Clive Spencer

    

The Right Honourable Clive Spencer MP
Official portrait, 2019
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
Incumbent
Assumed office 23 July 2019
Monarch	George V
Deputy	Tony Robinson
Preceded by	Malcolm Vance
Leader of United Britain
Incumbent
Assumed office 23 July 2019
Deputy	Bruno Johnson
Preceded by	Malcolm Vance
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office 13 July 2016 – 23 January 2019
Prime Minister	Malcolm Vance
Preceded by	Dominic Jones
Succeeded by	Charles Jackson
Additional positions Member of the United Kingdom Parliament for Central Devon Incumbent Assumed office 7 May 2015 Preceded by James Oldman UK Ambassador to the United Commonwealth In office 31 October 2011 – 12 December 2014 Preceded by TBD Succeeded by TBD
Personal details
Born	(1965-12-14) 14 December 1965 Exeter, Devon, England
Citizenship	British
Political party	United Britain (1997–present)
Other political affiliations	Change UK (2014–2015)
Spouse(s)	Janice Reilly (m. 1997)
Children	4
Education	Britannia Royal Naval College London School of Economics
Religion	Anglican
Military service
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Branch/service	Royal Navy
Years of service	1983–1996
Rank	Commander
Unit	899 Naval Air Squadron
Battles/wars	Ethiopian Civil War Operation Storm

Clive John Spencer (born 14 December 1965) is a British politician who has been the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 24 July 2019. He previously served as the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs from 2016 to 2019 and has been the Member of Parliament for Central Devon since 2015. His political views have been frequently described as British nationalist, Christian conservative, and right-wing populist, with his rise to prominence during the 2015 United Kingdom general election being seen as the inspiration for similar political leaders in Anglo-America in the mid-2010s. The Daily Telegraph described him as "the most influential Briton" in 2016 and 2017, and The Times called him one of the most influential political leaders in Europe and North America in 2019, when he became Prime Minister.

He was educated at the Britannia Royal Naval College and served in the Royal Navy from 1983 to 1996 as a fighter pilot qualified on the FA2 Sea Harrier, retiring with the rank of commander in the Fleet Air Arm. Spencer later studied at the London School of Economics and joined Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service in 1999, working mainly in Anglo-American countries and finishing his career as UK Ambassador to the United Commonwealth from 2011 to 2014. He left the Diplomatic Service primarily to enter politics, and was briefly the leader of the marginal right-wing populist party Change UK from 2014 to 2015 before returning to United Britain. Spencer is still the Honorary President of Change UK but has not actively participated in the leadership of the party since 2016.

Spencer has been a member of United Britain since 1997 and was elected to Parliament in the 2015 general election for Central Devon. Described by political commentators as a nationalist and a populist, Spencer became a prominent figure during the party's 2015 election campaign, mainly campaigning on immigration restrictions, Christian social conservatism, British nationalism in response to "globalist" liberal policies "eroding British identity." On foreign policy Spencer called for the United Kingdom to become more sovereign and take a more independent role in the international stage, instead of Britain acting as a "vassal state of the European Community bureaucracy" or an "extension of the CAS in Europe." He became known for his speeches, being a vocal critic of British policy for the past several decades, and was one of the most popular United Britain politicians during the 2015 election. Because of his rapid rise in popularity among the party's electorate, during the premiership of Malcolm Vance he was appointed as Foreign Secretary in 2016.

As the Foreign Secretary his policies mainly sought to make Great Britain the head of an independent "fourth bloc" outside of the spheres of influence of the EC, CAS, and China. Spencer began strengthening Britain's relations with other members of the Commonwealth of Nations, which he believed could be used as an independent alliance by the UK rivaling the global influence of the EC and CAS, while also working to lessen the country's dependence on trade with the European continent. He also began taking a different foreign policy line from that of other EC member countries on a number of issues. In 2018 Spencer ended the participation of the UK in the Northern Treaty Organization-led international military mission in Syria, with the last British troops leaving the country by the end of that year, and began ending support for the Hashemite Arabian-led intervention in the Yemeni Civil War. Spencer also started the process of negotiating a new trade deal with the Kingdom of Sierra during the Heartwell ministry, which he saw as a political ally of the UK, that would be more favorable to the British side.

