, which would introduce DST in Kalșeri. The Liberals argued that it would bring more daylight in the summer and that the change would make Kalșeri "fit better in world trade"; the bill was passed in Kalșeri, while the Lág Royal Assembly rejected it. The approval of the bill, which still required approval from the President, generated a debate on whether to adopt DST in Kalșeri. After the debate waned, Kirkia ultimately decided not to adopt the bill.
Reunification
On June 14, 1952, King Ieroneus II of the Reformed Lág died of lung cancer at the age of 59. Pressured by rallies held by the people of both the Reformed Lág and Kalșeri, Kelman went to Evalria and talked to Kalșerian President Stevan Kirkia about re-unifying Kalșeri. The two then agreed to meet at Klián, capital city of the canton of Urgel, on June 19; there, Kirkia and Kelman signed a treaty replacing the Lág mark with the Kalșerian hem as the official currency of the Reformed Lág. Following the treaty, parts of the low wall were destroyed in the Lág-Takalim border, and what was left of the Takalim-Urgel low wall was demolished.
On June 27, the Lág Parliament and the Kalșerian High Council both passed a resolution allowing the accession of the Kingdom of Lág to the Kalșerian Republic. Throughout July of 1952, the Lág Parliament passed a series of resolution that would change the Royal Document of Basic Law to better fit the republican framework of Kalșeri.
On July 31, 1952, the Treaty of Klián, officially titled Șure Șin Riehal Lágs Terralko Kalșeriton Repúblikau (Treaty concerning the accession of the Reformed Kingdom of Lág to the Kalșerian Republic) was signed between Kelman and Kirkia and passed by the legislative bodies of both countries. The next day, Kirkia signed into law the National Symbols Act; with this bill, a new flag was introduced, the national motto of the newly-born State of Kalșeri was changed from Repúblika iekim ("Republic forever") to Erile ríd foita (Modern Kalhan Eri rid foita, "Unity makes strength") and the emblem was changed, while the national anthem stayed the same. To celebrate the event, thousands of people gathered as King Ausvan Square was renamed "Unification Square" (Eriplas). At 2pm of the day of the ratification, the checkpoints along the border ceased operation, letting flocks of Lág people enter Kalșerian territory and celebrate there. Eventually, all the checkpoints would be later demolished, except for one, which was kept to never forget the now-gone division between the two countries.
The next week, High Council elections were held in the cantons of the former kingdom; the parties of the now-defunct Reformed Lág were merged to their Kalșerian counterparts. Upon entering the High Council for the first time in 56 years, the High Councillors from the former Kingdom sang the national anthem. On August 10, a bill was signed into law, allowing noblemen from the former Kingdom to keep their titles, which were however converted from hereditary titles to life titles; nobles born after August 10, 1952 were thus ineligible to inherit titles. The Ministry of Internal Affairs was renamed Ministry of Internal Affairs and Reunification for three years, coordinating the merger or dismissal of the Lág state agencies into their Kalșerian counterparts.
(Sep. 20, 1954 presidential election)
(Sep. 20, 1959 presidential election) -> Liberals and Christian Democrats merge, forming the Liberal Democratic Party.
On September of 1961, Kalșeri, along with twenty other Western countries, founded the OECD, after the preceding organization, the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), was reformed to allow non-European countries to join.
(Sep. 20, 1964 presidential election)
(Sep. 20, 1969 presidential election)
1971: Kalșeri abandons the Bretton Woods system, making the hem a free-floating fiat currency.
(Sep. 20, 1974 presidential election)
In 1977, following pressure by humanitarian groups to end capital punishment and after the Supreme Court found it to go against Article VII of the Charter, which grants the right to life to everyone in Kalșeri, the Moreonia was revised to repeal all articles about capital punishment and rewrite sentences for crimes that were formerly eligible for that sentence.
(Sep. 20, 1979 presidential election)
(Sep. 20, 1984 presidential election) -> Ionas Filsak (LibDem) elected.