In 2019 Spencer was elected as leader of United Britain and became Prime Minister, succeeding Malcolm Vance. After the trade deal he had negotiated with Sierra as Foreign Secretary failed to gain the necessary support in Parliament, he called for a snap election in December 2019. It led to his party winning 55.3% of the vote, its largest share of the vote since the early 1980s. In early 2020 he faced his first major challenge as Prime Minister with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Spencer became notable as one of the few leaders in the Western world that refused to impose lockdowns, mask mandates, or other restrictions using government policy, instead encouraging people in the UK to voluntarily take whatever measures they consider necessary to protect their health.

Early life

Clive Spencer was born on 14 December 1965 in Exeter, Devon. His father, James Spencer, had retired as a commodore in the Royal Navy and had served in both of the Great Wars of the 20th century, which influenced his son's decision to also join the Naval Service. Spencer attended Eton College as a teenager, where he met Enoch Powell and later recalled in an interview that he began learning about politics for the first time after that. At Eton he was recognized by students and staff alike as an effective public speaker. After leaving Eton, he was accepted into the Britannia Royal Naval College as a cadet in 1983.

Naval career

He was a qualified pilot on the Sea Harrier.

Spencer became a midshipman on 1 November 1985, and qualified as a Fleet Air Arm pilot in July 1987 on the Sea Harrier jump jet. He was promoted to sub-lieutenant on 29 March 1987 and to lieutenant on 1 December 1989, serving aboard the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious during that time as part of the Royal Navy Eastern Fleet. While he was aboard HMS Illustrious in the late 1980s he visited Hong Kong, Macau, China, Japan, South Vietnam, Tondo, and Bahrain. From early 1990 until October 1993 Spencer was stationed in the UK at RNAS Yeovilton, in Somerset.

In late 1993 he was reassigned to the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal and participated in the League of Nations mission to assist the Ethiopian government against the Somali National Alliance rebels. The UK contributed forces, along with other European, Anglo-American, and African Union nations. In the early 1990s the SNA occupied a large swath of territory in the state of Somalia from Ethiopian government forces, destabilizing the region and creating hundreds of thousands of refugees. In 1993 the League of Nations authorized a task force, led by the Kingdom of Sierra and the UK to intervene to assist the Ethiopian military in restoring control over Somalia. Several months of planning went into what became Operation Storm in February 1994, a major offensive by the Ethiopian Army into SNA-controlled territory. With foreign air support and military advisors, Ethiopia fought a five-day campaign that brought the majority of the state under government control from the rebel militias. Spencer participated in the operation with the LN forces from aboard HMS Ark Royal, flying multiple combat missions in a ground-attack role against SNA targets.

He returned to the UK, where he would remain for the last couple of years in the armed forces, and was promoted to lieutenant commander on 12 July 1994, becoming the executive officer of his unit, 899 Naval Air Squadron. On 16 November 1995 Spencer was promoted to commander and became the squadron commanding officer. He held that post until his retirement from the military in March 1996.

Diplomatic service

Spencer in 2011 as Ambassador.

Spencer did postgraduate work and obtained a degree in international relations from the London Schools of Economics in early 1999, at which point he took the exam to join Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service, which provides the diplomatic staff for British embassies and consulates abroad. After finishing as one of the top exam-takers out about 10,000, he joined the Diplomatic Service and was posted as an Attaché at the British embassy in Paris, France, from 2000 to 2003, as the Third Secretary and later Second Secretary at the High Commission in Toscouné, Manitoba until 2005, then First Secretary of the embassy in Seattle, Astoria until 2009, and then as Counselor and Deputy Chief of Mission at the embassy in Brazoria until 2011.

Spencer received his first ambassadorial role when he was appointed to the important post of British ambassador to the United Commonwealth in Chicago that year, presenting his credentials to U.C.C.S. President Sebastian Summers in October 2011. During his time in the United Commonwealth he oversaw an expansion of British Council offices in the country to encourage British-Continental educational and diplomatic cooperation. His reports back to the Foreign Office (FCO) described General Secretary Anthony Malito and his government positively, with Spencer writing in one cable that "despite media channels portraying him as a dictator, by all accounts he represents the will of the Continental people and his administration is just, especially compared to what they had before." He also wrote that "the Malito administration is pragmatic and the UK can can work with it." A source inside the FCO told the British and Anglo-American media in 2015 that Spencer was often at odds with the Sierran ambassador Sharon Myers, who was critical of Malito's authoritarianism. In 2015, he addressed his time as ambassador to the United Commonwealth in a BBC interview, saying that he met with Continental leaders several times and had established a good working partnership with them, and that the UK and the Western alliance have to "recognize that other powers have legitimate interests and create an international system that takes these into account," while at the same time maintaining a strong defense from "internal Marxist–Landonist cultural subversion."

After the end of his tenure in the United Commonwealth, he returned to the UK in December 2014 and chose to leave the Diplomatic Service to run for Parliament in the upcoming 2015 United Kingdom general election.

Rise to prominence

Spencer giving a speech at the 2016 CAPS summit.

Spencer announced his intention run for Parliament in Central Devon in January 2015 on the BBC. He said that United Britain "risked repeating the mistakes of its predecessor [the Conservative Party]" and that it was becoming "virtually indistinguishable from Labour or the Liberal Democrats, which is why the number of voters that participated in the 2010 election was several million less than in 1992." He pledged to "massively" change the party from the inside and force it to move back to the right, blaming the previous United Britain prime minister, Douglas Walker, for instead "moving left" by promoting further integration and federalization of the European Community, neoliberal economics, and high immigration, as well as getting Britain involved in the "disastrous war in Syria." Spencer claimed that Walker tried to emulate the political agendas of Sierran prime ministers Steven Hong and Diana Jeong. He also said in the BBC interview that the party needed to become more opposed to the establishment and "has to actually represent its base, the English electorate outside of London," as well as to "seriously defend" the country's national and religious identity. On foreign policy he opposes unnecessary wars and advocates for non-interventionism, while being in favor of maintaining a strong national defense, and blamed both parties for the government having spent decades reducing the size of the British Armed Forces.

The initial BBC interview, as well as following interviews and his March 2015 debate with his closest opponent, Lloyd Warwick of the Labour Party, attracted a lot of attention on social media and from other United Britain politicians during the early months in the lead up to the election in May. Clive Spencer became one of the most visible United Britain candidates in the media during that election cycle because of his frequent appearances and interviews. On election day, he won the Parliament seat with 55.1% of the vote, despite allegations of him setting up a trust in the Isle of Man for tax avoidance and criticism of his earlier positive comments about Continental leader Anthony Malito. He called his victory as "the beginning of a real change in British politics."

MP and Foreign Secretary

Spencer with MP Tony Robinson, who would later become his deputy prime minister.

As a Member of Parliament he was critical of the party leadership, though Spencer believed that the new prime minister, Malcolm Vance, had an opportunity to change the direction of the party and the country. He faced criticism early on in the Parliament for his comments on the United Commonwealth during his time as ambassador there, which were publicized during the election, and was attacked by the hawkish wing of United Britain as being "soft" and "allying with dictators," while he responded by saying that he gained valuable experience in negotiating with foreign leaders, including adversaries of the UK, and that he advanced British interests during his time as ambassador. He also faced criticism for tax avoidance, which Spencer called "hypocritical." Despite these scandals, he maintained a high approval rating among his voters in his constituency, Central Devon, and received a lot of media coverage. The Times described Spencer as "one of the most effective speakers in Parliament" for his speeches criticizing both parties and putting pressure on the United Britain leadership, such as having led to the party's decisions to significantly reduce the level of immigration into the UK and to increase defense spending. In the early summer of 2016 he attended the Conservative Action and Policy Summit to speak about the state of conservative politics in Europe.

In July 2016 he was appointed by Vance as Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, or Foreign Secretary, upon the resignation of the previous secretary Dominic Jones. The appointment caused negative reactions from many of the party's "old guard." Vance cited his foreign policy experience from a decade of working in the Diplomatic Service, which gave Spencer "more foreign policy experience than most other MPs," according to the prime minister. Many analysts in the media saw the the appointment as a way of removing Spencer from the country to make it harder for him to organize a political movement to potentially takeover the party from the inside and to reduce his publicity.