Condominium of Cape Sundervale
The Treaty of Cape Sundervale, signed in 1784, was due to expire on June 17, 1984; Cape Sundervale was reluctant to enter the republican framework of the mainland. To show this, the Loyalist Party (the Cape Sundervale section of the British Interests Party) and its supporters marched down Victoria Street and demanded that a clear solution be adopted.
Aware of the issue, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Governor-General Garry Halford and Kalșerian President Ionas Filsak met in Cape Sundervale to discuss the most appropriate solution. At first, Garnaș proposed a referendum asking residents of Cape Sundervale if they wished to stay part of the United Kingdom or join Kalșeri, but after the Loyalist manifestation, he saw that the results of such referendum would be decided from the start, and he came up with another plan: Kalșeri and the United Kingdom would manage the Cape together, with the Governor being nominated by both the British monarch and the Kalșerian president, and the creation of the post of Mayor, who would be elected by the people. Thatcher did not agree to the plan, and instead asked for an extension of the treaty for at least 15 years; Garnaș and Halford obliged, and the Treaty of Cape Sundervale was extended.
(Sep. 20, 1989 presidential election) -> Filippus Garnaș (LibDem) elected.
After Thatcher resigned in November of 1990, John Major was nominated Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Major initially wished for Cape Sundervale to be a permanent part of Britain, but he later showed to be available for compromises. On July 18, 1991, after a series of talks and exchanges of letters, the Cape Sundervale Agreement was signed by Major, Halford and President Filippus Garnaș; Kalșeri now had a say in the management of Cape Sundervale. Under the Governor election clause, both Elizabeth II and Filippus Garnaș confirmed Laven to the post of Governor, while the first elected Mayor of Cape Sundervale was Louise Beckmann, one of the first female mayors to be elected in all of Kalșeri.
Another piece of legislation brought by the Agreement was a third amendment to the High Council Act of 1869, to grant Cape Sundervale a High Councillor.
Present
1992 came to be known as the "Year of Privatization" (Oișuiarn), because under Garnaș, the postal service, the telecommunications system and Kalșerie Ginaia were largely withdrawn from public service. On January 3, 1992, President Garnaș announced that Kalșeriton Onianaksire (colloquially referred to as Kona) was undergoing privatization, with the State owning a minority stake in the new Kona; the main reason behind the move was the increasing dissatisfaction about the inefficiency of the postal service, especially in rural areas.
In conjunction with the structural change of Kona, the Post and Communications Act was signed into law, after which all national and regional post and telecommunications companies, such as Kalșeriton Arkanuria, Cap-Long Télécom and Kalúenon Onia went private, with some of them merging and new companies being formed; the other important clause included in the act was the reorganization of the Ministry of Post and Communications into the Communications Surveillance Agency (Nusargeri), under the Ministry of Urban Development and Infrastructure.
After Kalșerie Ginaia was privatized, Kalșerian businessman Julius Lyeman and Walmart each bought 50% of the newly-formed KaGi U1ȘK. (uskioișukoní, the Kalșerian classification of a joint-stock company); the High Council passed a series of resolutions that would abolish any reference to the now-defunct Kalșerie Ginaia, such as the law mandating that every municipality have at least one KG shop.
On December 3, 1992, two months after the privatization of Kona and KalArk, Garnaș declared that the National Communications Corporation would be privatized as well, ending the hotly-debated ħ125/year RNU fee introduced in 1935, and starting a plan to fund the RNU through government subsidies, as well as advertising.
On May 12, 1993, Garnaș declared that the State would rescind its control over 99% of Kalșeriton Furfarnia, the national flag carrier; Kalșeriton Furfarnia was later reincorporated into KalșAir U1ȘK.
On April 15, 1994, the Kalșerian Foreign Minister Ionatán Hendriks signed the Marrakesh Agreement, along with 124 other nations, establishing the World Trade Organization.
(Sep. 20, 1994 presidential election) -> Garnaș re-elected.