After becoming UK Foreign Secretary the first trip Spencer made in that capacity was to France, in early September 2016, to discuss the English Channel migrant crisis. Spencer criticized the French leadership for not doing enough to stop migrants from continuing to leave France and attempt to illegally enter the UK, causing negative comments from the French foreign minister as well as by Prime Minister François de Montbrial. In the French Chamber of Deputies, Oscar de Saint-Just, leader of the right-wing French Action party, said that Spencer's assessment of the situation was correct, and gave a speech critical of the prime minister for not adequately handling immigration. The French government later threatened to prevent British fishing boats from being able to enter ports in France, to which Spencer replied that the Royal Navy could be deployed to the English Channel. In the end, a deal was reached for British-French cooperation to resolve the migrant issue before he left Paris. Sources inside the FCO later complained that he put France–United Kingdom relations at risk, while Spencer said the meeting was a success and that a lot of progress had been made towards removing "the main obstacle in our relations with France." Several diplomats and other civil servants in the Foreign Office told the media that they believed Spencer would undermine British foreign policy goals, while Prime Minister Malcolm Vance said that he agreed with the Foreign Secretary's statements.

In December 2016 he visited Hashemite Arabia and pressured the Hashemite government to negotiate an end to their involvement in the Yemeni Civil War. Spencer blamed the Hashemites for starting an incompetent military operation, and making the situation in Yemen worse, while also causing a humanitarian disaster. He threatened to withhold British support for the Royal Hashemite Armed Forces if they did not begin seriously negotiating with the Yemeni opposition's Supreme Political Council. Vance later said that on the matter of the Yemen situation, the Foreign Secretary was in disagreement with the party leadership, and that he spoke with King Faisal IV later to reassure him of Britain's continued strategic alliance with Hashemite Arabia. Alistair Tugendhat, the Leader of the Opposition and the head of the Labour Party, said that he agreed with Spencer on the issue of Britain's support for Hashemite Arabia. In January 2017 Spencer said that Britain's alliance with the Arab monarchies of the Gulf was "outdated" and that Britain should decrease its presence in the region.

As part of that plan, Spencer, Vance, and the Cabinet worked to arrange a withdrawal of remaining British troops from Syria by the end of 2018, which was announced to the public on 6 February 2017 and was met with a barrage of criticism from several Anglo-American allies. Kenneth O'Conner and Alexandra Goetz, the Sierran and Superian defense ministers, visited London near the end of February to try to change the mind of the British Cabinet. But the United Britain membership supported the decision and Spencer had talked about withdrawing from Syria during his election campaign. Spencer stated the Syrian National Army had received billions of dollars' and pounds' worth of equipment and had to be capable of defending Syria mostly by itself. The two defense ministers were unsuccessful in their meeting with the Cabinet, and O'Conner told the media afterwards that the UK leaving could encourage more countries to withdraw "before the mission was complete," and that the Royalist leadership in Sierra (which had won a large victory in the 2016 Sierran federal election) was opposed the British plan. On 28 February, it was announced by the Cabinet that the plan would go ahead and the first British units began leaving the country.

Answering questions from the media, in 2016.

In April 2017 Spencer met with Sierran Foreign Minister Joe Millard and with Prime Minister Nemesis Heartwell in Porciúncula. It was his first official meeting with Sierran Royalist Party leaders as Foreign Secretary, and they discussed the UK-Sierran special relationship, though the majority of their talks were about the plans for resolving the Syrian War and the British withdrawal. Reportedly, Spencer told them that they should reach some peace agreement with the Syrian opposition, such as including them in the government and other concessions, which Heartwell, Millard, and O'Conner refused to consider. He continued on a tour of Anglo-American countries, visiting Saint Anthony where he met with the Superian Foreign Secretary Peter Olson, and they discussed increasing cooperation and trade, especially within the context of UK-Superior military cooperation. Back in the UK, Spencer faced questions from Parliament about the planned withdrawal, which he had been the biggest advocate of, as Liberal Democrats and moderate members of Labour opposed it for "abandoning our allies" and "putting Syrian democracy in danger."

A general election was called by Vance in March 2017 for later that year in June in order to increase the party's majority in Parliament ahead of the withdrawal from Syria and the planned implementation of several other policies. In the 2017 United Kingdom general election that summer Spencer was successful in keeping his seat and won by a slightly larger margin than he did two years prior. As Foreign Secretary he spoke with the leaders of Hashemite Arabia, Bahrain, and the Trucial States in December 2017 and January 2018 after the start of the Iranian diplomatic crisis. He urged the Gulf leaders to find a resolution with Iran as both sides were important partners for the UK and the Western alliance for ending the war in Syria, and offered the UK's services in mediating on behalf of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Spencer visited the region from 2-5 January 2018 and he later told the BBC that he spoke with King Faisal IV, Trucial President Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, and Bahraini king Isa bin Sultan Al Khalifa, having established a cooperative working partnership with them despite criticizing their actions in Yemen.

Since becoming Foreign Secretary he frequently made statements about improving relations with the Commonwealth nations, seeing them as having a lot of potential as trade partners for the UK, as well as for turning the Commonwealth into "a British-led independent bloc similar to the Sierran-led CAS or the German-led EC." In May 2018 he negotiated and signed the New South Wales–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement, which Spencer described as the first of many such deals that he intended to make with Commonwealth countries. From 19-24 February 2019, Spencer and Prime Minister Malcolm Vance visited Tokyo, where they met with Japanese Prime Minister Kazuma Amamiya and Foreign Minister Takuhiro Koiwai and signed the Japan–United Kingdom Defence Agreement, including mutual access to military bases on each other's territories, as well as closer cooperation between the Japanese State Armed Forces and the British Armed Forces. In their press conference Kazuma Amamiya called it the most significant agreement between the two countries since the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance, while Spencer later told the media that "Britain has an interest in helping maintain stability in the Asia-Pacific due to our overseas territories, and Japan is the United Kingdom's closest ally in the region," before continuing that "We will continue to work to improve our current relations with China."

In mid-March 2019 Spencer announced his intention to run in the upcoming July 2019 United Britain leadership election, following Malcolm Vance's announcement about his intention to step down from the premiership after holding a leadership election. Spencer told the BBC that the decision was continuing with his intention of changing the party, citing the poor performance of United Britain in the 2017 election, where they lost several seats and reduced their total in Parliament to a slim majority, and also cited his high approval ratings in Central Devon and among United Britain voters overall. He also said he intended to fully implement the British withdrawal from Syria, which had been bogged down in Parliament since 2017 due to significant opposition, and so far had only been partially carried out. Vance told the press around the same time that he planned to resign because his approval among both party members as well as MPs had been on a sharp decline since 2017. John McLeod, a representative of the British neoconservative faction, decided to run against Spencer for leader of United Britain.

After three rounds of voting by MPs, Spencer was one of the two finalists in the leadership election, along side John McLeod. On 22 July, the party members chose Spencer as prime minister with 68% of the vote.

Prime Minister

Main article: Premiership of Clive Spencer

Official portrait as Prime Minister.

On 24 July 2019, the day after the votes were tallied, King George V accepted the resignation of Malcolm Vance and appointed Spencer as prime minister. He appointed his Cabinet on the same day, and notably appointed Tony Robinson, one of his senior advisers and another MP, as both deputy prime minister and secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs.

First term

First cabinet

Main article: First Spencer ministry

Spencer asked almost all of the ministers from the previous second Vance ministry to resign, the most of any new prime minister without a change in party in recent decades. It was nicknamed the "Night of the Long Knives" by British tabloids, to which Spencer responded that he was fulfilling his promise to "massively change the direction of the party." He also a new Chief of the Defence Staff to help implement the military withdrawal from Syria and reductions in other parts of the Middle East.

Foreign policy

Meeting with French Prime Minister Oscar de Saint-Just in August 2019.

In his first speech as Prime Minister, Spencer promised to complete the British withdrawal from Syria that began partially in 2017 to be complete "by the end of 2020." At the same time he announced an end to the "decades of defense spending cuts, severely weakening our military," and pledged to increase recruitment for the British Armed Forces. He promised to strengthen border security and reform the immigration system, in order to limit immigration to only "fill necessary jobs" that could not be filled by British citizens, which would be a small fraction of the migrants entering the UK annually up until then. Overall, Spencer said he will reduce immigration massively and preference would be given to citizens of Commonwealth countries. He promised a £10 billion funding increase to the UK Border Force and to the Home Office, for hiring more officers, upgrading equipment, and otherwise improving border security and immigration processing, as well as to send some military units to assist the Border Force. In order to implement these and other policies of his agenda, Spencer called for a new election set in December of that year, and introduced to Parliament the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019.