In 1995, Șin Gea ("New Faith"), a religious organization whose mission is to resurrect the pre-Christian religion Serigéa, was founded by Ioen Petrus Samenhal, better known as "Father Lerfuan". Șin Gea saw immediate success among rebellious young adults and helped to create a wave of nationalist movements, such as Șin Seri. Șin Gea was consequently added in the 2000 census; there, more than 8% of the population declared to belong to Șin Gea. The organization applied for tax exemption multiple times, but it was rejected every time, as according to the Creed Organizations Act, a religious organization could apply for tax exemption only after being established for 50 years. In conjunction with the ancient religion being revived, the old script was brought back, with Șin Gea pressuring the government to re-introduce the script; the result was that places and buildings were now allowed to place signage in old script in conjunction with signs in the current alphabet.
On October 19, 1997, Rashid al-Mufti, a 53-year-old Algerian restaurant manager who had been living in Kalșeri for nine years, was fatally shot in Enjamúl by Kalșerian policeman Senmur Fidlin; the incident caused an underground organization called "Let's End Gun Violence" (Stașer Leválargurta), the Algerian Association of Kalșeri and the Muslim community of Enjamúl to protest peacefully by the crime scene, demanding an explanation of the homicide.
On October 27, at 6:58am, the Enjamúl Police Department central building was bombed by Hamza al-Mufti, the victim's brother, killing 46 people, including the perpetrator. In response to the attack, President Garnaș signed the Public Security Act, which, among the measures, ordered all "sensitive buildings", such as police department headquarters and ministries, to be guarded non-stop and more stringent security checks to be applied in airports. In the meanwhile, to fend off the increasingly voiced accusations of racism, Fidlin stated that he shot al-Mufti because the latter was suspected of repeated shoplifting and resisted arrest, but after the victim's family house was searched by the police, no evidence that al-Mufti committed theft was found.
On February 8, 1998, Senmur Fidlin was expelled from the Enjamúl Police Department, sentenced to 15 years in prison for murder aggravated by intent and false or futile motives, during which he would be denied parole, and banned from carrying a firearm. Some members of the 97-10-27 Association asked that Fidlin be sentenced to 360 additional years for "indirectly causing the death of 45 innocent people", but the request was promptly rejected, as he could not have known that the bombing was being planned after the murder, if it was being planned at all.
On July 19, 1999, overcome by the difficult times that Kalșeri was living during the last years of his presidency, Filippus Garnaș declared that he would not stand for re-election. On September 20, 1999, Liberal Democratic candidate Alejandra Ríos Soriano was elected President, the first female Kalșerian head of state and the first of Spanish origins.
The first year of Ríos Soriano's presidency focused on developing Kalșeri's cultural identity by renovating important buildings in the country, such as much of the Spanish Quarter of Loskaf and the old Ganner Building, former residence of the British Governor of the Province of Callen.
On August 29, 2000, Ríos Soriano announced that the mandatory teaching of cursive would be replaced with Information Technology classes, for Grades 4 through 14, and that while primary schools were individually still allowed to teach cursive, they would not be allowed to reject schoolwork submitted by students written in print.
On March 6, 2001, Ríos Soriano approved plans to expand EVL to accommodate the increasing traffic; this project was polarizing, as supporters of the expansion and dissenters clashed in Evalria, creating a momentary climate of unrest in the city, which went away with the start of the construction.
(Sep. 20, 2004 presidential election)
(Sep. 20, 2009 presidential election)
On February 8, 2013, Senmur Fidlin was released from prison, in accordance with the law. However, his infamy forced him to move to Canada on an empty plane.
(Sep. 20, 2014 presidential election) -> Maksimilianus Ureska (SoCoop) elected.
On March 7, 2016, President Maksimilianus Ureska signed an amendment to the Creed Organizations Act, which would prohibit religious organizations from asking for tax exemptions, and existing tax exemptions for churches would be abolished. The amendment was challenged by Father Lerfuan to the Supreme Court as going against Article III of the Charter, but the case was thrown out of court, and Justice Tomas Haufersagt stated that the abolition of tax exemption requests concerned the financial side of the affected organizations, and did not compromise its religious operations.
(Sep. 20, 2019 presidential election)