In his first trip abroad, he met with French Prime Minister Oscar de Saint-Just in Paris in August 2019. He reportedly told Saint-Just during their meeting that "although immigration has been reduced since we signed the 2016 deal, there are still large numbers passing through the EC to reach the UK." Saint-Just agreed and they formed a working group between the British and French parliaments to increase border security in Western Europe.

Domestic policy

One of the first actions of the Spencer government in July 2019 was to increase public sector spending, announcing that £11.5 billion would be used to hire additional first responders, including police officers and firefighters, while hospitals would receive equipment upgrades and new staff, and raises for NHS employees. Spencer said that the NHS is "over-stretched," in part due to immigration, and that it was lacking in preventive medicine and diagnostics while being excellent at critical care. He announced in September 2019 that the NHS would be expanded and given more resources to better respond to the stresses to the system.

Second term

Second cabinet

Main article: Second Spencer ministry

Domestic policy

At the end of 2019, Spencer announced told the UK Ministry of Defence would address the British military's recruitment shortage, pledging to increase defense spending annually for every year of his premiership to improve the strength of the armed forces. Strategic whitepapers in the past few decades – including the 1998 Strategic Defence Review by the government of Marcus Hope and the 1989 Options for Change during Nigel Anthony's premiership – had envisioned a nearly 50% decrease in the size of the military as part of the "Cold War peace dividend," and Spencer pledged to reverse the policy.

In September 2020 Spencer's government released the Integrated Defence Review (subtitled "Global Britain in the New Era of Great Power Competition") whitepaper. Described as the most comprehensive and largest review of the United Kingdom's defense and national security policies, it established the priorities for British security strategy over the next decade. Some of the key takeaways from the paper included a commitment to defending British territories as opposed to "reckless interventionism" in the Middle East or elsewhere, and increasing the size and funding of the armed forces significantly to maintain "one of the strongest armies" and "the largest navy in Europe." While the Integrated Review envisions a larger force to serve as a deterrent for threats from both other powers as well as non-state actors, it is meant to be primarily defensive as opposed to actively interventionist. It also states that the military has a role in assisting civilian authorities in managing the immigration issue.

Foreign policy

The Prime Minister meeting with Superian Delegate Donald Hartford at the Lisbon Charter signing.

In October 2020 he attended the signing of the Lisbon Charter in Portugal, a gathering of right-wing political leaders and figures from Europe and North America, where they signed a declaration against left-wing movements and to Landonism in particular. There, Spencer met with Antillean leaders, President Arian Lawrence and Vice President Mitchell Vargas, where they made the first arrangements for the United Kingdom to cut off its relations with the U.C.C.S. and to recognize the Antilles as the United Commonwealth of America. The motion would not be made official until it passed the Parliament in December 2020 as the United Commonwealth of America Recognition Act. Spencer also met with future Superian leaders Isaac Dillon and Donald Hartford, as well as Spanish MP Alejandro Carlo. The conference and its results initially caused controversy, with Labour leader Alistair Tugendhat slamming it "extremely provocative, imperialistic and counterproductive" and Liberal Democrats leader Christopher Mackinlay saying it "undid the progress we made in improving relations with the former Landonist bloc since the Cold War."

Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Clive Spencer

Foreign policy

During his first election campaign in early 2015, he criticized the French government of Prime Minister François de Montbrial and the Christian Democratic Party of France for allowing large numbers of migrants to cross through France. Spencer later visited France as an MP in October 2015, meeting with members of the right-wing French Action party.

Personal life

Spencer married Janice Reilly, a former lawyer, in 1997 and they have four children. He described himself in 2017 as a Christian and a member of the Church of England, though admitted that he was lapsed and that he was making an effort to attend church regularly more often.

Awards and honors

• United Kingdom: Privy Councilor (2019)

See also

• Change UK